262 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
Vilniaus uni e si e o Kauno akul e as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
His esea ch in e es s include pe cep ual dialec ology.
socioling is ika, geoling is ika.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all85-14
The Cou o Jus ice o he Eu opean Union
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I o his Regula ion:
Membe s o he Band
Family membe s
The Aes he ic Value o Dialec ali y: Images o
O dina y Language Communi y Membe s
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle de elops a discou se on language in ended o in e p e he aes he ic alue o
language. The aim o he s udy is o e alua e he aes he ic alue o he e nacula , he au onomy
o he alues and he ela ionships wi h o he pa ame e s o he e nacula . The empi ical basis
o conside ing he ques ion o he aes he ic alue o he language is he 8 ex s-s imuli
ep esen ing di e en egional exp essions, pe cep ion and e alua ion da a, ob ained in 21
egional poin s and 3 me opoli an a eas (Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda) du ing he s udy o
pe cep ual dialec ology. The a icle p ima ily c ea es a heo e ical and me hodological app oach
o he e alua ion o pe cep ion da a. P os a ic e hics, i.e. he esea che , he hypo hesis ha
concep ualizes and unde lies he aes he ics o he codes o adi ion, he e alua ion o he
zės. A likus eks ų-s imulų pa auklumo į e čių analizę o muluojamos apibend inamosios
dependence o a ac i e alues on he e bs o he common language, as well as he in e ac ion
o a ac i e alues wi h he pe cep ion o he na i e code o he language.
ESMINIAI WORDS: aes he ic ansla ion, language, egional language, emic na a i e,
pe cep ual dialec ology, and o he wo ds ha a e used in he con ex o language.
A icles o he T ea y
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle ocuses on he discou se o dialec ology aimed a he in e p e a ion o he aes he ic
alue o dialec ali y. The aim o he esea ch is o e alua e he aes he ic alue o dialec ali y, he
independence o he alue, and i s connec ions wi h o he pa ame e s o dialec ali y h ough he
analysis o he na a i e o an o dina y language communi y membe . The pe cep ion and
e alua ion da a o eigh ex s ep esen ing di e en egional and egional exp essions, which
we e collec ed a 21 egional poin s, cons i u e he empi ical basis o he conside a ion o he
ci ies (Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda) in he cou se o he s udy o pe cep ual dialec ology,
aes he ic alue o dialec ali y. and subs an ia ing he aes he ics o he codes o adi ion. A e
Fi s o all, he a icle c ea es a heo e ical and me hodological app oach o he e alua ion
o he pe cep ion da a. I p esen s e ic, i.e., he esea che ’s, hypo heses concep ualizing
analyzing he e alua ions o a ac i eness o he ex s-s imuli, gene alizing insigh s a e d awn
ega ding he dependence o he e alua ions o a ac i eness on he ac o o he s anda d
language in he o ma ion o he images o dialec ali y, as well as he connec ions be ween he
e alua ions o a ac i eness and he pe cep ion o he code o linguis ic homeland. KEYWORDS:
aes he ic alue, dialec ali y, egiolec , emic na a i e, pe cep ual dialec ology. This is he i s
ime ha he e m is used in he English language.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The objec o he a icle is he aes he ic alue o he e minology. Thus, he aim
o he a icle is o add ess he aes he ic dimensions o language. The aim o
examining he aes he ic dimensions o e minology p esupposes ce ain asks: 1)
i s , he heo e ical backg ound o he analysis o be ca ied ou is c ea ed […]
binių nuos a ų pa adigmos da buose plė ojamos kalbų i a ian ų pe cepciją
he hypo heses explaining he e alua ion a e commen ed on and c i ically
e alua ed; 2) he empi ical pa o he a icle o be s udied […] he analysis o he
da a o he pe cep ion o ex s imuli […]. The esea ch ma e ial was collec ed in
2017-2019 as pa o he Pe cep ual Dialec ology (PD) p ojec "The dissemina ion
o egional a ian s and alleged common languages (quasi-s anda d) a he
beginning o he 21s cen u y: pe cep ual esea ch"1. I should be no ed ha he
ma e ial o he PD p ojec is based on e y di e se na a i es o language and
non-language ( he PD ins umen o esea ch (29 ques ions and asks ques ionnai es) 1 The p ojec was suppo ed by he S a e Commission o Li huanian Language.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
See also Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV, sec ion 264 o he Ac . This happens because
he PD me hodological pa adigm ensu es he opening o he pe spec i e o he membe s
o he simple language communi y. The dis inc ion be ween e hic and emic, o objec i e
and subjec i e pe spec i es, is ela ed o wo ways o seeing he wo ld and
cons uc ing meaning (Vic o de Munck 2009: 35 […] 37 […] om Bu kus, Šeškus 2010: 79; see
Aliūkai ė, Čeulėnienė, Mikpai ienė, B azai ienė, 1954: 27 […]29, 49 […]58); in he i s case, any
objec , i.e. an app aise ; The ole o he second […] cons uc o is played by he sel
(o dina y 280; C ame 2018: 62[…]79; Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė, Čepai ienė, B azai ienė 2020:
nio, aplinkos i k . p asmę iš šalies kons uoja s e imas (ekspe as) s ebė ojas i
27[…]29, 49[…]58). The empi ical basis o he aes he ic alue discou se de eloped in his
kalbos bend uomenės na ys) ( aip pa ž . Iannàcca o, Dell’Aquila 2001: 265–
a icle is he emic na a i e, which is econs uc ed by a sys ema ic analysis o he
pe cep ion and e alua ion asks o ex -s imulus pe cep ion (TSP) in he P.D. s udy.
P ojec Regional a ian s and supposed common language (quasi-s anda d)
eks ų-s imulų pa auklumo, duomenis.
sklaida XXI amžiaus p adžioje: pe cepcinis y imas“ i iamojo ins umen o dalykinė
sanda a
2 Fo example, he objec i e media ion was analyzed on he basis o he p ojec ma e ial (Aliūkai ė 2019:
63–91); sus ainabili y o anspo in ci ies and egions (Aliūkai ė 2020: 85100; 2020a: [120]); he
ques ion o he in e changeabili y and non-in e changeabili y o places was conside ed (Aliūkai ė,
Mikulėnienė 2019: [122]); o e alua e he linguis ic images o he na i es (Ge žo ai ė 2019: [125]); In
addi ion, he con en o he p ojec also encou aged he conside a ion o heo e ical ansla ion
issues, o example, he concep ualized dis inc ion be ween ansla ion ea u es and ansla ion
ma ke s (Mikulėnienė 2019: 52[…]62). This is he mos comp ehensi e PD discou se, based on he
p ojec ma e ial de eloped in a collec i e monog aph (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė, Čepai ienė, B azai ienė 2020), ye i p esen s only pa o he esul s o he PD s udy.
A icles and a icles 265
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
The ex o he 8 ex s-s imuli included agmen s o spon aneous speech o 1419 seconds, ep esen ing he a ian s o
he egiolec ine zones: D ex -s imuli6 sou he n highland egiolec us; E ex -s imulus7 […] low-income egions […] egions wi h
A eks as-s imulas3 – pie ų aukš aičių egiolek ui; B eks as-s imulas4 – žemai-
čių egiolek ui; C eks as-s imulas5 – šiau inių aka ų aukš aičių egiolek ui;
highe educa ion in he sou hwes ; The ex -s imulus10 […] dialec changes, he a ea o se e al geolec al a eas sp ead o e
egiolek ui; F eks as-s imulas8 – aka inių y ų aukš aičių egiolek ui; G eks-
he e i o y […] he linguis ic di e ences a e usually exp essed only h ough hi d blank signs, which bo h in e hical (i.e.
inių y ų aukš aičių egiolek ui. Bū ina p idu i, kad egiolek ų – egioninių
linguis ic) na a i es and in he linguis ic poin o iew o membe s o he common language communi y a e usually desc ibed
as e y ague (plg. The ollowing is an exce p om he a icle "The New Yo k Times" published by he New Yo k Times in he
June issue o i s "New Yo k Times" column: "The New Yo k Times" is a abloid newspape published by he New Yo k Times,
and he "New Yo k Times" is a abloid newspape published by he New Yo k Times. I is also known as he 'B azilian' o
'B azilian' o 'B azilian' o 'B azilian' o 'B azilian' o 'B azilian'.
2020: 132).
The ollowing is an exce p om he book "The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew: The
Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew:
The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew: The Taming o he
Sh ew: The Taming o he Sh ew.
The ollowing able shows he main cha ac e is ics o he P.A.C.A.T.A.R.E. (P.A.C.A.T.A.R.E. - P.A.C.A.R.E. - P.A.C.A.R.E. -
P.A.C.A.R.E. - P.A.C.A.R.E. - P.A.C.A.R.E. - P.A.C.A.R.E. - P.A.C.A.R.E. - P.A.C.A.R.E. - P.A.C.A.R.E. - P.A.R.A.R.E. - P.A.R.A.R.E. The
ollowing is an exce p om he ex : […]pɑjijdjɪ […] bɑnjˈdjɛlje[…] | skɔkɔs ˈ ɪ | ɪˈř kɔlɔˈd […] ɔbɔː u[…] […]
[…]njæ[…]jɪm […]s[…]kj[…] u[…] | […] […]d[…] m[…]lj[…]j[…]j[…] […] […] |[…] (see also Ali, Miki ienė, B azauskai ė, B azauskai ė,
2020: 133).
7 Tex -s imulus: poˈkjɛ ju pɑmoku | boo môːkjɪ ojms jɛŋjɪˈnjs || kjɪ jɪ ˈkɪk jɪn | Čepai ienė, B azai ienė 2020: 133.
dɐɪˈnɑˑʊɑ | ˈg ôːjɛ || ˈbʲɛ ɪɛʊ‿ˈmʲɛˑs |ˈʋʲɪskɑ ˌ ʲɛgʊˈlʲûɔɪɛm || (daugiau ž . Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė,
The ollowing is an exce p om he book "The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e
o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees:
The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The Sec e Li e o Bees: The
Sec e Li e o Bees: The ollowing is an exce p om he book "The Twiligh Saga: The Ad en u es o Tin in" by Tin in, published by The
Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in
Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y in The Tin in Socie y.
The ollowing able shows he esul s o he measu emen s o he h ee-dimensional quan um ield o he elec omagne ic ield
by he elec on mic oscope.The able shows he esul s o he measu emen s o he wo-dimensional quan um ield o he
elec omagne ic ield by he elec on mic oscope.The able shows he esul s o he measu emen s o he wo-dimensional
quan um ield o he elec omagne ic ield.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
266 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXV
2014: 257[…]262; Mikulėnienė 2019: 51[…]62). This is he i s ime in he
his o y o he coun y ha a woman has been elec ed p esiden . So hese ex s-s imuli a e pa icula ly use ul o pe cep ion esea ch.
The s udy in ol ed a o al o 1,064 s uden s om he same age g oup (i.e. 14 class
gymnas s) om di e en in e media e base poin s (see Figu e 2). 2 PAV. O he The
heo e ical and me hodological assump ions o he esea ch p esen ed in his a icle
a e summa ized in he poin s o he p ojec "The dis ibu ion o egional a ian s and
he alleged common language (quasi-s anda d) a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: a
pe cep ual s udy". The pa icipan s in he PD expe imen a e o dina y membe s o he
language communi y; he subjec con en (see Figu e 1) co e s he ypical elemen s o
he PD s udy (e.g. men al mapping asks, ex -s imulus pe cep ion, e c. see Figu e 1);
The PDA expe imen s a e o ganized a di e en in e media e base poin s (see Figu e
2). In he PD ques ionnai e, he su ey ques ions and asks a e cons uc ed by including
bo h answe choices, and seman ic di e en ial scales, and pencil maps. The inclusion o
subs an i e ques ions is based on a ce ain concep (Long 1996: 118-135). In his a icle,
we will discuss he mos impo an ask o ex -s imula ion a ac i eness
assessmen , which is based no only on he ul illmen condi ion o he ypical PD s udy
eo inė a gumen acija, pa yzdžiui, eks ų-s imulų panašumo į bend inę kalbą
e inimo užduo į pi miausia g indžia Danielio Longo išplė o a k azis anda o
model, i.e. he e alua ion o he a ac i eness o a ian s is one o he i e
componen s o Dennis R. P es on's pe cep ual model (P es on 1999: 177 […] XXIX; P es on
2018: XXVI […] 20).

S aipsniai / A icles 267
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
In his a icle, we'll look a some o he mos common heo ies and heo ies ha ha e
been used o explain he e hical implica ions o e hical a iables, such as he
hypo hesis) (Bezooijen 2002), p imes ų no mų hipo ezė (angl. he imposed no m
hypo hesis) (Giles, Bou his, Lewis, T udgill 1974) a socialinių kono acijų hi-
"no m-d i en hypo hesis" (T udgill, Giles, 1978), and he heo e ical implica ions o
e hical a iables, such as he e hical implica ions o e hical a iables. 1. The
Aes he ic My h and i s Decon-
S uc u e o he EMIC and e hical na a i e
The S.A.J.A.
The discou se o aes he ic alue o e minology is insepa able om he discou se o
aes he ic alue o languages. And he la e 's c i ical e lec ion is also de eloped in
he e hical pa adigm. The I alian language is beau i ul, he Ge man language is ugly, and
so he e hical pa adigm e balizes one o he so-called my hs abou languages (o
a ian s) and hei di e ences, speci ically abou he aes he ic ad an ages o
disad an ages o languages, o he wise known as he my h o he hie a chy o
languages acco ding o aes he ics. In an a icle also en i led Scien i ic A gumen s,
Howa d Giles and Nancy Niedzielski a emp o e u e his my h, namely o
decons uc he e alua ion o a language o i s a ian s om an in e nal (emic)
a ian o e ėmis, ku ios ne ik paaiškina es e inę e ę, be i suku ia p ielaidas
pe spec i e by showing he lis o aes he ic alues o a language o i s a ian wi h
o he languages o i s complex analysis o a language o i s a ian s. In his a icle, we
will explo e he ela ionship be ween he Giles-Nie zsche model o alue heo y and
he Giles-Nie zsche model o social conno a ion. The la e hypo hesis was
o mula ed in he eigh h decade o he wen ie h cen u y (c . Giles and Bou his,
Lewis, T udgill 1974; Giles, Bou his, Da ies 1979; T udgill, Giles 1978),
11 O iginali mi o e balizacija „I alian is Beau i ul, Ge man is Ugly“ (Giles, Niedzielski 1998:
85–93).
12 I should be added ha he aes he ic di e ence be ween he a ian s as a disc imina o y ea u e is
e balized by ano he my h o languages, ocusing p ima ily on he quali a i e di e ence be ween he
a ian s o languages […] English is e y poo in he Sou h [JAV sou h] and in New Yo k Ci y (o iginal my h
e baliza ion […] They Speak Really Bad English Down Sou h and in New Yo k Ci y[…]. This my h is
decons uc ed by he ounde o he mode n PD pa adigm, D. R. P es on (1998: 139 […] 149). 13 Fo he
inhe en alue hypo hesis, see also Giles, Bou his and Da ies 1979: 589 o 596.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
268 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV o he na u al aes he ic cha ac e is ics o
siekian p is a y i k i inį kalbos a ian iškumo pe cepcijos i e inimo modelį.
P igim inės e ės hipo ezė koncep ualizuoja i pag indžia kalbos (jos a ian ų
he spoken wo ds. In o he wo ds, he inhe en alue hypo hesis s a es ha he
aes he ic quali ica ion o X language o i s a ian is de e mined by he inhe en (in
his case […] aes he ic) cha ac e is ics o X language o a ian . I he inhe en
aes he ic cha ac e is ics o language (o a ian ) X a e posi i e, hen he
aes he ic quali ica ion o language (o a ian ) X will also be posi i e (e.g. i he
a ian ises o he highes posi ion in he hie a chy o language a ian s, i will
become s anda d, public, e c.). i he inhe en aes he ic cha ac e is ics o
language X (o a ian ) a e nega i e, hen he aes he ic quali ica ion o language X
(o a ian ) will also be nega i e. The ca ego ies ‘a i ma i e o ‘nega i e in his
case encompass he en i e spec um o possible aes he ic quali ica ions.
I should be added ha one o he i s s udies o include he e alua i e eac ions o membe s o
he common language communi y, co e ing bo h he aes he ic and he aes he ic, was ca ied ou in
u inį ( . y. kaip maloniai a nemaloniai am ik as akcen as skamba), plė o-
1970 by one o he language aes he es, H. Giles. The a ian s o he English language (e.g., Yo kshi e,
Bi mingham, Sco ish English, e c.), mo e p ecisely, hei di e en alues om he poin o iew o
o dina y membe s o he communi y (see Giles 1970: 211[…]227). In o he wo ds, by collec ing da a
om an emic pe spec i e, he basis o a c i ical na a i e o he aes he ic alue o languages
( hei a ian s) is o med. H. Gileso and colleagues (Giles, Bou his, T udgill, Lewis 1974; Giles, Bou his,
Da ies 1979; T udgill, Giles 1978) pe o med a c i ical analysis o he pe cep ion o language a ian s,
he e alua ion eac ions (as well as he aes he ics o a ian s) o he da a ob ained by he
echnique o slan ed a ian a ing scales, e ealed he limi a ions o he inhe en alue
in eg uojan iek adinamąjį „kaukės“ (angl. ma ched-guise) me odą14, iek ski -
hypo hesis. In he 1960s, a s udy o 46 B i ish s uden s e alua ing he meanings o di e en ex ual
s imuli in he same language ( he p es ige o A hens and C e e) did no e eal any s a is ical
di e ences be ween he a ious pa ame e s o he ansla ions o hese dialec s (be ween hem
and Es onian) due o he di e ences (Giles, Bou his, 14).
moji kaukė), apie ku į i iamieji nein o muojami, aip ski ingomis a mainomis ealizuo o kau-
mos a mainos ie ą kokioje no s a mainų hie a chijoje, pa yzdžiui, es e inių e čių. P idu ina,
(angl. ‘uncenso ed’ a i udes).
A icles o he T ea y
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Such endencies ha e
encou aged esea che s o de elop and a i m he so-called p imi i e no m
hypo hesis ( he imposed no m hypo hesis), which concep ualizes and in a sense
jus i ies he added aes he ic alue o language (i s a ian s o assigned sounds),
o he wise he a ac i eness o a ac i eness o language "cu es", "s eps"
beyond he bounda ies o language (ma e ). The p imi i e no m hypo hesis explains
ha one a ian (usually he s anda d) acqui es supe io i y as he mos pleasan
o e he o he a ian s due o cul u al no ms (Giles, Bou his, Lewis, T udgill 1974:
o i šenybė ( aip pa i es e inės e ės) p ieš ki us a ian us andasi ne dėl
inhe en inių cha ak e is ikų, be dėl įsis eigusio i pe duo o / pe im o žinoji-
406), o he wise […] social s a us a ec s he image o he pleasan a ian in he
communi y. The i s is ha he e is no such hing as a "na u al" language, and he
(Massini-Caglia i 2004: 3–2315). Žinoma, daugiakalbiame pasaulyje p imes ų
no mų spaudimas pa i iamas ne ik dėl ienos kalbos a ian ų, be i dėl ski -
second is ha he e is no such hing as a "na u al" language, and he hi d is ha
mę ski ingus lingua anca aizdinius. Kiek pa ikslin as i išplė o as p imes ų
he e is no such hing as a "na u al" language, and he hi d is ha he e is no such
pusi k i ine pe spek y a kalbų es e ikos mi ui dekons uo i. Pe e is T udgillis
hing as a "na u al" language. The e m "social" in hei heo y encompasses mo e
han jus s a us o social class. I is impo an o no e ha e en membe s o he
same communi y may ha e di e en pe cep ions, as some a ian s may ha e
di e en social conno a ions (see T udgill, Giles, 1978, p. In addi ion, he hypo hesis
o social conno a ions explains he non-dicho omous pe cep ion and assessmen o
s anda d language a ian s and non-s anda d language a ian s by membe s o he
common language communi y. Fo example, egional accen s a e a ed mo e
posi i ely han u ban accen s (Bezooijen 2002: 14). This is because he ealize s o
egional accen s a e associa ed wi h a mo e a ac i e way o li e and
en i onmen , hence such social (con ex ual) in o ma ion (o complex o social
conno a ions) […]ku ia[…] alue, e c.
15 Gladis Massini-Caglia i o mula es an insigh in o he na i e-language polyglo s. A esea che
who has s udied he linguis ic si ua ion in B azil […] has analyzed he ela ionship be ween he
Po uguese language and 200 o he li ing languages (o which 170 a e local languages-dialec s) and
claims ha each na i e speake , ha ing lea ned his own language, lea ns o dis inguish a ian s o
his own language, so each speake is necessa ily a "poliglo " o his na i e language.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
270 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXV
Re u ning o he my h o he a ac i eness s. ugliness o languages - I alian is
beau i ul, Ge man is ugly - i can be said ha om he pe spec i e o he inhe en
alue hypo hesis, i is summa ized ha I alian is gi en he quali ica ion o a
beau i ul language, because he inhe en cha ac e is ics o his language a e
g amma ical, hy hmic (pause, inging, hy hmic, ending […] sounds), Ge man […] on
he con a y. F om he pe spec i e o he hypo hesis o social conno a ions, he
beau i ul alue o he I alian language and he ugly alue o he Ge man language
c ea e a complex o social conno a ions. We will no dwell on speci ic conno a ions,
since he e y my h o he beau y and ugliness o languages among membe s o he
dis ibu ed language communi y can be e balized by men ioning o he languages,
such as F ench is beau i ul, Chinese is ugly; and so on. As one o he mos ecen
nė i, į e inan ai, kokį po eikį s e imųjų kalbų mokymuisi u i kalbos ga si-
wo ks on he mo i a ion o o eign language lea ning examines s uc u e and
social s e eo ypes, Susanne M. Rei e e , Vi a Kogan, Annema ie Sei he -P eisle
and Gašpe Pesekas (2020: 168) no e, many "unpleasan " languages a e o en
pe cei ed as such because o exis ing o o me social and poli ical s igmas.
Thus, he main di e ence be ween he hypo heses o he speake s is he aes he ic
alue o he language ha he language c ea es o he aes he ic alue o he
language ha c ea es wha is no he language i sel , bu wha is abou and a ound
he language. I is di icul o dis inguish, o example, he in luence o phone ic
ea u es on pe cep ion and in e p e a ion om he socio-cul u al au a o language
(o a ian s). As V. V. Kogan and S. M. Rei e e (2021: 2) poin ou , o example, F ench
can appea beau i ul because o i s high owel index, i.e. e e y second sound in F ench
is a oice, whe eas aes he ic alues can be de e mined by he sociocul u al ield o
F ench, and he a oma o he no el, and he a oma o he wine. 3 PAV. O he Renée
an Bezooijen hypo hesis model (w i en by he au ho […] D. A.)
A icles and a icles 277
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
The a ing o he esea che s is 4.26 poin s, and he a ac i eness is […] 4.46
poin s. The eason o he a e age sco e was ha he subjec s a ed he beau y
o he ex wi h a sco e o 7 o 6 mo e o en: 12.36% o all subjec s a ed he ex
as a e y beau i ul language ex and awa ded 7 poin s, 16.63% - 6 poin s. The
simila i y o he common language was a ed mo e c i ically […] 7 poin s by 5.52
pe cen o all esponden s, 6 poin s […] 12.94 pe cen . The same and he easons
o he F ex -s imula ion di e en ials ep esen ing he eas e n high-al i ude
egions o he e ening. How many o he no he n wes e n high-al i ude egions do
he C ex -s imulus pe cep ion ep esen ? The simila i y o his ex -s imulus o
he common language was a ed 7 poin s by 6.46% o all he young people, 6 poin s by
as much as 21.18%. The esul s o aes he ic pe cep ion a e s ic e […] as a e y
beau i ul language ex , gi ing 7 poin s, C ex -s imulus was a ed by 4.48 pe cen
o young people. On a 6-poin seman ic di e en ial scale, 12.68 pe cen o
esponden s a ed hemsel es as a ac i e, and 16.59 pe cen o esponden s
a ed hemsel es as a ac i e on a minimum o 1 o 2 poin s, s a ing ha
ex -s imula ion language is e y unpleasan o hem. The ex -s imulus
ep esen ing he no he n-wes e n high-al i ude egions e ealed 7.98 pe cen o
he subjec s on he seman ic di e en ial scale, sco ing 1 o 2 poin s. Howe e ,
such di e ences do no change he o iginal assump ions o he dependence on
hese wo pa ame e s (simila i y o he common language and a ac i eness). In
o he wo ds, he simila i y o ex -s imulus o he common language, o mo e
p ecisely, he image o he common language ha young people ha e, a ec s o
e en de e mines he hie a chy o ex -s imuli acco ding o a ac ion. This
insigh is u he ein o ced by he commen s made by he esea che s: young
people o en base hei e alua ion o one o ano he ex -s imulus on a gumen s
o simila i y o dissimila i y o he common language. Thus, i is possible o see how
he a ac i eness o hese ex -s imuli is concep ualized h ough a connec ion
wi h he common language. I is possible o compa e he H ex -s imulus
ep esen ing he eas e n eas e n highlands (in e p e ed as he mos simila o
he common language), he D ex -s imulus ep esen ing he sou he n highlands
egion (in e p e ed as he mos a ac i e) and he B ex -s imulus (in e p e ed
as he mos a ac i e o una ac i e) wi h he H ex -s imulus ep esen ing he mos simila o una ac i e o he common language, based on he emic na a i e, econs uc ed om he younge agmen s.

DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
278 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
6 PAV. Teks ų-s imulų (ne)panašumo į bend inę kalbą i (ne)pa auklumo e inimo
he in e ace
A icles and a icles 279
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
Two slowly. A ac i eness and simila i y o he common language a gumen s
(pic u es) Tex -s i-Ti iamas mulas
Assessmen o simila i y o he
common language Assessmen o
a ac i eness Assessmen o
simila i y o he common
language Assessmen o
a ac i eness
B ex o he incen i e
Al in and he Chipmunks 3D is a g ea example o his, bu
i 's no a g ea example o how o make a good mo ie.
I'm going o gi e you a sco e o 4
galūnės žodžių 5 balai kalba nė a
panaši į bend inę
ou o 10 o he "Slide" and a
sco e o 3 ou o 10 o he
"Slide" and a sco e o 3 ou o 10 o he "Slide" and a sco e o 3 ou o 10 o he "Slide."
T.M.A.R.E.N.D. 3 d g ade: "I'm
no going o lie o you, I'm
no going o lie o you, I'm
no going o lie o you"
D ex -incen i e
An_M09 4 balai nes aisyklingai a ia 5 balai nes man g ažu,
bend inė okia
Klp_V04 7 poin s because i 's e y egula 7 poin s
because i looks like a commone
N.M. 11 5 poin s Common wo ds 6 poin s Simila o he
common language
6 h g ade, 6 h g ade, 6 h
g ade, 6 h g ade, 6 h
g ade, 6 h g ade, 6 h
g ade, 6 h g ade, 6 h
g ade, 6 h g ade, 6 h
g ade, 7 h g ade, 8 h g ade, 8 h g ade, 8 h g ade, 9 h g ade, 9 h g ade, 9 h g ade, 9 h g ade, 10 h g ade, 10 h g ade, 10 h g ade, 10 h g ade, 10 h g ade, 10 h g ade, 10 h g ade, 12 h g ade, 12 h g ade, 12 h g ade, 12 h g ade, 12 h g ade, 12 h g ade, 12 h g ade
iden iškumo
H ex -s imulus is used
Klp_M06 6 balai ki čiuojama o 7 balai nes panaši į
bend inę
MJK147 is a e y good one. I looks like a
commone .
V n_V11 7 poin s I hink his is
common 6 poin s because i is common
The T-Rex is a bi o a 5 on
on he lis because i 's so
i 's so simila o he T-Rex.
he lis , bu i 's a bi o a 6
simila o he T-Rex ha
I should be added ha such in e p e a ions o e minology a e based no only on
he hypo hesis o p imi i e no ms (as well as no m sca e ing) o social
conno a ions (as well as con ex ). As men ioned abo e, he R. an Bezoek's
simila i y hypo hesis o he PD pa adigm explains he p e e ence o a language
o code ha esembles a s anda d language (Bezoek's 2002: 15), so he agmen s o he emic na a i e in which he in es iga o s
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
280 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV highligh s he con en o he assessmen […]
beau i ul, because i esembles a common language, black […] because i does no
esemble a common language (see able 2) […] demons a es he uni e sali y o he
hypo hesis o he simila i y o he Du ch language. In addi ion, i should be no ed
ha he aes he ic in e p e a ions o ex -s imuli a e o en a gued om he
pe spec i e o egula i y and i egula i y. The dimension o o de liness in e hical
na a i es is p ima ily associa ed wi h common language. The Emic na a i e is
cha ac e ized by a lack o , bu a ce ain aspec o , holis ic p o ision, i.e. an
lygų išpildymą, aiška. Viena iš s a besnių sąlygų – aisyklingumas: g ažu, nes
in eg a ed sequence o pa hs (see Table 3). This connec ion (beau y and egula i y)
in e hical na a i es, which in one way o ano he ope a ed on he in o ma ion o
membe s o he common language communi y, was men ioned e en ea lie han he
ini ia ion o he de elopmen o he esea ch o he p o isions. Acco ding o
Samu Im e (1963), a ep esen a i e o T adi ional T ansla ion, he compile o he
Hunga ian language a las, he concep s o "co ec ed language" and "beau i ul
language" a e almos indis inguishable a he le el o esea ch me alinguis ic
commen s (ci ed om Kon a 2002: 206). 3 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Examples o
as-s imu-
a gumen s o a ac i e alue Texlas
Ti iamasis Pa auklumo
į e is Į e čio a gumen as
A ex -Al_V07 6
speaks s imulus
poin s co ec ly
Jnš_V29 6 poin s co ec ly speaks J b_V05 6
poin s no co ec ly almos speaks B
Tl_M21 5 balai nes kalba aisyklingai pakankamai
ex -An_V04 2 poin s inco ec ly speaks
s imulas
K n_M06 1 balas ne aisyklinga kalbėsena
M.A.A.R.T.U.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.-
G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.N.G.I.I.N.G.I.I.N.G.I-
.I.G.I.I.I.N.G.I.I.G.I. I'm no going o lie o you,
lie o you, I'm no going o you, I'm no
I'm no going o lie o you, I'm no going o
going o you, I'm no going o you, I'm no going o you.
Ukm_M22 2 poin s no app op ia e
U _V07 7 poin s in he egula language
V.A.R.E.N.G. - A good song, a good song, a good song -
V.A.R.E.N.G. - A good song, a good song, a good song -
V.A.R.E.N.G. - A good song, a good song
V.A.R.E.N.G. - A good song, a good song, a good song -
Jnšk_M15 7 balai aisyklingai a iami žodžiai
Klp_M14 6 balai aisyklingai kalba
Sd_M17 3 poin s Misp onouncing some wo ds
A icles and a icles 281
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
Manu ac-
as-s imu-
u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc
Ti iamasis Pa auklumo
į e is Į e čio a gumen as
E ex -Al_V04 4 poin s he mo e
mo e unpleasan he s imulus
uncyclical he language […] he
becomes
JRB-M14 3 balls sounds like i 's no cycling, i 's
slamming i s neck
P.S. I'm no a big an o he "bumpy oad" pa o he
sen ence, bu I'm no a big an o he "bumpy oad" pa o he sen ence.
V n_M35 2 poin s unci ilized speech F
ex -Jnš_V18 4 poin s unci ilized
language s imulus
Ps_V14 5 poin s no bicycle
Pn_M18 3 poin s because i is no p ope ly
squeezed Šl_M12 6 poin s no e y p ope ly
squeezed G ex -Mžk_M03 5 poin s mo e
egula ly squeezed s imulus
P.S. I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm
going o y o do i , bu I'm no going o be able o do
i , and I'm no going o be able o do i , and I'm no
going o be able o do i , and I'm no going o be able o
going o be able o do i .
do i , and I'm no going o be able o do i , and I'm no
An_M05 7 poin s in he egula o y language
Šk_M07 6 balai pe aisyklingai
U _M06 6 poin s egula , clea As can be seen om he emic na a i e
agmen s, membe s o he common language communi y a e une enly s ic in
aising he equi emen s o egula i y, bu he ques ion unde conside a ion […]
he aes he ic alue o he language and i s ela ionship o o he alues […] he
di e ence be ween s ic ness and non-s ic ness is no e y impo an , in his
case i is impo an o con o m o he language's p inciples, o he wise […]
concep s […] co ec i e language[…] and […] g ace.
2.2. Resul s o ex -s imulus pe cep ion: he na i e
ac o o he language
I can be a gued ha he na i e language ac o s a ec he pe cep ion o
he subjec s much less han he common language ac o s. O , based on R.
an Bezooijen's concep o he so-called ecogni ion hypo hesis, i can be explained, o example,
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
282 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV a ac i e and una ac i e ex s o
young Li huanians: D→A→H→C→G→F→E→B. The no he n-wes e n high-al i ude
egion-language ma ke s s udied in Šiauliai gi e he place in he hie a chy o
a ac i eness o ex -s imula ing exp essions ep esen ed by C immedia ely
a e he mos simila o he common language and he mos beau i ul
ex -s imula ing D, A and H. While i would no be app op ia e o make an absolu e
o he pe cep ion o young people o he language's na i e ac ion, i is wo h
no ing ha when e alua ing he simila i y o he C ex -s imulus o he
language's na i e code, 7.89% o he es subjec s a ed his ex -s imulus
almos as simila o he language's na i e code, wi h a sco e o 7 ou o 7. A sco e
o 21.05 pe cen was gi en o simila i y o subjec s, wi h a sco e o 6 ou o 7. By
a guing o he simila i y o he ex -s imulus o he na i e language code, he
young people openly exp essed he iden i y o he na i e language code wi h he C
ex -s imulus ep esen ed by he egional sign o he no he n wes e n
uni e si ies, o example: Šl_M05 he s uden commen ed on his assessmen […]
because ha is eally how i is spoken in ou ci y (7 poin s); Šl_M11 simila ly spoken
in my own (5 poin s); Šl_V01 […] simila because we speak simila ly (6 poin s); Šl_M06
Kad kodo pažinimas, o da labiau – jo p ipažinimas sa u kodu u i po eikį
a miškumo es e iniams į e čiams pa i ina jaunųjų ma ijampoliečių pa au-
[…] o en he same snail (7 poin s); I also speak a lo o ja gon (6 poin s). he mos and leas a ac i e ex s-s imuli ollow: D→G→H→A→F→E→C→B.
In he beau y hie a chy, he sou he n wes e n egional indica o ep esen ing G
ex s imula ion is mo ed o he second posi ion (5.54 poin s), only he sou he n
egional indica o ep esen ing D ex s imula ion is a ed mo e a ou ably (5.82
poin s). The simila i y o he G-s imulus o he na i e language code o he ex
was a ed by he younge ma ijampoliečiai a 6.34 poin s. In addi ion, 81% o young
people in Ma ijampolija ha e ex -s imula ion localized in Ma ijampolija. So he
da a om he pencil mapping ask e eals he ecogni ion o he code in he
na i e language code. Thus, he link be ween he a ac i eness and he pa en
ac o o he language is jus i ied. This insigh is ein o ced by he subjec s'
own emo ional na a i e agmen s, such as M j_M04's G ex -s imula ion beau y
sco es 6 poin s because I like my speech; M j_M09 […] sco es 7 poin s because my
[…] sui case […] is he mos beau i ul; M j_M16 […] sco es 6 poin s because I like ou
Swedish accen . The young Ma ijampolie is M j_V11 a gues ha he 7 poin
a ac i eness a ing sounds he bes o all, and he simila i y o he na i e 7
poin a ing o he language is explained by he ac ha i is my language. As
such, he emic na a i e agmen is mos clea ly linked o he linguis ic
aes he ic alue wi h he linguis ic iden i y o he subjec s. The ac ha he
na i e dialec o he membe s o he common language communi y is conside ed
o be ai ly beau i ul has been poin ed ou and al eady men ioned by he
ep esen a i e o he adi ional dialec , S. Im u (ci ed in Kon a om 2002: 206).
Howe e , i should be no ed ha , unlike he ecognized (and alleged) simila i y o he common language, he ecognized ex -s imulus simila i y o he na i e language code does no necessa ily ac as a

S aipsniai / A icles 283
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
he condi ion o a ac i eness. The esul s o he pe cep ion su ey o he poin s
o assignmen show a endency o ecognize as he mos in e changeable, i.e. no
eks ai-s imulai nė a į e inami kaip pa auklesni. Tas pasaky ina, pa yzdžiui,
apie žemaičių egiolek o žymenis ep ezen uojančių B i E eks ų-s imulų į e -
esembling he common language, hose poin s which objec i ely belong o he a ea
o he lowe egions. The i s assump ion is ha i we conside he na i e language
ac o o be uncondi ionally decisi e o "language as e", he ex -s imuli
ep esen ing he lowe egions will be assessed as mo e a ac i e han
una ac i e. Howe e , ha is no he case. Fo example, only 6.82% o he su eyed
low-income g oups ga e ex -s imula ion a sco e o 7 on he B scale, and ano he
7.27% ga e ex -s imula ion a sco e o 6. The mos unin e es ing B ex was a ed by
almos 30 pe cen o he esponden s, who ga e i a sco e o 1 o 2. The pe cep ion
o ex s imuli is sligh ly mo e mode a e, bu s ill simila (see Figu e 7). 7 PAV. O he
The sequence o a ac i eness assigned o he No wegian low-lying poin s is
somewha a ied, bu one o he low-lying egiolec ma ke s ep esen ing he B
ex -s imulus is always a ed as he leas a ac i e, and he second […] E
ex -s imulus […] is a ed a some poin s as mo e a ac i e han he eas e n
high-lying egiolec ma ke s ep esen ing he F ex -s imulus o he sou he n
high-lying egiolec ma ke s ep esen ing he G ex -s imulus (e.g. 8).
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
284 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
8 PAV. O he The a ac i eness o ex s imuli in he e alua ion o he
sub- egional poin s o s udy should be added ha he h ee sub- egional poin s […]
Telšiai, Plungė and Skuodo […] we e assessed as he mos simila o all by he
sub- egional egional labels ep esen ing ex s imuli in he PD s udy when
assessing he simila i y o ex s o he language's na i e code (see pa ag aph 9).
9 PAV. Teks ų-s imulų siejimas su kalbine gim ine
No s panašumo į kalbinę gim inę į e čiai nė a aukš i, is dėl o a p isų e-
hei simila i y o he na i e language code o he geolec ex s-s imuli is
ecognized mos o en. I should be added ha he younge K e ingians (4.28
poin s) and he younge Mažeikians (4.58 poin s) also a ed E ex -s imulus as he
mos simila o he na i e language code. The esul s o he s udy show ha he
ex s imuli we e ecognized as he na i e code o he language, o example:
Skd_M20 he s udy, which a ed he simila i y o he ex s imulus o he na i e
code o he language wi h 7 poin s, commen s […] e y [simila ], because i is he
kalbinę gim inę sky usi 7 balus, a gumen uoja – nes i mes umpiname galūnes,
A icles o he T ea y
Ta miškumo es e inė e ė: pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės
na ių aizdiniai
language o my egion; Tel_M21 in es iga ed, as well as he simila i y o badly
spelled wo ds; Skd_V09 es 6 poin s is e y simila . The young plunge Pln_V09 e en
ies o w i e he simila i y o he na i e language wi h he p e e ed spelling
g apholec […] in he illage. Thus, when summa izing he cha ac e is ic o he
mo he ongue o he image o a ac i eness, i can be said ha he cha ac e is ic o he mo he ongue is mo e condi ional compa ed o he cha ac e is ic o he common language.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
A e a ho ough examina ion o he aes he ic alue o he e m, such
gene aliza ions and u he discou se on he aes he ic assump ions o he codes will be o mula ed on he basis o
Access o he PD:
1) Tex -s imuli ep esen ing di e en egional ma ke s, he pe cep ion o
a ac i eness is based on he gene al obse a ion ha he aes he ic alue o
he e minology is only pa ially de e mined by he inhe en cha ac e is ics o
kos y imų adicijos požiū iu, ši įž alga nė a o iginali i nauja, be ją pa e-
he a ian . Acco ding o he da a o he pe cep ion o he es he ics o he
codes o he Li huanian language, i is possible o engage in he gene al es he ic
e hics o he languages (codes), i.e. he esea che , he c i ical discou se. Thus,
e alua ing he emic, i.e. he common pe cep ion o he a ac i eness o ex s
and s imuli ha eme ges in he pe spec i e o he membe o he o dina y
communi y, i is no ed ha he hypo hesis explaining he pe cep ion and
e alua ion o languages (codes) allows o sys ema ically e alua e he
aes he ics o he Li huanian language, he da a o he emic, and o c ea e a
sklaidos, aip pa socialinių kono acijų hipo ezės, koncep ualizuojančios i
sequen ial na a i e discou se. The pe cep ion o he membe s o he simples
language communi y explains he cha ac e is ics o he added aes he ic alue
o he p imi i e no ms o codes unde lying he no ms. 2) The da a o he
ex -s imulus pe cep ion s udy ca ied ou in wen y-one egional poin s and in
h ee la ge ci ies (Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda) sugges ha he e a e uni e sal
images o he mos a ac i e and una ac i e language among membe s o
he common language communi y. I can be a gued ha he mos beau i ul o
mos beau i ul codes a he le el o pe cep ion a e hose egions ha a e mo e
po ezės samp a ai, ak ualinančiai bend inės kalbos eiksnį. Bū ina pažymė-
simila o he common language. Such a summa y insigh sugges s he simila i y
bend uomenės na io u imas bend inės kalbos aizdinys, ku is, nepaisan
de eloped in he heo e ical discou se ha he common language in his case
mus be unde s ood as he accu acy o inaccu acy o a simple language (i.e. he
app ecia ion o he quasi-s anda d), and becomes he basis o measu ing and
e alua ing a ac i eness. I should be bo ne in mind ha he emic, i.e. he
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana LXXV is a signi ican wo k. In he case unde
ieno iš jų eikala imų negalima pe kel i ki am, nes aip iš esmės bū ų su-
naikinama iena iš p asmių, ku i dėl o, kad y a ki okia, ne ampa mažiau
in es iga ion, he image o he language c ea ed by a membe o he […] simple
language communi y is an impo an objec o in e p e a ion, he
decons uc ion o which can expand he e hical na a i e o in e p e a ion.
Thus, a summa y insigh in o he hie a chy o aes he ic codes can be checked
by saying ha he mos beau i ul o mos beau i ul codes a he le el o
pe cep ion a e hose egions ha a e ecognized and ecognized as mo e
simila o he common language. As highligh ed by he da a o he PD
pe cep ion su ey, as he mos beau i ul, because i is mos simila o he
common language (i.e. he isual con en ), he sou he n highland egion
ep ezen uojančių D, H i A eks ų-s imulų aiška; kaip neg ažiausia, nes
labiausiai besiski ian i nuo bend inės kalbos ( . y. u imo aizdinio) – į e -
ma ke s and he eas e n highland egion ma ke s we e e alua ed. Such
esul s ein o ce he common language, mo e p ecisely […] common wha is
kalbos aizdinio, eikšmę a miškumo es e ikai, g indžia įž algą, kad pa-
p as ajam kalbos bend uomenės na iui a miškumo es e inę e ę „suku ia“
beyond he language.
3) PD y imo ezul a ai leidžia į e in i, kaip kalbinės gim inės eiksnys le-
membe o he simple language communi y, and he e ic, i.e. he one who i s
įž algos, kad klausomo a ian o p ipažinimas sa u kodu gali lem i palan-
explo ed, he ways o seeing he wo ld and cons uc ing meaning a e
un a homable, my in e p e a ions o aes he ics. Howe e , unlike he
ecognized (and alleged!) simila i y o he common language, he ecognized
ex -s imulus simila i y o he na i e language code does no necessa ily ac as
a condi ion o a ac i eness. Compa ed o he common language ac o , he
pa en ac o o he language is mo e condi ional in o ming he image o he
a ac i eness o he language, which […] wo ks, i he i s condi ion […] is
ul illed, he language ep esen ed by he ex -s imulus is, o cou se, a he
le el o he p o isions and pe cep ion o he membe s o he language communi y, in he condi ional con inuum […] he common language mo es owa ds he common language.
In his con ex , i is impo an o no e ha he analysis o he aes he ic alue o
language in his a icle is based solely on he da a o a single age g oup o
pa icipan s in he s udy; secondly, he aes he ic na a i e is de eloped h ough a
e bal s udy, which accumula es only pe cep ual da a, i.e. in e p e ing he meaning
o wo ds, no he aes he ic con en o he e bs. I mus he e o e be
acknowledged ha he insigh s de eloped in his a icle a e o be ega ded as a
agmen o he aes he ic discou se o he in e lude pa adigm o he PD, which is
necessa ily a ge ed and expanded in a ious di ec ions, o example, he
pe cep ion o ex s ep esen ing in e lude.