Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries

Įž algos / Insigh s 263 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language Fields o esea ch: analysis o he dialec o w i en sou ces, lexicog aphy and lexicology o dialec , sociolinguis ics, syn ax. IMPORTANT ASPECT OF LITHUANIAN DIALECTOLOGY: DIALECT DICTIONARIES S a bus lie u ių dialek ologijos aspek as: šnek ų žodynai ANNOTATION The p esen a icle aims o desc ibe he school o compila ion o Li huanian dialec dic- iona ies he o ma ion o which co e s he pe iod om he end o he 20 h cen u y ill he beginning o he 21s cen u y. This a icle e iews i een dialec dic iona ies published in 1944–2017: pe iodiza ion, s uc u e ( olume, ypes o p esen a ion o lexis), geog aphical dis ibu ion, which e lec s he aim o he p ese a ion o bo de dialec s and subdialec s o scien i ic and educa ional pu poses. KEYWORDS: dialec dic iona ies, subdialec s and subdialec g oups, ypes o dic iona ies, sample o ocabula y (lexicon), pe iodiza ion. ANOTACIJA Šiame s aipsnyje ap a iama nuo XX a. pabaigos iki XXI a. p adžios besikū usi lie u- iškų a mių žodynų engimo mokykla. Apž elgiama penkiolika 1944–2017 m. išleis ų šnek ų žodynų, . y. jų pa engimo laikas, s uk ū a (apim is, leksikos pa eikimo būdai), ge- og a inis pasiski s ymas, odan is siekį mokslo i mokymo ikslais išsaugo i pa ibio a mes i šnek as. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: šnek ų žodynai, šnek os i šnek ų g upės, žodyno ūšis, žodyno im- is (leksika), pa engimo laikas. JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ 264 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX INTRODUCTION Neog amma ians (Jungg amma ike ) a e he school o linguis s which o med in Ge many (Leipzig) in he la e 19 h cen u y. I in luenced he appea ance o many ypes o specialized dic iona ies in a ious languages (F ench, Ge man, I alian, Swedish, Russian and o he s). The linguis ic wo ks in Li huanian we e no an excep ion. The pe iod o 1944–2017 desc ibed in he a icle is ma ked wi h signi ican his o ical, poli ical, economic, and cul u al changes. I co e s he pe iod o he second So ie occupa ion (1944–1990) as well as he yea s o es o ed inde- pendence (since 1990). This pa icula pe iod which co e s he pe iod o o e 70 yea s is conside ed he e a o linguis ic de elopmen , es ablishmen o he s anda d language, dialec le elling and he e o o scien is s o p ese e he lexis o he Li huanian language (bo h w i en and spoken). To achie e hese goals, a ema kable a ie y o dic iona ies has been compiled. The mos signi ican wo k in he ield o dic iona ies du ing he i s pe iod o he independence o Li huania was he compila ion o he ma e ial o he Lie u ių kalbos žodynas (Li huanian Language Dic iona y) and he w i ing o his dic iona y. This wo k did no s op du ing he pe iod o he second So ie occupa ion and la e , when he independence o Li huania was es o ed. Ma- e ial o he Lie u ių kalbos žodynas was collec ed om a ious sou ces, old w i en sou ces and Li huanian dialec s; hence, he compila ion o his pa icu- la dic iona y was an uns oppable p ocess ega dless o he e o s o s op i s publica ion.1 Since dialec (dialec , subdialec and subdialec g oups) lexicon in he Lie u ių kalbos žodynas did no e lec he de elopmen o a speci ic dialec , subdialec o subdialec g oup ( he appea ance o new wo ds o he disappea - ance o old inhe i ance) as well as he expansion o de e io a ion o dialec s, i means ha he dialec lexicon did no e lec he inwa d and ou wa d dialec phenomenon, and he necessi y o dialec dic iona ies eme ged. The s a o linguis ic mo emen s imula ed he p epa a ion o dialec de- sc ip ions as well as he collec ion o dialec da a. Fo ha eason, dialec o- logis s we e de e mined no only o s udy dialec s bu also o p ese e hei unique lexis.2 Vy au as Vi kauskas, he compile o he i s dialec dic iona y, s a es in i s in oduc ion: “In he summe o 1954, encou aged by p o esso Balčikonis, I ied o collec and eco d wo ds and ph ases om he a ea o my na i e Ku šėnai” (Vi kauskas 1976 : 3). Dialec ologis s we e induced o collec 1 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see Pupkis 2013: 31–298. 2 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he da a, see a mes.lki.l o h p://www. a mes.l . Impo an Aspec o Li huanian Dialec ology: Dialec Dic iona ies Įž algos / Insigh s 265 dialec al ocabula y as quickly as possible because o he h ea : he p ocess o dialec le eling and change, which was ela ed o he changes in he language model o he old and young gene a ions, he de e io a ion o he u al eali y, and he s eng hening o he s anda d language (some imes he las was a o - cible p ocess).3 Aldonas Pupkis, he compile o a ew dic iona ies o he Wes - e n Aukš ai ian dialec o Kaunas egion, w i es: “My in e es in wo ds and dic iona ies, ins illed by p o esso Balčikonis and os e ed by p o esso Kaz- lauskas, encou aged me o s a he p epa a o y wo k o Zana ykų šnek os žo- dynas (Zana ykai Subdialec Dic iona y): o be in cha ge o he collec ion o he ca d index, o manage he g oup o au ho s, o edi he ex , and o concen- a e on he Kazlų Rūdos šnek os žodynas (Kazlų Rūdos Subdialec Dic iona y) la e ” (Pupkis 2013: 7). P o essional esea ch o subdialec s has always been closely ela ed o he pu pose o he p ese a ion o he lexical ea u es o language a ie ies o u- u e gene a ions. Resea ch ma e ial e eals how he wo k o he compila ion o dialec dic iona ies was o ganized and how i is being o ganized a he momen . The esea ch ma e ial includes he dic iona ies o Li huanian dialec s, subdia- lec s and hei g oups published om 1944 o 2017.4 This a icle aims o high- ligh he o ma ion o he Li huanian dialec al lexicog aphy on he basis o dic- iona ies o dialec lexicon, which we e eleased in 1944–2017.5 In o de o achie e he aim, he ollowing objec i es we e se : 1) o analyze he possible pe iodiza ion o dialec dic iona ies and o p esen i o he scien i- ic communi y; 2) o discuss he s uc u al pa s o dialec dic iona ies ( olume, o hog aphy, e c.); 3) o p esen he local iew o dialec dic iona ies (geog aph- ical dis ibu ion in Li huania and i s e hnic a eas); 4) o compa e he Li huanian esea ch in he ield o dialec dic iona ies wi h he esea ch o dialec ologis s om he neighbo ing Bal ic s a es. In o de o jus i y he conclusions, he desc ip i e and compa a i e me hods a e used wi h he pa icula emphasis on he geog aphical dis ibu ion o dialec dic iona ies (localiza ion). 3 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he si ua ion o he linguis ic poin a he end o he 20 h–beginning o he 21s cen u y, see Š amba y ė-Valužienė 2014. 4 Acco ding o he au ho , he e e ence poin o ime is conside ed o be 2017. 5 The au ho does no analyze he issue o lexicog aphy o dialec dic iona ies as i would be he opic o a heo e ical wo k bu no o a e iew a icle. Fo mo e in o ma ion abou he heo e i- cal issues o dialec dic iona ies, he sampling o dialec icisms, see Sakalauskienė 2010, 2014. Fo mo e in o ma ion on he ypes o dic iona ies, see Jakai ienė 2005, 2006; Zubai ienė 2015. JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ 266 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX PERIODIZATION OF DIALECT DICTIONARIES The i s Li huanian dialec dic iona y compiled by Vy au as Vi kauskas was published in 1976. The whole 70-yea long pe iod, which is being desc ibed in his a icle, can be di ided in o wo pa s. No a single dialec dic iona y was published in he i s h ee decades o he So ie occupa ion om 1944 o 1976. The i s pe iod o mo e in ensi e publica ion o dialec dic iona ies co e s he decade om 1976 o 1988. I was again ollowed by a sho b eak in publica- ion o dialec dic iona ies. No dic iona ies we e published in he pe iod om 1988 o 1990. A new e a o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies began a e he es o a ion o independence. The pe iod om 1990 o 2017 can be di ided in o wo pe iods as well. Fi e dic iona ies we e published in he pe iod om 1990 o 2008 and ou dialec dic iona ies we e published in he pe iod om 2008 o 2017. The backg ound o he pe iodiza ion o he las decades is mos ly de e mined by he di e ences in quali y, no in quan i y. Fi een dialec dic iona ies we e pub- lished in he pe iod o So ie occupa ion (1944–1990) and he yea s o e-es- ablished independence (1990–2017). They we e compiled by bo h p o essional linguis s and ama eu s. All o hem sough o p ese e he uniqueness o he dialec on all le els: ocabula y, mo phology, wo d o ma ion, syn ax and ph a- seology, e en he index o p ope names. All dic iona ies can be desc ibed in a leas i e aspec s: ime, ex en , o hog aphy, dialec , and place. In summa y o he abo e, i should be said ha he his o y o Li huanian di- alec dic iona ies can be di ided in o h ee pe iods: 1978–1988 (appea ance o he i s dialec dic iona ies), 1988–2008 (pe iod o he mos in ensi e w i ing and publishing), 2008–2017 (pe iod o scien i ically based mul i olume dialec dic iona ies). Six dialec dic iona ies we e published du ing he pe iod o mo e han 40 yea s o So ie occupa ion and nine dialec dic iona ies, mos ly mul i- olume, we e eleased du ing 25 yea s o independen Li huania (see Diag am 1). DIAGRAM 1. The publica ion o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies (quan i a i e aspec ) Impo an Aspec o Li huanian Dialec ology: Dialec Dic iona ies Įž algos / Insigh s 267 TYPES OF DIALECT DICTIONARIES Dialec dic iona ies all wi hin he g oup o explana o y dic iona ies which a e di ided in o wo ca ego ies: a dic iona y o a ce ain dialec , subdialec o subdia- lec g oup o a dic iona y o all he dialec s o a ce ain language. Fi een dic ion- a ies men ioned abo e mos ly aim a p ese ing he ocabula y o subdialec s and subdialec g oups. Šiau ės y ų dūnininkų šnek ų žodynas o Sou he n Žemai ian Va niai egion, Sou he n Aukš ai ian D uskininkų a mės žodynas, Pie inių pie ų aukš aičių šnek ų žodynas and Eas e n Aukš ai ian Kupiškėnų žodynas a e mul i- dialec dic iona ies. Dialec dic iona ies (dic iona ies o dialec s, subdialec s o subdialec g oups) a e usually one- olume, wo- olume o h ee- olume. The e is one ou - olume dic iona y. One- olume dic iona ies p e ailed un il he end o he 20 h cen u y. Mul i- olume dialec dic iona ies a e a speci ic sign de ining he Li huanian dialec lexicog aphy om he beginning o he 21s cen u y. Li huanian dialec dic iona ies make wo la ge g oups acco ding o hei ex- en . One- olume dic iona ies we e usually published un il 2000, and mo e dic iona ies con aining wo, h ee o ou olumes began o appea a e 2000. Fi e dic iona ies can be classi ied as di e en ial, o specialized, dic iona ies. Ten dic iona ies can be called exhaus i e dic iona ies. The ci cula ion o he dic iona ies is diminishing cons an ly. Fo example, he ci cula ion o he i s Li huanian dialec dic iona y was h ee housand copies, and one dic iona y published in 2016 has he ci cula ion o wo hund ed i y copies only. The illus a ions o dialec headwo ds di e . The e a e examples w i en in he s anda d language. Fo ha eason he dis inguished dialec al ea u es a e pa ly e ealed. To w i e o he wo ds, he simpli ied phone ic ansc ip ion is used which e eals he mos signi ican ea u es o a dialec . The phone ic an- sc ip ion based on he so called Copenhagen adi ion is commonly used (see Diag am 2). DIAGRAM 2. P esen a ion o dialec al language in Li huanian dialec dic iona ies (o - hog aphic aspec ) Dialec dic iona ies show ha he explana ion o headwo ds a ies: such e- e ences as lk, bk and he explana ion using synonyms a e e used6; a desc ip i e 6 lk – Li huanian li e a y language, bk – S anda d Li huanian. JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ 268 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX explana ion is limi ed and he mos sui able equi alen o he meaning o he headwo d is p esen ed (see Diag am 3). DIAGRAM 3. The ype o he explana ion o headwo ds The dis ibu ion o dialec s e lec ed in he dic iona ies unde analysis shows ha we ha e h ee dic iona ies o Li huanian Žemai ian dialec s (Vy au as Vi - kauskas, Šiau ės y ų dūnininkų šnek ų žodynas; Juozas Aleksand a ičius, K e in- gos a mės žodynas; Bi u ė Vanagienė, Šiau ės aka ų žemaičių žodynas) and wel e dic iona ies o Li huanian Aukš ai ian dialec s (Jonas Pe auskas, Aloyzas Vidugi is, Lazūnų a mės žodynas; Ge ūda Nak inienė, Aldona Paulaus kienė, Vy au as Vi kauskas, D uskininkų a mės žodynas; Aloyzas Vidugi is, Zie elos šnek os žodynas; Vi as Labu is, Daukšių k aš o žodynas; Zana ykų šnek os žody- nas; Die eniškių šnek os žodynas; Klemen ina Vosyly ė, Kupiškėnų žodynas; An- gelė Vilu y ė, Kal anėnų šnek os žodynas; Aldonas Pupkis, Kazlų Rūdos šnek os žodynas; Žane a Ma ke ičienė, Au imas Ma ke ičius, Vidiškių šnek os žodynas; Lie u ininkų a mių žodynas; As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišienė, Pie inių pie ų aukš aičių šnek ų žodynas) (see Cha in he Appendix and Diag am 4). DIAGRAM 4. Quan i a i e a io o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies Impo an Aspec o Li huanian Dialec ology: Dialec Dic iona ies Įž algos / Insigh s 269 As i can be seen om he cha in he Appendix, dialec dic iona ies usu- ally ha e he samples ha a y om 30,000 o 50,000 illus a i e examples. In he dialec dic iona ies which showed up un il 2017 headwo ds a e illus a ed by bo h he examples o he spoken language and he dialec , subdialec o sub- dialec g oup wo ds om he Lie u ių kalbos žodynas. In ecen yea s he head- wo d has been illus a ed by he examples om he dialec al spoken language (see Diag am 5). DIAGRAM 5. Sample o ocabula y o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies (in housands) Mo e han 950,000 lexical uni s a e ep esen ed in Li huanian dialec dic io- na ies. The o m o he p esen a ion o lexical uni s a ies om phone ic an- sc ip ion o simpli ied phone ic ansc ip ion and e en he s anda d language. The sou ces o lexical da a a e spoken language and olklo e, bo h in i s spoken and w i en o m, w i en sou ces (published and manusc ip s), olklo e ales and songs, he wo ds o olk medicine, e c. Daukšių k aš o žodynas is an exam- ple o he dic iona y whe e he egional p ope names o people and places a e p o ided.7 The e is a nine-yea gap be ween he i s dic iona y Šiau ės y ų dūnininkų šnek ų žodynas and he second dic iona y Lazūnų a mės žodynas. The hi d one – D uskininkų a mės žodynas – was published h ee yea s la e . We can make an assump ion ha a en-yea gap (1988–1998) was dedica ed o he e- sea ch and s uc u iza ion o he da a collec ed du ing he linguis ic mo emen as well as o he p epa a ion and compiling o dialec dic iona ies, he sea ch o p ope me hods and he p epa a ions o w i e a dic iona y ex .8 7 The au ho does no e alua e dic iona ies acco ding o scien i ic c i e ia. 8 Fo mo e in o ma ion abou he linguis ic mo emen , see Pupkis 2016. JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ 270 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX The cha shows ha almos all he wo k in he ield o dic iona y p epa- a ion was ca ied ou by well-known lexicog aphe s om he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language ( o me Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language and Li e - a u e, 1952–1990): Vy au as Vi kauskas, Aloyzas Vidugi is, Klemen ina Vosy- ly ė, Ge ūda Nak inienė and o he s. These scien is s sha ed hei expe ience wi h he dialec ologis s o he younge gene a ion who compiled and edi ed dic- iona ies, as well as w o e ex s o he dic iona ies and p epa ed a ew dialec dic iona ies. Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Rima Bakšienė, As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišienė and o he s should be men ioned.9 LOCALIZATION OF DIALECT DICTIONARIES F om he geog aphical poin o iew, all he dialec dic iona ies o he pe- iod in ques ion (1944–2017) a e dis ibu ed in Li huania une enly (see Map). The geog aphical dis ibu ion o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies shows ha a signi ican pa o dialec and subdialec dic iona ies ep esen s he dialec s and subdialec s o pe iphe al a eas as well as he e hnic egions which now belong o Bela us. 9 Thanks o college Vilija Ragaišienė o he ema ks abou he lack o exhaus i e e iews o dialec dic iona ies as well as he lack o a icles p esen ing he main heo e ical p oblems o lexicog a- phy: ypes o dic iona ies, s uc u es, me hods o dic iona y-making. Impo an Aspec o Li huanian Dialec ology: Dialec Dic iona ies Įž algos / Insigh s 271 Dialec dic iona ies we e w i en une enly om he geog a ical poin o iew. The geog aphical and s a is ical analysis enables us o see ha he subdialec s which ha e been ho oughly lexicog aphically esea ched a e he Sou he n Že- mai ian o Va niai, he No he n Žemai ian o Telšiai, K e inga and he Wes e n Aukš ai ian o Kaunas, he Eas e n Aukš ai ian o Kupiškis, Ši in os, Vilnius, Sou he n Aukš ai ian. The subdialec s unde in es iga ion a e he Sou he n Že- mai ian o Raseiniai, he Wes e n Aukš ai ian o Šiauliai, he Eas e n Aukš ai- ian o Pane ėžys, Anykščiai, U ena. The analysis o he ypes o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies e eals ha ex- haus i e dic iona ies ake domina ing posi ions. The e o e, he main and e iden conclusion which can be made is ha he da a o Li huanian dialec dic iona ies can en ich and enla ge he basis o lexis o he G ea Academic Lie u ių kal- bos žodynas signi ican ly. Da a om all he dialec dic iona ies e eal he e hnic uniqueness o a pa icula egion, his o ical e en s and hei e alua ion. Wha is mo e, i shapes he linguis ic sel -con idence and iden i y o he pe son, aises in e es in one’s dialec .10 I is wo h emphasizing he ema kable a ie y o dialec s and hei impo - ance while o ming linguis ic iden i y. A VIEW INTO THE LEXICOGRAPHICAL WORKS OF BALTIC COUNTRIES The si ua ion ela ing o he compila ion o dialec dic iona ies is e y simila in La ia. I is ob ious ha he la ges numbe o dic iona ies we e published a e La ia egained i s independence.11 One- olume dic iona ies o Edua ds Ādamsons and Elga Kagaine Vainižu izloksnes ā dnīca (2000), B igi a Bušmane Nīcas izloksnes ā dnīca (2017) mus be men ioned among hem. La ian di- alec ologis s, simila ly o Li huanian ones, w i e exhaus i e, usually wo- ol- ume, dic iona ies. Two- olume dic iona ies o Sa mi e Baluode (Sa mī e Ba- lode) and Ilga Jansone Kalnienas izloksnes ā dnīca (2017) as well as An oņina Reķēna Kalupes izloksnes ā dnīca (1998) we e published. La ians u ned hei a en ion o abundan compa ison o ms which a e unique and signi ican ly en ich he s anda d language. Sinoles izloksnes salīdzi- nājumu ā dnīca (2001) p epa ed by Maiga Pu niņa and Ag is Timuška is based 10 See Lie u ių kalbos žodynas. 11 Special hanks o Assoc. P o . D . Edmundas T umpa, Uni e si y o La ia, Depa men o La - ian and Bal ic s udies, Chai o Bal ic Linguis ics. JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ 278 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX Au ho (-s) // compile (-s) Ti le o dic iona y Dialec , subdialec Publishing da e Sample o ocabula y Type o dic iona y Angelė Vilu y ė Kal anėnų šnek os žodynas Eas e n Aukš ai ian Vilniškiai 2008 40 housand Exhaus i e Aldonas Pupkis Kazlų Rūdos šnek os žodynas Wes e n Aukš ai ian Kauniškiai Vo. 1, 2008, Vo. 2, 2009 60 housand Exhaus i e Juozas Aleksand a ičius // Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Juozas Pab ėža K e ingos a mės žodynas No he n Žemai ian K e ingiškiai 2011 No speci ied Di e en ial Bi u ė Vanagienė // Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Dai a Vaišnienė Šiau ės aka ų žemaičių žodynas No he n Žemai ian Telšiškiai Vo. 1, 2014, Vo. 2, 2015 No speci ied Di e en ial Žane a Ma ke ičienė, Au imas Ma ke ičius Vidiškių šnek os žodynas Eas e n Aukš ai ian Ši in iškiai 2014 No speci ied Exhaus i e // Jonas Bukan is, Žane a Jokužy ė, Lo e a Liu ku ė, Vi ginija Vei e ienė. Lie u ininkų a mių žodynas Wes e n Žemai ian and Wes e n Aukš ai ian – he Sou he n a ea o he Small Li huania (Klaidėpa egion) 2014 No speci ied Di e en ial? As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišienė Pie inių pie ų aukš aičių šnek ų žodynas Sou he n Aukš ai ian (Sou he n Dzūkai) Vo. 1, 2016 No speci ied Exhaus i e