LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIX (1991)

KAZIMIERAS GARŠVA, BIRUTĖ STOSKELIŪNAITĖ, JUOZAS VAINA

A Dictionary of Differences in the Punsk Dialect

The vernacular of the Lithuanian autochthons of the Punsk and Sejny parishes occupies an area approximately 40 km long and 15 km wide, divided in 1944 by the USSR–Poland border. Most of this area belongs to the Southern Highlander (Western Dzūkian) dialect, which is split into two parts by the parish boundary. Kapsai still live in the northwestern part; somewhat different from them is the Kreivėnai-Eišeriai vernacular, now nearing complete assimilation, located between Vižainis and Rūdelė.

In the area belonging to the Dzūkians, standard-language t (tv), d (dv) before i, į, y, ie correspond to c (cv), dz (dzv), č, dž — c, dz: cieščis “to stretch oneself,” pircis “bathhouse,” pūrcycis “to steam oneself,” stacýcis “to build oneself”; briedzis “elk,” dzidialis “big,” dzidiàšnis “bigger,” dzidzýsis “the big one,” džýgc “to sprout,” màudzycis “to bathe,” cyčòm “on purpose,” etc. Rarely and jokingly, people said čėvas “father.” Older people may retain the infinitive ending -ie (giárctie “to drink,” paškùscie “to shave,” riešutáutie “to gather nuts”); when it is dropped, c remains: giárc, etc. Variants occur: niàšč “to carry,” niàšč, niàštie, niàščie, niàščie, niàšti, niàšt.¹ The consonant clusters šč (< št), ždž (< žd) assimilate to šč, ždž: mušcis “to fight,” vaikščėis “to walk,” uždžýrbo “earned.”

The consonant l before e, ę, ei, ė, o, r, s, š, ž, c, dz, č, dž and before i, į, y, ie and fronted vowels is pronounced hard, with the following vowel changing accordingly: láidzuos “I’ll let myself go,” kūlalìus “little rollers,” lantà “board,” paslankė “to bend down,” pialė “mouse,” slankščùs “sliders,” bėralis “lamb,” kiaturìeša “four together,” Šáivai “Seivai,” šànas “old,” sapcynì “seven,” šándzie “today,” rùti “in the morning,” šarù “I feed,” šaščtinės “sixth,” šùnakc “tonight,” ámžus “centuries,” ážaras “lake,” žànklyc “to mark,” pažáunė “gill,” žóplas “slow-witted,” mósčoc “to swing,” pacù “herself,” dzaùkcès “to rejoice,” viadzagà “daughter-in-law,” Vilkapėdzai “Vilkapėdžiai,” Vilkapėdzus “chirps,” piáčius “oven,” gýrgždžbie “to creak.” One also hears bánkartas “bastard,” mėnasìs “month,” etc. In simplified transcription, vowels u, ū, e after hard consonants are generally not marked in the dictionary.

At the beginning of a syllable, v is added before uo: niaùžvuodzu “I cannot smell,” suvuòsc “to smell,” vúodas “mosquito,” vuosýș “ash tree.” Sometimes v is also added before ė, e, o, u, while j is added before i: su-vėsc “to eat up,” jílgas “long,” and so on. In the traditional vernacular, the consonant in the prefixes ap(i)-, at- was dropped before another consonant, e.g.: adúnda “it thunders,” àviadu “I bring back,” aviàrše “to turn over,” àvagiau “I robbed,” àbėrau “I sprinkled.” One also says siùklis | asiùklis, su-raštúoti “to arrest,” mušynės | muštynės.

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Where the nasal vowels ą, ę formerly occurred, u, i are used: rū́stas “writing,” tušýcis “to plane,” ūžuolas “oak,” “oak,” kȳšč “to endure,” nuskįsę “to plane off,” vaikų “child,” kãti “cat.” The sequence in is regularly preserved only in the prefix (in-lišč “to enter,” in-miàsc “to put in,” inmūšu “I put in,” inpýliau “I poured in”); elsewhere n has disappeared, lengthening the vowel i: aci-mýc “to remember,” augýcinis “to grow,” gamýc “to produce,” giesminýkas “singer,” maicýcis “to feed oneself,” pris-pažýc “to confess,” vadzýc “to call,” vienlykas “onefold.”

The more tense vowel e is pronounced in words of foreign origin (ekspedicija, elektra, gėstas). Elsewhere it is open, and therefore in the article we denote it by ia. At the absolute beginning of a word, e becomes a (álnìas “deer,” ãści “to be,” arškėčys “thorn,” su-árzye “to irritate”), and this is retained after prefixes as well. In other unstressed syllables, i occurs: limiánė “to shape,” siniau “earlier,” žibinkštčis “kind of plant.” The vowel ė is occasionally diphthongized: miššė, sūkė. In the reflexive particle si, the vowel has dropped; sometimes it occurs in following syllables or in the prefix: nus-pirkc “to buy for oneself,” nus-pirkai, nūs-piarku, pas-ėjėc, pras-dėc, sus-imc, sus-riñkc. One also says niažnó “not to know,” baldóti “to stagger about.”

Many words from ethnographic and folklore texts were recorded by J. Vaina, founder and director of the Lithuanian Ethnographic Museum in Punsk. The data were collected across a large part of the Punsk and Sejny vernacular areas; the outlying villages are Dafiñokas, Trumpālis, Naujāsodė, and Rakėlija. To find rarer words, comparisons were also made with the comprehensive “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” and A. Vidugiris’s “Dictionary of the Lazūnai Dialect.”

This article can present only some of the less common words of the vernacular. All the words (about 5,000) are kept in the Dictionary Department of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language; copies are held at the Punsk Ethnographic Museum. A separate dictionary should be compiled from them. Its basis would be B. Stoskelūnaitė’s diploma thesis “The Lexicon of the Punsk Dialect” (VU, 1990).

We will briefly discuss those words of the vernacular and their features that could not be reflected in the following glossary.

Unlike in the standard language, some dialect words are stressed on the first syllable of the root: árkliavogis (3ᵃ), ap-si-tūr̃gavoti, ap-si-výnioti, bérništis (1), kiaũliašūdis (1), mólinis, -ė (1), mer̃giščia (1), ne-pértoli, pãgonis (1), póteriauti, pùsryčiauti, vaikėlis (1). This tendency also occurs in compounds and place names: balžemis, drū́medis, dū́onmaišis, šáltžemis, dūratis “bicycle,” grýn-ledas, línpelis “flax chaff,” róplapis, Baltsamanynis, Dūbaklonis, Duōbiakalnis, Ėgliabalė (but basamìnčia, dvilýpuoti, gaidgystà, naktypiečiai, terpūrėties, vabzdžia-lėšys (34ᵇ), etc.). Forms of address are also more often stressed this way in the so-called raikų subdialect, e.g.: Jōnulia “dear Jōnuli,” mar̃cula “dear daughter-in-law,” mõmula “dear mother,” etc.

Some words are stressed on later syllables: keturlãpis (2), naiki-nimas (1), tunčióti, vaidýtis; atokiai, dantỹs (4), buožė (4), durpinė (3ᵇ) “peat bog,” kiamė (4), kultuvė (3ᵇ), pepė (4) “meat,” priedur̃nys (3ᵇ), tolokai, sodžius, uždarbỹs (3ᵇ), vėdarỹs (3ᵃ), voratinklys (3ᵇ), žiogrys (3ᵇ). The suffix -aitė has a circumflex accent in the words klumpaitė, mergaitė.

3. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 29 t..

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Phonetic dialect features: at-giaivýti, už-kiaũkti; apinastris (1), at-knáibyti, dúobti “to dig,” ganábyti “to slaughter,” grabždìnėti, lendrė “reed,” miksterti “to sprain” (and bakšterti, bėzderti, blākterti, lāpterti, lēkterti, ōklis (2) “pest,” lùmpterti, raíkštis, rìsterti, rùgšterti, šlikterti, etc.), valáuti “to crow,” šerdėšnykas; at-selýti “to creep up,” į-si-riebulióti, kimščioti “to punch,” pastargalỹs (34ᵇ) “hindquarters,” plūksnos “feathers,” põlos (2) “marshes,” sėsterti “to sit down,” sýkterti “to reach,” šienpjūvỹs (3ᵃ) “haymaker,” truškėti “to crackle,” šúokčioti “to hop,” šúokterti, švėplys “lisping.” In stem ending, case, or gender, the following differ: akìd “eye,” aũsė, avẽ, atskirùs “separate,” dùlia, dùros “door,” kišėnius “pocket,” klónė “valley,” kūčia “Christmas Eve,” maišatė, moterė, palýdai, pažastė, prieminia, plúoštis, sapnỹs “dream,” skudurỹs “rag,” užgavėnios, varnalėšis, žibintis. The dialect also uses words such as apskaitliávimas “calculation,” at-brýzyti “to cut off,” at-ritúoti “to roll back,” at-skersuoti, buižà (4), caplỹs (4) “icicle,” čiurkom “in streams,” dilgėlienė, dimbinėti, dvilinkúoti, dvilypúoti, įgriebti “to draw in,” iš-si-taisýti “to recover,” geibti, grùčė, grùzdas (2), gužýnės (1), juodinỹs “a kind of fabric,” kiáušas, knývė (1), kraígas (4), krūkas (4), krūkis (2), krūkūtis “a tool for twisting ropes,” kūkis (2) maínas “exchange,” nóg “from,” nuogálius (2) “bald person,” niekočia “a small tub for groats,” niekóti, ožkabaŕzdis “a kind of plant,” pa-bóti “to be afraid,” pajūostė, pelkynė, plýnė | plýnios, pra-gaišti “to disappear, vanish,” prėškas (1) “a baked dish made from wheat flour,” pri-si-gyvénti “to acquire.” The words imérkti (an eye), iš-plūšyti “to serve out one’s time,” jūosti “to strike,” su-marmólyti “to smash,” už-skušti “to assign,” švéisti “to beat” are vivid.

Some prefixes, and especially suffixes, are used in distinctive ways: at-baigti “to finish,” į-bárti “to reprimand,” į-biūryti “to anger,” į-mergėti “to drown,” sužìlti “to turn gray,” sužádyti “to wake,” už-kurìnti “to heat,” už-sáudyti “to sweeten”; kiaulėkas (2), veršėkas, vyrėkas; langūtis “small window,” pradalgūtis “small windrow,” brólýsta “(becoming) like brothers,” drūčkýsta, kūmýsta, svotýsta, žéntysta, senýsta “old age”; katingà “pregnant,” storingas, -a; glėbiúotis, kačiúotis, pančiúoti “to hobble,” tėmiúotis “to be visible,” klūpauti, pajūoduauti, darbūti “to work,” pietúti “to eat lunch,” vagelióti “to steal repeatedly,” lūkštyti “to shell,” siūstyti “to send,” iš-šaukdyti “to announce,” pa-gėrėti “to have a drink,” sužemėti “to lower.” The noun suffix -ukas, -ė is especially common, while the verb suffix is -dinėti, and, somewhat less often, -(i)oti: čėbrukas “thyme,” lustukas “little piece,” katìkas, kulnùkas, mėnìkas “little month,” ramunùkas “little chamomile,” sietynùkas, stalinùkė “little tablecloth,” stūnùkė “little projectile,” sátrukė “small satchel”; at-imdinėti “to take away,” iš-(su-, už-)eidinėti “to go,” iš-leisdinėti “to let out, keep letting out,” ne-iš-imdinėti “not to take (out),” nu-traukd inėti “to pull off,” pa-dėdinėti “to put down,” per-pindinėti, pridėdinėti; slýščoti “to ski,” už-kándžioti “to have a bite,” vadelióti “to drive with reins,” vógčioti “to steal repeatedly”; compare: siniaũ bóba no bóbos pienų acimzdinėj; išlaisdzinėjo vaikus vakarais laukàn and so on. Instead of the genitive of nouns, the suffix -inis, -ė is used: ántinis (egg), kálninis (of a mountain), kėlninis (fabric), žéntinis.

After noun endings -uo, the consonant -j is added: akmuõj, sesuõj, stuomuõj. This consonant also occurs in some pronouns, cf. jìej (a remnant of the adjectival ending).

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A

āba or: Āba iš, āba tū tiẽp padarai

abūgaliai the rear ends of a wagon: Tuščì vėžimo abūgaliai

āmonas a person hired by the Jews of Punsk during the Feast of Tabernacles, whom they mockingly led around tied up: Āmonų vāiko. Kvālas kap āmonas

amžindžė by heavens!: Amžindžė niažinau, niamatiāu

anglikas (2) an Englishman: Susėbkom su anglikais

angliorius (4) trader: Per jōmarkų apstōj angliorai aplinkui

ankščius (2) crowding, cramped space: People packed in—terribly cramped

antājuostis (1) waistband: I tore the waistband of the trousers

apičiapas a timber at the ends of the beams supporting the rafters: Apičiapai lie on the beams

ap-dairyti, apdairo, apdairė to rob: He robbed the men as much as he could; he didn’t spare a single one

ap-dūoti, apdūoda, apdavė to overfeed: The mare was overfed with rye and immediately died

apjūokis (1) ridicule: This is no kind of sneering or ridicule

apýverpinė (1): That is not a rag, but a coverlet. I would buy a coverlet for a shirt

āpštis (1) quantity: How much did you bring here? I’ll have to carry quite a bit

arielýš ^(4ᵇ) ajeras: I’ll grind rye for bread. I exchanged the oats in the barn

aršiau worse: If the teacher doesn’t give it, things will be worse for me

ap-sikačiūoti, -ja, -avo: Our cat got scratched up

atabulūoti to object, retreat: Yesterday you yourself said yes to it, but today you’re already objecting. The horse backs away as it retreats

at-ardinėti, -ėja, -ėjo: The snow flattened the wheat in spring, so it had to be propped back up

at-aūsti, -džia, -dė: 1. We would weave with linen, and we wove with wool. 2. The tongue itself is made of meat, and it itself has grown cold (colloquialism)

at-būdinėti, -ėja, -ėjo: My brother had been a bridesman for three days and fell ill, so I stood in for him

at-davinėti, -ėja, -ėjo: Whatever he borrowed, he’s returning it all

at-deñgti, uncover, uncovered: Uncover the bed

atganýti, regains, regained: 1. There was only skin and bones, so I managed to fatten it up somehow. 2. Graze for me today, and I’ll graze for you sometime. 3. I grazed for three summers

at-kabydinėti, -ėja, -ėjo unhook: I still have quite a bit to unhook

at-kēpti, reheats, reheated: 1. Bake the bread again (bake a second time). 2. The pies were reheated (a debt repaid). 3. The skin peeled off the bacon

at-pūrūoti, -uoja, -āvo to trudge in, arrive with difficulty: Both of them trudged over many hills

at-si-ilseti, rest, rested: When I lie down, my legs get some rest too

rather high, (1), -a lying on one’s back: Mōka plaukc higher up. There aren’t many high-up little clouds

earflap hat (1) earflap hat: In winter people wear earflap hats

sheepfold (2) sheep pen: I opened the door and mucked out the sheepfold

3*

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B

worry (3ᵇ) concern: How many worries you have

small loaf (2) little loaf: He alone ate all the bread rolls

rattle (2) clatter: The beggars had old pots and rattles. A rattle was sticking out of the sack

fart (2) farter: Among the mountains, a little fart (riddle – it farts). Shut that farter up

running to run: He kept running and running

flax scutching tool (3ᵇ) They scutched the flax with a scutching tool, separating the chaff and fibers

switch (2) twig: Make a switch from a bone. They tied bones and rags to the switch. Get going, switch

potato berry (2) potato-plant fruit: There are such berries on potato plants; you can pick a lot

butter churn (2) butter beater: They churned butter with a wooden butter churn

to mutter, mutter, muttered to speak quietly: He keeps muttering and muttering like a beggar saying prayers under his breath

stork (2) stork: Some people call the stork a “būsilas”

little cloud (2) cloudlet: Look, a little cloud is forming; then it really pours, it really pours (rain)

burōkinė (1) a variety of pears: Burōkinēm grūšom kū vadzbīnam, tai vidurin raudōnos, gārdzos

D

still also: Still too little for you?

thing (1) a place: Does it hurt anywhere? The place hurts

more beautiful prettier: I had a more beautiful wedding in the old days

in plenty plentiful: Did you mow plenty of hay?

many many: Many have spoken; many are not at home

offer, -s, -ed to offer: I offered two hundred for the cow, but did not sell it

to bang, -s, -ed to strike: He banged the mallet against the muzzle

by tens in tens: Ten men could not lift it

well-set (1) orderly: The hens are well-set, because the roosters never lay eggs

sausage (4) blood sausage: She baked sausages and offered them

the big one: I milked all day, and the butter came out huge (butter)

a lot much: There were a lot of people. I sowed a lot of barley

to have someone work, -s, -ed: At the time, they worked on spoons

nettle (3ᵇ) stinging nettle: There are nettles growing here

dirgyti, -ina, -ino: In the sheepfold, he/she holds a small sickle, so he/she scratches his/her hands

draibstýti draibsto, draibstē: The woman runs around the farmsteads shooting and scattering

drēbti, drēbia, drēbė: Whatever you do, it splashes into your eyes too. Splash the slops onto the plate

drēkti, drēkia, drēkė to rain: After midday, when it started raining, it really poured

dribdýti, -o, -ė to make stumble: He was carrying a sack on his back and was stumbling along on his heels

driblinīti, -a, -o to shuffle: Where has he shuffled off to?

dribšēnti: Nobody does anything, but he keeps shuffling around the house

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drīksterti, -a, -ė: If a light rain patters down, the hay won't get wet

dristūkė (2) loose bowels: She was cutting hay all day

drīžnis (2) homespun (striped) cloth: The striped cloths that had been taken off were also called black ones

dudēnti, -a, -o to laugh loudly: They laugh like little bells

drunēti, -i, -ėjo to doze: You've dozed enough during the day

drūtōrius (2) a fat person: Who has squeezed that fat person?

dūrīti, -ina, -ino dialectal to consider someone a fool: Why are you making a fool of me?

durpinė (3^b) peat bog: Not a single eel was found in the peat bog (eel)

dvejōkas (2) a small food-carrier: They used to carry food to the fields in clay food-carriers

G

gādyti, -ina, -ino to keep, preserve: Diašrūki gādzinu sviacām, žiemai

gāilytis, -inas, -inos to be moved to tears: Prisīmiana māmų ir gāilinas

gāiselienā (4) offal: Gāiselienōs niėkas niavālgo

garānkštyti, -inu, -inau to crumple, rumple: Garānkšcytos kiālnės, garānkšcyci marškiniai

gelmuō (3) depth, deep place: Miādzo liemuōj, bitės gialmuoj, šaudų kiapūrė (beehive)

gėryba (1) grain, crops: Išvarbik kārvias iš gėrybos

gývis (1) louse: Marškinīuosa rādo gývio

glōbstyti, globsto, -ė to stroke, pet: Niažinia niat kap ty vaikų globsto

gōrčius (1) a certain unit of capacity: Arielkos gōrcus māno tavōrkščūs (dialectal).

grabōtis, -ōjas, -ōjos to claw about: Kūr grabōjies su sāvo nagais?

grabūzdas (2) (a person who keeps getting caught on things) a plant, wild hogweed (dial.): Ko grabōjies kap grabūzdas?

grandūkė (2): If it is large, it is a grandzīs, but if it is smaller, it is a grandūkė

to return, -īnas, -īnos: Gružblnaūs from the road home

grāztūvas (2) drill: Gružbldamas skýbl, nulāužau grūžtuvu

grēmdymas (1): Pribyrēj rye on the grāmdzhmo

grīnius (2) a bald person, a hairless man: Grinius was chasing the children

grūdīnėti, -ėja, -ėjo to stumble about: With his head bowed, as he walked through the grain, he went off to the sides (sides)

grōnioti, -ioja, -iojo to rummage around: Having returned at night, he rummaged around in the linen cupboard

grūdāle (2) a grain: Pick the hemp grains out

gūrėti, gūra, gurėj to crumble: The boards crumble into pieces

gurīnys (3^b) a crumb: Where did all these crumbs come from?

gūryti, -ina, -ino to crumble: Stop crumbling the bread

gurnūkas (2) a tiny crumb, a little bit: I found one little crumb of meat

I

searching for swarms (2) bees that let a swarm fly: The swarm-seeking bees have arrived

to feed, ingāno, ingānė to fatten, to breed: Piārka miankų ārklį, girāri ingāno ir brangiāu pardūoda. Inganytas sprandas niāt riecās

loom pin (1) a loom device for holding the cloth in place: With the pin, the warp is better

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field by a slope (1) field beside a slope: The field by the slope was plowed

to repent, -ina, -ino to feel remorse: When he repented, the nagging would not stop

to break into, -iauna, -iovė to sneak in: I broke in through the window

to dawn, -oja, -ojo to grow light: I woke up after daybreak

to rape, -ina, -ino to rape: He has already raped more than one woman

afternoon (1) afternoon: You can see it in the afternoon, but it does not appear from the south

to bulge out, -ója, -ójo to turn inside out: Why are you staring with your eyes bulging out? The sun is as if turned inside out

K

of yore, -: formerly existing: The trousers of yore were wide

to rummage, -s, -ed: He rummages among the small boxes and drawers. Enough rummaging for you

forehead (4) 1. as in standard Lithuanian. 2. the front part of an oven: Black as a stove’s forehead

stem (4) handle: The tops have been cut off; only the stems remain

corner piece (2) an angled (triangular) board: They make a little altar from a corner piece

digging, -: They dig the garden with spades

stray (3): Our cats are strays, while among the Masurians even sheep are

to hang, -s, -ed: to dangle: What is hanging there on the branch?

bony, -: (1) skeletal: The old man's hands are bony

skull (3) cranium: The devil brought a skull full of resin

to tease, -s, -ed; to annoy, poke with a finger: Why are you teasing the children?

worm (4) earthworm: There are many worms among the bees

to appear, -s, -ed: to show up: We burned the pig, and the Jew appeared

to limp, -s, -ed: to walk with a limp: The old man was limping

lame, -: (4) crippled: The youngest one has a very lame horse

small plum (2) a small variety of plum: The plums are small, with little pits

to snore, snores, snored: I couldn’t fall asleep because he was snoring. The two of them sleep in one bed and snore

pottage (2) thick porridge: Yesterday they cooked pottage with potatoes for supper and added lard

little stove (2) small stove (a little pile of stones): She sat down by the little stove

little chest (2) chest: 1. The children have pain in their chests. 2. She sewed shirts with little chest panels

to beat, -s, -ed: If you hit him, hit him with a cudgel, not a flail

knee (4) knee: He knelt down. You sat down on your knees

crybaby (2) whiner: I’ll give the crybaby a hide, then he won’t cry

couch grass roots (4) quackgrass roots: They pull them out and pile them up. Deep ploughing cuts through the couch grass roots

wing joint (2) part of a winnowing basket, resembling a sieve: A winnowing basket consists of a kutlius and wings

fuel (3ᵇ) firing: I’m afraid of the firing

butter churn (3ᵇ) vessel for making butter: He made a butter churn from alder bark

pine forest (1) pine forest: A fox darted out of the pine forest

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L

flax breaker (2) flax-breaking tool: Minėja is standing beside her flax breaker. My flax breaker breaks the flax well

to beat, -ina, -ino: I beat you, your hands are too slow

leaf soup (1): A soup of boiled leaves and hay, when there are no clover leaves

folding knife (2) folding pocketknife: You can carry pocketknives in your pocket. A pocketknife cuts spoons

devil (2) devil: He goes like a devil

linden blossom (2) linden flower: Linden blossoms are called liepūkais

bark-rope, -ė (1) made of bark: Bark ropes were twisted from buckthorn and used for tying boats to the pier. In the past, fishing nets were called lūnkinės

M

knotty, -a (1): What will you make from knotted thread

clog (2): Clogs in the hut, and on the stove

little clog (2): Snow has stuck to the little clogs

compete, competes, -ed: to compete, test one’s strength: They call the strong one a competitor. Do you compete with him?

honey drink (2) honey solution in water: Honey diluted in water is called mieštikis

watery plum (2): I ate my fill—yes, I ate my fill of watery plums

bedwetter (2) a person who wets himself: You bedwetter, you’ll have to lie on the floor!

dirty mouth (2) dirty mouth: You’ll get a mouthful of dirt, then you’ll know

N

to mutter, mutters, -ed: She turned away from the road and muttered into the depths

to succeed, succeeds, succeeded: It turned out they stole it, so I didn’t get it. I succeeded in getting it from my mother

to set on fire, sets on fire, set on fire: All the houses burned down; we’ll have to set them on fire

pa-bōti, -ja, -jo pabioti: Pabōj sviaimų akių

a small-broom (2): The mothers sat down on the small brooms

pa-gelāsyti, -ina, -ino: Pagialūsdzilk ir man piatli

pa-grēžēti, -ėja, -ėjo: Kiek as ča pagrįčėjau ir jau rankās sōpa

pa-gūryti, -ina, -ino patrupinti: Pagūryk vištūkam dūonos

to hang up, hangs, hung, to hang up: Hang those rags on the fence

to hang, hangs, hung, to be hanging: Those clothes are hanging there

a blanket (1): She sewed a blanket and crawled underneath

pa-klōti, -a, -o patiestì: Paklōj šbmčbni an stālo

on the hems (1) laid: The sleeves are laid on the hems

shoulder gusset ^(3ᵇ) area by the shoulders: The sleeves of the shoulder gussets are beautifully embroidered. The shoulder gussets were sewn from fine cloth

39

waistband (3^4b) tie: Your trousers are slipping down because the waistband has come undone; tie it

askew diagonally: Lay the tiles diagonally, corner to corner, and tie them together

to sprinkle, -s, -ed: Sprinkle some gravel on the bl iākai

lean-to (2): They drove the pigs into the lean-to

stiffness (1): Long ago many people suffered from stiffness; it hurt terribly

to whisper, whispers, whispered, to whisper: What did you whisper in my ear?

fodder (1) feed: Put some hay in for fodder

a little shawl (2): A little shawl is not a garment, but a wraparound

to scramble across, -s, -ed: You can’t get through the brush; there are too many branches to scramble across

a visit to inspect (1) inspection of the groom or his farmstead: The parents are going to inspect the groom

milk vessel (3^a) a container for milk: For the cows to give more milk, the milk vessel must be carried past the gates. Put the milk vessel on the fence

small milk vessel (2): Pour the milk into the small milk vessel

hemp seed (2): hemp seed: They call hemp seeds plaiškānės

small fish (1) inferior fish: There are small fish in all the lakes

compressed stack (1) compacted masses of hay or straw: The stack is more than a meter long. The livestock are fed from the stacks

to float, -s, -ed: The chest with money is floating in the lake

to scatter (3^b) a kind of trough: We scattered peas into the trough

nickname (3^b) surname: He got married and received another nickname

to discipline, disciplines, disciplined: There was a lot of disciplining. Discipline your children

to edge closer, -s, -ed: I’ll come as close as I can to the trenches

stepmother (1) stepmother: They call both the stepmother and the stepmother

stepmother (1) great-grandmother: The stepmother’s story

R

plough handle (1) plough part: The plough handle is in the way (in the head)

handmade, -made (1): They tied the hand-made shoes with a twig

rankliōdai (1) a variety of large plums: We dug up rankliōdai and planted them in the orchard

red-faced pear (2) a variety of pears (“kazlerkė”): The wind shook down red-faced pears

rope-twisting tool (2) a tool for twisting ropes: The rope-twister, the whip-twister, goes on the road bellowing (riddle—violin)

fat (3^b) fats: The sausage has been nicely sliced—just one piece of fat. Wipe the fat from your lips

to grease, -es, -ed: The fingers grease the table

S

to splash, -es, -ed: Stop splashing in the water

to get sunny, -ies, -ied: Stop there – it’s already getting sunny

dry stick (1): You can’t do anything good with a dry stick

40

well-being (2) physical condition, health: I couldn’t get back to feeling well for a long time (recover my strength)

to put on, -s on, -ed on, to wear: What will you put on—a coat or a fur coat?

button (2) button: Sew a button on my jacket

coarse-wool fabric (3^a): First, the mothers would spin coarse wool. They wove bags from the yarn

coarse-wool fabric (3^a): There’s a small patch of coarse-wool fabric by the well

seventeen-year-old, -year-old (1): They already call my daughter a seventeen-year-old

currant (1): I planted currants beside the fence

to visit, -s, -ed: They visit us often

to send around, -s, -ed: I used to send the children to the neighbors

to castrate, -s, -ed: I know how to castrate a ram; when shall we do it?

hailstone (1) bellonite, sometimes devil’s finger: If a hailstone hits you or breaks a bone, that’s bad and good

crossroads (1) crossroads: I found myself at the crossroads and didn’t know where to go

handkerchief (2) nasal handkerchief: Put the handkerchief to your nose and wipe it

slaughtering (1) butchering: How much do you charge for slaughtering?

to gobble, gobbles, gobbled: I ate my fill, my belly won't take any more

to ski, -s, -ed: Can you ski in the woods?

to have fun -s, -ed to get dressed: I was getting ready to go dancing, but I stopped

brow (1) eyebrow: He has long brows, so his eyes are drawn together

shoemaker (1): He walked around dressed like a little shoemaker

tip (3^b): The Jews took the tip of his nose

to measure by spans, measures, measured: Measure it by spans, don't measure it by spans—it won't get any longer

tablecloth (2) tablecloth: Spread the tablecloth on the table

to get cold, gets cold, got cold: I got cold outside because I had only a fur coat

crib (1) playpen for a child: Put the child in the crib

lodgings (1) place to stay: The lodgings were at the host's home, and we danced in the yard

to twist (4) thin wire: I know how to twist thin wire

stulgīnukas (2) a variety of apple: Small apples are called stulgīnukas, stulgīnukai

thrust (4) shot: I pushed the gun through the door so that no one would go in

to prick, -ōja, -ōjo: Prick the sausages with forks so they don't burst (stuffed intestines)

to tidy up -ina, -ino: Tidy up my shirt

to work on, -a, -o to talk about: I worked on that so much that I didn't finish writing it

to frighten, -ina, -ino: Frighten him there so he won't be afraid

to double over, -iuoja, -iāvo: I stumbled and doubled over so far that I could barely see

to sharpen, -ānda, -āndo: Sharpen my razor (razor)

to beautify, -ina, -ino: The wheel got so badly dented that it can't be straightened, however long one tries

to defeat, defeats, defeated, to refute: When the three of them started arguing, they went on and refuted him

to knead, -ina, -ino: When I put in the carrots, I didn't knead it at all

to soften, -o, -ė: It was worn out, so I softened the beds

to curl up, -inas, -inos: Why are you curled up underfoot?

to lay out, -o, -ė: I laid everything out, arranged it. The sashes are laid out one on top of another

to arrange, -ėja, -ėjo: Everything is arranged, nicely set in place

41

to bewilder, -s, -ed: The girl took them and bewildered them

to crumple, -s, -ed: I dried the clothes and crumpled them

to ride someone ragged, -s, -ed: I rode the chickens ragged. I rode all of them ragged

to knock together, -s, -ed: Let’s knock eggs together and see whose is tougher

to tangle, -s, -ed: The ropes are twisted and tangled—it’s hard to untangle them

to crack up, -s, -ed: When they went to the midwives, they all cracked up

suktinūkas (2) an apple variety (stulginukas): Suktinūkas apples are so called because their flesh is twisted

to flatten, -s, -ed: I don’t know how to flatten a scythe (smooth out) The cat unsheathed its claws. Flatten the fish in the fence. We flattened the boards

to crowd together, -s, -ed: I’ll gather them all into one workplace

to become limp, -s, -ed: It went limp like a rag—the whole thing dried out

to put on one’s arm, -s, -ed: Put the spindle on your arm

addition (2) sum: I don’t know how to do addition

asthma (1) asthma: Child, you have asthma

sūplaukės (1) swing: The swings used to be hung there

to splash, -s, -ed: You splashed about, neither this way nor that

to roll up, -s, -ed: to roll: We rolled the rugs into the shed

to-ring, -a, -iūoja, -iāvo: He rings the horses’ bells; you can hear them coming home

to rust, -ina, -ino: Why did you rust the shirt?

su-si-baldōti, -oja, -ojo susibelsti: Jai ánčys susbaldói, tai jas ir rūkina žolūkėm

to take pity, -ina, -ino: She saw the dead man and took pity

to quarrel, -usi: having quarreled: He quarreled with everyone

to stretch, -o, -ė: 1. I ran out of breath; I need a rest. 2. A women’s quarrel with children joining in (2): When one hits the other with a stick, it turns into a brawl

to soil, -ina, -ino: You’ve soiled my fingers

to scour, sūšveičiu, -čiau: I’ll scour the bacon, then scour the pots, and I’ll scour the bench

to darken, -o, -ė: The town darkened me. I darkened the lamp

to splash, sūteška, -ėjo: The wheel struck a stone and splashed

to become ragged, sūtriuša, -ėjo: My hair was getting ragged, getting ragged, and now it’s completely worn out

to sort out, -o, -ė: I sorted the fence posts by where they were needed: for geese, pigs, and cows

to drive home, sūverčia, sūvertė: I’ll drive the animals home

to string, sūveria, sūvėrė: He drew everyone’s attention to me

Š

side (2): The smaller barns had two sides

skunks (4) skunk: Good people say that it stinks like skunks

from today, -y: They brought today’s little chickens

to shake, -es, -ed: Don’t shake the bread on the table

to splash, -es, -ed: It’s raining; look, it’s splashing

wet season (1): The wheels get very wet

to sprinkle, -s, -ed: Sprinkle me a few drops of water

42

to slurp, -s, -ed: Tell me what you’re slurping!

to shuffle, -s, -ed: He shuffles along slowly

dress (2) dress: I chose a dress with polka dots

to trample, tramples, trampled: I didn’t manage to finish it, because I trampled around the farmyard

nostrils (1) nostrils: I’ll hold the horse by the nostrils

track (2) trace: The horse has only traces from the whip. He went for oats—only a trace was left

to fly, flies, flew: The women fly one after another

nostrils (4) nostrils: You’ll get it up your nostrils, then you’ll choke

little sleds (2) sleds for hauling long logs: We used to let ourselves slide down the hill on little sleds

šumsteŕti, -ia, -ėjo to get stuck: You drove into the lake and the sledge got stuck under the ice

švagždėsýš (3^b): His throat was cold, and he heard a squeaky sound

švapterti, -ia, -ė: Whisper into my ear

T

taukinė (2) processed pig bladder: She put the cracklings in the pig bladder

tėkelas (3^b): Our little path was a waterway

tėm̃ptis, -iasi, -ėsi: It stretches like a frog before rain

tėpterti, -ia, -ė to rap: Strike him, for he is dancing with his backside

taisýti, -aũ, -iaũ to straighten: I’m straightening my legs

tiėka(ì)s (2): A flock grazes in the forest clearing. One shepherd tends a flock of sheep

tiesýš (4) right-hand: Harness the roan horse on the right side

tiėstis, -ias, -ės: You slipped and went straight into the straw

tikčiōn, -ioja, -iojo: The clock is ticking, I can’t fall asleep

tirpčiōti, -ioja, -iojo: After work, my hands are still trembling

traikšt: She locked the barn with difficulty. The stick is crooked as a hoop

trailas, -a (4) someone who cannot pronounce r, sometimes š, ž: One person with a lisp says: “The dogs have arrived.” Another asks: “How many have arrived?”

trailiūoti, -iūoja, -ãvo to speak with a lisp: He has a lisp when he says “and”

trėmpti, -ia, -ė to tread: I tramped around the barn and did nothing

tribūnkšterti, -ia, -erėjo to break through: He broke through the ice into the swamp and came back wet

trūkžolė (1): I really like nettles with scrambled eggs

tūmės (4) fine, thin tow: What good can you make from tow—you can’t weave with it

tùščia empty (when addressing someone): You’re empty-headed

tuštimai (3^b): 1. You must not hatch chickens during the waning moon. 2. It spread out at the sides (splayed out)

tvýkščioti, -ioja, -iojo: Lightning flashes out of the clouds

tvýkst: It flashes a bright yellow

U

už-bélsti, -džia, -dė to kill: Pàgaliu kàti užbiáldė

užbėralas (1) oats or their flour: Paduók arkliám šiečkos su užbėralu

už-dūrti, uždūria, uždūrė to stab: Aš į pialių uždūrsiu

43

užėdos (1) a bony ridge in the brain: Arklys turi užėdas viršuj už priešakinių dantų

už-gaišti, -šta, -o: 1. She walks around so delayed. 2. She got delayed and went nowhere at all

už-gąsdyti, -ina, -ino: I frightened the children, so they’ll be afraid

už-gręžti, -ia, -ė to turn around: Turn the horse around and go

už-imti, užima, užėmė: Occupy the sheep (block their way)

už-karšti, užkarsia, užkarsė to eat one's fill: I ate my fill of bacon, and he’ll eat his fill of groats

už-karti, užkaria, užkórė to hang up: Hang the dumplings on the pole

už-kaustyti, -o, -ė to shoe badly: A badly shod horse can’t walk

už-kietýti, -ina, -ino to anger: An angered heart does not calm down

už-krapštyti, -o, -ė to mistreat: Leave the children alone, or the smaller ones will mistreat them

už-krūtyti, -ina, -ino to touch: Touch my elbow

už-kúlti, užkula, užkúlė to give a sharp blow: Did I not hit you with a mushroom stalk in the borscht (dial.)

užkurà (3ᵇ) wedding ceremony: Dad was at the wedding

to-light, lights, lit: When I lit it properly, it began to catch fire

to-smack, -s, -ed to hit: Who smacked you over the head?

to-spill, spills, spilled: You spilled it when the woman sat down

to-wear oneself out, -s, -ed to work oneself to exhaustion: A person wears himself out working

to stay on, stays on, stayed on to acquire: I stayed on the farm for a couple of years

a little horse, (1): He has a little horse

to begin dating, begins dating, began dating to begin: Why did I start seeing him?

to hide away, -s, -ed to hide: Where did you hide yourself?

over-salted, -a over-salted, -a: The salted cucumbers have spoiled

stuffed full, -a packed full: It is packed full, full of people

to gather up, gathers up, gathered up to collect: How much money did you collect at the fair?

to call out, calls out, called out: We called out that it was time to leave

to slam shut, slams shut, slammed shut to close, to kill oneself: 1. At night we lock the doors. 2. The woman killed herself

to chase away, -s, -ed: My mother chased them away

to promise oneself, promises oneself, -ed to promise: I’ll promise not to show anyone

to wash thoroughly, washes thoroughly, washed thoroughly: I’ll wash the children too

to-choke, -s, -ed: You could choke on a piece like that

to-freeze stiff, freezes stiff, froze stiff; to become numb: The potato soup has frozen. I freeze all over just thinking about it

to surround, surrounds, surrounded; to encircle: The Germans surrounded us from here. Surround me with a blanket

to scorch, -s, -ed: While scorching the potatoes, I burned my fingers

to shoot, -s, -ed; to shoot dead: Shoot me if you want

to call over, calls over, called over; to summon: He called them over to his place to show them what he had

to light, lights, lit; to ignite: Light the lamp for me

to dawn, dawns, dawned; to grow light: Her eyes light up when she sees you

to make blush, makes blush, made blush; to flush red: As soon as he spoke, everyone blushed

to whiten, -s, -ed; to whiten with milk: Whiten the groats

44

to-call, -ina, -ino to summon: Call out the names: she has her own, so she will answer

to wither, -sta, -to: Those rue plants have all withered

to wrap around the neck, -iūoja, -iāvo: Wrap a scarf around your neck and you’ll be warm

V

quarrels (1) bickering: There are all kinds of quarrels

to quarrel, -osi, -ėsi to get in the way, mill around: Some little dog was milling around underfoot

to bear fruit, -iuoja, -iavo to produce fruit: The pear trees are bearing fruit

to spend the evening, -ėja, -ėjo to spend an evening: Spending the evening, she tells stories

stone cart (1) cart for stones: We loaded stones onto the stone cart

pasture tracks (2) a narrow path to the pastures: Lead the sheep along the pasture tracks

a shepherd ^(3ᵇ) shepherd: Sharpen the shepherd’s staff

to shepherd, -ōja, -ōjo: I’ll shepherd the cattle

to act like a devil, -úoja, -āvo to devil around: I fooled around, fooled around, and the devils carried it off

fish trap (3): He put the fish trap in; the fish trap knows

turning, -ė (2) a tumbler (a kind of pigeon): We kept tumbling pigeons

snowstorm ^(3ᵇ): The dog blew the snow into a heap

winnowing basket (2): I scooped up a basketful

devil ^(3ᵃ) devil: After the devil, it’s lovely. You’ll get devils

middle of the road (1) halfway: We stopped halfway

middle of the road (1): We made it halfway

one-horse load (1): Oats mixed with one-horse loads

single-furrow plow (1): You’ll plow no more with a single-furrow plow than with a double-furrow one

eel (1) eel: Eels like smoke

wolf teeth (2) horse’s front teeth: The wolf knocked out the front teeth, and the horse died

little wolf (2): A little wolf got tangled in my hair

spindle (2) spinning top: They sell spindles at the market

virsterti, -ia, -ė: Výrstiarau in šōnu, biat niaparvirtau

wine apple (2) a somewhat tart variety of apple: They also call wine apples “wine apples”

henhouse (1) chicken coop: A fox didn’t get into the henhouse

chicken house (1) chicken coop: We built a chicken coop beside the sheepfold

whip handle (2) whip handle made from 10 split oak strips: You’ll get a whip handle. The whip will beat you and bury you

thief (2): You’ll make a thief, and they’ll soon hang him

Z

goose ^(3ᵃ) a measure of quantity: Schnapps is sold by the goose and by the gōrcas

dirty, -ā (4) grimy: I found dirty children

a dirty person ^(3ᵇ): Harness the dirty one on the left side

sprouted, -a germinated: We planted sprouted potatoes

45

to speak like Samogitians, -iuoja, -iavo: When [they are] with the priests, they speak Samogitian

earth, ground (1): How your bright ground glows

to get married, -inas, -inos: They have been getting married since early spring

a little light (3^b) bauble: They bought baubles and decorated [it]

person (3) husband: My husband was from Vidugiriai

neighing (3^2b) neighing: When there is a market fair and they shoot at the horses, such neighing goes on

К. ГАРШБА, Б. СТОСКЕЛЮНАЙТЕ, Ю. ВАЙНА

DIFFERENTIAL DICTIONARY OF THE PUNSK DIALECT

Summary

The article describes the dialect vocabulary of Lithuanians who are the oldest inhabitants still living in the vicinity of Punsk and Sejny (the Suwałki Voivodeship of Poland). The article can provisionally be divided into three parts: the phonetic features of the dialect, a discussion of dialect vocabulary, and a dictionary of the more striking differences from the Lithuanian literary language.