Zinaida Pakholok.
Toponyms wi h Repe i ion o a Wo d-Fo ma ion Elemen
as Rudimen s o ancien Thinking ( o S a emen o he P oblem)
199
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
Lu sk Human De elopmen ins i u e
o he open in e na ional uni e si y “uk aine”
oRciD id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-8911-5909
FieLDs oF ReseaRcH: gene al linguis ics, psycholinguis ics, egional s udies, cul u al s udies,
Li huanian s udies.
Doi: doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2023.96.10
oPonyms Wi H RePe i ion
oF a WoRD-FoRma ion eLemen
as RuDimen s oF ancien Hinking
( o s a emen oF He PRobLem)
KEYWORDS:
onym, oponym, eduplica ion, syllable, oo mo pheme, a ix, wo d,
wo d o ma ion model, e ymological analysis, epea abili y, ancien hinking.
abs Rac
he a icle deals wi h oponyms wi h he epe i ion o a wo d- o ma ion elemen .
e ymological analysis allows us o es ablish he epe i ion o a syllable, a oo
mo pheme, a wo d in abo iginal and s anda dized oponyms. he main classi ica-
ion wo d- o ma ion models based on he p ope ies o he oponymic ma e ial
a e de e mined. a en ion is ocused on he basic s uc u e o appella i es, which
we e a e lec ion o ancien hinking and he basis o he eme gence o onyms
in he p ocess o nomina ing na u al objec s. he geog aphy o he gi en ex-
amples co e s di e en con inen s.
ano acija
s aipsnyje analizuojami ie o a džiai su pasika ojančiu žodžių da ybos elemen-
u. e imologinė analizė su eikia galimybę nus a y i senuosiuose i no miniuose
ie o a džiuose pasika ojan į skiemenį, šaknies mo emą, žodį. Remian is ie-
o a džių duomenų ypa ybėmis, nus a omi pag indinės klasi ikacijos žodžių
da ybos modeliai. Daugiausia dėmesio ski iama pag indinei senąją mąs yseną
a spindinčių bend inių daik a a džių, ku ių pag indu, į a dijan gam os objek-
us, a si ado onimai, s uk ū ai. Pa eik ų pa yzdžių geog a ija apima ski ingus
žemynus.
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in RoDuc ion
geog aphical names a e he mos impo an elemen o he spi i ual li e o
ci iliza ion; hey ha e scien i ic, his o ical, and cul u al alue. Resea ch on
hem akes place in h ee aspec s: geog aphical wi h spa ial e e ence, his-
o ical wi h he si ua ion o educa ion and linguis ic wi h he unde s and-
ing o he nomina ion.
he p ope name o a geog aphical objec , used o ecognize i and
es ablish i s di e ence om o he objec s, is usually called he e m “ op-
onym”, i s in oduced in 1899 in english linguis ics and hen used in
pa allel wi h he al eady exis ing “place name”.
in linguis ics, he o m o a oponym, he p ocess o wo d o ma ion and
seman ics a e s udied. among he heo e ical issues o mode n oponymy,
he s udy o he me hod o nomina ion, which is unde s ood as “ he o ma-
ion pa hs, ypes, and means o naming an objec , uni ed acco ding o
ce ain s uc u al cha ac e is ics” emains ele an (Luchyk 2011: 22).
he sou ces o hei s udying a e geog aphical maps and a lases; op-
onymic, e ymological and explana o y dic iona ies; geog aphical, his o ical,
and linguis ic esea ch; books by a elle s ha will no allow he au ho
o ollow he w ong pa h o nai e e ymologies.
Repe i ions a e le behind he a en ion o linguis s, despi e he ac
ha hey pe mea e ou en i e li es. he lack o consolida ed wo ks on
epe i ions in oponymy leads o he need o p opose, as a p opaedeu ical
s udy, a desc ip ion o hem as a sepa a e s uc u al ype in languages wi h
di e en s uc u es.
based on his unde s anding o he p oblem s a ed in he i le o he a icle,
he objec o s udy is he s uc u e o nomina ions o geog aphical objec s,
and he subjec is oponyms wi h epe i ion o he wo d- o ma ion elemen .
he pu pose o his a icle is o iden i y aces o ancien hinking in
oponyms wi h epe i ions in languages o di e en s uc u es and desc ibe
hem as a sepa a e s uc u al ype, o e ing a ision o agmen s o he
complex p ocess o o ma ion and de elopmen o oponymic space.
Fo his pu pose, i is necessa y o sol e he ollowing p oblems: o dis-
inguish abo iginal oponyms om s anda dized ones; o de e mine he
s uc u al elemen s o oponyms wi h epe i ions by econs uc ing he co -
esponding ances al o ms; o explain he de i a ional meaning e lec ing
he mo i a ional ea u e cha ac e is ic a he ime o he onym nomina ion;
o de e mine wo d- o ma ion models and ypes o oponyms; o ca y ou
Zinaida Pakholok.
Toponyms wi h Repe i ion o a Wo d-Fo ma ion Elemen
as Rudimen s o ancien Thinking ( o S a emen o he P oblem)
201
a syn hesis o scien i ic a gumen s, comp ehend exis ing e sions, o e ing
hei own commen s on hose geog aphical names ha emain unexplained.
he me hodology o he esea ch lies in he ac ha a s uc u al p in-
ciple is chosen as he main one o he s udy o oponyms, and a comple e
unde s anding is achie ed by using di e en me hods o analysis and syn-
hesis o oponyms o a ce ain a ea: belonging o a pa icula language;
objec o nomina ion; he his o y o i s appea ance; e ymology, sphe e o
use (colloquial o li e a y speech).
1. aboRiginaL oPonyms Wi H RePe i ions
he names o geog aphical objec s a ose spon aneously, since any inno a ion
appea s i s in indi idual speech and la e becomes an objec i e social phe-
nomenon. Du ing he nomina ion p ocess, a human iden i ied and eco ded
he mos impo an hings. Fo housands o yea s, people did no dis inguish
be ween p ope and common names. he i s p ope names we e o dina y
common wo ds: wa e , moun ain, o es , dese , ield, i e . La e , when peo-
ple began o de elop la ge a eas, i became necessa y o dis inguish be ween
he same moun ains, o es s, dese s, e c. Fo his, humans used di e en
de ini ions ha cha ac e ized hese objec s by colou , size, shape, pu pose, e c.
Depending on he sou ce o c ea ion, a eas o use, and dis ibu ion, we
dis inguish wo ypes o oponyms: abo iginal and s anda dized. abo iginal
oponyms (Podolskaya 1988: 119) a e oponyms c ea ed by indigenous peo-
ple o name a local geog aphical objec ; hey a e used only in a gi en e -
i o y and a e common in colloquial speech. in e es in his ype is due o
he ac ha oponyms ha e aces o olk a , exp essi eness, and in o ma-
ion po en ial ha e lec s he speci ics o na u al condi ions.
2. WoRD-FoRma ion moDeL
FRom aPPeLLa i e o onym
geog aphical names we e o med acco ding o ce ain o mulas, called
wo d- o ma ion models in oponymy. he simples one is he di ec an-
si ion o a common noun, o appella i e, in o a p ope name, o onym. a
linguis pays a en ion o he o m o a geog aphical name and i s seman-
ics, since a oponym is a wo-sided uni ha has a plane o exp ession and
a plane o meaning. in his case, i is necessa y o ake in o accoun ha
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“in addi ion o he main meaning, he p ope name, he e is also ano he ,
p e- oponymic meaning” (zhuchke ich 1974: 48).
He e is an example con i ming he exp essed idea. in he aus alian s a e
o Queensland, on he ba on Ri e , he e is he ba on Falls o he same
name; in he abo iginal language, i was called Din Din, by a wo d symbol-
izing d ops o alling wa e . he hyd onym a ose in honou o homas Hen-
y bowman ba on, chie o police in b isbane in he 1860s, and ga e i s
name o ba on go ge na ional Pa k, bu in pa allel, he popula geog aph-
ical name Din Din na ional Pa k is also used (ca mody, P ideaux 2011: 1).
in he nomina ion o a geog aphical objec , he e may be a conno a ion,
as in he in e io pa o he aus alian con inen , dese ne e -ne e .
a elle L. Wolanowski, explaining he name, e e s o aeneas gunn
(2008), who w o e in he au obiog aphical s o y o 1908: “ hese lands a e
called ne e -ne e because hose who li ed he e and lo ed hem will
ne e lea e hem olun a ily. and o he s – hose who could no s and i –
will ell you ha his name comes om he ac ha he one who managed
o escape om he e swea s ne e , ne e o e u n” (Wolanowski 1976: 56).
in he amily saga o colleen mccullough, published in 1977, we ead:
“<...> sp ead o e wo housand miles o desola ion, he wa e less dese
“ne e -ne e ”, whe e i ne e ains” (mccullough 1988: 96). he mean-
ings eco ded in ic ion es i y o he s abili y o he onym b o se en
gene a ions o aus alians o he 20 h cen u y.
he analysed examples o abo iginal oponyms wi h igu a i e and ex-
p essi e conno a ions a e a consequence o he epe i ion o he same
wo d- o ma ion elemen . in linguis ics, his me hod o o ming new wo ds
is called eduplica ion. he di e ences lie in he s uc u e o he oponyms
and allow us o judge he ea lie ime o he appea ance o he onym, which
is based on an appella i e wi h a monosyllabic epe i ion.
he i s geog aphical objec is cha ac e ized by he p esence o wo
pa allel oponyms: abo iginal and s anda dized, while o he second he e
is only one.
3. s anDaRDizeD oPonyms Wi H RePe i ions
s anda dized oponyms (Podolskaya 1988: 131) a e he no ma i e o m o
oponyms, adop ed in o icial documen s wi hin he coun y and in in e -
na ional p ac ice.
Zinaida Pakholok.
Toponyms wi h Repe i ion o a Wo d-Fo ma ion Elemen
as Rudimen s o ancien Thinking ( o S a emen o he P oblem)
203
he c ea o s o s anda dized oponyms we e o dina y people, a elle s,
disco e e s who ga e names o con inen s, islands, moun ain peaks, e c.
Following his, geog aphe s and linguis s collec ed geog aphical names,
ca ied ou hei sys ema iza ion, mapping, and lexicog aphic codi ica ion.
s anda dized oponyms a e phenomena o social li e, subo dina e o
his o ical pa e ns; hey a e commonly used and in e na ional.
3.1. Wo d- o ma ion model o ansi ion o appela i e
wi h epe i ion in o onym
3.1.1. Repe i ion o syllable
as ou ma e ials es i y, he mos ancien wo d- o ma ion model is he
model o he ansi ion o an appella i e wi h he epe i ion o a syllable
in o an onym. i is impossible o desc ibe he p ocess as “each indi idual
sound is o med in ela ion o o he sounds, jus as necessa y as his sound
i sel o he smoo h cons uc ion o speech” (Humbold 2000: 86), bu he
cla i y o mo i a ion and he e e yday condi ionali y o he nomina ion o
objec s a ac s a en ion. he na u al en i onmen was he sou ce o hu-
man being, as i p o ided people wi h housing, ood, and clo hing, so he
ques ion o “wha is impo an o e lec in he name was decided on he
basis o human p ac ical ac i i y” (kh esko 2009: 112).
in he nomina ion o geog aphical objec s, a ansi ion o he appella i e
wi h he epe i ion o he syllable in o an onym ook place. in he sla ic
oponym baba, he cul alue o a emale pagan dei y, iden i ying li e,
e ili y, and heal h, was ealized. nume ous examples con i m his si ua-
ion, including oeconyms: Baba (uk . Баба) – a illage o he sumy oblas
in uk aine; Baba (uk . Баба) was also he name o he illage Pok o ske
in he che nihi oblas in uk aine un il 1941; hyd onym Baba (uk . Баба)
is he name o a i e in he kha ki oblas in uk aine; o onyms Baba
(uk . Баба) is a moun ain in he i ano-F anki sk oblas in uk aine; Baba
(bulg. Baba) is a moun ain in he so ia p o ince in bulga ia; Baba (maced.
Baba) is a moun ain ange on he bo de be ween no h macedonia and
g eece; Baba (se b. Baba) is a moun ain in bosnia and He zego ina on
he e i o y o Republika s pska.
an example o an as yonym o med wi h he epe i ion o a syllable exis s
in he wes o swi ze land, in he F ench-speaking can on o aud. he e,
on he bank o Lake gene a, he ci y o e ey is loca ed. Ve ey < F ench

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Ve ê. Le uspensky conside ed i s name o be he end esul o cen u ies-old
changes in he La in wo d Vi iscus (uspensky 1973: 91).
he exis ence o oponyms o med by he epe i ion o a syllable can
be a ibu ed o zip ’s law (zip 1949), which es ablished ha in di e en
languages o he wo ld, he mos equen wo ds a e sho e , since he
p inciple o leas e o is uni e sal o he speake and lis ene in all cul-
u es. he e is no doub ha a he s age o p ima y nomina ion o he
ancien human wi h my hological hinking, which u ned ou o be “some-
hing like in ellec ual b icolage” (Lé i-s auss 1994: 126), an unde eloped
la ynx, he way o speech p oduc ion syllabi ica ion was he main way o
o ming new wo ds. i a ose on he basis o he phone ic assimila ion o
non-speech sound complexes; no by chance, he mos ancien laye o
ocabula y is onoma opoeia.
he oponyms o his model belong o he p ima y, oldes o names
(Podolskaya 1988: 105), since hey a ose om he onym, based on an ap-
pella i e wi h a monosyllabic epe i ion, and ha e a o m iden ical o i .
3.1.2. Repea i ion o a syllable and adding an a ix
opo o man , a wo d- o ma ion elemen ha is no used independen ly in
he language and is an addi ion o he base in he o ma ion o a geo-
g aphical name, has an impo an alue in oponymy.
in he an h oponym Dedelishki (Li h. Dėdeliškės), eco ded in 1860 on
he map in he akai dis ic o ilnius coun y o Li huania (shube
1860), he opo o man is he su ix -ishki (-iškės). in he indica ed egion,
he e a e Kad ishki (Li h. Kad iškės), Ka io ishki (Li h. Ka io iškės), Ka -
pishki (Li h. Ka piškės), Kiemelishki (Li h. Kiemeliškės), Kulokishki (Li h.
Kulokiškės). he e a e also Eishishki (Li h. Eišiškės), G igishki (Li h.
G igiškės) om he name g igas, Rudishki (Li h. Rūdiškės).
acco ding o he au ho i a i e esea che s nikolay bi yla and aleksand as
anagas, such a o man deno es “names o he a ea by he su name o name
o he owne o pe son who li ed in his place” (bi yla, anagas 1968: 12).
We assume ha he opog aphical base has an a chaic na u e since i
was o med by he epe i ion o sound combina ions in child en’s speech
dė-de. in mode n Li huanian language dėdė – ʻuncleʼ.
he mos ancien laye o ocabula y is onoma opoeic wo ds, which
make up he co e o he dic iona y. he eme gence o a la ge numbe o
sound-imi a ing wo ds a an ea ly s age o he social li e o people was
doomed by a close connec ion wi h na u e, he impo ance o con eying
Zinaida Pakholok.
Toponyms wi h Repe i ion o a Wo d-Fo ma ion Elemen
as Rudimen s o ancien Thinking ( o S a emen o he P oblem)
205
sound and ex e nal mani es a ions o mo emen when naming phenomena,
he endency o “es ablish a ce ain connec ion be ween objec s o na u e
and gi e he language a di ec cha ac e ” (Rose i 1962: 91).
F om he poin o iew o he c ea o o he oponymic school o be-
la us adim a. zhuchke ich, he po amonim Tse ya o ka (bel. Цецяровка),
a ibu a y o he s isloch, and he common names Tse se a e s (bel.
Цецеравец), Tse ya o in sy, (bel. Цецяровинцы), Tsya e yn (bel. Цяцерын),
a e pa onymic, de i ed om he su names Tse ya uk (bel. Цецярук), Tsy-
a e yn (bel. Цяцерын) (zhuchke ich 1974:: 373–374). hey we e o med
om he onoma opoeic name o he bi d se ya uk (bel. Цецярук), in which
he ull o a ian epe i ion o he syllable se- (це-) is aced.
simila ly, he epe i ion o he syllable e- and he su ix - ow o med
he oiconym Te e ow in he land o mecklenbu g-Wes e n Pome ania, ge -
many o deno e he se lemen o g ouses. i appea ed no la e han he
8 h cen u y, since his e i o y was he cen e o he medie al Wes sla ic
ibe (basik 2008: 102).
i should be assumed ha he po amonim Cucu eni (Rum. Cucu eni) in
he egion o Wes e n molda ia in Romania o he designa ion o he igh
ibu a y o he i e bahlueț (Rum. Bahluieț) in he Danube basin consis s
o he onoma opoeic oo Cucu- (in Romanian cuckoo is cuc) and he o-
ponymic o man - eni – ʻse lemen ʼ by analogy wi h zabolo eni (Ș e ănescu
2018: 74–75), D ăgo eni (Pe o ich 1968: 15), B oş eni, Moş eni. La e , he
oiconym Cucu eni – ‘se lemen o cuckoosʼ appea ed.
he desc ibed oponyms belong o non-p ima y names (Podolskaya
1988: 86), since hey we e o med om o he onyms.
3.1.3. Repe i ion o syllable and addi ion o wo d
mo e ecen o ma ions include he nomina ion o geog aphical objec s,
when a wo d was added o he epe i ion o a syllable, i.e., a new oponym
was o med by he mo phological me hod o addi ion. Fo example, he
o onym Vo ok abi i is he name o a olcano in cen al a ica. he e y-
mology o he wo d, s a ing wi h he epe i ion o he syllable o-, means
ʻwa e o he pygmy bi iʼ, who was allegedly ound dead on he lake sho e
nea he moun ain (uspensky 1973: 194).
he p imi i e man had a small ocabula y, and oponymy was udimen-
a y, so one e m combined many di e en concep s ela ed o a common
o igin. in his ega d, he example o he limnonym Ti icaca (span. Ti icaca,
Quech. Ti iqaqa), which is he la ges eshwa e lake in sou h ame ica on
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he bo de o Pe u and boli ia, is in e es ing. he name came om he
epe i ion o syllables o wo wo ds in he language o he indians: Quechua
qaqa – ʽs one, moun ainʼ, i i – ʽleadʼ and o iginally he insulonym Ti icaca
e e ed only o he island o he lake Isla-del-Sol (span. Isla del Sol) (cano
1952: 14–15), la e , i sp ead o he lake i sel (Pospelo 2002: 417).
F om he appella i e baba, oponyms can be o med no only as a esul
o onymiza ion bu also wi h he addi ion o a wo d. Fo example, he
oiconym Baba Bakala (Hindi Bāba Bakāla) is he name o a holy place o
sikhism, a illage in he indian s a e o Punjab.
he his o ian o geog aphical science e. m. mu zae , e e ing o he
kazakh oponymis gali k. konkashpae (1948), ga e examples o he
p oduc i i y o oponyms on -a a, among which he medie al se lemen
Baba-a a (mu zae 1974: 228). acco ding o he kazakh encyclopedia,
Baba, A a-baba is “1) ances o , ounde o he clan; 2) pa o a complex
wo d, deno ing: o igin, elde ( o example, Ane -baba)” (kne 2004: 324),
a a is also a polyseman ic wo d, ela i e o ou esea ch, we conside only
he i s wo meanings: “1) g and a he , g and a he ; ances o ; 2) pa on in
he composi ion o p ope my hological names” (kne 2004: 278). hus,
in he kazakh oponym Baba-a a he e is a s uc u al epe i ion o he syl-
lable ba- and a seman ic epe i ion o he meaning o he wo d “ances o ”.
Wi h he u kic wo d dağ – ʽmoun ainʼ o onyms a e o med in he gu-
bin dis ic o aze baijan Babadağ and in he p o ince o mugla in he
sou hwes o u key Babadağ; as ionym Babadag in he județ o ulcea
Romania appea ed as a esul o u kish in luence.
he sla ic and non-sla ic examples wi h he appella i e baba (бабa)
a e uni ed by belonging o he o iginal o m *bābā o *bhābhā – an ancien
wo d om child en’s speech, o med by epea ing he same syllable (Luchyk
2014: 27). Di e ences a e obse ed in seman ics, since he sla ic baba
comes om he eminine nomen, while he u kic and i anian ones come
om he masculine. he s ess in sla ic languages is on he i s syllable
(бáба), while in eas e n languages i is on he second (babá). Rega ding
such examples, Wilhelm on Humbold no ed co ec ly: “all languages
appa en ly con ain wo ds ha ha e comple ely di e en meanings wi h
comple ely iden ical sounds, and hus hese wo ds can be unde s ood am-
biguously” (Humbold 2000: 275).
nume ous examples wi h he oponym babá/бaбá a e a mani es a ion
o oponymic homonymy, ep esen ing consonan geog aphical e ms ha
coincide comple ely o pa ially in he exp ession plan. hus, he e was a
Zinaida Pakholok.
Toponyms wi h Repe i ion o a Wo d-Fo ma ion Elemen
as Rudimen s o ancien Thinking ( o S a emen o he P oblem)
207
ans e o he onym om one objec o ano he , adjacen o i in he name
o he ci y, illage, aul, i e , moun ain, moun ain ange in connec ion
wi h i s addi ion by a ious geog aphical e ms ha cha ac e ize he a ea.
3.2. Wo d- o ma ion model o ansi ion
o appella i e wi hou epe i ion in o onym
he ansi ion o an appella i e in o an onym can occu as a esul o e-
pea ing a wo d ha has a bila e al s uc u e and isually demons a es he
philosophical law o he ansi ion o quan i a i e changes in o quali a i e
ones. in linguis ics, i inds mani es a ion a he seman ic le el, as an ele-
men ha is epea ed wice o se e al imes acqui es a new meaning (Pak-
holok 2013: 73). Lexical epe i ion is he simples in s uc u e lexical-
g amma ical way o in ensi y meaning.
ca a ac onym Dzhu -Dzhu (uk . Джур-Джур, c imean a a Cü -Cü )
is he name o a powe ul wa e all loca ed on he ulu-uzen Ri e on he
sou he n coas o c imea. i ne e uns d y, e en du ing he d ies ime
o he yea . his cha ac e is ic is e lec ed in he seman ics o i s ancien
name, which is de i ed om he epea ed a menian wo d “dzhu ” (a men.
, li e ally ʻwa e -wa e ʼ, meaning plen y o wa e ), he e ymology
o his wo d, acco ding o asyl . Luchyk ollowing edua d m. mu zae ,
explains he meanings o “s eam”, “ i e ”, and “canal” in Pe sian and
ajik languages (Luchyk 2014: 180).
in ou opinion, when ying o unco e he meaning ul signi icance o
place name, i is p e e able o gi e p e e ence o hose e sions ha a e
close o he na u e and essence o he objec . a he same ime, he olde
he geog aphical name, he mo e likely i is o be connec ed o he named
objec . Fo example, he limnonym Loch Lochy in he name o a eshwa e
lake in sco land, o igina ed om he duplica ion o a wo d ha can be
aced back o cogna es: manx logh, old i ish loch, Welsh llwch, meaning
“body o wa e ,” as well as La in lacus meaning “lake” (Ha pe 2003). he
su ix -y was added o he epea ed wo d. he limnonym means “lake Lake”.
a la ge and capacious pa on he oponymy o aus alia is occupied by
onyms deno ing na u al geog aphical condi ions and clima e ea u es. hus,
he cyclone in he no hwes e n pa o he coun y is called “Willy Willy”
(o lo 1978: 103). he anemonym Willy Willy a ose om he epe i ion
o he english wo d willy – insidious.
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benDRinė kaLba | 96
senuosius ie o a džius ie iniai gy en ojai kū ė, siekdami į a dy i ie os geo-
g a inį objek ą, jie a ojami ik am ik oje e i o ijoje i y a plačiai papli ę šneka-
mojoje kalboje. Domėjimąsi šio ipo ie o a džiais lemia ai, kad juose y a išlikę
liaudies meno b uožų, iš aiškingumo. jie gali eik i in o maciją apie gam inių sąly-
gų ypa ybes. šiame s aipsnyje analizuojami pe kel inių i eksp esy ių kono acijų
u inčių senųjų ie o a džių, susi o ma usių bend iniam daik a a džiui iesiogiai
i s an onimu, pa yzdžiai – plačiai papli usio pasika ojimų a ojimo ezul a as.
no minius ie o a džius kū ė ski ingų eiklų a s o ai. jie a ojami iek ša-
lyje, iek a p au inėje e d ėje, iksuojami li e a ū inėje kalboje. šios ūšies ie-
o a džiams būdingi okie žodžių da ybos modeliai: bend inio daik a a džio e -
imas onimu, paka ojan skiemenį a ba p idedan a iksą, paka ojan skiemenį i
p idedan žodį, paka ojan žodį; bend inio daik a a džio e imas onimu ie o-
a diniame žodžių junginyje, paka ojan šaknies mo emą i paka ojan žodį.
Žodžių da ybos modelių panaudojimas p iklauso nuo kai ku ių bend ųjų egio-
ninės ie o a džių sis emos klausimų iš i umo laipsnio.
o pa ies modelio ie o a džiai, naudo i ski inguose žemynuose esan iems os
pačios ūšies geog a iniams objek ams į a dy i, odo, kad oks į a dijimo būdas
bu o gana įp as as.
Pasi elkus e imologinę analizę nus a y a, kad ie o a džiuose pasika ojan ys žo-
džių da ybos elemen ai odo seno inę žodžio kilmę, nes pasika ojimas a spindi
objek y ią ik o ę, ku ią asmuo nesąmoningai įsisa ina, įgydamas p ak inės pa i ies.
ie o a džiai, ku iuose pasika oja žodžių da ybos elemen as, kelia po eikį
y inė i senąjį objek ų į a dijimo ski ingos s uk ū os kalbomis me odą. sukū us
ose kabose a ojamų panašių ie o a džių egis ą, a si as ų galimybė palygin i
i sug e in i gilias is o ines šaknis u inčią jų onimiją.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI:
onimas, ie o a dis, pasika ojimas, skiemuo, šaknies mo -
ema, a iksas, žodis, žodžių da ybos modelis, e imologinė analizė, paka ojamumas,
seno inė mąs ysena.
zinaiDa PakHoLok
Lu sk Human De elopmen ins i u e
o he open in e na ional uni e si y “uk aine”
geo gy gongadze s . 5
[email p o ec ed]