Punsko šnektos skirtumų žodynas

LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIX (1991) KAZIMIERAS GARŠVA, BIRUTĖ STOSKELIŪNAITĖ, JUOZAS VAINA A Dictionary of Differences in the Punsk Dialect The vernacular of the Lithuanian autochthons of the Punsk and Sejny parishes occupies an area approximately 40 km long and 15 km wide, divided in 1944 by the USSR–Poland border. Most of this area belongs to the Southern Highlander (Western Dzūkian) dialect, which is split into two parts by the parish boundary. Kapsai still live in the northwestern part; somewhat different from them is the Kreivėnai-Eišeriai vernacular, now nearing complete assimilation, located between Vižainis and Rūdelė. In the area belonging to the Dzūkians, standard-language t (tv), d (dv) before i, į, y, ie correspond to c (cv), dz (dzv), č, dž — c, dz: cieščis “to stretch oneself,” pircis “bathhouse,” pūrcycis “to steam oneself,” stacýcis “to build oneself”; briedzis “elk,” dzidialis “big,” dzidiàšnis “bigger,” dzidzýsis “the big one,” džýgc “to sprout,” màudzycis “to bathe,” cyčòm “on purpose,” etc. Rarely and jokingly, people said čėvas “father.” Older people may retain the infinitive ending -ie (giárctie “to drink,” paškùscie “to shave,” riešutáutie “to gather nuts”); when it is dropped, c remains: giárc, etc. Variants occur: niàšč “to carry,” niàšč, niàštie, niàščie, niàščie, niàšti, niàšt.1 The consonant clusters šč (< št), ždž (< žd) assimilate to šč, ždž: mušcis “to fight,” vaikščėis “to walk,” uždžýrbo “earned.” The consonant l before e, ę, ei, ė, o, r, s, š, ž, c, dz, č, dž and before i, į, y, ie and fronted vowels is pronounced hard, with the following vowel changing accordingly: láidzuos “I’ll let myself go,” kūlalìus “little rollers,” lantà “board,” paslankė “to bend down,” pialė “mouse,” slankščùs “sliders,” bėralis “lamb,” kiaturìeša “four together,” Šáivai “Seivai,” šànas “old,” sapcynì “seven,” šándzie “today,” rùti “in the morning,” šarù “I feed,” šaščtinės “sixth,” šùnakc “tonight,” ámžus “centuries,” ážaras “lake,” žànklyc “to mark,” pažáunė “gill,” žóplas “slow-witted,” mósčoc “to swing,” pacù “herself,” dzaùkcès “to rejoice,” viadzagà “daughter-in-law,” Vilkapėdzai “Vilkapėdžiai,” Vilkapėdzus “chirps,” piáčius “oven,” gýrgždžbie “to creak.” One also hears bánkartas “bastard,” mėnasìs “month,” etc. In simplified transcription, vowels u, ū, e after hard consonants are generally not marked in the dictionary. At the beginning of a syllable, v is added before uo: niaùžvuodzu “I cannot smell,” suvuòsc “to smell,” vúodas “mosquito,” vuosýș “ash tree.” Sometimes v is also added before ė, e, o, u, while j is added before i: su-vėsc “to eat up,” jílgas “long,” and so on. In the traditional vernacular, the consonant in the prefixes ap(i)-, at- was dropped before another consonant, e.g.: adúnda “it thunders,” àviadu “I bring back,” aviàrše “to turn over,” àvagiau “I robbed,” àbėrau “I sprinkled.” One also says siùklis | asiùklis, su-raštúoti “to arrest,” mušynės | muštynės. 32 Where the nasal vowels ą, ę formerly occurred, u, i are used: rū́stas “writing,” tušýcis “to plane,” ūžuolas “oak,” “oak,” kȳšč “to endure,” nuskįsę “to plane off,” vaikų “child,” kãti “cat.” The sequence in is regularly preserved only in the prefix (in-lišč “to enter,” in-miàsc “to put in,” inmūšu “I put in,” inpýliau “I poured in”); elsewhere n has disappeared, lengthening the vowel i: aci-mýc “to remember,” augýcinis “to grow,” gamýc “to produce,” giesminýkas “singer,” maicýcis “to feed oneself,” pris-pažýc “to confess,” vadzýc “to call,” vienlykas “onefold.” The more tense vowel e is pronounced in words of foreign origin (ekspedicija, elektra, gėstas). Elsewhere it is open, and therefore in the article we denote it by ia. At the absolute beginning of a word, e becomes a (álnìas “deer,” ãści “to be,” arškėčys “thorn,” su-árzye “to irritate”), and this is retained after prefixes as well. In other unstressed syllables, i occurs: limiánė “to shape,” siniau “earlier,” žibinkštčis “kind of plant.” The vowel ė is occasionally diphthongized: miššė, sūkė. In the reflexive particle si, the vowel has dropped; sometimes it occurs in following syllables or in the prefix: nus-pirkc “to buy for oneself,” nus-pirkai, nūs-piarku, pas-ėjėc, pras-dėc, sus-imc, sus-riñkc. One also says niažnó “not to know,” baldóti “to stagger about.” Many words from ethnographic and folklore texts were recorded by J. Vaina, founder and director of the Lithuanian Ethnographic Museum in Punsk. The data were collected across a large part of the Punsk and Sejny vernacular areas; the outlying villages are Dafiñokas, Trumpālis, Naujāsodė, and Rakėlija. To find rarer words, comparisons were also made with the comprehensive “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” and A. Vidugiris’s “Dictionary of the Lazūnai Dialect.” This article can present only some of the less common words of the vernacular. All the words (about 5,000) are kept in the Dictionary Department of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language; copies are held at the Punsk Ethnographic Museum. A separate dictionary should be compiled from them. Its basis would be B. Stoskelūnaitė’s diploma thesis “The Lexicon of the Punsk Dialect” (VU, 1990). We will briefly discuss those words of the vernacular and their features that could not be reflected in the following glossary. Unlike in the standard language, some dialect words are stressed on the first syllable of the root: árkliavogis (3ᵃ), ap-si-tūr̃gavoti, ap-si-výnioti, bérništis (1), kiaũliašūdis (1), mólinis, -ė (1), mer̃giščia (1), ne-pértoli, pãgonis (1), póteriauti, pùsryčiauti, vaikėlis (1). This tendency also occurs in compounds and place names: balžemis, drū́medis, dū́onmaišis, šáltžemis, dūratis “bicycle,” grýn-ledas, línpelis “flax chaff,” róplapis, Baltsamanynis, Dūbaklonis, Duōbiakalnis, Ėgliabalė (but basamìnčia, dvilýpuoti, gaidgystà, naktypiečiai, terpūrėties, vabzdžia-lėšys (34ᵇ), etc.). Forms of address are also more often stressed this way in the so-called raikų subdialect, e.g.: Jōnulia “dear Jōnuli,” mar̃cula “dear daughter-in-law,” mõmula “dear mother,” etc. Some words are stressed on later syllables: keturlãpis (2), naiki-nimas (1), tunčióti, vaidýtis; atokiai, dantỹs (4), buožė (4), durpinė (3ᵇ) “peat bog,” kiamė (4), kultuvė (3ᵇ), pepė (4) “meat,” priedur̃nys (3ᵇ), tolokai, sodžius, uždarbỹs (3ᵇ), vėdarỹs (3ᵃ), voratinklys (3ᵇ), žiogrys (3ᵇ). The suffix -aitė has a circumflex accent in the words klumpaitė, mergaitė. 3. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 29 t.. 33 Phonetic dialect features: at-giaivýti, už-kiaũkti; apinastris (1), at-knáibyti, dúobti “to dig,” ganábyti “to slaughter,” grabždìnėti, lendrė “reed,” miksterti “to sprain” (and bakšterti, bėzderti, blākterti, lāpterti, lēkterti, ōklis (2) “pest,” lùmpterti, raíkštis, rìsterti, rùgšterti, šlikterti, etc.), valáuti “to crow,” šerdėšnykas; at-selýti “to creep up,” į-si-riebulióti, kimščioti “to punch,” pastargalỹs (34ᵇ) “hindquarters,” plūksnos “feathers,” põlos (2) “marshes,” sėsterti “to sit down,” sýkterti “to reach,” šienpjūvỹs (3ᵃ) “haymaker,” truškėti “to crackle,” šúokčioti “to hop,” šúokterti, švėplys “lisping.” In stem ending, case, or gender, the following differ: akìd “eye,” aũsė, avẽ, atskirùs “separate,” dùlia, dùros “door,” kišėnius “pocket,” klónė “valley,” kūčia “Christmas Eve,” maišatė, moterė, palýdai, pažastė, prieminia, plúoštis, sapnỹs “dream,” skudurỹs “rag,” užgavėnios, varnalėšis, žibintis. The dialect also uses words such as apskaitliávimas “calculation,” at-brýzyti “to cut off,” at-ritúoti “to roll back,” at-skersuoti, buižà (4), caplỹs (4) “icicle,” čiurkom “in streams,” dilgėlienė, dimbinėti, dvilinkúoti, dvilypúoti, įgriebti “to draw in,” iš-si-taisýti “to recover,” geibti, grùčė, grùzdas (2), gužýnės (1), juodinỹs “a kind of fabric,” kiáušas, knývė (1), kraígas (4), krūkas (4), krūkis (2), krūkūtis “a tool for twisting ropes,” kūkis (2) maínas “exchange,” nóg “from,” nuogálius (2) “bald person,” niekočia “a small tub for groats,” niekóti, ožkabaŕzdis “a kind of plant,” pa-bóti “to be afraid,” pajūostė, pelkynė, plýnė | plýnios, pra-gaišti “to disappear, vanish,” prėškas (1) “a baked dish made from wheat flour,” pri-si-gyvénti “to acquire.” The words imérkti (an eye), iš-plūšyti “to serve out one’s time,” jūosti “to strike,” su-marmólyti “to smash,” už-skušti “to assign,” švéisti “to beat” are vivid. Some prefixes, and especially suffixes, are used in distinctive ways: at-baigti “to finish,” į-bárti “to reprimand,” į-biūryti “to anger,” į-mergėti “to drown,” sužìlti “to turn gray,” sužádyti “to wake,” už-kurìnti “to heat,” už-sáudyti “to sweeten”; kiaulėkas (2), veršėkas, vyrėkas; langūtis “small window,” pradalgūtis “small windrow,” brólýsta “(becoming) like brothers,” drūčkýsta, kūmýsta, svotýsta, žéntysta, senýsta “old age”; katingà “pregnant,” storingas, -a; glėbiúotis, kačiúotis, pančiúoti “to hobble,” tėmiúotis “to be visible,” klūpauti, pajūoduauti, darbūti “to work,” pietúti “to eat lunch,” vagelióti “to steal repeatedly,” lūkštyti “to shell,” siūstyti “to send,” iš-šaukdyti “to announce,” pa-gėrėti “to have a drink,” sužemėti “to lower.” The noun suffix -ukas, -ė is especially common, while the verb suffix is -dinėti, and, somewhat less often, -(i)oti: čėbrukas “thyme,” lustukas “little piece,” katìkas, kulnùkas, mėnìkas “little month,” ramunùkas “little chamomile,” sietynùkas, stalinùkė “little tablecloth,” stūnùkė “little projectile,” sátrukė “small satchel”; at-imdinėti “to take away,” iš-(su-, už-)eidinėti “to go,” iš-leisdinėti “to let out, keep letting out,” ne-iš-imdinėti “not to take (out),” nu-traukd inėti “to pull off,” pa-dėdinėti “to put down,” per-pindinėti, pridėdinėti; slýščoti “to ski,” už-kándžioti “to have a bite,” vadelióti “to drive with reins,” vógčioti “to steal repeatedly”; compare: siniaũ bóba no bóbos pienų acimzdinėj; išlaisdzinėjo vaikus vakarais laukàn and so on. Instead of the genitive of nouns, the suffix -inis, -ė is used: ántinis (egg), kálninis (of a mountain), kėlninis (fabric), žéntinis. After noun endings -uo, the consonant -j is added: akmuõj, sesuõj, stuomuõj. This consonant also occurs in some pronouns, cf. jìej (a remnant of the adjectival ending). 34 A āba or: Āba iš, āba tū tiẽp padarai abūgaliai the rear ends of a wagon: Tuščì vėžimo abūgaliai āmonas a person hired by the Jews of Punsk during the Feast of Tabernacles, whom they mockingly led around tied up: Āmonų vāiko. Kvālas kap āmonas amžindžė by heavens!: Amžindžė niažinau, niamatiāu anglikas (2) an Englishman: Susėbkom su anglikais angliorius (4) trader: Per jōmarkų apstōj angliorai aplinkui ankščius (2) crowding, cramped space: People packed in—terribly cramped antājuostis (1) waistband: I tore the waistband of the trousers apičiapas a timber at the ends of the beams supporting the rafters: Apičiapai lie on the beams ap-dairyti, apdairo, apdairė to rob: He robbed the men as much as he could; he didn’t spare a single one ap-dūoti, apdūoda, apdavė to overfeed: The mare was overfed with rye and immediately died apjūokis (1) ridicule: This is no kind of sneering or ridicule apýverpinė (1): That is not a rag, but a coverlet. I would buy a coverlet for a shirt āpštis (1) quantity: How much did you bring here? I’ll have to carry quite a bit arielýš (4ᵇ) ajeras: I’ll grind rye for bread. I exchanged the oats in the barn aršiau worse: If the teacher doesn’t give it, things will be worse for me ap-sikačiūoti, -ja, -avo: Our cat got scratched up atabulūoti to object, retreat: Yesterday you yourself said yes to it, but today you’re already objecting. The horse backs away as it retreats at-ardinėti, -ėja, -ėjo: The snow flattened the wheat in spring, so it had to be propped back up at-aūsti, -džia, -dė: 1. We would weave with linen, and we wove with wool. 2. The tongue itself is made of meat, and it itself has grown cold (colloquialism) at-būdinėti, -ėja, -ėjo: My brother had been a bridesman for three days and fell ill, so I stood in for him at-davinėti, -ėja, -ėjo: Whatever he borrowed, he’s returning it all at-deñgti, uncover, uncovered: Uncover the bed atganýti, regains, regained: 1. There was only skin and bones, so I managed to fatten it up somehow. 2. Graze for me today, and I’ll graze for you sometime. 3. I grazed for three summers at-kabydinėti, -ėja, -ėjo unhook: I still have quite a bit to unhook at-kēpti, reheats, reheated: 1. Bake the bread again (bake a second time). 2. The pies were reheated (a debt repaid). 3. The skin peeled off the bacon at-pūrūoti, -uoja, -āvo to trudge in, arrive with difficulty: Both of them trudged over many hills at-si-ilseti, rest, rested: When I lie down, my legs get some rest too rather high, (1), -a lying on one’s back: Mōka plaukc higher up. There aren’t many high-up little clouds earflap hat (1) earflap hat: In winter people wear earflap hats sheepfold (2) sheep pen: I opened the door and mucked out the sheepfold 3* 35 B worry (3ᵇ) concern: How many worries you have small loaf (2) little loaf: He alone ate all the bread rolls rattle (2) clatter: The beggars had old pots and rattles. A rattle was sticking out of the sack fart (2) farter: Among the mountains, a little fart (riddle – it farts). Shut that farter up running to run: He kept running and running flax scutching tool (3ᵇ) They scutched the flax with a scutching tool, separating the chaff and fibers switch (2) twig: Make a switch from a bone. They tied bones and rags to the switch. Get going, switch potato berry (2) potato-plant fruit: There are such berries on potato plants; you can pick a lot butter churn (2) butter beater: They churned butter with a wooden butter churn to mutter, mutter, muttered to speak quietly: He keeps muttering and muttering like a beggar saying prayers under his breath stork (2) stork: Some people call the stork a “būsilas” little cloud (2) cloudlet: Look, a little cloud is forming; then it really pours, it really pours (rain) burōkinė (1) a variety of pears: Burōkinēm grūšom kū vadzbīnam, tai vidurin raudōnos, gārdzos D still also: Still too little for you? thing (1) a place: Does it hurt anywhere? The place hurts more beautiful prettier: I had a more beautiful wedding in the old days in plenty plentiful: Did you mow plenty of hay? many many: Many have spoken; many are not at home offer, -s, -ed to offer: I offered two hundred for the cow, but did not sell it to bang, -s, -ed to strike: He banged the mallet against the muzzle by tens in tens: Ten men could not lift it well-set (1) orderly: The hens are well-set, because the roosters never lay eggs sausage (4) blood sausage: She baked sausages and offered them the big one: I milked all day, and the butter came out huge (butter) a lot much: There were a lot of people. I sowed a lot of barley to have someone work, -s, -ed: At the time, they worked on spoons nettle (3ᵇ) stinging nettle: There are nettles growing here dirgyti, -ina, -ino: In the sheepfold, he/she holds a small sickle, so he/she scratches his/her hands draibstýti draibsto, draibstē: The woman runs around the farmsteads shooting and scattering drēbti, drēbia, drēbė: Whatever you do, it splashes into your eyes too. Splash the slops onto the plate drēkti, drēkia, drēkė to rain: After midday, when it started raining, it really poured dribdýti, -o, -ė to make stumble: He was carrying a sack on his back and was stumbling along on his heels driblinīti, -a, -o to shuffle: Where has he shuffled off to? dribšēnti: Nobody does anything, but he keeps shuffling around the house 36 drīksterti, -a, -ė: If a light rain patters down, the hay won't get wet dristūkė (2) loose bowels: She was cutting hay all day drīžnis (2) homespun (striped) cloth: The striped cloths that had been taken off were also called black ones dudēnti, -a, -o to laugh loudly: They laugh like little bells drunēti, -i, -ėjo to doze: You've dozed enough during the day drūtōrius (2) a fat person: Who has squeezed that fat person? dūrīti, -ina, -ino dialectal to consider someone a fool: Why are you making a fool of me? durpinė (3b) peat bog: Not a single eel was found in the peat bog (eel) dvejōkas (2) a small food-carrier: They used to carry food to the fields in clay food-carriers G gādyti, -ina, -ino to keep, preserve: Diašrūki gādzinu sviacām, žiemai gāilytis, -inas, -inos to be moved to tears: Prisīmiana māmų ir gāilinas gāiselienā (4) offal: Gāiselienōs niėkas niavālgo garānkštyti, -inu, -inau to crumple, rumple: Garānkšcytos kiālnės, garānkšcyci marškiniai gelmuō (3) depth, deep place: Miādzo liemuōj, bitės gialmuoj, šaudų kiapūrė (beehive) gėryba (1) grain, crops: Išvarbik kārvias iš gėrybos gývis (1) louse: Marškinīuosa rādo gývio glōbstyti, globsto, -ė to stroke, pet: Niažinia niat kap ty vaikų globsto gōrčius (1) a certain unit of capacity: Arielkos gōrcus māno tavōrkščūs (dialectal). grabōtis, -ōjas, -ōjos to claw about: Kūr grabōjies su sāvo nagais? grabūzdas (2) (a person who keeps getting caught on things) a plant, wild hogweed (dial.): Ko grabōjies kap grabūzdas? grandūkė (2): If it is large, it is a grandzīs, but if it is smaller, it is a grandūkė to return, -īnas, -īnos: Gružblnaūs from the road home grāztūvas (2) drill: Gružbldamas skýbl, nulāužau grūžtuvu grēmdymas (1): Pribyrēj rye on the grāmdzhmo grīnius (2) a bald person, a hairless man: Grinius was chasing the children grūdīnėti, -ėja, -ėjo to stumble about: With his head bowed, as he walked through the grain, he went off to the sides (sides) grōnioti, -ioja, -iojo to rummage around: Having returned at night, he rummaged around in the linen cupboard grūdāle (2) a grain: Pick the hemp grains out gūrėti, gūra, gurėj to crumble: The boards crumble into pieces gurīnys (3b) a crumb: Where did all these crumbs come from? gūryti, -ina, -ino to crumble: Stop crumbling the bread gurnūkas (2) a tiny crumb, a little bit: I found one little crumb of meat I searching for swarms (2) bees that let a swarm fly: The swarm-seeking bees have arrived to feed, ingāno, ingānė to fatten, to breed: Piārka miankų ārklį, girāri ingāno ir brangiāu pardūoda. Inganytas sprandas niāt riecās loom pin (1) a loom device for holding the cloth in place: With the pin, the warp is better 37 field by a slope (1) field beside a slope: The field by the slope was plowed to repent, -ina, -ino to feel remorse: When he repented, the nagging would not stop to break into, -iauna, -iovė to sneak in: I broke in through the window to dawn, -oja, -ojo to grow light: I woke up after daybreak to rape, -ina, -ino to rape: He has already raped more than one woman afternoon (1) afternoon: You can see it in the afternoon, but it does not appear from the south to bulge out, -ója, -ójo to turn inside out: Why are you staring with your eyes bulging out? The sun is as if turned inside out K of yore, -: formerly existing: The trousers of yore were wide to rummage, -s, -ed: He rummages among the small boxes and drawers. Enough rummaging for you forehead (4) 1. as in standard Lithuanian. 2. the front part of an oven: Black as a stove’s forehead stem (4) handle: The tops have been cut off; only the stems remain corner piece (2) an angled (triangular) board: They make a little altar from a corner piece digging, -: They dig the garden with spades stray (3): Our cats are strays, while among the Masurians even sheep are to hang, -s, -ed: to dangle: What is hanging there on the branch? bony, -: (1) skeletal: The old man's hands are bony skull (3) cranium: The devil brought a skull full of resin to tease, -s, -ed; to annoy, poke with a finger: Why are you teasing the children? worm (4) earthworm: There are many worms among the bees to appear, -s, -ed: to show up: We burned the pig, and the Jew appeared to limp, -s, -ed: to walk with a limp: The old man was limping lame, -: (4) crippled: The youngest one has a very lame horse small plum (2) a small variety of plum: The plums are small, with little pits to snore, snores, snored: I couldn’t fall asleep because he was snoring. The two of them sleep in one bed and snore pottage (2) thick porridge: Yesterday they cooked pottage with potatoes for supper and added lard little stove (2) small stove (a little pile of stones): She sat down by the little stove little chest (2) chest: 1. The children have pain in their chests. 2. She sewed shirts with little chest panels to beat, -s, -ed: If you hit him, hit him with a cudgel, not a flail knee (4) knee: He knelt down. You sat down on your knees crybaby (2) whiner: I’ll give the crybaby a hide, then he won’t cry couch grass roots (4) quackgrass roots: They pull them out and pile them up. Deep ploughing cuts through the couch grass roots wing joint (2) part of a winnowing basket, resembling a sieve: A winnowing basket consists of a kutlius and wings fuel (3ᵇ) firing: I’m afraid of the firing butter churn (3ᵇ) vessel for making butter: He made a butter churn from alder bark pine forest (1) pine forest: A fox darted out of the pine forest 38 L flax breaker (2) flax-breaking tool: Minėja is standing beside her flax breaker. My flax breaker breaks the flax well to beat, -ina, -ino: I beat you, your hands are too slow leaf soup (1): A soup of boiled leaves and hay, when there are no clover leaves folding knife (2) folding pocketknife: You can carry pocketknives in your pocket. A pocketknife cuts spoons devil (2) devil: He goes like a devil linden blossom (2) linden flower: Linden blossoms are called liepūkais bark-rope, -ė (1) made of bark: Bark ropes were twisted from buckthorn and used for tying boats to the pier. In the past, fishing nets were called lūnkinės M knotty, -a (1): What will you make from knotted thread clog (2): Clogs in the hut, and on the stove little clog (2): Snow has stuck to the little clogs compete, competes, -ed: to compete, test one’s strength: They call the strong one a competitor. Do you compete with him? honey drink (2) honey solution in water: Honey diluted in water is called mieštikis watery plum (2): I ate my fill—yes, I ate my fill of watery plums bedwetter (2) a person who wets himself: You bedwetter, you’ll have to lie on the floor! dirty mouth (2) dirty mouth: You’ll get a mouthful of dirt, then you’ll know N to mutter, mutters, -ed: She turned away from the road and muttered into the depths to succeed, succeeds, succeeded: It turned out they stole it, so I didn’t get it. I succeeded in getting it from my mother to set on fire, sets on fire, set on fire: All the houses burned down; we’ll have to set them on fire pa-bōti, -ja, -jo pabioti: Pabōj sviaimų akių a small-broom (2): The mothers sat down on the small brooms pa-gelāsyti, -ina, -ino: Pagialūsdzilk ir man piatli pa-grēžēti, -ėja, -ėjo: Kiek as ča pagrįčėjau ir jau rankās sōpa pa-gūryti, -ina, -ino patrupinti: Pagūryk vištūkam dūonos to hang up, hangs, hung, to hang up: Hang those rags on the fence to hang, hangs, hung, to be hanging: Those clothes are hanging there a blanket (1): She sewed a blanket and crawled underneath pa-klōti, -a, -o patiestì: Paklōj šbmčbni an stālo on the hems (1) laid: The sleeves are laid on the hems shoulder gusset (3ᵇ) area by the shoulders: The sleeves of the shoulder gussets are beautifully embroidered. The shoulder gussets were sewn from fine cloth 39 waistband (34b) tie: Your trousers are slipping down because the waistband has come undone; tie it askew diagonally: Lay the tiles diagonally, corner to corner, and tie them together to sprinkle, -s, -ed: Sprinkle some gravel on the bl iākai lean-to (2): They drove the pigs into the lean-to stiffness (1): Long ago many people suffered from stiffness; it hurt terribly to whisper, whispers, whispered, to whisper: What did you whisper in my ear? fodder (1) feed: Put some hay in for fodder a little shawl (2): A little shawl is not a garment, but a wraparound to scramble across, -s, -ed: You can’t get through the brush; there are too many branches to scramble across a visit to inspect (1) inspection of the groom or his farmstead: The parents are going to inspect the groom milk vessel (3a) a container for milk: For the cows to give more milk, the milk vessel must be carried past the gates. Put the milk vessel on the fence small milk vessel (2): Pour the milk into the small milk vessel hemp seed (2): hemp seed: They call hemp seeds plaiškānės small fish (1) inferior fish: There are small fish in all the lakes compressed stack (1) compacted masses of hay or straw: The stack is more than a meter long. The livestock are fed from the stacks to float, -s, -ed: The chest with money is floating in the lake to scatter (3b) a kind of trough: We scattered peas into the trough nickname (3b) surname: He got married and received another nickname to discipline, disciplines, disciplined: There was a lot of disciplining. Discipline your children to edge closer, -s, -ed: I’ll come as close as I can to the trenches stepmother (1) stepmother: They call both the stepmother and the stepmother stepmother (1) great-grandmother: The stepmother’s story R plough handle (1) plough part: The plough handle is in the way (in the head) handmade, -made (1): They tied the hand-made shoes with a twig rankliōdai (1) a variety of large plums: We dug up rankliōdai and planted them in the orchard red-faced pear (2) a variety of pears (“kazlerkė”): The wind shook down red-faced pears rope-twisting tool (2) a tool for twisting ropes: The rope-twister, the whip-twister, goes on the road bellowing (riddle—violin) fat (3b) fats: The sausage has been nicely sliced—just one piece of fat. Wipe the fat from your lips to grease, -es, -ed: The fingers grease the table S to splash, -es, -ed: Stop splashing in the water to get sunny, -ies, -ied: Stop there – it’s already getting sunny dry stick (1): You can’t do anything good with a dry stick 40 well-being (2) physical condition, health: I couldn’t get back to feeling well for a long time (recover my strength) to put on, -s on, -ed on, to wear: What will you put on—a coat or a fur coat? button (2) button: Sew a button on my jacket coarse-wool fabric (3a): First, the mothers would spin coarse wool. They wove bags from the yarn coarse-wool fabric (3a): There’s a small patch of coarse-wool fabric by the well seventeen-year-old, -year-old (1): They already call my daughter a seventeen-year-old currant (1): I planted currants beside the fence to visit, -s, -ed: They visit us often to send around, -s, -ed: I used to send the children to the neighbors to castrate, -s, -ed: I know how to castrate a ram; when shall we do it? hailstone (1) bellonite, sometimes devil’s finger: If a hailstone hits you or breaks a bone, that’s bad and good crossroads (1) crossroads: I found myself at the crossroads and didn’t know where to go handkerchief (2) nasal handkerchief: Put the handkerchief to your nose and wipe it slaughtering (1) butchering: How much do you charge for slaughtering? to gobble, gobbles, gobbled: I ate my fill, my belly won't take any more to ski, -s, -ed: Can you ski in the woods? to have fun -s, -ed to get dressed: I was getting ready to go dancing, but I stopped brow (1) eyebrow: He has long brows, so his eyes are drawn together shoemaker (1): He walked around dressed like a little shoemaker tip (3b): The Jews took the tip of his nose to measure by spans, measures, measured: Measure it by spans, don't measure it by spans—it won't get any longer tablecloth (2) tablecloth: Spread the tablecloth on the table to get cold, gets cold, got cold: I got cold outside because I had only a fur coat crib (1) playpen for a child: Put the child in the crib lodgings (1) place to stay: The lodgings were at the host's home, and we danced in the yard to twist (4) thin wire: I know how to twist thin wire stulgīnukas (2) a variety of apple: Small apples are called stulgīnukas, stulgīnukai thrust (4) shot: I pushed the gun through the door so that no one would go in to prick, -ōja, -ōjo: Prick the sausages with forks so they don't burst (stuffed intestines) to tidy up -ina, -ino: Tidy up my shirt to work on, -a, -o to talk about: I worked on that so much that I didn't finish writing it to frighten, -ina, -ino: Frighten him there so he won't be afraid to double over, -iuoja, -iāvo: I stumbled and doubled over so far that I could barely see to sharpen, -ānda, -āndo: Sharpen my razor (razor) to beautify, -ina, -ino: The wheel got so badly dented that it can't be straightened, however long one tries to defeat, defeats, defeated, to refute: When the three of them started arguing, they went on and refuted him to knead, -ina, -ino: When I put in the carrots, I didn't knead it at all to soften, -o, -ė: It was worn out, so I softened the beds to curl up, -inas, -inos: Why are you curled up underfoot? to lay out, -o, -ė: I laid everything out, arranged it. The sashes are laid out one on top of another to arrange, -ėja, -ėjo: Everything is arranged, nicely set in place 41 to bewilder, -s, -ed: The girl took them and bewildered them to crumple, -s, -ed: I dried the clothes and crumpled them to ride someone ragged, -s, -ed: I rode the chickens ragged. I rode all of them ragged to knock together, -s, -ed: Let’s knock eggs together and see whose is tougher to tangle, -s, -ed: The ropes are twisted and tangled—it’s hard to untangle them to crack up, -s, -ed: When they went to the midwives, they all cracked up suktinūkas (2) an apple variety (stulginukas): Suktinūkas apples are so called because their flesh is twisted to flatten, -s, -ed: I don’t know how to flatten a scythe (smooth out) The cat unsheathed its claws. Flatten the fish in the fence. We flattened the boards to crowd together, -s, -ed: I’ll gather them all into one workplace to become limp, -s, -ed: It went limp like a rag—the whole thing dried out to put on one’s arm, -s, -ed: Put the spindle on your arm addition (2) sum: I don’t know how to do addition asthma (1) asthma: Child, you have asthma sūplaukės (1) swing: The swings used to be hung there to splash, -s, -ed: You splashed about, neither this way nor that to roll up, -s, -ed: to roll: We rolled the rugs into the shed to-ring, -a, -iūoja, -iāvo: He rings the horses’ bells; you can hear them coming home to rust, -ina, -ino: Why did you rust the shirt? su-si-baldōti, -oja, -ojo susibelsti: Jai ánčys susbaldói, tai jas ir rūkina žolūkėm to take pity, -ina, -ino: She saw the dead man and took pity to quarrel, -usi: having quarreled: He quarreled with everyone to stretch, -o, -ė: 1. I ran out of breath; I need a rest. 2. A women’s quarrel with children joining in (2): When one hits the other with a stick, it turns into a brawl to soil, -ina, -ino: You’ve soiled my fingers to scour, sūšveičiu, -čiau: I’ll scour the bacon, then scour the pots, and I’ll scour the bench to darken, -o, -ė: The town darkened me. I darkened the lamp to splash, sūteška, -ėjo: The wheel struck a stone and splashed to become ragged, sūtriuša, -ėjo: My hair was getting ragged, getting ragged, and now it’s completely worn out to sort out, -o, -ė: I sorted the fence posts by where they were needed: for geese, pigs, and cows to drive home, sūverčia, sūvertė: I’ll drive the animals home to string, sūveria, sūvėrė: He drew everyone’s attention to me Š side (2): The smaller barns had two sides skunks (4) skunk: Good people say that it stinks like skunks from today, -y: They brought today’s little chickens to shake, -es, -ed: Don’t shake the bread on the table to splash, -es, -ed: It’s raining; look, it’s splashing wet season (1): The wheels get very wet to sprinkle, -s, -ed: Sprinkle me a few drops of water 42 to slurp, -s, -ed: Tell me what you’re slurping! to shuffle, -s, -ed: He shuffles along slowly dress (2) dress: I chose a dress with polka dots to trample, tramples, trampled: I didn’t manage to finish it, because I trampled around the farmyard nostrils (1) nostrils: I’ll hold the horse by the nostrils track (2) trace: The horse has only traces from the whip. He went for oats—only a trace was left to fly, flies, flew: The women fly one after another nostrils (4) nostrils: You’ll get it up your nostrils, then you’ll choke little sleds (2) sleds for hauling long logs: We used to let ourselves slide down the hill on little sleds šumsteŕti, -ia, -ėjo to get stuck: You drove into the lake and the sledge got stuck under the ice švagždėsýš (3b): His throat was cold, and he heard a squeaky sound švapterti, -ia, -ė: Whisper into my ear T taukinė (2) processed pig bladder: She put the cracklings in the pig bladder tėkelas (3b): Our little path was a waterway tėm̃ptis, -iasi, -ėsi: It stretches like a frog before rain tėpterti, -ia, -ė to rap: Strike him, for he is dancing with his backside taisýti, -aũ, -iaũ to straighten: I’m straightening my legs tiėka(ì)s (2): A flock grazes in the forest clearing. One shepherd tends a flock of sheep tiesýš (4) right-hand: Harness the roan horse on the right side tiėstis, -ias, -ės: You slipped and went straight into the straw tikčiōn, -ioja, -iojo: The clock is ticking, I can’t fall asleep tirpčiōti, -ioja, -iojo: After work, my hands are still trembling traikšt: She locked the barn with difficulty. The stick is crooked as a hoop trailas, -a (4) someone who cannot pronounce r, sometimes š, ž: One person with a lisp says: “The dogs have arrived.” Another asks: “How many have arrived?” trailiūoti, -iūoja, -ãvo to speak with a lisp: He has a lisp when he says “and” trėmpti, -ia, -ė to tread: I tramped around the barn and did nothing tribūnkšterti, -ia, -erėjo to break through: He broke through the ice into the swamp and came back wet trūkžolė (1): I really like nettles with scrambled eggs tūmės (4) fine, thin tow: What good can you make from tow—you can’t weave with it tùščia empty (when addressing someone): You’re empty-headed tuštimai (3b): 1. You must not hatch chickens during the waning moon. 2. It spread out at the sides (splayed out) tvýkščioti, -ioja, -iojo: Lightning flashes out of the clouds tvýkst: It flashes a bright yellow U už-bélsti, -džia, -dė to kill: Pàgaliu kàti užbiáldė užbėralas (1) oats or their flour: Paduók arkliám šiečkos su užbėralu už-dūrti, uždūria, uždūrė to stab: Aš į pialių uždūrsiu 43 užėdos (1) a bony ridge in the brain: Arklys turi užėdas viršuj už priešakinių dantų už-gaišti, -šta, -o: 1. She walks around so delayed. 2. She got delayed and went nowhere at all už-gąsdyti, -ina, -ino: I frightened the children, so they’ll be afraid už-gręžti, -ia, -ė to turn around: Turn the horse around and go už-imti, užima, užėmė: Occupy the sheep (block their way) už-karšti, užkarsia, užkarsė to eat one's fill: I ate my fill of bacon, and he’ll eat his fill of groats už-karti, užkaria, užkórė to hang up: Hang the dumplings on the pole už-kaustyti, -o, -ė to shoe badly: A badly shod horse can’t walk už-kietýti, -ina, -ino to anger: An angered heart does not calm down už-krapštyti, -o, -ė to mistreat: Leave the children alone, or the smaller ones will mistreat them už-krūtyti, -ina, -ino to touch: Touch my elbow už-kúlti, užkula, užkúlė to give a sharp blow: Did I not hit you with a mushroom stalk in the borscht (dial.) užkurà (3ᵇ) wedding ceremony: Dad was at the wedding to-light, lights, lit: When I lit it properly, it began to catch fire to-smack, -s, -ed to hit: Who smacked you over the head? to-spill, spills, spilled: You spilled it when the woman sat down to-wear oneself out, -s, -ed to work oneself to exhaustion: A person wears himself out working to stay on, stays on, stayed on to acquire: I stayed on the farm for a couple of years a little horse, (1): He has a little horse to begin dating, begins dating, began dating to begin: Why did I start seeing him? to hide away, -s, -ed to hide: Where did you hide yourself? over-salted, -a over-salted, -a: The salted cucumbers have spoiled stuffed full, -a packed full: It is packed full, full of people to gather up, gathers up, gathered up to collect: How much money did you collect at the fair? to call out, calls out, called out: We called out that it was time to leave to slam shut, slams shut, slammed shut to close, to kill oneself: 1. At night we lock the doors. 2. The woman killed herself to chase away, -s, -ed: My mother chased them away to promise oneself, promises oneself, -ed to promise: I’ll promise not to show anyone to wash thoroughly, washes thoroughly, washed thoroughly: I’ll wash the children too to-choke, -s, -ed: You could choke on a piece like that to-freeze stiff, freezes stiff, froze stiff; to become numb: The potato soup has frozen. I freeze all over just thinking about it to surround, surrounds, surrounded; to encircle: The Germans surrounded us from here. Surround me with a blanket to scorch, -s, -ed: While scorching the potatoes, I burned my fingers to shoot, -s, -ed; to shoot dead: Shoot me if you want to call over, calls over, called over; to summon: He called them over to his place to show them what he had to light, lights, lit; to ignite: Light the lamp for me to dawn, dawns, dawned; to grow light: Her eyes light up when she sees you to make blush, makes blush, made blush; to flush red: As soon as he spoke, everyone blushed to whiten, -s, -ed; to whiten with milk: Whiten the groats 44 to-call, -ina, -ino to summon: Call out the names: she has her own, so she will answer to wither, -sta, -to: Those rue plants have all withered to wrap around the neck, -iūoja, -iāvo: Wrap a scarf around your neck and you’ll be warm V quarrels (1) bickering: There are all kinds of quarrels to quarrel, -osi, -ėsi to get in the way, mill around: Some little dog was milling around underfoot to bear fruit, -iuoja, -iavo to produce fruit: The pear trees are bearing fruit to spend the evening, -ėja, -ėjo to spend an evening: Spending the evening, she tells stories stone cart (1) cart for stones: We loaded stones onto the stone cart pasture tracks (2) a narrow path to the pastures: Lead the sheep along the pasture tracks a shepherd (3ᵇ) shepherd: Sharpen the shepherd’s staff to shepherd, -ōja, -ōjo: I’ll shepherd the cattle to act like a devil, -úoja, -āvo to devil around: I fooled around, fooled around, and the devils carried it off fish trap (3): He put the fish trap in; the fish trap knows turning, -ė (2) a tumbler (a kind of pigeon): We kept tumbling pigeons snowstorm (3ᵇ): The dog blew the snow into a heap winnowing basket (2): I scooped up a basketful devil (3ᵃ) devil: After the devil, it’s lovely. You’ll get devils middle of the road (1) halfway: We stopped halfway middle of the road (1): We made it halfway one-horse load (1): Oats mixed with one-horse loads single-furrow plow (1): You’ll plow no more with a single-furrow plow than with a double-furrow one eel (1) eel: Eels like smoke wolf teeth (2) horse’s front teeth: The wolf knocked out the front teeth, and the horse died little wolf (2): A little wolf got tangled in my hair spindle (2) spinning top: They sell spindles at the market virsterti, -ia, -ė: Výrstiarau in šōnu, biat niaparvirtau wine apple (2) a somewhat tart variety of apple: They also call wine apples “wine apples” henhouse (1) chicken coop: A fox didn’t get into the henhouse chicken house (1) chicken coop: We built a chicken coop beside the sheepfold whip handle (2) whip handle made from 10 split oak strips: You’ll get a whip handle. The whip will beat you and bury you thief (2): You’ll make a thief, and they’ll soon hang him Z goose (3ᵃ) a measure of quantity: Schnapps is sold by the goose and by the gōrcas dirty, -ā (4) grimy: I found dirty children a dirty person (3ᵇ): Harness the dirty one on the left side sprouted, -a germinated: We planted sprouted potatoes 45 to speak like Samogitians, -iuoja, -iavo: When [they are] with the priests, they speak Samogitian earth, ground (1): How your bright ground glows to get married, -inas, -inos: They have been getting married since early spring a little light (3b) bauble: They bought baubles and decorated [it] person (3) husband: My husband was from Vidugiriai neighing (32b) neighing: When there is a market fair and they shoot at the horses, such neighing goes on К. ГАРШБА, Б. СТОСКЕЛЮНАЙТЕ, Ю. ВАЙНА DIFFERENTIAL DICTIONARY OF THE PUNSK DIALECT Summary The article describes the dialect vocabulary of Lithuanians who are the oldest inhabitants still living in the vicinity of Punsk and Sejny (the Suwałki Voivodeship of Poland). The article can provisionally be divided into three parts: the phonetic features of the dialect, a discussion of dialect vocabulary, and a dictionary of the more striking differences from the Lithuanian literary language.