Įž algos / Insigh s 263
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language
Fields o esea ch: analysis o he dialec o w i en sou ces,
lexicog aphy and lexicology o dialec , sociolinguis ics, syn ax.
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF
LITHUANIAN DIALECTOLOGY:
DIALECT DICTIONARIES
S a bus lie u ių dialek ologijos aspek as:
šnek ų žodynai
ANNOTATION
The p esen a icle aims o desc ibe he school o compila ion o Li huanian dialec dic-
iona ies he o ma ion o which co e s he pe iod om he end o he 20 h cen u y ill he
beginning o he 21s cen u y. This a icle e iews i een dialec dic iona ies published in
1944–2017: pe iodiza ion, s uc u e ( olume, ypes o p esen a ion o lexis), geog aphical
dis ibu ion, which e lec s he aim o he p ese a ion o bo de dialec s and subdialec s
o scien i ic and educa ional pu poses.
KEYWORDS: dialec dic iona ies, subdialec s and subdialec g oups, ypes o
dic iona ies, sample o ocabula y (lexicon), pe iodiza ion.
ANOTACIJA
Šiame s aipsnyje ap a iama nuo XX a. pabaigos iki XXI a. p adžios besikū usi lie u-
iškų a mių žodynų engimo mokykla. Apž elgiama penkiolika 1944–2017 m. išleis ų
šnek ų žodynų, . y. jų pa engimo laikas, s uk ū a (apim is, leksikos pa eikimo būdai), ge-
og a inis pasiski s ymas, odan is siekį mokslo i mokymo ikslais išsaugo i pa ibio a mes
i šnek as.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: šnek ų žodynai, šnek os i šnek ų g upės, žodyno ūšis, žodyno im-
is (leksika), pa engimo laikas.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
264 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
INTRODUCTION
Neog amma ians (Jungg amma ike ) a e he school o linguis s which o med
in Ge many (Leipzig) in he la e 19 h cen u y. I in luenced he appea ance o
many ypes o specialized dic iona ies in a ious languages (F ench, Ge man,
I alian, Swedish, Russian and o he s). The linguis ic wo ks in Li huanian we e
no an excep ion.
The pe iod o 1944–2017 desc ibed in he a icle is ma ked wi h signi ican
his o ical, poli ical, economic, and cul u al changes. I co e s he pe iod o he
second So ie occupa ion (1944–1990) as well as he yea s o es o ed inde-
pendence (since 1990). This pa icula pe iod which co e s he pe iod o o e
70 yea s is conside ed he e a o linguis ic de elopmen , es ablishmen o he
s anda d language, dialec le elling and he e o o scien is s o p ese e he
lexis o he Li huanian language (bo h w i en and spoken). To achie e hese
goals, a ema kable a ie y o dic iona ies has been compiled.
The mos signi ican wo k in he ield o dic iona ies du ing he i s pe iod
o he independence o Li huania was he compila ion o he ma e ial o he
Lie u ių kalbos žodynas (Li huanian Language Dic iona y) and he w i ing o
his dic iona y. This wo k did no s op du ing he pe iod o he second So ie
occupa ion and la e , when he independence o Li huania was es o ed. Ma-
e ial o he Lie u ių kalbos žodynas was collec ed om a ious sou ces, old
w i en sou ces and Li huanian dialec s; hence, he compila ion o his pa icu-
la dic iona y was an uns oppable p ocess ega dless o he e o s o s op i s
publica ion.1 Since dialec (dialec , subdialec and subdialec g oups) lexicon in
he Lie u ių kalbos žodynas did no e lec he de elopmen o a speci ic dialec ,
subdialec o subdialec g oup ( he appea ance o new wo ds o he disappea -
ance o old inhe i ance) as well as he expansion o de e io a ion o dialec s, i
means ha he dialec lexicon did no e lec he inwa d and ou wa d dialec
phenomenon, and he necessi y o dialec dic iona ies eme ged.
The s a o linguis ic mo emen s imula ed he p epa a ion o dialec de-
sc ip ions as well as he collec ion o dialec da a. Fo ha eason, dialec o-
logis s we e de e mined no only o s udy dialec s bu also o p ese e hei
unique lexis.2 Vy au as Vi kauskas, he compile o he i s dialec dic iona y,
s a es in i s in oduc ion: “In he summe o 1954, encou aged by p o esso
Balčikonis, I ied o collec and eco d wo ds and ph ases om he a ea o my
na i e Ku šėnai” (Vi kauskas 1976 : 3). Dialec ologis s we e induced o collec
1 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see Pupkis 2013: 31–298.
2 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he da a, see a mes.lki.l o h p://www. a mes.l .
Impo an Aspec o Li huanian Dialec ology:
Dialec Dic iona ies
Įž algos / Insigh s 265
dialec al ocabula y as quickly as possible because o he h ea : he p ocess o
dialec le eling and change, which was ela ed o he changes in he language
model o he old and young gene a ions, he de e io a ion o he u al eali y,
and he s eng hening o he s anda d language (some imes he las was a o -
cible p ocess).3 Aldonas Pupkis, he compile o a ew dic iona ies o he Wes -
e n Aukš ai ian dialec o Kaunas egion, w i es: “My in e es in wo ds and
dic iona ies, ins illed by p o esso Balčikonis and os e ed by p o esso Kaz-
lauskas, encou aged me o s a he p epa a o y wo k o Zana ykų šnek os žo-
dynas (Zana ykai Subdialec Dic iona y): o be in cha ge o he collec ion o
he ca d index, o manage he g oup o au ho s, o edi he ex , and o concen-
a e on he Kazlų Rūdos šnek os žodynas (Kazlų Rūdos Subdialec Dic iona y)
la e ” (Pupkis 2013: 7).
P o essional esea ch o subdialec s has always been closely ela ed o he
pu pose o he p ese a ion o he lexical ea u es o language a ie ies o u-
u e gene a ions. Resea ch ma e ial e eals how he wo k o he compila ion o
dialec dic iona ies was o ganized and how i is being o ganized a he momen .
The esea ch ma e ial includes he dic iona ies o Li huanian dialec s, subdia-
lec s and hei g oups published om 1944 o 2017.4 This a icle aims o high-
ligh he o ma ion o he Li huanian dialec al lexicog aphy on he basis o dic-
iona ies o dialec lexicon, which we e eleased in 1944–2017.5
In o de o achie e he aim, he ollowing objec i es we e se : 1) o analyze
he possible pe iodiza ion o dialec dic iona ies and o p esen i o he scien i-
ic communi y; 2) o discuss he s uc u al pa s o dialec dic iona ies ( olume,
o hog aphy, e c.); 3) o p esen he local iew o dialec dic iona ies (geog aph-
ical dis ibu ion in Li huania and i s e hnic a eas); 4) o compa e he Li huanian
esea ch in he ield o dialec dic iona ies wi h he esea ch o dialec ologis s
om he neighbo ing Bal ic s a es.
In o de o jus i y he conclusions, he desc ip i e and compa a i e me hods
a e used wi h he pa icula emphasis on he geog aphical dis ibu ion o dialec
dic iona ies (localiza ion).
3 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he si ua ion o he linguis ic poin a he end o he 20 h–beginning o
he 21s cen u y, see Š amba y ė-Valužienė 2014.
4 Acco ding o he au ho , he e e ence poin o ime is conside ed o be 2017.
5
The au ho does no analyze he issue o lexicog aphy o dialec dic iona ies as i would be he
opic o a heo e ical wo k bu no o a e iew a icle. Fo mo e in o ma ion abou he heo e i-
cal issues o dialec dic iona ies, he sampling o dialec icisms, see Sakalauskienė 2010, 2014. Fo
mo e in o ma ion on he ypes o dic iona ies, see Jakai ienė 2005, 2006; Zubai ienė 2015.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
266 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
PERIODIZATION OF DIALECT
DICTIONARIES
The i s Li huanian dialec dic iona y compiled by Vy au as Vi kauskas was
published in 1976. The whole 70-yea long pe iod, which is being desc ibed in
his a icle, can be di ided in o wo pa s. No a single dialec dic iona y was
published in he i s h ee decades o he So ie occupa ion om 1944 o 1976.
The i s pe iod o mo e in ensi e publica ion o dialec dic iona ies co e s he
decade om 1976 o 1988. I was again ollowed by a sho b eak in publica-
ion o dialec dic iona ies. No dic iona ies we e published in he pe iod om
1988 o 1990.
A new e a o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies began a e he es o a ion o
independence. The pe iod om 1990 o 2017 can be di ided in o wo pe iods
as well. Fi e dic iona ies we e published in he pe iod om 1990 o 2008 and
ou dialec dic iona ies we e published in he pe iod om 2008 o 2017. The
backg ound o he pe iodiza ion o he las decades is mos ly de e mined by
he di e ences in quali y, no in quan i y. Fi een dialec dic iona ies we e pub-
lished in he pe iod o So ie occupa ion (1944–1990) and he yea s o e-es-
ablished independence (1990–2017). They we e compiled by bo h p o essional
linguis s and ama eu s. All o hem sough o p ese e he uniqueness o he
dialec on all le els: ocabula y, mo phology, wo d o ma ion, syn ax and ph a-
seology, e en he index o p ope names. All dic iona ies can be desc ibed in a
leas i e aspec s: ime, ex en , o hog aphy, dialec , and place.
In summa y o he abo e, i should be said ha he his o y o Li huanian di-
alec dic iona ies can be di ided in o h ee pe iods: 1978–1988 (appea ance o
he i s dialec dic iona ies), 1988–2008 (pe iod o he mos in ensi e w i ing
and publishing), 2008–2017 (pe iod o scien i ically based mul i olume dialec
dic iona ies). Six dialec dic iona ies we e published du ing he pe iod o mo e
han 40 yea s o So ie occupa ion and nine dialec dic iona ies, mos ly mul i-
olume, we e eleased du ing 25 yea s o independen Li huania (see Diag am 1).
DIAGRAM 1. The publica ion o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies (quan i a i e aspec )
Impo an Aspec o Li huanian Dialec ology:
Dialec Dic iona ies
Įž algos / Insigh s 267
TYPES OF DIALECT DICTIONARIES
Dialec dic iona ies all wi hin he g oup o explana o y dic iona ies which a e
di ided in o wo ca ego ies: a dic iona y o a ce ain dialec , subdialec o subdia-
lec g oup o a dic iona y o all he dialec s o a ce ain language. Fi een dic ion-
a ies men ioned abo e mos ly aim a p ese ing he ocabula y o subdialec s and
subdialec g oups. Šiau ės y ų dūnininkų šnek ų žodynas o Sou he n Žemai ian
Va niai egion, Sou he n Aukš ai ian D uskininkų a mės žodynas, Pie inių pie ų
aukš aičių šnek ų žodynas and Eas e n Aukš ai ian Kupiškėnų žodynas a e mul i-
dialec dic iona ies. Dialec dic iona ies (dic iona ies o dialec s, subdialec s o
subdialec g oups) a e usually one- olume, wo- olume o h ee- olume. The e
is one ou - olume dic iona y. One- olume dic iona ies p e ailed un il he end
o he 20 h cen u y. Mul i- olume dialec dic iona ies a e a speci ic sign de ining
he Li huanian dialec lexicog aphy om he beginning o he 21s cen u y.
Li huanian dialec dic iona ies make wo la ge g oups acco ding o hei ex-
en . One- olume dic iona ies we e usually published un il 2000, and mo e
dic iona ies con aining wo, h ee o ou olumes began o appea a e 2000.
Fi e dic iona ies can be classi ied as di e en ial, o specialized, dic iona ies.
Ten dic iona ies can be called exhaus i e dic iona ies. The ci cula ion o he
dic iona ies is diminishing cons an ly. Fo example, he ci cula ion o he i s
Li huanian dialec dic iona y was h ee housand copies, and one dic iona y
published in 2016 has he ci cula ion o wo hund ed i y copies only.
The illus a ions o dialec headwo ds di e . The e a e examples w i en in
he s anda d language. Fo ha eason he dis inguished dialec al ea u es a e
pa ly e ealed. To w i e o he wo ds, he simpli ied phone ic ansc ip ion is
used which e eals he mos signi ican ea u es o a dialec . The phone ic an-
sc ip ion based on he so called Copenhagen adi ion is commonly used (see
Diag am 2).
DIAGRAM 2. P esen a ion o dialec al language in Li huanian dialec dic iona ies (o -
hog aphic aspec )
Dialec dic iona ies show ha he explana ion o headwo ds a ies: such e-
e ences as lk, bk and he explana ion using synonyms a e e used6; a desc ip i e
6 lk – Li huanian li e a y language, bk – S anda d Li huanian.

JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
268 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
explana ion is limi ed and he mos sui able equi alen o he meaning o he
headwo d is p esen ed (see Diag am 3).
DIAGRAM 3. The ype o he explana ion o headwo ds
The dis ibu ion o dialec s e lec ed in he dic iona ies unde analysis shows
ha we ha e h ee dic iona ies o Li huanian Žemai ian dialec s (Vy au as Vi -
kauskas, Šiau ės y ų dūnininkų šnek ų žodynas; Juozas Aleksand a ičius, K e in-
gos a mės žodynas; Bi u ė Vanagienė, Šiau ės aka ų žemaičių žodynas) and
wel e dic iona ies o Li huanian Aukš ai ian dialec s (Jonas Pe auskas, Aloyzas
Vidugi is, Lazūnų a mės žodynas; Ge ūda Nak inienė, Aldona Paulaus kienė,
Vy au as Vi kauskas, D uskininkų a mės žodynas; Aloyzas Vidugi is, Zie elos
šnek os žodynas; Vi as Labu is, Daukšių k aš o žodynas; Zana ykų šnek os žody-
nas; Die eniškių šnek os žodynas; Klemen ina Vosyly ė, Kupiškėnų žodynas; An-
gelė Vilu y ė, Kal anėnų šnek os žodynas; Aldonas Pupkis, Kazlų Rūdos šnek os
žodynas; Žane a Ma ke ičienė, Au imas Ma ke ičius, Vidiškių šnek os žodynas;
Lie u ininkų a mių žodynas; As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišienė, Pie inių pie ų
aukš aičių šnek ų žodynas) (see Cha in he Appendix and Diag am 4).
DIAGRAM 4. Quan i a i e a io o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies
Impo an Aspec o Li huanian Dialec ology:
Dialec Dic iona ies
Įž algos / Insigh s 269
As i can be seen om he cha in he Appendix, dialec dic iona ies usu-
ally ha e he samples ha a y om 30,000 o 50,000 illus a i e examples. In
he dialec dic iona ies which showed up un il 2017 headwo ds a e illus a ed
by bo h he examples o he spoken language and he dialec , subdialec o sub-
dialec g oup wo ds om he Lie u ių kalbos žodynas. In ecen yea s he head-
wo d has been illus a ed by he examples om he dialec al spoken language
(see Diag am 5).
DIAGRAM 5. Sample o ocabula y o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies (in housands)
Mo e han 950,000 lexical uni s a e ep esen ed in Li huanian dialec dic io-
na ies. The o m o he p esen a ion o lexical uni s a ies om phone ic an-
sc ip ion o simpli ied phone ic ansc ip ion and e en he s anda d language.
The sou ces o lexical da a a e spoken language and olklo e, bo h in i s spoken
and w i en o m, w i en sou ces (published and manusc ip s), olklo e ales
and songs, he wo ds o olk medicine, e c. Daukšių k aš o žodynas is an exam-
ple o he dic iona y whe e he egional p ope names o people and places a e
p o ided.7
The e is a nine-yea gap be ween he i s dic iona y Šiau ės y ų dūnininkų
šnek ų žodynas and he second dic iona y Lazūnų a mės žodynas. The hi d
one – D uskininkų a mės žodynas – was published h ee yea s la e . We can
make an assump ion ha a en-yea gap (1988–1998) was dedica ed o he e-
sea ch and s uc u iza ion o he da a collec ed du ing he linguis ic mo emen
as well as o he p epa a ion and compiling o dialec dic iona ies, he sea ch o
p ope me hods and he p epa a ions o w i e a dic iona y ex .8
7 The au ho does no e alua e dic iona ies acco ding o scien i ic c i e ia.
8 Fo mo e in o ma ion abou he linguis ic mo emen , see Pupkis 2016.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
270 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
The cha shows ha almos all he wo k in he ield o dic iona y p epa-
a ion was ca ied ou by well-known lexicog aphe s om he Ins i u e o he
Li huanian Language ( o me Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language and Li e -
a u e, 1952–1990): Vy au as Vi kauskas, Aloyzas Vidugi is, Klemen ina Vosy-
ly ė, Ge ūda Nak inienė and o he s. These scien is s sha ed hei expe ience
wi h he dialec ologis s o he younge gene a ion who compiled and edi ed dic-
iona ies, as well as w o e ex s o he dic iona ies and p epa ed a ew dialec
dic iona ies. Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Rima Bakšienė, As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija
Ragaišienė and o he s should be men ioned.9
LOCALIZATION OF DIALECT
DICTIONARIES
F om he geog aphical poin o iew, all he dialec dic iona ies o he pe-
iod in ques ion (1944–2017) a e dis ibu ed in Li huania une enly (see Map).
The geog aphical dis ibu ion o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies shows ha a
signi ican pa o dialec and subdialec dic iona ies ep esen s he dialec s and
subdialec s o pe iphe al a eas as well as he e hnic egions which now belong
o Bela us.
9 Thanks o college Vilija Ragaišienė o he ema ks abou he lack o exhaus i e e iews o dialec
dic iona ies as well as he lack o a icles p esen ing he main heo e ical p oblems o lexicog a-
phy: ypes o dic iona ies, s uc u es, me hods o dic iona y-making.
Impo an Aspec o Li huanian Dialec ology:
Dialec Dic iona ies
Įž algos / Insigh s 271
Dialec dic iona ies we e w i en une enly om he geog a ical poin o iew.
The geog aphical and s a is ical analysis enables us o see ha he subdialec s
which ha e been ho oughly lexicog aphically esea ched a e he Sou he n Že-
mai ian o Va niai, he No he n Žemai ian o Telšiai, K e inga and he Wes e n
Aukš ai ian o Kaunas, he Eas e n Aukš ai ian o Kupiškis, Ši in os, Vilnius,
Sou he n Aukš ai ian. The subdialec s unde in es iga ion a e he Sou he n Že-
mai ian o Raseiniai, he Wes e n Aukš ai ian o Šiauliai, he Eas e n Aukš ai-
ian o Pane ėžys, Anykščiai, U ena.
The analysis o he ypes o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies e eals ha ex-
haus i e dic iona ies ake domina ing posi ions. The e o e, he main and e iden
conclusion which can be made is ha he da a o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies
can en ich and enla ge he basis o lexis o he G ea Academic Lie u ių kal-
bos žodynas signi ican ly. Da a om all he dialec dic iona ies e eal he e hnic
uniqueness o a pa icula egion, his o ical e en s and hei e alua ion. Wha is
mo e, i shapes he linguis ic sel -con idence and iden i y o he pe son, aises
in e es in one’s dialec .10
I is wo h emphasizing he ema kable a ie y o dialec s and hei impo -
ance while o ming linguis ic iden i y.
A VIEW INTO THE LEXICOGRAPHICAL
WORKS OF BALTIC COUNTRIES
The si ua ion ela ing o he compila ion o dialec dic iona ies is e y simila
in La ia. I is ob ious ha he la ges numbe o dic iona ies we e published
a e La ia egained i s independence.11 One- olume dic iona ies o Edua ds
Ādamsons and Elga Kagaine Vainižu izloksnes ā dnīca (2000), B igi a Bušmane
Nīcas izloksnes ā dnīca (2017) mus be men ioned among hem. La ian di-
alec ologis s, simila ly o Li huanian ones, w i e exhaus i e, usually wo- ol-
ume, dic iona ies. Two- olume dic iona ies o Sa mi e Baluode (Sa mī e Ba-
lode) and Ilga Jansone Kalnienas izloksnes ā dnīca (2017) as well as An oņina
Reķēna Kalupes izloksnes ā dnīca (1998) we e published.
La ians u ned hei a en ion o abundan compa ison o ms which a e
unique and signi ican ly en ich he s anda d language. Sinoles izloksnes salīdzi-
nājumu ā dnīca (2001) p epa ed by Maiga Pu niņa and Ag is Timuška is based
10
See Lie u ių kalbos žodynas.
11
Special hanks o Assoc. P o . D . Edmundas T umpa, Uni e si y o La ia, Depa men o La -
ian and Bal ic s udies, Chai o Bal ic Linguis ics.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
278 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
Au ho (-s) //
compile (-s)
Ti le o dic iona y Dialec , subdialec Publishing
da e
Sample o
ocabula y
Type o
dic iona y
Angelė Vilu y ė Kal anėnų šnek os
žodynas
Eas e n Aukš ai ian
Vilniškiai
2008 40 housand Exhaus i e
Aldonas Pupkis Kazlų Rūdos šnek os
žodynas
Wes e n Aukš ai ian
Kauniškiai
Vo. 1, 2008,
Vo. 2, 2009
60 housand Exhaus i e
Juozas Aleksand a ičius
// Danguolė Mikulėnienė,
Juozas Pab ėža
K e ingos a mės
žodynas
No he n Žemai ian
K e ingiškiai
2011 No speci ied Di e en ial
Bi u ė Vanagienė // Danguolė
Mikulėnienė, Dai a Vaišnienė
Šiau ės aka ų
žemaičių žodynas
No he n Žemai ian
Telšiškiai
Vo. 1, 2014,
Vo. 2, 2015
No speci ied Di e en ial
Žane a Ma ke ičienė,
Au imas Ma ke ičius
Vidiškių šnek os
žodynas
Eas e n Aukš ai ian
Ši in iškiai
2014 No speci ied Exhaus i e
// Jonas Bukan is, Žane a
Jokužy ė, Lo e a Liu ku ė,
Vi ginija Vei e ienė.
Lie u ininkų a mių
žodynas
Wes e n Žemai ian
and Wes e n
Aukš ai ian – he
Sou he n a ea o
he Small Li huania
(Klaidėpa egion)
2014 No speci ied Di e en ial?
As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija
Ragaišienė
Pie inių pie ų
aukš aičių šnek ų
žodynas
Sou he n Aukš ai ian
(Sou he n Dzūkai)
Vo. 1, 2016 No speci ied Exhaus i e