Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries

JŪRINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Fields of research: analysis of the dialect of written sources, lexicography and lexicology of dialect, sociolinguistics, syntax. IMPORTANT ASPECT OF LITHUANIAN DIALECTOLOGY: DIALECT DICTIONARIES Svarbus lietuvių dialektologijos aspektas: šnektų žodynai ANNOTATION The present article aims to describe the school of compilation of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries the formation of which covers the period from the end of the 20th century till the beginning of the 21st century. This article reviews fifteen dialect dictionaries published in 1944–2017: periodization, structure (volume, types of presentation of lexis), geographical distribution, which reflects the aim of the preservation of border dialects and subdialects for scientific and educational purposes. KEYWORDS: dialect dictionaries, subdialects and subdialect groups, types of dictionaries, sample of vocabulary (lexicon), periodization. ANOTACIJA Šiame straipsnyje aptariama nuo XX a. pabaigos iki XXI a. pradžios besikūrusi lietuviškų tarmių žodynų rengimo mokykla. Apžvelgiama penkiolika 1944–2017 m. išleistų šnektų žodynų, t. y. jų parengimo laikas, struktūra (apimtis, leksikos pateikimo būdai), geografinis pasiskirstymas, rodantis siekį mokslo ir mokymo tikslais išsaugoti paribio tarmes ir šnektas. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: šnektų žodynai, šnektos ir šnektų grupės, žodyno rūšis, žodyno imtis (lesika), parengimo laikas. Įžvalgos / Insights 263 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ INTRODUCTION Neogrammarians (Junggrammatiker) are the school of linguists which formed in Germany (Leipzig) in the late 19th century. It influenced the appearance of many types of specialized dictionaries in various languages (French, German, Italian, Swedish, Russian and others). The linguistic works in Lithuanian were not an exception. The period of 1944–2017 described in the article is marked with significant historical, political, economic, and cultural changes. It covers the period of the second Soviet occupation (1944–1990) as well as the years of restored independence (since 1990). This particular period which covers the period of over 70 years is considered the era of linguistic development, establishment of the standard language, dialect levelling and the effort of scientists to preserve the lexis of the Lithuanian language (both written and spoken). To achieve these goals, a remarkable variety of dictionaries has been compiled. The most significant work in the field of dictionaries during the first period of the independence of Lithuania was the compilation of the material for the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Lithuanian Language Dictionary) and the writing of this dictionary. This work did not stop during the period of the second Soviet occupation and later, when the independence of Lithuania was restored. Material for the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas was collected from various sources, old written sources and Lithuanian dialects; hence, the compilation of this particular dictionary was an unstoppable process regardless of the efforts to stop its publication.1 Since dialect (dialect, subdialect and subdialect groups) lexicon in the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas did not reflect the development of a specific dialect, subdialect or subdialect group (the appearance of new words or the disappearance of old inheritance) as well as the expansion or deterioration of dialects, it means that the dialect lexicon did not reflect the inward and outward dialect phenomenon, and the necessity for dialect dictionaries emerged. The start of linguistic movement stimulated the preparation of dialect descriptions as well as the collection of dialect data. For that reason, dialectologists were determined not only to study dialects but also to preserve their unique lexis.2 Vytautas Vitkauskas, the compiler of the first dialect dictionary, states in its introduction: “In the summer of 1954, encouraged by professor Balčikonis, I tried to collect and record words and phrases from the area of my native Kuršėnai” (Vitkauskas 1976 : 3). Dialectologists were induced to collect 1 For more information, see Pukis 2013: 31–298. 2 For more information on the data, see termes.lki.lt or http://www.termes.lt. 264 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries dialectal vocabulary as quickly as possible because of the threat: the process of dialect leveling and change, which was related to the changes in the language model of the old and young generations, the deterioration of the rurality, and the strengthening of the standard language (sometimes the last was a forcible process).3 Aldonas Pukis, the compiler of a few dictionaries of the Western Aukštaitian dialect of Kaunas region, writes: “My interest in words and dictionaries, instilled by profesor Balikonis and fostered by profesor Kazlauskas, encouraged me to start the preparatory work for Zanavykų šnektos žodynas (Zanavykai Subdialect Dictionary): to be in charge of the collection of the card index, to manage the group of authors, to edit the text, and to concentrate on the Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas (Kazlų Rūdos Subdialect Dictionary) later” (Pukis 2013: 7). Professional research of subdialects has always been closely related to the purpose of the preservation of the lexical features of language varieties for future generations. Research material reveals how the work of the compilation of dialect dictionaries was organized and how it is being organized at the moment. The research material includes the dictionaries of Lithuanian dialects, subdialects and their groups published from 1944 to 2017.4 This article aims to highlight the formation of the Lithuanian dialect lexicography on the basis of dictionaries of dialect lexicon, which were released in 1944–2017.5 In order to achieve the aim, the following objectives were set: 1) to analyze the possible periodization of dialect dictionaries and to present it to the scientific community; 2) to discuss the structural parts of dialect dictionaries (volume, orthography, etc.); 3) to present the local view of dialect dictionaries (geographical distribution in Lithuania and its ethnic areas); 4) to compare the Lithuanian research in the field of dialect dictionaries with the research of dialectologists from the neighboring Baltic states. In order to justify the conclusions, the descriptive and comparative methods are used with the particular emphasis on the geographical distribution of dialect dictionaries (localization). 3 For more information on the situation of the linguistic point at the end of the 20th–beginning of the 21st century, see Švambarytė-Valužienė 2014. 4 According to the author, the reference point of time is considered to be 2017. 5 The author does not analyze the issue of lexicography of dialect dictionaries as it would be the topic for a theoretical work but not for a review article. For more information about the theoretical issues of dialect dictionaries, the sampling of dialecticisms, see Sakalauskienė 2010, 2014. For more information on the types of dictionaries, see Jakaitienė 2005, 2006; Zubaitienė 2015. Įžvalgos / Insights 265 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ PERIODIZATION OF DIALECT DICTIONARIES The first Lithuanian dialect dictionary compiled by Vytautas Vitkauskas was published in 196. The whole 70-year long period, which is being described in this article, can be divided into two parts. Not a single dialect dictionary was published in the first three decades of the Soviet occupation from 1944 to 1976. The first period of more intensive publication of dialect dictionaries covers the decade from 1976 to 1988. It was again followed by a short break in publication of dialect dictionaries. No dictionaries were published in the period from 1988 to 1990. A new era for Lithuanian dialect dictionaries began after the restoration of independence. The period from 1990 to 2017 can be divided into two periods as well. Five dictionaries were published in the period from 1990 to 2008 and four dialect dictionaries were published in the period from 2008 to 2017. The background for the periodization of the last decades is mostly determined by the differences in quality, not in quantity. Fifteen dialect dictionaries were published in the period of Soviet occupation (1944–1990) and the years of re-established independence (1990–2017). They were compiled by both professional linguists and amateurs. All of them sought to preserve the uniqueness of the dialect on all levels: vocabulary, morphology, word formation, syntax and phraseology, even the index of proper names. All dictionaries can be described in at least five aspects: time, extent, orthography, dialect, and place. In summary of the above, it should be said that the history of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries can be divided into three periods: 1978–1988 (appearance of the first dialect dictionaries), 1988–2008 (period of the most intensive writing and publishing), 2008–2017 (period of scientifically based multivolume dialect dictionaries). Six dialect dictionaries were published during the period of more than 40 years of Soviet occupation and nine dialect dictionaries, mostly multivolume, were released during 25 years of independent Lithuania (see Diagram 1). DIAGRAM 1. The publication of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries (quantitative aspect) 26 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries TYPES OF DIALECT DICTIONARIES Dialect dictionaries fall within the group of explanatory dictionaries which are divided into two categories: a dictionary of a certain dialect, subdialect or subdialect group or a dictionary of all the dialects of a certain language. Fifteen dictionaries mentioned above mostly aim at preserving the vocabulary of subdialects and subdialect groups. Šiaurės rytų düninkų šnektų žodynas of Southern Žemaitian Varnai region, Southern Aukštaitian Druskininkų tarmės žodynas, Pietinių pietų aukštaičių šnektų žodynas and Eastern Aukštaitian Kupiškėnų žodynas are multi-dialect dictionaries. Dialect dictionaries (dictionaries of dialects, subdialects or subdialect groups) are usually one-volume, two-volume or three-volume. There is one four-volume dictionary. One-volume dictionaries prevailed until the end of the 20th century. Multi-volume dialect dictionaries are a specific sign defining the Lithuanian dialect lexicography from the beginning of the 21st century. Lithuanian dialect dictionaries make two large groups according to their extent. One-volume dictionaries were usually published until 2000, and more dictionaries containing two, three or four volumes began to appear after 200. Five dictionaries can be classified as differential, or specialized, dictionaries. Ten dictionaries can be called exhaustive dictionaries. The circulation of the dictionaries is diminishing constantly. For example, the circulation of the first Lithuanian dialect dictionary was three thousand copies, and one dictionary published in 2016 has the circulation of two hundred fifty copies only. The illustrations of dialect headwords differ. There are examples written in the standard language. For that reason the distinguished dialectal features are partly revealed. To write other words, the simplified phonetic transcription is used wich reveals the most significant features of a dialect. The phonetic transcription based on the so called Copenhagen tradition is commonly used (see Diagram 2). DIAGRAM 2. Presentation of dialectal language in Lithuanian dialect dictionaries (orthographic aspect) Dialect dictionaries show that the explanation of headwords varies: such references as lk, bk and the explanation using synonyms are refused; a descriptive 6 lk – Lithuanian literary language, bk – Standard Lithuanian. Įžvalgos / Insights 267 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ explanation is limited and the most suitable equivalent of the meaning of the headword is presented (see Diagram 3). DIAGRAM 3. The type of the explanation of headwords The distribution of dialects reflected in the dictionaries under analysis shows that we have three dictionaries of Lithuanian Žemaitian dialects (Vytautas Vitkauskas, Šiaurės rytų dünininkų šnektų žodynas; Juozas Aleksandravičius, Kretingos tarmės žodynas; Birutė Vanagienė, Šiaurės vakarų žemaičių žodynas) and twelve dictionaries of Lithuanian Aukštaitian dialects (Jonas Petrauskas, Aloyzas Vidugiris, Lazūnų tarmės žodynas; Gertrūda Naktinienė, Aldona Paulauskienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Druskininkų tarmės žodynas; Aloyzas Vidugiris, Zietelos šnektos žodynas; Vitas Labutis, Daušių krašto žodynas; Zanavykų šnektos žodynas; Dieveniškių šnektos žodynas; Klementina Vosylienė, Kupiškėnų žodynas; Angelė Vilutytė, Kaltanėnų šnektos žodynas; Aldonas Pukis, Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas; Žaneta Markevičienė, Aurimas Markevičius, Vidiškių šnektos žodynas; Lietuvininkų tarmių žodynas; Asta Leskauskaitė, Vilija Ragaišienė, Pietinių pietų aukštaičių šnektų žodynas) (see Chart in the Appendix and Diagram 4). DIAGRAM 4. Quantitative ratio of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries 28 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries As it can be seen from the chart in the Appendix, dialect dictionaries usually have the samples that vary from 30,000 to 50,000 illustrative examples. In the dialect dictionaries which showed up until 2017 headwords are illustrated by both the examples of the spoken language and the dialect, subdialect or subdialect group words from the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. In recent years the headword has been illustrated by the examples from the dialectal spoken language (see Diagram 5). DIAGRAM 5. Sample of vocabulary of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries (in thousands) More than 950,000 lexical units are represented in Lithuanian dialect dictionaries. The form of the presentation of lexical units varies from phonetic transcription to simplified phonetic transcription and even the standard language. The sources of lexical data are spoken language and folklore, both in its spoken and written form, written sources (published and manuscripts), folklore tales and songs, the words of folk medicine, etc. Daukšių krašto žodynas is an example of the dictionary where the regional proper names of people and places are provided.7 There is a nine-year gap between the first dictionary Šiaurės rytų dunininkų šnektų žodynas and the second dictionary Lazūnų tarmės žodynas. The third one – Druskininkų tarmės žodynas – was published three years later. We can make an assumption that a ten-year gap (1988–1998) was dedicated to the research and structurization of the data collected during the linguistic movement as well as to the preparation and compiling of dialect dictionaries, the search of proper methods and the preparations to write a dictionary text.8 7 The author does not evaluate dictionaries according to scientific criteria. 8 For more information about the linguistic movement, see Pukis 2016. Įžvalgos / Insights 269 JĀNINA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ The chart shows that almost all the work in the field of dictionary preparation was carried out by well-known lexicographers from the Institute of the Lithuanian Language (former Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature, 1952–1990): Vytautas Vitkauskas, Aloyzas Vidugiris, Klementina Vosylaitė, Gertrūda Naktinienė and others. These scientists shared their experience with the dialectologists of the younger generation who compiled and edited dictionaries, as well as wrote texts for the dictionaries and prepared a few dialect dictionaries. Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Rima Bākienė, Asta Leskauskaitė, Vilija Ragaišienė and others should be mentioned.9 LOCALIZATION OF DIALECT DICTIONARIES From the geographical point of view, all the dialect dictionaries of the period in question (1944–2017) are distributed in Lithuania unevenly (see Map). The geographical distribution of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries shows that a significant part of dialect and subdialect dictionaries represents the dialects and subdialects of peripheral areas as well as the ethnic regions which now belong to Belarus. 9 Thanks to college Vilija Ragaišienė for her remarks about the lack of exhaustive reviews of dialect dictionaries as well as the lack of articles presenting the main theoretical problems of lexicography: types of dictionaries, structures, methods of dictionary-making. 270 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries Dialect dictionaries were written unevenly from the geographical point of view. The geographical and statistical analysis enables us to see that the subdialects which have been thoroughly lexicographically researched are the Southern Žemaitian of Varniai, the Northern Žemaitian of Telšiai, Kretinga and the Western Aukštaitian of Kaunas, the Eastern Aukštaitian of Kupiškis, Širvintos, Vilnius, Southern Aukštaitian. The subdialects under investigation are the Southern Žemaitian of Raseiniai, the Western Aukštaitian of Šiauliai, the Eastern Aukštaitian of Panevėžys, Anykščiai, Utena. The analysis of the types of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries reveals that exhaustive dictionaries take dominating positions. Therefore, the main and evident conclusion which can be made is that the data of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries can enrich and enlarge the basis of lexis for the Great Academic Lietuvių kalbos žodynas significantly. Data from all the dialect dictionaries reveal the ethnic uniqueness of a particular region, historical events and their evaluation. What is more, it shapes the linguistic self-confidence and identity of the person, raises interest in one’s dialect.10 It is worth emphasizing the remarkable variety of dialects and their importance while forming linguistic identity. A VIEW INTO THE LEXICOGRAPHICAL WORKS OF BALTIC COUNTRIES The situation relating to the compilation of dialect dictionaries is very similar in Latvia. It is obvious that the largest number of dictionaries were published after Latvia regained its independence.11 One-volume dictionaries of Eduards Ādamsons and Elga Kagaine Vainižu izloksnes vārdnīca (2000), Brigita Bušmane Nīcas izloksnes vārdnīca (2017) must be mentioned among them. Latvian dialectologists, similarly to Lithuanian ones, write exhaustive, usually two-volume, dictionaries. Two-volume dictionaries of Sarmite Balode (Sarmite Balode) and Iga Jansone Kalnienas izloksnes vārdnīca (2017) as well as Antonina Reķēna Kalupes izloksnes vārdnīca (1998) were published. Latvians turned their attention to abundant comparison forms which are unique and significantly enrich the standard language. Sīles izloksnes salīdzināmo vārdnīca (2001) prepared by Maiga Putniņa and Agris Tīmuska is based 10 See Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 11 Special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Edmunds Trumpa, University of Latvia, Department of Latvian and Baltic studies, Chair of Baltic Linguistics. Įžvalgos / Insights 271 JANA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ on the comparisons of one subdialect. During the period of the Soviet occupation a three-volume dictionary of Elga Kagaine and Silvija Raģe Ērģemes izolsnes vārdnīca (1977–1983) was published in Latvia. Five dictionaries (and one dictionary of comparisons) were published in Latvia in the period from 1944 to 2017. An investigation into the dialect dictionaries published in Lithuania and Latvia shows that the proportion is 6:1 as far as the period from 1940 to 1998 is concerned and 9:4 regarding the period from 1998 to 2017. Latvian linguists are preparing the collection of all the Latvian dialects – Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants.12 In recent years Latvian dictionaries have appeared in electronic versions as well.13 In the beginning of the 20th century (in 1920, to be precise) Estonian linguists developed the program and references for the compilation of dialect dictionaries. Dictionaries (electronic forms) from different parts of Estonia – Kihnu, Seto, Hii14 – can be found. Some of them, e.g. Small Dialectological Dictionary, was prepared in the period from 1982 to 1989. In 2011, Vanapärase Võru mude sõnaraamat (The Dictionary of old Võru Dialect) was published. The Institute of the Estonian language stores the Alphabetical Archive of Dialect Dictionary (2.7 million paper slips). Estonian linguists are preparing the virtual database DED (Dictionary of Estonian Dialects), which will be accessible by all the members of the society. The words of the standard Estonian language as well as the words of all dialects of this language will be provided in this database.15 Some facts mentioned above prove that Estonian dialectologists have made a significant impact in the field of dialectal studies. On the other hand, Estonian linguists prefer electronic versions of dictionaries to paper ones. To summarize the dialectological work accomplished by Baltic linguists since 1990, we can mention two approaches. Lithuanian dialectologists prepared dictionaries which cover almost all the peripheral areas of the country as well as ethnic territories. Latvians prepared subdialect or specialized dictionaries (such as the comparative dictionary of dialects). They are also determined to publish the collection of all Latvian dialects. Estonians prefer to digitize manuscript and published dictionaries of Estonian dialects and to prepare a single digitized database. 12 See Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants. Lesika (1999); Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants. Fonētika (2013). 13 See Balode, Jansone 2017. 14 Seto Dictionary (2016), Eastern Dialect Dictionary (2016), Hii Dictionary (2015), Kihnu Dictionary (2013). See https://www.eki.ee/EN. 15 For more information, see Kalvik, Kendla 2018: 52. 272 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries CONCLUSIONS The research material suggests that the Lithuanian school of dialect dictionary-making started to form in the 1960s–1970s. It should be noted that the authors and compilers of dialect dictionaries start to move away from the methods and principles used while writing the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas in the beginning of the 21st century only. Instead, they use their own methods (e.g. presentation of words in thematic groups or alphabetical; usage of phonetic transcription (it can vary from simplified and close to the standard language to detailed phonetic transcription), descriptions of dialectal features (from descriptive to scientific research) and others). Hence, the school of the Lithuanian dialectal lexicography could be considered as formed from the year 2000 only. During the period of 1944–2017 fifteen dialect dictionaries were published in Lithuania. This era can be divided into two smaller periods marked with significant historical changes: the first is from 1944 to 1990 and the second – from 1990 to 2017. The first period involves the years of Soviet occupation and can be subdivided into two smaller groups: the years of the first dialect dictionaries (1976–1988) and the years when not a single dialect dictionary was published (1988–1990). The period of restored independence (1990–2017) can also be subdivided into two parts: 1) from 1990 to 2008 when five dialect dictionaries were published and 2) from 2008 to 2017 when four dialect dictionaries appeared. Five dictionaries (out of fifteen mentioned above) are considered as differential ones and ten are regarded as the dictionaries of an exhaustive (systemic) type. In the period of 70 years the print runs have dropped dramatically. The first dialect dictionary published in 1976 had a print run of 3,000, whereas a dictionary published in 2016 had a circulation of 250 copies. Dialectologists of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language seek to investigate and preserve the language of peripheral areas: the dialects of ethnic Lithuanian lands or the subdialects and subdialect groups of border territories as well as the dialects and subdialects of the Lithuanian periphery. Despite the fact that the specific principles of dictionary-making are still a matter of discussion, it is obvious that dictionaries are compiled for some purposes. A long-lasting value, scientific research, applied and educational benefits should be mentioned among them. In 2011, the digital dictionary Lithuanian Dialects / Lietuvių tarmės was released in a CD format. Dialect dictionaries not only supplement greater lexicographical works (such as Lietuvių kalbos žodynas) but also reflect the ethnic peculiarities of the region, historical events and their evaluation, personal linguistic self-consciousness and self-esteem, and stimulate interest in a native dialect. Įžvalgos / Insights 273 JĀNINA ŠVAMBARTE-VALUŽIENĖ REFERENCES Ādamsons Eduards, Kagaine Elga 2000: Vainžu izloksnes vārdnīca. Rīga: Latviešu valodas institūts. Balode Sarmīte, Jansone Ilga 2017: Kalnienas izloksnes vārdnīca 1–2. Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts. Bušmane Brigita 2017: Nīcas izloksnes vārdnīca. Rīga: Latviešu valodas institūts. Jakaitienė Evalda 2005: Leksikografija. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Jakaitienė Evalda 2006: Žodynų istorijos apybraiža. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Kagaine Elga, Rūķe Silvija 1977–1983: Ērģemes izloksnes vārdnīca 1–3. Rīga: Zinātne. Kalvik Mari Liis, Kendla Mari 2018: The Dictionary of Estonian Dialects: Past and Present – Sõnaraamat (E-Book), 52. Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants. Fonētika. Rīga: Zinātne, 2013. Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants. Leksika. Rīga: Zinātne, 1999. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20, 1941–2002, elektroninis variantas (antras elektroninis leidimas), red. kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Rūtė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2013. Lietuvių tarmės / Lithuanian Dialects 3. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2011. Pupkis Aldonas 2013: Juozas Balčikonis ir didysis „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Pupkis Aldonas 2016: Lietuvių kalbos sąjūdis 1968–1988 m. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Putniņa Maiga, Agris Timuška 2001: Sīnes izloksnes salīdzināmu vārdnīca. Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts. Reķena Antonīna 1998: Kalupes izloksnes vārdnīca 1–2. Rīga: Latviešu valodas institūts. Sakalauskienė Vilija 2014: Lietuvių tarminių žodynų tipai ir jų rengimo principai – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 4. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 141–157. 274 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries Sakalauskienė Vilija 2010: Dialektizmų atranka dabartinės ir bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynuose. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 2. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 295–305. Švambarytė-Valužienė Janina 2014: Kalbinio punkto gyvavimo situacija: XX a. vidurys–XXI a. pradžia. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 71. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 215–228. Vitkauskas Vytautas 1970: Tarmių žodynų tipai ir sudaromo principai. – Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai, A serija 2(33), Vilnius, 153–170. Zubaitienė Vilma 2015: Lietuvių tarmės. Prieiga per internetą: http://web.vu.lt/fl/v.zubaitiene/files/2015/04/Tarmiu_zodynai.pdf. Svarbus lietuvių dialektologijos aspektas: šnektų žodynai SANTRAUKA Straipsnyje aptariama lietuvių kalbos tarmių žodynų rengimo raida nuo 1944 iki 2017 m. Kaip žinoma iš istorijos, jaунagramatikų (kalbotyros kryptis, susiformavusi Leipcige (Vokietija) XIX a. pabaigoje ir gyvavusi iki XX a. pradžios) skleistos idėjos padėjo rasti šimtmečio darbui – didžiajam Lietuvių kalbos žodynui. Kur kas vėliau, apie XX a. 7–8 dešimtmetį, ėmė kurtis ir lietuviškoji tarmių žodynų rengimo mokykla. Tiesa, tik XXI a. pradžios tarmių žodynuose stengiamasi kiek atsiriboti nuo Lietuvių kalbos žodyno rengimo principų ir apsibrėžti savuosius (līdzinis ir nelīdzinis žodžio pateikimas; fonetinės transkripcijos taikymas (nuo supaprastintos ir artimos bendrinei kalbai iki išsamios fonetinės); tarminių ypatybių aprašai (nuo aprašomųjų iki mokslo tiriamųjų) ir pan.). Taigi apie susiformavusią lietuvių tarmės leksikografijos kryptį galėtume kalbėti nuo 2000 m. Nors dar iki dabar tebesvarstomi atskiri žodyno rengimo principai, bet matyti, kad tarmių žodynai rengiami turint kelis tikslus: išleidžiami, mokslo tiriamieji, taikomieji ir mokomieji (2011 m. mokymo tikslais išleistas kompiuterinio žodynėlio – kompaktinės plokštelės Lietuvių tarmės / Lithuanian Dialects 3 dalis). Lietuvos okupacijos (1944–1990) ir antrosios Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės metais (1990–2017) išleista 15 šnektų žodynų, parengtų profesionalių kalbininkų ir mėgėjų. Visi jie straipsnyje apibūdinami laiko, apimties, užrašymo (tarminių ženklų) ir geografiniu požiūriais. Įžvalgos / Insights 275 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Pastebėta, kad 1990–2008 m. buvo intensyviausias šnektų žodynų rengimo ir leidimo metas. Nuo 2008 iki 2017 m. pasirodo jau mokslinių pagrindų parengti keliatomiai šnektų žodynai. Visi šnektų žodynai pagal apimtį yra dvejopi: vienatomiai arba keliatomiai. Iki 2000 m. daugiausia rengti vienatomiai žodynai, o nuo 2000 m. ima rodytis dvitomių, tritomių ir keturtomių lietuvių kalbos šnektų žodynų. Žodynų iliustraciniai pavyzdžiai užrašomi įvairiai. Yra žodynų, parašytų bendrine kalba. Labai dažnai šnektų žodynų sudarytojai naudoja supaprastintą fonetinę transkripciją. Naujausių tarminių šnektų žodynų iliustraciniai pavyzdžiai jau pateikiami išsamia fonetine transkripcija. Tarmių požiūriu žodynai pasiskirstę taip: 3 skirti žemaičių šnektoms (Vytauto Vitkausko Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodynas (1976), Juozo Aleksandravičiaus Kretingos tarmės žodynas (2011), Birutės Vanagienės Šiaurės vakarų žemaičių žodynas (t. 1, 2014, t. 2, 2015)), o 12 – aukštaičių šnektoms (Jono Pauksko, Aloyzo Vidugirio Lazūnų tarmės žodynas (1985), Gertrūdos Naktinienės, Aldonos Paulauskienės, Vytauto Vitkausko Druskininkų tarmės žodynas (1988), Aloyzo Vidugirio Zietelos šnektos žodynas (1998), Vito Labučio Daukšių krašto žodynas (2002), Zinaávyčių šnektos žodynas (t. 1, 2003, t. 2, 2004, t. 3, 2006), Dieveniškių šnektos žodynas (t. 1, 2005, t. 2, 2010), Klemenios Vosylytės Kupiškėnų žodynas (t. 1, 2007, t. 2, 2010, t. 3, 2012, t. 4, 2013), Angelės Vilutytės Kaltanėnų šnektos žodynas (2008), Aldono Pupkio Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas (t. 1, 2008, t. 2, 2009), Žanetos Markevičienės, Aurimo Markevičiaus Vidiškių šnektos žodynas (2014), Lietuvininkų tarmių žodynas (2014), Astos Leskauskaitės, Vilijos Ragaišienės Pietinių pietų aukštaičių šnektų žodynas (t. 1, 2016)). Geografiniu požiūriu daug šnektų žodynų yra parengta iš paribio vietų. Lietuvių kalbos instituto dialektologų ir tarmininkų, dirbusių Lietuvos aukštosiose mokyklose (Vilniaus universitete, Edukologijos universitete), tikslinai tiriama ir saugoma šnektų ar tarmių periferija: lietuvių kalbos tarmių etninėse Lietuvos žemėse ar Lietuvos paribyje esančių šnektų, taip pat ir Lietuvos teritorijoje išsidėsčiusių lietuvių kalbos šnektų bei tarmių paribo leksika. Straipsnyje priminė ir latvių bei estų tarmių žodynų rengimo tradicija bei esama padėtis. Įteikta 2018 m. spalio 10 d. JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] 276 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX Important Aspect of Lithuanian Dialectology: Dialect Dictionaries Author (-s) / compiler (-s)¹⁶ | Title of dictionary | Dialect, subdialect | Publishing date | Sample of vocabulary | Type of dictionary Vytautas Vitkauskas | Šiaurės rytų aukštaičių tarmynas | Southern Žemaitian (Eastern Varniskiai) | 1976 | 50 thousand | Differential Jonas Petraška, Aloyzas Vidugiris | Lietuvių tarmių žodynas | Eastern Aukštaitian Viniškiai (Eastern Dzūkai) | 1985 | 30 thousand | Exhaustive Gertrūda Naktinienė, Aldona Paulauskienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas | Druskininkų tarmės žodynas | Southern Aukštaitian (Dzūkai) | 1988 | 50 thousand | Exhaustive Aloyzas Vidugiris | Zietelos tarmės žodynas | South-east Aukštaitian | 1998 | 40 thousand | Exhaustive Vitas Labutis | Dieveniškių rašto žodynas | South of Western Aukštaitian | 2002 | Not specified | Differential² Aldonas Pupkis, Klementina Vosylytė and others | Zanavykų šnektos žodynas | Western Aukštaitian Kauniškiai | Vo. 1, 2003; Vo. 2, 2004; Vo. 3, 2006 | 120 thousand | Exhaustive Laima Grumadienė, Danguilė Mikulėnienė, Aloyzas Vidugiris, Kazys Morkūnas | Dieveniškių šnektos žodynas | Eastern Aukštaitian Viniškiai | Vo. 1, 2005; Vo. 2, 2010 | 50 thousand | Exhaustive ¹⁶ The mark // is followed by the names and surnames of compilers. Sometimes there are names of both authors and compilers mentioned. Compilers finished preparing the dictionary after the death of authors. In those dictionaries where texts were written by the group of authors, names of editors are enclosed after the mark //. LITHUANIAN DIALECT DICTIONARIES Įžvalgos / Insights 277 J A N I N A Š V A M B A R Y T Ė - V A L U Ž I E N Ė Author(s) / compiler(s) | Title of dictionary | Dialect, dialect subgroup | Publishing date | Sample of vocabulary | Type of dictionary Angelė Vilutytė | Katalėnų šnektos žodynas | Eastern Aukštaitian (Vilnius) dialect | 2008 | 40 thousand | Exhaustive Aldonas Pupkis | Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas | Western Aukštaitian (Kaunas) dialect | Vol. 1, 2008; Vol. 2, 2009 | 60 thousand | Exhaustive Juozas Aleksandravičius // Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Juozas Palionis | Kretingos tarmės žodynas | Northern Žemaitian (Kretingiškiai) | 2011 | Not specified | Differential Birutė Vana[gienė] // Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Daiva Vaišnienė | Birutės Vana[gienės] / Danguolės Mikulėnienės / Daivos Vaišnienės | Northern Žemaitian | Vol. 1, 2014; Vol. 2, 2015 | Not specified | Differential Žaneta Markevičienė, Aurimas Markevičius | Žanetos Markevičienės, Aurimas Markevičius | Eastern Aukštaitian (Širvintiškiai) dialect | 2014 | Not specified | Exhaustive Jonas Bukantis // I. K. Tokužytė, Loreta Litutkaitė, Virginia Vėverienė | Lietuvių tarmių žodynas | Western Žemaitian and Western Aukštaitian – the Southern area of the Small Lithuania (Klaipėda region) | 2014 | Not specified | Differential? Asta Leskauskaitė, Vilia Ragaišienė | Pietų Lietuvių šnektų žodynas | Southern Aukštaitian (Southern Dzūkai) | Vol. 1, 2016 | Not specified | Exhaustive 278 A c t a L i n g u i s t i c a L i t h u a n i c a LXXIX