NIJOLĖ ČEPENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Research areas: lexicology, borrowings, lexicography, etymology, language history, written texts.

HOMONYMS IN LITHUANIAN-LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES

Homonyms in the Dictionaries of the Lithuanian Language

ABSTRACT

The article examines mostly etymological homonyms found in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ, LKŽe) and in Jokūbas Brodovskis’s dictionary. These homonyms arose through the borrowing of words from other languages and are not presented as homonyms in the dictionary entries. Some borrowings become similar in form to a Lithuanian word with a different meaning; however, these words have different origins and meanings, so they must be written in separate entries. The word index of the 17th-century manuscript dictionary by Jokūbas Brodovskis, published in 2009 as Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicum et Lithvanico=Germanicum III, also contains homonyms that have not been separated. The article presents new homonyms not found in LKŽ or LKŽe.

KEYWORDS: lexical homonyms, Germanisms, East Prussian dictionaries, lexicography.

ANNOTATION

The article analyses the predominantly etymological homonyms found in The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ, LKŽe) and Jokūbas Brodovskis’ Dictionary, which originated due to the borrowing of words from other languages and which are not presented as homonyms in the dictionary entries. Certain borrowings become similar to the word in Lithuanian having a different meaning, but these words have a different origin and meaning and should therefore appear in different entries. The index of Jokūbas Brodovskis’ 18^th century manuscript dictionary Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicum et Lithvanico=Germanicum III published in 2009 also contains unseparated homonyms. The article provides new homonyms not available in LKŽ, LKŽe.

KEYWORDS: lexical homonyms, Germanisms, East Prussian dictionaries, lexicography.

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INTRODUCTION

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first to mention the term homonym in his Categories. He wrote: “Things are called homonymous (homōnyma) when they have the same name, but the definition of essence corresponding to that name is different” (Aristotle 190: 5). Lithuanian homonyms were examined by Vincas Urbutis in his candidate of philological sciences dissertation Methods of Forming Lexical Homonyms in the Lithuanian Language, 1955, 251 pp. Lithuanian linguists define homonyms as follows: lexical homonyms are words pronounced identically (Urbutis 1955: 41; Jakaitienė 2005, 257); homonyms (Greek homōs ‘the same, identical’ and ónoma ‘name’) are words with the same phonetic form but entirely different meanings (Jakaitienė 1980: 42); they are words with the same sound structure but different lexical meanings (Palionis 1985: 182). Rita Mikelionytė studied the usage of true homonyms in Lithuanian and changes in their semantic structure (Mikelionytė 2016: 13). Thus, homonyms are identically pronounced words that have different senses and meanings and often different origins. Moreover, not all words with different meanings are homonyms. Words whose grammatical forms all coincide phonetically are considered true homonyms. Homonyms arise: 1) through changes in the phonetic system of a language (etymological, historical); 2) through the formation of new words (derivational); 3) through semantic changes in words and the divergence of word meanings (semantic); 4) through borrowing words from other languages. Loanwords from various languages or dialects adapt to the phonetic and grammatical laws of Lithuanian and thus come to resemble words in Lithuanian that have a different meaning. By origin, homonyms are divided into cognate (homogeneous) and non-cognate (heterogeneous) types. According to how they are formed, homonyms are divided into three types: etymological (1, 4), derivational (2), and semantic (3). Componential analysis of words, distributional analysis, and the method of derivational analysis are used to study the problems of homonymy and polysemy (Jakaitienė 1980: 42–48). The concepts of homonymy and polysemy are related. If a polysemous word has a common etymological root, it is not a homonym but a polysemous word. Over time, a word’s meanings can diverge, at which point several words emerge. Homonyms also arise through metaphorical use of a word, when words acquire figurative meanings.

The aim of this article is to present homonyms found in LKŽ, LKŽe, and the word index of Volume III of Jokūbas Brodovskis’s dictionary that are not treated as homonyms in those works. The objectives are to indicate not only the meanings of the words but also, drawing on the historical-comparative, phonetic, and other philological methods, to explain the origins of the homonyms, especially loanwords. The study draws on etymological dictionaries and recent works addressing the origins of loanwords. The bases of the loanwords are examined—the words from

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which they derive indicate the words’ original origins. Explaining homonyms is important for lexicography and the spelling of words.

I. HOMONYMS NOT DISTINGUISHED IN THE LITHUANIAN DICTIONARY (LKŽ, LKŽe)

It has been observed that in LKŽ and LKŽe some homonyms are presented within a single dictionary entry. Homonyms that have different origins and meanings must be distinguished. Accordingly, this article examines lexical homonyms observed by its author in the Lithuanian Dictionary (LKŽ and LKŽe) and J. Brodovskis’s dictionary, which are unmarked and not distinguished, and which arose mainly through borrowing words from other languages. The article provides references to words in Jonas Bretkūnas’s Bible, Prussian dictionaries and dialects, and spoken language that are absent from the Lithuanian Dictionary. In most cases, both homonyms derive from Germanic languages; several consist of a Lithuanian word and a Germanism, a Lithuanian word and a Slavism, or a Lithuanian word and a hybrid; one derives from a Germanism and a word from a Turkic or Tatar language.

1. ETYMOLOGICAL HOMONYMS

Most of the etymological homonyms examined here arose through borrowing words from Germanic languages, especially the German dialects of East Prussia; both words in each pair are Germanisms. Some entered Lithuanian through Slavic or other languages. Homonym 1 tūtà ‘pipe; a pipe-shaped component, etc.’ is of Low German origin, whereas 2 tūtà ‘mulberry tree’ is of Turkic or Tatar origin. Several homonyms arose from a Lithuanian word and a Germanism. One arose from two Lithuanian words as a result of phonetic change. The homonyms presented in this article are not only different in meaning but also derive from different etyma. Homonyms are found mainly in dialects and written sources, and in East Prussian dictionaries from the nineteenth century onward. In the seventeenth century, 1 štãras zool. ‘starling; sand martin’ and 2 štãras ‘hamster’ arose; 1 šìna ‘wheel rim, tire’ and 2 šìna ‘reed, rush’; in the seventeenth century, 1 šnỹpė ‘snuff’ and 2 šnỹpė ‘snuffbox’.

a) Both words are loanwords, Germanisms:

1 ãkas m. (4) a tool for hoeing N 2, K, Alm 23, KŽ, NmŽ, KtŽ, Vn; borrowed from East Prussian German hāk ‘pick, mattock’, Hacke ‘tool for chopping out weeds, hoe, mattock’; cf. MHG hacke, NHG Hacke f. ‘pick,’

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‘small hoe’ (R II 187, 214), to be associated with German hacken ‘to cut, chop; to hoe, dig’ (Kluge 2002: 381);

2 ãkas m. (4) ‘a sheltered cove, an inlet’ A 1885, 11; for the etymology, cf. Old Prussian Hake (a=å) m. ‘promontory, cape; a long, narrow shoal extending from a shore promontory to a bay’, Dutch hoek (Fr I 267), Middle Low German hōk, huk ‘corner, nook (place); cape, promontory’ (MndW II 283–284), Danish huk ‘corner, bay, spit’, Swedish huk, Norwegian dialect Huck ‘promontory of land’ (Falk I 427), in Swedish dialects hök ‘corner, projection, promontory’, New High German Haken m. ‘hook’ (Kluge 2002: 384); Middle Low German hage, age ‘pointed end’ (MndW II 173); Latin acus f. ‘pointed end; cf. l. hok. Cf. also okas¹, užokis.

1 blióžė f. (1) 1. ‘blister’ KŽ, ZŠŽ (Snt), Vlkš. 2. ‘small tobacco pouch, purse’, JD 1289, K. Būg II 44, KŽ, ZŠŽ (Snt, Nm, Sr, Šk), GŽ, Gs. 3. ‘purse made of leather, closed at the top with two twisted straps’ G1. 4. ‘little mound’ Klp, Plv. 5. scrotum ZŠŽ (Sr). 6. derog. ‘sieve, face, mouth’ ZŠŽ (Šk). 7. ‘poor, useless mare’ ZŠŽ (Šk) < East Old Prussian blōz ‘blister; anger; vessel’ (Ziesemer I 630); cf. New High German Blase f. ‘blister’, Middle High German blāse, Old High German blāsa f., Dutch blas; → German blasen ‘to blow’ (Kluge 2002: 129); Middle Low German blase ‘blister, purse’ (MndW I 352);

2 blóžė f. (1) ‘vest’ Klvr, Mrj; for the etymology cf. New High German Bluse f. ‘(women’s) blouse’, from French blouse; Dutch blouse, blous; perhaps the French word derives from early Romance *bulusa ‘rustic’, as a derogatory term for peasant clothing (or is associated with bullo = pulla ‘mourning garment’ (Kluge 2002: 135); Dutch blua ‘women’s outer blouse (esp. work garment)’ < French blouse ‘blouse; long, loose garment, etc.’; from Late Latin pelusia ‘garment from Pelusium (an Egyptian city)’ (LKPŽ 2016: 236–237).

1 blókis m. 1. ‘straw mat for covering a threshing floor, windows, a seedbed, wiping feet, etc.’ Brž. 2. ‘baked flatbread (?)’ LV I 311; for the etymology cf. Old High German flāk ‘woven article’, Middle Low German vlake ‘anything woven from branches, a woven article’ (MndW V 265); Latvian blāks ‘straw mat, rush mat’ derives from Old High German flāk ‘woven article, drying rack’ (Sehwers 1953: 13–14); Gothic flata ‘(hair) braid’; → German flechten ‘to weave’ (Kluge 2002: 299); New High German Flechtwerk ‘woven article’. In Middle Low German, (w) was replaced by b (MndW V 188);

2 blókis m. ‘stain (on clothing, body)’ TP 181, 12, Klp < Old Prussian Plack ‘same’ (Fr II 151); cf. Middle Low German vlake, vlecke (MndW V 264), plack(e) ‘stain’ (MndW III 334), Middle High German placke, Dutch plac(ke), New High German Placken m. ‘stain’ (Kluge 2002: 705), New High German Fleck ‘stain’. In the Thuringian and South Saxon dialects, the initial consonants p and b had completely merged (Prellwitz 1894: 51; Paul 1956: 261). Cf. also blekis².

¹ okas m. ‘a shoal in a river that, when the water level falls, emerges as a small island’ J, KŽ, Vl, Zp, Šč; užokis m. (1) ‘a branch of a river beyond a shoal, behind an okas’ J; a formation from okas and the Lithuanian prefix už-.

² blēkis m. (2) ‘a stain on clothing’ Akm, Lž, Krtn < German Fleck ‘stain’.

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1 klùmpė f. (1) 1. ‘a wooden shoe carved out of a piece of wood; a shoe with a wooden sole’ R II 209, MŽ II 279, K. Donel, N 20, K, BsMt I 47, klvD 107, Žem, P. Cvir, A. Vien, A. Vencl, Alm 69, FrnW, ŽŠŽ (Grš, Šnt, Sr, Slv), KžŽ, Vv, Eiš, Mrj, Krtv, Dkš, Pnd, Gs. 2. slang ‘a nickname for a woman of loose morals’ rš. ◊ iš klùmpių iškristi, išvirti ‘to become very tired, fall ill’ Pjv, ‘to get drunk’ Gs; iš klùmpių verst ‘to dismiss from an office held’ ŽŠŽ (Šk); ‘to strive to defeat, overcome’ ŽŠŽ (Grš); ‘strong (of an alcoholic drink)’ ŽŠŽ (Grš); į klùmpę suvaryti ‘to corner, overcome in an argument’ Tl; iš klùmpių iškelti, išversti ‘to kill, murder’ Vrn, Pg; klùmpes sunėšti ‘to sew together’ Msn; klùmpių sunėšimas ‘a feast, gathering, get-together, entertainment, evening party’ ŽŠŽ (Šk, Lkš), Alk, Dkš, Vlkv; klùmpes sumèst ‘to sew together’ ŽŠŽ (Br); klùmpes užmèst ant aukšto ‘to die’ ŽŠ (Br) < Prussian Klumpe m., f. ‘wooden shoe carved from a single piece’ (Fr I 383), Old Prussian klumpe, klumpe ‘wooden shoes’ (MdW II 493); Middle Dutch clompe; New High German Klumpe appeared in the 16th century, borrowed from Old Prussian (Kluge 2002: 500; cf. Latvian klumpas ‘wooden shoes’ from Old Prussian klumpen ‘the same’ (Sehwes 1953: 52), Latvian klumbas pl.: 1. klumpe;

2 klùmpė f. (1) bot. ‘a kind of beet’ LC 1884, 14; → klumberė f. (1) ‘potato’ [K], Alm 69 < the New High German Grundbirne ‘potato’ is a calque (Alm 69; Grimm IX 761, 57); cf. Prussian Klumpe (Lex 54; C I 1082) ‘lump, clod’ and Middle High German bir(e), New High German Birne ‘pear’ (Kluge 2002: 126).

1 màdaras ^(3ᵇ) Kv ‘watery mud’ K.Donel, V.Myk-Put, Alm 83, FrnW; cf. Prussian Moder m. ‘mud, bog, sludge, marsh; mud; bog; mire, quagmire, street mud’ (Fr II 68), Old Prussian moder ‘bog, sludge, marsh’ (MdW II 106); New High German Moder m. ‘bog, decay, bog’, late Middle High German moder from Old Prussian; first attested in a German dialect of the mid-14th century with the meaning ‘decay, mold, mud’, later ‘bog, mire; slime, mud (of streets)’ (Grimm XII 242, 68; Kluge 2002: 626); Latvian dialectal màdaras ‘mud’ (Karulis I 556–557). Kazimieras Būga considers màdaras ‘watery mud’ to be a Lithuanian word and connects it with Latvian madere (Alm 83; FrnW I 394).

2 màdaras ^(3ᵇ) K, BŽ 464 slang ‘poor work’ K.Donel, Alm 83, FrnW; cf. Prussian Maderei ‘unnecessary occupation, bad, poor work’ (Fr II 44), madern ‘to work or do something without having the right; to try, attempt, handle something (an object, matter) poorly; to work poorly’ (Fr II 43); Latvian madere ‘a complicated, tangled matter’ from Old Prussian maderje ‘bad working method; torment, misery, poor work’; Latvian maderēt ‘to create difficulties in working, to undertake something beyond one’s strength’ < Old Prussian madern ‘to work slowly and idly, fiddle about’ (Sehwers 1953: 75).

1 prýskis (1) ‘a pinch of snuff, a sniff’ K II 115, Alm 105 < Prussian prise ‘a pinch’ (Alm (PrW)); cf. New High German Prise ‘a pinch of snuff’ (this meaning has been attested since the 18th century; the 16th-century meaning was ‘booty, a ship captured by a robber or pirate’), derived from French prise ‘booty, prize’, which is

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an abstract noun from the French verb prendre ‘to take, seize’, from Latin prehendere, Middle Dutch prīs, New English prize, New Swedish pris (Kluge 2002: 721).

2 prýskis (1) ‘a heated brick bench by the stove’ ŽŽ, Br, Bgt; cf. pryč- kis ‘a small brick structure by the stove’ Ig, pricas (2) ‘a small brick structure by the stove’ ŽŽ (Lkž), Šn, Krk, Kt, Pun, Pn, diminutive pricūkas Mrj, pricius ‘bunks, beds’ K II 115, Alm 104; these words are based on New High German Pritsche ‘a place to lie down, a bunk and the boards laid on it’, for servants; the loanword is related to German Brett ‘board’ (Kluge 2002: 721), Prussian Pritsche ‘soldiers’ bunks’ (Fr II 181).

1 redėlė f. (1), redelė FnW 1. nom. pl. ‘wagon rack’ Vaižg, Škn, Jnš, Krp, Pkl, ‘side of a child’s bed’ Vkš. 2. ‘manger’ Vaižg (ž.). 3. ‘child’s bed with sides made of crossbars’ rš, ŠVŽŽ (lp). 4. ‘stove grate’ ŠVŽŽ (Kr, St, Vbl) < Old Prussian reddel ‘wagon rack’ (FrnW); cf. Old High German ledder ‘wagon rack, ladder-shaped side of a wagon’. Because of its softness, Old High German l often alternates with r (and n) (MndW II 644, 607; Čepienė 2006: 308); New High German Leiter ‘ladder’; Middle High German lei- ter(e), s.fyz. hlader, hleder, → German verb lehnen ‘to lean’ (Kluge 2002: 569); Latvian rede, redes ‘manger’ < Old Prussian, Old High German redel ‘the same’ (Vasmer II 458; Karulis II 192, 111); another view is that Estonian redel ‘the same’ comes from Finno-Ugric, and Latvian redes could therefore have been borrowed from Estonian (Karulis II 192, 111 (Meiste). Cf. also 1 redes pl., 1 redlis.

2 redelė f. (1) 1. ‘a large coarse sieve, mounted on legs, for shaking grain out of threshed crops’, FnW, ŠVŽŽ (Mkl, Ms, Dauk, Šat), Als, Snt, Pln, Ms, Lkž, Kl, Trk, ‘a device for sifting grain during threshing’ KtnŽ. 2. ‘wire mesh’; cf. Old High German rider, riter ‘coarse sieve, sifter’, redern, reden ‘to sift (flour)’ (MndW III 446); Russian pedēbъ, East Russian pēdubъ ‘coarse net, sieve’ from pėdui ‘coarse’ (Vasmer III 458); Lithuanian retas, Latvian rēts. Cf. 2 redelės, 2 redelis.

1 rėdelė f. pl. (1) 1. ‘mangers’ Žd, Mžk, Žg. 2. ‘plough beams’ Ps. Cf. 1 redelė.

2 rėdelės f. pl. (1) ‘a large coarse sieve, mounted on legs, for shaking grain out of threshed crops’, FnW, ŠVŽŽ (Yl, Šul), Vž, Mžk, Vkš, Vgr, Klm. Cf. 2 redelė.

1 redelis m. (1) ‘wagon rack’ Krp. Cf. 1 redelė.

2 redelis m. (1) 1. ‘a large coarse sieve, mounted on legs, for shaking grain out of threshed crops’ Lk, Klm, Lkv, Rs, Šv, Kv. 2. ‘basket, creel’ Vb, Ps, Dj, Pmp. 3. ‘wire mesh’ Vk. Cf. 2 redelė.

1 šnypkė f. (1) DŽ ‘snuff’ PVG 315 (1775), NdŽ, I. Simon, FnW, ŽŽ, Šv, Slv, Skr, Gr came from Prussian šnīfke ‘snuff’ (Alm (PrW)); Schnīfchen, Old Prussian Schnīfke, Schnüke m. ‘the same’ (Fr II 304); cf. New High German Schnupftabak.

2 šnypkė f. ‘flick’ Q 361 derives from German diminutive Schnipp ‘flick’ (Kluge 1957: 67), Prussian Schnipschen n. ‘a flick on the nose’ (Fr II 305), cf. New High German Schnippchen ‘a snap of the fingers’.

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1 šūlmistras m. (1) KŽ, šūlmistras (1) NdŽ, šūlmistras (1) NdŽ ‘teacher’ BB 2 Mak 1,10, Lex 77, C II 49, Q 465, B 356, 892, 906, R I 54, R II 18, K. Donel, PVG 93 (1728), 166 (1744), 339 (1788), MŽ I 282, MŽ II 426, LLCh (glossary), N 523, NdŽ, I. Simon, rš, FrnW, KŽ, Smln, Pr < n.v.a. Schulmeister ‘the same’; dialectal; cf. Prussian šolmeister (Alm (PrW)), Middle Low German scholemeſter ‘the same’ (MndW IV 111), Polish mistrz; cf. also šūlmistras ‘the same’ KŽ, Smln, šūlmistras (1) K I 303, K II 171, K, NdŽ, Alm 126, FrnW, šūlmistras m. PVG 101–102 (1734), šūlmistras K, NdŽ, Alm 126, FrnW, KŽ, šolmes ‘teacher’ Alm 132, FrnW.

2 šūlmistras m. (1) ‘rope for hanging a Curonian fishing net; net attached to the wing of another net’ BzF 185 (orig. sżlmes), KŽ, šulmes ‘triangular net attached to each wing of a Curonian fishing net’ Fr II 321 (orig. szulmes); cf. German Schleuder ‘triangular net on each wing of a Curonian fishing net’ (Fr II 321), Middle Low German schül, schule ‘hiding place’, schule, schole ‘a patch in the star’ (MndW IV 145, 148), Middle Low German schulen ‘to hide’ (MndW IV 147).

1 trasa f. ‘interest, percentage’ BzF 190, Pr; cf. 1 trasas, 1 tresas.

2 trasa f. 1. ‘an old-fashioned women’s head ornament—a brocade flower woven into a band’ rš; cf. 2 resas.

3 trasa f. ‘boat rope’ KlvD 35, KlpD 10; cf. Middle Low German trosse ‘a rope twisted only once and consisting of just two or three strands’ (MndW IV 616), Dutch tros, Norwegian tros, n.v.a. Trosse f. ‘strong ship’s rope’; German from French trousse ‘bundle’ (Kluge 2002: 932); Latvian trasa ‘rope, cable’ < Middle Low German trosse (Sehwers 1953: 144).

As the examples show, Lithuanian also has three-member homonyms. In LKŽe, all three homonyms are presented as one word.

1 trąsas m. (2) ‘interest, percentage’; cf. 1 trasa, 1 tresas.

2 trąsas m. 1. ‘a fabric edging (strip) woven with gold or silver threads, on clothing or furniture; galloon’ BzF 189, KŽ, ŽŽ, Šk. 2. ‘an old-fashioned women’s head ornament—a brocade flower woven into a band’, ŽŽ, Vv, Šk. Cf. 2 trasas.

1 tręsas m. (2) K, plural trēsai K I 158, 66, Mit I 46, NdŽ, LV IV 231, FrnW, KŽ, (4) NdŽ, Slv, trēsas Rg ‘interest, percentage’ L, K, K II 372, Mit I 355, Rdž, př, Alm 143, FrnW (BzF 190) < Prussian tres, treβ ‘interest, percentage’ Alm (PrW), Tressen pl. ‘profit, percentage, interest’ (Fr II 411), Dutch interes, Swedish interesse, n.v.a. Interesse ‘interest; interest/concern; percentage’ from Late Latin interesse ‘benefit’ (Kluge 2002: 444), Latin Interesse ‘participation; benefit, profit; percentage’ (Georges DLHW 386). Cf. also 1 trasas, 1 trasa, tresas plural.

2 tręsas m. Prussian plural (2, 4) 1. ‘a fabric edging (strip) woven with gold or silver threads, on clothing, a hat or furniture; galloon’ K, ĮD 114 (diminutive trešuzis), FrnW, ŽŽ (Šnt), Slv, Plv, Vrb, tręsai plural Alm 143, FrnW. 2.

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‘a kind of ancient women’s headdress – a brocade flower band’ K, A 1884, 137–138, Lb 109, Tat, see Piet, Alm 143, FrnW 119, Skr. 3. ‘a long feather in a rooster’s tail’ LV IV 231 < Pr.v. trese, treß ‘ribbon, edging (Futteressen)’ (Alm 143), n.v.a. Trese ‘galloon, ribbon, edging, trim’ from French tresse f. ‘braid, edging’, which is related to Italian treccia ‘(hair) braid’; cf. n.nl. tres, n.ang. tress (Kluge 2002: 928); Latvian trese ‘galloon’ from German (Sehwers 1953: 144). Cf. also 2 tras, 2 trasa.

b) Homonyms in which one word is a Germanism and the other is a Germanism transmitted through Polish, a Slavism, or a word from another language:

1 bone sf. (2) ‘tower’ J, Mair, Krš, (4) bone Žg < v.v.ž. bone ‘any kind of raised platform made of boards; a container in an attic’ (MdW I 384); cf. Pr.v. Bohn ‘any kind of raised platform made of boards’ (Ziesemer I 862), n.v.a. Bühne f. ‘raised platform made of boards, stage; vault, ceiling, gallery, upper room of a house; granary, barn’ (Grimm II 508, 47). Cf. also 1 bonia.

2 bonė sf. (2), bonė (4) 1. ‘metal or clay pot’ C I 801, Q 231 (orig. Bone). 2. ‘straw-woven tub, barrel’ Rs, Bsg. 3. ‘narrow-necked jug’ JD 809, J, Šnk. 4. Ck ‘cement well ring’ Vl. Cf. 2 bonia.

1 bonia sf. (1) ‘tower’ NS 1181 (dim. bonelis), Trgn, Kp, Ds, Rm. Cf. 1 bonė.

2 bonia sf. (1), bonia (4); 1. ‘straw-woven tub, barrel’ Upn, Ant. 2. ‘narrow-necked jug’ Snt. 3. ‘kiln chamber for firing lime’ Lš, Lp. Cf. 1. ba-nia; Russian баня ‘bathhouse; vessel, dome, beehive’ (Vasmer I 122); n.nl. ben ‘fish box’ (Kluge 2002: 159).

1 būta sf. (1) 1. ‘bundle, bunch’ M; cf. v.v.ž. bunt ‘bundle, that which is tied together’ (Sehwers 1953, 21), Pr.v. bunt ‘same’ (Ziesemer I 871), v.v.a. bunt, n.v.a. Bund n. ‘bundle, package’, related to German binden ‘to bind’; 1. bunt. Cf. also buntas³.

2 būta sf. (1) ‘crowd, group’ Mit I 78; cf. n.v.a. Bande ‘crowd, group’ from French bande ‘group, crowd’, n.v.a. Band ‘association, union’, Pr.v. Band ‘composition, agreement’ (C I 409); (dial.) n.l. bunt ‘bundle; bundle of 15 items; association; rebellion, etc.’ < v.v.a. bunt, n.v.a. Bund ‘bundle; union; association, organization; belt’; s.brus. бунт ‘rebellion; crowd connection’ (LKPŽ 2016: 249); 1. bunt from German Bund (Brückner 1974: 49).

1 kūpeloti, -ioja, -iojo tr. 1. ‘tie, join’ N 21 (orig. Kuppeloti). 2. ‘cover the roof ridge with straw, chaff, etc., so that rain does not get in and the wind does not strip it off’ Grg, apkūpeloti tr. ‘finish the roof ridge’ End, Dr. The base of these words is Pr.v.

³ būntas sm. (1) K, būntas (2) ‘bundle, sheaf, handful, pile, stack’ PG 347 (1788), S. Dauk, M. Valanč, Alm 38, Rmc, Btn, Grg, Nmž, Vvr, dim. buntelis PG 347 (1788 m.), J, BzF, N 337, K I 268, Trg, Šlu, Ktn, Įp, buntukas Trg, buntukai pl. ‘straw sheaves on a roof’ BzF 103, buntelukas Lkv.

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kupeln ‘to tie together, join’ (Fr I 447); cf. MHG kuppeln, kupelen, koppeln, ko-pelen ‘to join, connect’; NHG kuppeln (Kluge 2002: 548), Lithuanian German küpelė fem. (1) ‘crossed sticks at the top of a roof, to prevent the wind from tearing off the ridge; crossed roof poles’ Dr, Krn, Grg, pl. küpeliai BzF 130 (orig. küpelei) from Prussian German Koppel ‘crossed sticks on the ridge of a thatched roof to secure it’ (Fr I 335). Cf. also 1 kupelioti.

2 kūpeloti, -ioja, -iojo trans. ‘to earth up vegetables’ Grg, Šv; probably related to Polish kupa ‘heap’, kopa ‘to dig’ or Belarusian kyna ‘heap’. Cf. 2 kupelioti.

1 kupelioti, -ioja, -iavo ‘to tie, join’ B 830 (orig. kupeloti), [K], apkupelioti trans. ‘to cover the top of a thatched roof with kupelės (crossed sticks)’ Prk. Cf. 1 kupelioti.

2 kupelioti, -ioja, -iavo ‘to fill up, heap up’ Skr, Vdž, Jrb, Trg, Gs. Cf. 2 kupelioti.

1 šponka fem. (1) Žvr, šponkà L, KŽ ‘bung, round wooden stopper for plugging a beer barrel’ Rtr, J, KŽ, ŽŽ (Žvr); probably derived from Prussian German spunt, spunt ‘peg, bung (of a barrel)’ (Alm 118 (PrW)), Middle Low German spunt, same meaning (MndW IV 349), a regionalism for bung, perhaps via Polish szponkę; cf. German dialect spont, Middle Dutch spon, Old Dutch sponde, Late MHG spunt, NHG Spund ‘bung, stopper’; German from Italian (s)punto, itself from Latin (ex)punctum neut. ‘that which is pierced’ (Kluge 2002: 872; Grimm XVII 230, 66); Latvian spūde ‘bung (for plugging a barrel)’ from Old Prussian spund (Sehwers 1953: 118); Polish szpunt ‘peg, bung’ from German Spund (Brückner 1974: 555); cf. Middle Low German špōn ‘wood chip, splinter, thin wooden disc, shaving’ (MndW IV 538); Old Scandinavian spån, spōn, Old English spōn, spon, Old Anglo-Saxon spōn masc., fem., Old Frisian spōn, New Swedish spån, New English spon, New Icelandic spón, NHG Span masc. ‘wood chip, split kindling, splinter, shaving’; the word’s origin is unclear (Grimm XVI 1862, 51; Kluge 2002: 860); Polish, Old Polish, New Polish (dial.) szponka ‘small button, clasp; hook; buckle; wooden peg, bung, etc.’ < MHG spān, NHG Span ‘splinter’ (LKPŽ 2016: 63). Cf. also šponka (LKŽe).

2 šponka fem. (1) ‘a press-stud, snap fastener’ Knv, Lš; cf. Old Scandinavian spong, Old English spang, NHG Spange ‘buckle, button, coupling, clamp’, MHG spange, Middle Dutch spange, Old High German spanga, → German spannen ‘to stretch, put on; clamp’ (Grimm XVI 1875, 62; Kluge 2002: 860); Middle Low German span neut. ‘buckle, clasp (of a book, clothing, etc.)’ (MndW IV 301); (Polish, Old Polish) New Polish (dial.) szponka ‘small button, clasp; hook; buckle; wooden peg, bung, etc.’ < MHG spān, NHG Span ‘splinter’; New Belarusian (dial.) унока ‘small button, clasp, press-stud; wooden shirt button; thread button; wooden wedge used to fasten boards’; New Russian dialect унока ‘fastening, clasp, hook’ (LKPŽ 2016: 63); Russian унока ‘crossbar (in a fence, sled)’, Ukrainian унька ‘button’, Bulgarian унока ‘fastening, button’, Old Prussian spōn; a word of Slavic origin or a borrowing from German Span ‘wood chip’, Old Prussian spōn, MHG spān via Polish (Vasmer IV 474–475); Czech sponka. Cf. also sponka (LKŽe).

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Both words may have entered Lithuanian through Slavic languages.

1 štāras masc. (4) zool. 1. ‘swift (Apus apus)’ SD¹ 48, Rtr, E, NdŽ, LTR (Lš, Mrk), KŽ, Krok. 2. ‘sand martin (Riparia riparia)’ ŽŠŽ, Sn, Lzd, Jsv, Bs, Glv, Gg, Kvr, Ktv, Kpč, Žal, Nm; cf. NHG Star masc. ‘a bird species, starling; name for related birds’, MHG star, Middle Low German stār, Old High German staro masc., Middle High German (Rhenish dialect) star, star, Middle Dutch stare, English dialect stare, Old Scandinavian star, Swedish stare, Latin sturnus ‘starling’ (Kluge 2002: 875; Grimm XVII 256, 54). Cf. also 1 štārelis (LKŽe).

2 štāras masc. (4) ‘hamster’ C I 841 (orig. S₃taras, ӡ inserted later), Q 24; cf. NHG Hamster ‘hamster’, MHG hamster, Middle Dutch hamster, Old Swedish hamstra, Old High German hamstro, hamstro, Old Swedish hamstra gurgulio; from Slavic chomestor or another West Slavic language; cf. Church Slavonic choměstorъ ‘hamster’ (Kluge 2002: 388), Old Slavic choměstar (Grimm X 322, 76); Old Russian xoměstor, xoměstar (ALEW II 970). Lithuanian štāras (B 627, K) may perhaps be related to Lithuanian stirtį (FrnW II 896). Cf. also staras. LKŽ and LKŽe list both words under a single entry.

1 tūtà fem. (2) K, Rtr, LV IV 283, NdŽ, DŽ (4) KŽ; FrnW; tutà (2) Žž 1. ‘tube; a component of equipment shaped like a tube’ NdŽ, BŽ 542, rš, KŽ, FŽ 372, DŽ, GTŽ, ŽtŽ. 2. ‘anything tube-shaped’ NdŽ, KŽ, rš, ŽŠŽ (Lkš), dimin. tūtėlė (2) ‘small flask’ ŽtŽ. 3. ‘paper bag’ K, K I 325, BŽ 191 (TP 1880, 52), J. Jabl, NdŽ, DŽ, FrnW, KŽ, KrtŽ, Šk, Prk, dimin. tūtėlė KŽ, ‘any narrow bag’ Lb, Yl. 4. ‘cartridge case’ NdŽ, Polž¹ 47, rš, dimin. tūtėlė KŽ. 5. ‘shallow round-shaped chest’ GTŽ. 6. ‘herdsman’s horn, whistle’ SchG 142, NdŽ, KŽ. 7. ‘the fused bracts of a plant, an involucre’ Tvr < Middle Low German tüte or Old Prussian tüte (FrnW II 1146); cf. Middle Dutch tüte ‘wind instrument’, NHG Tute fem. ‘small horn, horn’, Tüte ‘cone, paper bag’; Latvian tūte ‘cone, paper bag’ from Old Prussian tüte ‘same’ (Sehwers 1953: 147). Cf. also tūtė (LKŽe).

2 tūtà fem. (2) ‘mulberry (silk tree)’ LBŽ, NdŽ < Turkish, Tatar tut ‘same’ (Vasmer IV 126); cf. tutas, tumdis. LKŽe gives it in the same entry as tūta ‘tube, etc.’

1 ūkas (4), in the anatomical sense ‘a growth at the back of the soft palate, uvula’ Mit I 134, K, BŽ 192, LV IV 406, NdŽ, Alm 145, FrnW, KŽ ◊ ūkus užrišti Dsn ‘to die’; ūką sūkti ‘to have a very good time, carouse’ Prk is a Germanism, derived from Prussian German hūke ‘same’ (Alm (PrW), Hūke, Hucke (Fr I 302); Ernst Fraenkel also takes this view (FrnW I 516); cf. Old Prussian hūk (Sehwers 1953: 149), Middle Low German hūk masc. ‘same’ (MndW II 328); Latvian ūka is derived by Konstantīns Karulis from Middle Low German hūk; the word is said to be of the same origin as Middle Low German hake, NHG Haken, which became Latvian ūkis ‘hook’, recorded in eighteenth-century dictionaries (Karulis II 452).

2 ūkas masc. ‘buzzing, humming, rumbling, noise; echo, resonance, sound; zool. a bird of the heron family, the bittern (Botaurus stellaris); the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo); a bass drone pipe made of reeds; the seventh and eighth panpipes; organ

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part; ‘a spinning toy, a buzzing top, a spinning top’ in LKŽ and LKŽe is a word of different origin. In LKŽe its origin is unclear, since it is marked as Slavic with a question mark. E. Fraenkel, following K. Būga, considers ūkas, in the sense ‘buzzing, humming, rumbling, noise; echo, resonance, sound’, a borrowing from Belarusian huk (FrnW); cf. Polish huk (Brückner 1974: 173), Middle Low German hûk ‘foot’ (MndW II 328). Incidentally, Wojciech Smoczyński likewise did not distinguish this word as a homonym from the others recorded with the meanings given above. He relates ūkas to ūti and considers it a sound-symbolic word (Smoczyński 2007: 702).

c) Homonyms formed from a Lithuanian word and a Germanism:

1 krūkė feminine (2) ‘a hook on which a door or gate is hung and turns’ R I 68, MŽ I 132, N 230, KŽ < German Krücke f. ‘hook, a crooked, bent and forked stick’; a dialectal word; cf. East Prussian krukas ‘a stick with a bent end’ (Natau 1937: 71), Middle Low German kruk, Middle High German krucke, krücke, Middle Low German kruke, Old High German krucke, Old English cruce f., Old Saxon krukka, Old Scandinavian krǫk ‘hook, curve’ (Kluge 2002: 542); Polish kruk ‘hook’, krukė from German Krücke (Brückner 1974: 272).

2 krūkė feminine (2) 1. BzBk XXVIII 294, Į ‘pig’s snout, snout’ N 230 (Rg), [K]. 2. ‘grunting (of a pig)’ [K] ◊ kiaulių krukė, archaic. 1. ‘the pigs’ god (as named by Lithuanian pagans)’ B 598 (orig. Kiaulu Kruke), R I 57 (Kiaulių Krukė), MŽ I 112, N 230 (orig. Kruke kiaulū), [K]. 2. ‘an insult applied to a swineherd’ MŽ I 112, N 230 (Krūke kiaulū), [K]; → Lithuanian krukti, krukti, krukti, krukti, sound-symbolic words.

1 šarpas ‘an unevenness on a surface (especially wood), a splinter’ Šs; probably related to Lithuanian šerpeta.

2 šarpas masculine, singular (3) ‘the sharpness of (saw) teeth’ Šs; cf. šarpa feminine, singular (1) ‘the sharpness of (saw) teeth’ Šs; for the etymology cf. East Prussian šarpe ‘to sharpen’ (Alm (PrW)), New High German Schärfe ‘sharpness’, adjective Middle High German scharp/f, New High German scharf ‘sharp’ (Kluge 2002: 794).

1 šina feminine (2) SD³ 439 (orig. šina), SD 366, L, Rtr, NdŽ, KŽ, (4) LžŽ, DvŽ, Mr, Įz, Dl, Pl, Kp. 1. ‘rim, wheel binding’ NdŽ, Oz 56, LKA I 100, LžŽ, DvŽ, Lš, Dl, Trgn, Rm, Rš, Pl, Kp, Krč, Rod, Sk, ‘binding on a wagon wheel rim’ LKA I 100, map 42. 2. ‘binding on a sleigh runner’ NdŽ, Srj, Lš, Krsn, Ūd, Kpč. 3. ‘railway track’ Slč. 4. ‘wheel tire’ NdŽ. Cf. New High German Schiene ‘narrow, long object; binding, rim, railway track, splint’, Old High German schina, schena, Middle Low German schene, Middle Dutch sc(h)ene; → German scheiden ‘to separate’ (Kluge 2002: 802); East Prussian Schēne, Schēne, Schōne f. ‘splint’; in Bavaria Schin ‘anything resembling a splint, rim, binding’ (Fr II 266), Middle Low German schene ‘rim, splint’ (MndW IV 71); Latvian šine ‘rim, splint’ from German Schiene; šėne ‘same’ from Middle Low German schene ‘same’ (Sehwers 1953: 130; 131); Polish szyna from German Schiene (Brückner 1974: 561), Belarusian шына; Russian шина ‘rim; tire; splint; (sleigh’

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runner)’ < German Schiene ‘binding, rim; rail’ (Vasmer IV 439). Also cf. šinē, šenē, šenis, šienis, šyna, šynas, šinas, plural šinos (LKŽe).

2 šina feminine (2) 1. ‘rush, reed’ BB Job 40,16 (orig. loc.pl. fchinoſa). 2. ‘a sliver used to separate the warp threads, a rod’ Gdl, Čk; ALEW relates šina to Lithuanian šieti ‘to drive a shuttle’ (ALEW II 1030). In LKŽe it is given in a single entry (it is absent from BB); the words are not considered homonyms.

1 žurga feminine (1) ‘worry’ K, NdŽ, Am 150, FrnW < German Sorge ‘worry, anxiety’; cf. Middle High German sürge (?), Middle High German sorge, Old High German sorga, Old Saxon sor(a)ga, Middle Dutch sorg, Swedish sorg (Kluge 2002: 858). Also cf. žurgas (LKŽe).

2 žurga feminine (1), common gender ‘an annoying person’ Nm, Skr, Rs → Lithuanian zurgti, zurgzti; sound-symbolic words (FrnW 1280–1281; Smoczyński 2008: 143–144).

1 žebelė feminine (1) NdŽ, K.Būg, Jn ‘an unreliable account, a tale, nonsense, idle talk’ S. Dauk, FrnW, plural žebelės KrtNž, ◊ žebelės gaudyti ‘to talk nonsense, say foolish things’ ŠVŽŽ (Že), KrtNž → žebeloti; cf. colloquial New High German sabbeln ‘to chatter, speak indistinctly’; a Low German word (Kluge 2002: 778). Also cf. žebeloti, žaberuoti (LKŽe).

2 žebelė feminine (1) 1. ‘ghost, bogeyman’ LMD (Slm). 2. common gender Skd ‘failure, fool’ Slnt, Plt, Šts. 3. ‘a person with poor eyesight’ Krtn. This word is related to Lithuanian žabalas ‘blind, short-sighted, with poor vision’.

1 žiogas masculine (3) zool. ‘a jumping insect of the order Orthoptera (Tettigonia)’ DP 620, SD 102, Lex 49 (orig. ʒogas), C I 924 (žogas), Q 264, B 677 (acc.pl. žogus), 694 (žogas), H, R I 189 (žogas), MŽ I 346, N 550, K, K I 636, KlvD 155, Rtr, RŽ, NdŽ, DŽ, KŽ; see also LKŽe; widely used in written texts, dialects, and standard language. E. Fraenkel relates Lithuanian žiogas to Lithuanian žioti (FrnW). W. Smoczyński, however, questions this and considers the word most likely to be of sound-symbolic (hunting) origin (Smoczyński 2007: 787). Cf. 1 žiogas.

2 žiogas masculine 1. ‘wooden trestle, sawhorse’ NdŽ, DŽ, Gs. 2. ‘a post supporting a shed’ Rdm ◊ žiogą gėdinti Krt ‘to urinate (of men)’. In LKŽe it is given in the same entry as zoological žiogas ‘a jumping insect of the order Orthoptera (Tettigonia)’, but the meaning ‘wooden trestle, sawhorse’ is marked gem.? The Germanism žėgis (2) ‘poles lashed together for drying flax heads’ Brs is marked in LKŽe as having the same origin. The basis of these loans is German Säge ‘saw’, Segel ‘a cut-off piece’, Old Saxon sag, Swedish såg, Dutch zaag, New High German Säge (Kluge 2002: 780), Middle Low German sage f. ‘saw’ (MndW IV 9). Cf. 2 žiogas.

1 žiōgis (1) zool. ‘grasshopper, a jumping insect of the order Orthoptera (Tettigonia)’ in LKŽe under žiogas; cf. 1 žiogas.

2 žiōgis (1) ‘a pole for stringing peas on’ Ms (in LKŽe listed under žiogas); cf. 2 žiogas.

d) Homonyms formed from a Lithuanian compound word and a hybrid:

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1 dūmalākas m. (2) ‘chimney, smoke flue’ Š, Plt (cf. dūmolakas C II 483, B, [K]); ‘smoke, smoke passage’ Mrs, Srj are native words, compounds of dūmas and lakas ‘a crack for bees to fly out of the hive’; the latter is related to Lithuanian lėkti ‘to fly’.

2 dūmalākas⁴ The meanings (2)—‘a torch twisted from rags for carrying fire or smoking bees, a smudge’ Lš, ‘bundle, load’ Lp, Vlkv—are a hybrid; the base of its second component could be Middle Low German laken (Old Saxon lakan ‘broadcloth, fabric’ (MndW II 614); cf. German Laken ‘piece of cloth’, a word of Low German origin, Middle Low German laken, Middle Dutch laken, Old Saxon lakan, and Old Norse -lak (Kluge 2002: 554); whereas dūmalākas ‘name of a nonexistent object which someone is sent to borrow from the neighbors without knowing about the trick (they put a stone or some other heavy object into the bag)’ Klvr, Mrj, LTR (Srj), probably arose through contamination with Old Prussian Dumla ‘stupid person’ (Ziesemer II 128), Damlak, Dūlak (Fr I 131); cf. Middle Low German adverbs dumlik, dumliken, dumelik ‘stupid’ (MndW I 595–596); the colloquial East Prussian German Dämelach ‘fool, idiot, simpleton’ is related to German dameln, dämeln ‘to walk about, behave, be confused or disoriented’, as well as Dämer ‘clouding (of the mind)’ (Kluge 2002: 178). In Lithuanian dialects, people say durniaus gabalas, tinginio gabalas]. Avyž (LKŽ under gabalas).

e) Homonyms formed from two Lithuanian words:

1 kliõre (dial. klere) f. (2)].lab, Kp ‘a large, dilapidated hole’; → Lithuanian klerti, a word of onomatopoeic origin.

2 kliõre f.].lab, kp ‘watery slop, mush (on the road)’ → Lithuanian pliorė, pliūrė ‘watery porridge; watery, softened earth, mud’. Lithuanian dialects also record more words with initial k in place of p. These homonyms arose through phonetic change: the sound p changed into k.

⁴ Also attested is dūmalākas (2) ‘a torch twisted from rags for carrying fire or smoking bees, a smudge’ Pns, ‘bundle, load’ Vs, ‘name of a nonexistent object which someone is sent to borrow from the neighbors without knowing about the trick (they put a stone or some other heavy object into the bag)’ Rdm, dialectal ‘simpleton, fool’ Rdm, Šn, Sn.

2. SEMANTIC HOMONYMS

Semantic homonyms arise when the meanings of a word diverge, or when a word is used metaphorically. Both words in the semantic homonym entries presented in this article are borrowings; not only have their meanings diverged, but they may also have entered Lithuanian by different routes. For example, the international word talentas ‘a unit of weight, a monetary unit’ can be distinguished, because of the divergence in meaning, from talentas in its figurative sense, ‘extraordinary innate creative abilities’, etc. In etymological and

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other dictionaries, semantic homonyms are often presented as polysemous words.

1 arpa f. (1) ‘a stringed musical instrument, harp, kanklės’ Lex 46, C II 81, Q 244, B 121, 636, 851, H 10, R I 7, RD 204, MŽ I 11, MŽ II 254, N 9, K 22, K I 589, Alm 27, KŽ; cf. Old Scandinavian harpa, Old Saxon harpa, Middle Dutch harp, Old English harp, Old Swedish harpa, Old Icelandic harpa, Middle High German harpfe, Old High German har(p)fa, harfe, New High German Harfe ‘harp’. The word’s original etymology is unclear (Kluge 2002: 392), Italian arpa; New Low German dialectal arpa ‘grain-cleaning machine; a kind of sieve; musical instrument, harp, etc.’ < New High German Harfe ‘harp’ (LKPŽ 2016: 213, 215).

2 arpa f. (1) ‘winnower, machine for cleaning and winnowing grain’ OZ 7, KŽ, ZŠŽ (Nm, Br, Šk), LŽ, Gs; cf. Middle Dutch harp ‘sieve, riddle’, South West German harpe ‘rack for drying grain’, New High German Harfe ‘a square wire device for cleaning grain, whose wires are like the strings of a harp’ (Grimm X 474, 35; Kluge 1957: 288–289), West Low German harpe (Sehers 1953: 34); Lithuanian dialectal arpa ‘grain-winnowing machine; a kind of sieve; musical instrument, harp, etc.’; Belarusian dialectal а́па ‘grain-winnowing device’ (LKPŽ 2016: 215). In many dictionaries it is presented as a polysemous word.

1 arpas m. (4) ‘kanklės’ C I 849, R II 191, RD 209, MŽ II 254, N 9, T, KŽ, Smn, Vv, Pn; cf. 1 arpa.

2 arpas m. (4) ‘machine for winnowing and cleaning grain’ Važg, KzRŽ, Pn, Ut, Kt, Prn, Vv, Vlkv, Smn; cf. 2 arpa.

1 gonkai m. pl. (2) 1. ‘entrance hall, porch, veranda’ Lex 74, TDr IV 67 (Ck), LKA I 39 (Ps, Rk environs), DvŽ, ZŠŽ (Nm), Klm, Sv, Ps, Rk. 2. ‘outbuilding adjoining a barn’ LKA I 48 (Rod); cf. New High German Gang ‘corridor, passageway, path’, Swedish gang, Middle High German ganc, Old High German gang, Old Saxon gang, Old Scandinavian gangr m., Old English gang m., Old Frisian gang, gong, ung, Gothic gag n. (Kluge 2002: 329); Old Prussian Gang ‘bed, frame; stairs’ (R II 157); Latvian ganga ‘entrance hall’ from German Gang (Sehers 1953: 35); (South Low German, West Low German) Middle Dutch ganek ‘porch; balcony; a kind of fitted-out structure, etc.’ < Middle High German ganc, New High German Gang ‘corridor, passageway’; Old Belarusian ганок, ганок, ганек (ганок), ‘porch, balcony, etc.’; New Belarusian (dial.) ганак, ганек ‘porch, veranda’, New Belarusian dial. ганок ‘porch’; New Russian dial. ганок, ганку pl. ‘same’ (LKPŽ 2016: 307). W. Smoczyński derives this word from Polish ganek, na ganku (Smoczyński 2007, 192), and ALEW derives it from Polish ganek (ALEW I 350). P. Skardžius thinks that Lithuanian gõnkas in Bretkūnas’s Bible may have been borrowed directly from German (Skardžius 1931: 7. Cf. 2 gonkas; gankas, gonka, pl. gonkos (LKŽe).

2 gõnkai m. pl. ‘courses (of thread, fabric)’ B 518, 570, MŽ I 83, Kp, Klm, Pn, Zr, Rd, An, Klp, Ut, Ign, Šlu, Ukm, Mlt, Vrn, Ščn, Šnč, Vnv < Old Prussian Gang ‘a row of 20 threads in the loom, which the beater teeth draw in every 10 threads, i.e. every half “pass”’ (Fr I 215), West Low German gang, technical term ‘weavers’ term’ (MndW II 10–11); Latvian

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gañgis from Old Prussian gang ‘a weaving term, a certain number of threads in the warp or loom (in Aufzug)’ (Schwers 1953: 35). Cf. 2 gonkas.

1 gonkas masculine noun (2) Š, LŽ, gonkas (1) [K] ‘outbuilding, porch, veranda’ BB 1 Sam 9,22, BB 1 Kings 5,5, Ch Judges 3,23, C II 400, MŽ I 83, N 260, [K], FrnW, LKA I 39 (mostly in the northeastern part of the Lithuanian-speaking area, an, Ut, Ob, Kp, Pn, Rd, Ūkm, Mlt, Ign, Zr, Klm, Tl, Klp, Trv, Dkst, Ap, Dv, Šlčn, Lz, Zt, Vnv, Rod, Pls environs), ZtŽ, Sm, Ds, Trv, Klt (Prussian border area), diminutive gonkelis Brž, Klt, Ds, gonkeliai plural Krtn, Rd, gonkiukas Klm, Šl, Rs, gonkuči plural Klm, Šl, Rs, see LKA I 39, mostly in the northeastern part of the Lithuanian-speaking area. Cf. 1 gon­kai.

2 gonkas masculine noun (2) plural ‘sections (of yarn, cloth)’ B 715 (original genitive plural Gonku), 716 (genitive plural gonku), 768 (genitive plural Gonku), N 260, [K]. Cf. 2 gon­kai.

1 rūkis masculine noun (1) Kv, rūkis (2) 1. ‘hempen thread (usually rather short, with folds)’ K. Būg, Alm 113, FrnW, KŽ, Šlu, Sg, Šv, Žv, Žr. 2. ‘coarse hempen fabric’ D. Pošk, J, FrnW, Up, Vdk; cf. Old High German rock ‘outer garment; clerical garment’ (MndW II 494). Old Prussian rock ‘skirt’ (Mitzka 1919: 123; Čepienė 1994: 158, 160); Old High German roc, rok, Old Saxon rok, Middle Dutch rok, New High German Rok ‘skirt, jacket, military uniform, soldier’s uniform jacket’ (Kluge 2002: 768). Also cf. ruikė, rikis (LKŽe).

2 rūkis Pln ‘a cut-off piece of a patterned fabric (about 1 m long)’ Gr, Vdk may have arisen through figurative extension from rūkis ‘skirt’. However, because of the same meaning ‘piece of patterned fabric’, it may be linked to the diminutive ruikis from rūis ‘piece of patterned fabric’ < Old Prussian rul ‘roller, roll, laundry mangle’, Alm (PrW), Old High German rule ‘mist, roller, reel, shaft, roll (of paper)’ (MndW III 526).

1 tálentas masculine noun (1), talentas (2) DP 362 1. ‘a unit of weight used in Greece, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Egypt, equivalent to 26.2–37 kg’ BB 2 Exodus 37,24, BB 1 Chron 20,6, BB 1 Kings 16,24, BB 2 Macc 4,8, BB Zech 5,7, Ch Exodus 25,39, Skv Exodus 25,39, TrpŽ. 2. ‘a monetary unit in ancient Greece, Babylonia, Persia, and Asia Minor, consisting of 60 minas’ BB 2 Exodus 37,24, BB 2 Exodus 38,24, BB Matthew 25,15, DP 359, 387, 389, 390, SD 367, SD³ 440, SP I 51, S. Dauk, NŽ, GN Matthew 25,16, DŽ, TrpŽ. Cf. German Talent neuter ‘(Greek) sum of money corresponding to a weight’, Dutch talent, Norwegian talent; German, from French talent masculine ‘innate abilities’, and this from Latin talentum ‘pound’, which, like Greek tálanton ‘scales; that which is weighed; a certain weight; a certain sum of money’, denotes a unit of weight, scales (Grimm XXI 96, 53; Kluge 2002: 904); 1. talent ‘unit of weight’ from Latin talentum ‘Greek unit of mass = 26.2 kg; Greek monetary unit = 600 drachmas; and this from Greek talanton ‘scales; silver coin’ (Brückner 1974: 564; LLŽ 847), (verb) 1. talent ‘unusual ability; gift of God; ability to practice magic; success; an old measure of silver or gold < French talent ‘ability, aptitude’, from Medieval Latin talentum ‘pound; talent, learning, inclination; desire’, from Latin talentum ‘Greek unit of measure

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unit (~26.2 kg); monetary unit, from Greek tálanton ‘scales; unit of measure (~26.2 kg); monetary unit’ (LKPŽ 642). Cf. 2 tálentas.

2 tálentas masculine noun (1) 1. ‘exceptional innate creative abilities’ S. Dauk, M, Rtr, KŽ, NdŽ, DŽ¹, J. Balč, A. Grc, ‘of a person with great ability’ J. Gruš, Pt, ‘a positive, apparently innate trait’ LTs IV 434, NŽR. 2. noun ‘lot, destiny, fate’ Sln, LR (Ls), Krž, Šml. 3. noun ‘happiness, good fortune, success’ Žem, NŽR, DS 157 (Rs), Brs, Ms, Šts, Lk, Rt. 4. noun ‘trade, occupation, business’ Šrn, Gdr, Sr, Pv, Lpl, Png, Plm. 5. ‘way, means’ Png. Cf. (verb) 1. talent ‘unusual ability; gift of God; ability to work magic; success; in old measures of silver or gold < French talent ‘ability, aptitude’, from Medieval Latin talentum ‘pound; talent, learning, inclination; desire’, from Latin talentum ‘Greek unit of weight (~26.2 kg); monetary unit, from Greek tálanton ‘scales; unit of measure (~26.2 kg); monetary unit’ (LKPŽ 642); Belarusian talent (FrnW II 1053). Cf. also 1 tálentas.

3. DERIVATIONAL HOMONYMS

Derivational homonyms arise when the same affix is added to roots with similar or identical sound structures, or when the methods of word formation differ. The homonyms presented here derive from the derivative 1 steigė ‘roof tile; shingle’ and the Germanism 2 steigė ‘three-spined stickleback’.

1 steigė sf. (4) DŽ; Ser 1. ‘roof tile’ Š, NdŽ, MLE II 336, sp, FrnW. 2. ‘shingle’ Š, NdŽ. Dainys from stiegelė; cf. MLG tegel ‘roof tile’ (MndW IV 517), NHG Ziegel ‘roof tile’; Latvian stiegelis ‘brick’ from MLG tegel ‘brick’ with an s inserted before t (Sehwers 1953: 122), Latin tegula. Cf. also stiegel (LKŽe). W. Smoczyński considers steigė ‘roof tile’ a derivative of Lithuanian stiegti ‘to cover a roof with thatch’ (Smoczyński 2008: 603), while E. Fraenkel regards it as a loan from Latin via an MLG dialect (FrnW).

2 steigė sf. (4) zool. ‘three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)’ rš < MLG stekele ‘small, spiny fish, stickleback’ (MndW IV 379; FrnW II 900); cf. NHG Stichling m. ‘various small fish’; Latvian stērkeles ‘small, spiny fish’ from MLG stekele ‘the same’ (Sehwers 1953, 122). Cf. also stiegis, stegė, stėgis, stėkė, stėkis (LKŽe).

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II. HOMONYMS NOT DISTINGUISHED IN THE INDEX OF JOKŪBAS BRODOVSKIS’ DICTIONARY

Undistinguished homonyms are also found in the word index to J. Brodovskis’ 18th-century manuscript dictionary Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicum et Lithvanico=Germanicum III, published in 2009. One entry includes the Germanism gliōti ‘to have value, cost; mean, be suitable’ B 548 (orig. Gliōti), B 815, PVG 67 (1715, orig. glilōti), 393 (1793), 538 (1808), 524 (1908), R II 5 (ne glilōti ‘not suitable’), MŽ II 6, LLCh (Glossary), TDr VII 36, giliuoti BB 1 PvM 5,11 (orig. gilōti), Lex 40a (gilōti), Q 23 (orig. Giliūti), B 548 (orig. Gil-lūti), PVG 125 (1738), 434 (1797), K, K I 572, A 183, 191, SngŽ, Alm 54, kŽ, kzŽ, Ss, Ktk, Mr, Pv, giliōt žŽ (žk) < Prussian gele ‘to have a certain value’ (Alm (PrW)); cf. NHG gelten ‘to have value; be valid; be considered (as); be intended (for)’, Old Saxon geldan, Old High German gala (Kluge 2002: 343); and the Lithuanian word gylōti, gyluoti ‘to gad about, run around, be restless’ B 258, 290, 842, 865, 870, orig. Ænig Linns Stom, Bittes giloi⁵, wirzuj’ Saule teka; Dacht, Wachs uſnd das Bren[n] des Lichts (B 258);

pikis (pykis) ‘spear, bayonet, axe with a long handle (a weapon of war)’ B 978 (Pikis), BzF 154, K, K II 110, BsP I 10, Alm 100, borrowed from Prussian Pik ‘a stick with a sharp iron point for stabbing, spear’ (Fr II 142), pik ‘spear’ (Alm (PrW)), Pike (B 978); cf. MLG pek, peke ‘the same’ (MndW II 313), Old Prussian pik, Dutch pick, NHG Pike ‘pike’, Prussian pique (Kluge 2002: 702); not distinguished from another word, the Germanism pikis ‘tar-like mass obtained in the production of tar, coal tar, etc.’ Lex 67, Q 381 (orig. Pikis), C I 102, C II 196, 680, Bb Sir 13,1, B 95, 239, 552, 968 (orig. Pikis. Smala degtā), R I 107, R II 275, RB 2 Moz 2,3, MŽ I 198, MŽ II 368, N 289, K, J, I, Dor (Klp), Alm 100, K. Büg, Sim, FrW, DŽ, ŠDŽ, ŽSŽ (Snt, Žlt, Grš), kzŽ, ŠVŽŽ (Gail, Klaus, Ms), Jn, Krš, Grš, Škr, Varn, Grn, Up, Jnš, ‘certain black dye’ Šts, derived from Prussian pick, pek ‘tar’ (Alm (PrW)), Pech ‘pitch, tar’ (Lex 67, C II 196), MLG pek, pik ‘the same’ (MndW II 313), NHG Pech n. ‘pitch, tar; colloq. bad luck’; cf. MHG pech, Old Saxon pik, Old English pic, Dutch pek, pik (Kluge 2002: 687); Latvian piķis ‘tar’ from MLG pik ‘the same’ (Sehwers 1953: 88);

randa ‘rent, income’ B 912, 1014; cf. MHG rent(e) ‘income from interest’, NHG Rente, Old High German rānta, Dutch rente, Old French rente (Kluge 2002: 758); Belarusian panda ‘rent?’; listed together with randa ‘a streak, a welt, a bruise (from a blow)’ B 40, to be associated with Lithuanian rantas, rantyti (Smoczyński 2007, 499);

⁵In the Prussian Lithuanian dialect, i in this word was probably short, since it is followed by ll.

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rūtà bot. ‘plant’ Lex 70, LKŽe, B 272 (orig. Kiżkio Ruta), 420 (orig. Paukščiu Rutos), 999 (orig. Ruta), <Prussian or Lithuanian ruta (FrnW), not distinguished from the Germanism rūtà ‘windowpane’ B 999, R II 178, 287, MŽ II 236, 384, N 452, K I 431, M, FrnW, Kv, Ktn, Tg, Rkl, Pg < Pr.v. rūt ‘windowpane’ (Alm (PrW); Fr II 217); cf. Old High German rute ‘rhombus, regular quadrilateral, windowpane’, late Old High German rūte, Middle Dutch rute, New High German Raute ‘geometric figure’; attested in the 14th century; the word’s original etymology is unclear (Kluge 2002: 747). It is not included in LKŽe from J. Brodovskis’s dictionary. J. Brodovskis listed them as separate words, regarded them as homonyms, for example:

Raute 1 herba Ruta Luc 11,42. 2 vitrum in fenestra Ruta Lango.

However, they are not listed separately in the word index compiled by Vincentas Drotvinas.

urtas noun (1) Prussian. 1. ‘enclosure, pen, fenced area’ B 727 (orig. pl. Urtai, Horten der Schaafen) Middle High German Hürte, N 35 (B), KŽ. 2. ‘herd, group (of cattle)’ LžŽ; for the etymology, cf. Prussian Hürde, Hürte ‘enclosure, pen (for cattle)’ (Lex 51a, C I 98; B 727, 733), Horten, Hürte ‘enclosure (for sheep)’ (B 727), Hort ‘partition made of boards (for pigs), open space; a long, basket-shaped woven object for collecting and storing fruit’ (Fr I 299); Middle High German hurt, Old High German hurt ‘woven object’, Gothic hurds, Old Saxon hurd, New High German Hürde ‘enclosure, hurdle, fenced area’ (Kluge 2002: 428); Old Lithuanian urt, (Old Lithuanian, New Lithuanian hurt) ‘portable hurdle fence used to enclose a flock of sheep; herd, flock; sheep; group; a heap of goods; pile of things’ < Old High German hurt ‘sheep enclosure, hurdle fence’; New Belarusian (dial.) zym ‘herd, flock; fire site; pile; abundance, etc.’ (LKPŽ 177); New Russian zym ‘herd, flock, group’ via Lithuanian hurt from Middle High German hurt ‘a line of woven branches or twigs where sheep spend the night’ (Vasmer I 476); the word is not distinguished from the Germanism urtas noun (2) ‘an old silver coin, worth about ¼ of a thaler, an ort’ B 962, R II 324, MŽ II 434, N 35 (Klp, Rg), sr, K, BS 112, JD 1501, Jn, FrnW, KŽ < Prussian Ort, Ortsthaler ‘same’ (B 962), Old High German ort n., m. ‘place where two lines meet, corner; vertex; a quarter of a measure, coin, etc.’ (MndW III 238–239); cf. Old High German ort, Middle High German ort m., n., Old Saxon ort m., Dutch oort, New High German Ort m., n. ‘vertex, point (especially of weapons), corner; a quarter of a coin; a quarter of a weight or measure; a small coin, Ortstaler, Ortsgulden ‘quarter of a thaler’ (Grimm XII 1350, 70; PaulW 447); Latvian ūorts, ūorte ‘ort, coin (¼ of a thaler, later 30 silver kopecks)’ from Middle Low German ort ‘¼ thaler, coin’, in the 16th or early 17th century (Sehwers 1953: 148, 215); (Old Lithuanian) New Lithuanian urt ‘silver coin of the 16th–17th centuries (≈ ¼ thaler in value), used in Europe, etc.’; (Old Lithuanian, Lithuanian) New Lithuanian ort ‘same’ < Middle High German, Old High German ort ‘coin, etc.’ (ALEW I 56; LKPŽ 177, 216); Polish urt < German Örten, Ürten ‘weight; coin, a quarter of a thaler’ (Brückner 1974: 595). E. Fraenkel derives Lithuanian urtas from Polish ort, urt (FrnW), W. Smoczyński

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also derives it from Polish ort ‘a fractional coin minted in the 16th–17th centuries’ (Smoczyński ALE 58, 2008: 57). Cf. also urta, Polish ortas, orta, artas (LKŽe). vóga feminine noun (1) Ndž, vóga feminine noun (2) KŽ ‘clod, lump of earth’ C I 56, Q 56, B 52 (orig. Gruntas, Woga, German Ackerscholle, N 85, [K], LsB 218, LV IV 492, FrnW, a native word, related to Lithuanian vãgà ‘furrow in ploughed land; ridge of piled-up earth’ (FrnW II 1271; ALEW II 127), listed together with another word, the Germanism vóga feminine noun (1), voga (2) ‘scales, weighing device’ BB Jer 32,10, VlnE 169,20, Q 29 (orig. Aukso woga ‘scales for weighing gold’, German Gold=Wage), PVG 442 (197 pp.), B 185 (orig. Wogós Balkis, German Bake an der Waage), 269 (orig. Szwyn Woga l Swartis, German BleyWage), R I 182, R II 390, Klim, MŽ I 332, MŽ II 524, N 85, [K], M, Alm 148, KŽ, ŽŽ (Nm), DvŽ, Slm, Kv, Varn, Grv, Al, Kt < Eastern Prussian. Prussian wōy ‘scales’ (Mitzka 1919: 153), Middle High German wog (frequent in Luther’s Bible and in written records of Alsatian dialects), early New High German woge; cf. Danish våg ‘a certain weight’, New Swedish våg, Norwegian vaag, New Dutch waag, German Wage, New High German Wage f. ‘weight; weighing device, scales; weighing; state of equilibrium, balance; figuratively, weighing; lever, etc.’; Middle High German wāge, Old High German wāga, Old Saxon wāga, Old Scandinavian wāga (Grimm XXII 346, 62; Kluge 200: 96); Middle Low German wage ‘scales, weighing device; place where weighing is done; accuracy of scales; a certain weight (depending on the type of goods)’ (MndW V 573–574); Prussian wōg ‘lever’ (Alm (PrW), Wage f. ‘lever’ (Fr II 452); Latvian vāga ‘scales’ from Old Prussian wāge (Sehwes 1953: 152); (Old Lithuanian, Lithuanian) New Lithuanian (dial.) waga ‘scales; place where weighing is done; weighing; traction; weight; quantity weighed; weight, etc.’ < Middle High German wāge, Old High German wāga, New High German Wage ‘scales; weight; weight; Old Belarusian вага ‘weight; system of weight measurement; right to weigh; weighing fee; scales; place where weighing is done; importance; hanging balance, etc.’ (LKPŽ 672–673). It has been noted that in the “Word Index,” vol. II, of J. Brodovskis’s dictionary, the native word grows ‘tool for breaking down walls (masonry)’ B 902 (orig. [Maur]brecher Muro grows) is listed together with the Germanism gros ‘count’ B 599 (orig. Graff Growś), 763, 839, which is based on Prussian Groaf ‘count’ (Riemann II 487), Rhine German dialect grōf (Grimm VII 168, 52), New High German Graf ‘count’; cf. Middle High German grāve, Middle Dutch grave, grewe, Middle High German grave ‘same’, New Dutch graaf, Old Latin -gravius (Kluge 1957: 266; 2002: 367); Polish gróf from Hungarian grof (Brückner 1974: 173); these words are, of course, not homonyms.

II. HOMONYMS NOT INCLUDED IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE (LKŽ, LKŽe)

Some words are absent from LKŽ and LKŽe (only 1 dėkis is listed). Borrowings form not only binary but also ternary homonyms, for example, dėkis. 1 dėkis and 2 dėkis could be semantic homonyms.

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1 dėkis noun (2) ‘covering (for a bed, seat, or legs); horse blanket, horsecloth, cover; covering, screen’ BB 2 Moz 26,7, BB 2 Moz 34,35, Lex 67a, C I 453, C II 205 (orig. Arklių Dėkis Pferd=Decke), B 244, 289, 341, 358, 545, 901, 974, R I 24, R II 98, MŽ I 48, MŽ II 128, 332, PVG 34 (1775), N 136 (orig. dėkis), K, ALI 54, 34 (NTK), J, Alm 43, KŽ, ŽŠŽ (VšR, Nm), Kz-RŽ, KtnŽ, ŠVŽ (Ms, Krv, Prlg), Ktn, Kv, VšR, Užv, Gs, dim. dekelis N 136, dėkis KzRŽ, ‘bedspread’ ŽŠŽ (Žvr, Lkč, Nm, Bbl), KzRŽ, Ktn, dėkis NmŽ < Prv. dėk ‘same meaning’ (Ziesemer II 32; Alm (PrW)); cf. Prv. Decke ‘underlay, cover, rug’ (Lex 23; C I 453), Old Prussian dece ‘same meaning’ (Sehwers 1953: 26), MHG Decke ‘blanket; horse blanket, horsecloth; tablecloth; covering; garment; ceiling’ → German decken ‘to cover’; Latvian dēdis ‘blanket, cover’ from Old Prussian dece (Sehwers 1953: 26). Cf. also dekė (LKŽė).

2 dėkis noun ‘ceiling of a house’ LKA I 49 (Pž) < Prv. Deck ‘ceiling of a house’ (Ziesemer II 32); cf. MHG Decke ‘ceiling’; OHG decke ‘roof’ (Grimm II 660, 32), Dutch dac, dek, MHG Dach n. ‘roof’, → German decken ‘to cover’ (Kluge 2002: 176).

3 dėkis noun ‘(ship’s) deck’ KŽ, dek’ Dor (Klp) < German Deck n. ‘same meaning’; cf. Dutch dek, English deck; a word of Dutch origin (Kluge 1957: 124; 2002: 183).

1 giselis noun ‘pupil, assistant (of a master craftsman, merchant, miller)’ Lex 77a, B 306, N 257; cf. 1 gizėlis.

2 giselis noun ‘a brake on a loom, the spindle of a loom on which the warp and fabric are wound (Hemmung am oberen Webebaum)’ N 257. Cf. also 2 gzelis; gyslys (LKŽė).

1 gizėlis noun (2) 1. ‘pupil, assistant (of a craftsman, master, merchant, miller)’ B 76, 306, 566, 663 (Gizelis), 663, 906, 912, Q 458, 466, R II 190, MŽ II 173, 229, PVG 194 (1748), 301 (1770), 505 (1806), StgŽ, Drg, N 257, K, K II 349, Sch 213, Alm 54, FrnW, KŽ, Vlkv, Lvn, Pc, Lkš, ŽŠŽ (St, Lkš, Nm, Žvr, Sr), gizėlis (1) KŽ, Pn, Kdn, Pc, Vdk, Ds, gizelis Vlk, giželis Klp 63, contra KtnŽ, dim. gizeliukas KlvD 191, KŽ. 2. noun ‘unwilling person’ Pl < Prv. gesel ‘journeyman (craftsman’s); companion’ (Alm (PrW)), Gesell (C I 741; O 466; B 566); cf. MHG Geselle ‘young man, journeyman, (work) companion’, OHG geselle; a social formation from German Gesal ‘hall, room’ (Kluge 2002: 352); Polish dialectal gizel (Polish gizeł ‘journeyman, master’s assistant; trader’ < MHG Geselle ‘journeyman, (work) companion; young man; friend’ (LKPŽ 66). Cf. also 1 giselis; gezelis, gžėlius, gžėlis (LKŽė).

2 gizėlis noun (2) ‘brake on the upper loom beam (Hemmung am oberen Webebaum)’ B 570 (orig. was den obersten Baum aufhält). Gefll. Gizėlis, N 257, KŽ < Prv. Gesell ‘same meaning’ (B 570). Cf. also 2 giselis.

1 kóka feminine noun (1) 1. ‘pillory’ N 204, [K], K II 113, KŽ, Alm 70. 2. ‘harbor signal indicating that a ship may enter’ N 204, [K], KŽ < Prv. kok, kāk masculine noun ‘pillory’ (Fr I 326, Alm (PrW)), Kaak ‘pillory, stake’ (C I

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1030, B 765, 985), Kak ‘pillory’ (Lex 52a); cf. Old High German kāk ‘pillory’ (MnW II 417); Swedish kāk, Norwegian kaak f., Danish kag, Dutch kaak, German Kak m., kake f., a word of Low German, partly Middle German, and also Rhine dialect (Grimm XI 47, 65; Fr I 326); Latvian kāķis ‘pillory’ from Old High German kāk (Sehwers 1953: 186); Lithuanian koka. Cf. also 1 koka.

2 kóka f. ‘small cake’ K II 23 (orig. linsēniu kōka, German Leinkuchen), Alm 70, KŽ < Prv. kóke ‘same meaning’ (Alm (PrW)); cf. Old High German kōke m. ‘small cake’ (MnW II 514), Middle Dutch kōke, Old English cake, Old Scandinavian kaka f., New High German Kuchen ‘small cake’. The word may be of Romance origin; cf. Sardinian coca ‘small cake’, Catalan coca ‘milk bread, small cake’, southern French coco ‘round white bread, loaf’ (Grimm XI 2496, 72; Kluge 2002: 543). Cf. also 2 koka.

In one entry, LKŽe lists these meanings of kókas: 1. ‘confession’ K II 23. 2. K II 113 ‘pillory’. 3. [k] ‘a harbor signal indicating that a ship may enter’. 4. ‘pill (?)’ TŽ V 250. F. Kurschat’s dictionary (K II 23) gives the meaning ‘small cake (made of flaxseed)’, but not ‘confession’. The meaning ‘small cake’ for the words koka, kókas is not found in LKŽe.

1 kókas m. 1. ‘pillory’ B 985. 2. ‘fetter’ JD 659. 3. ‘cone’ N 204, [k], KŽ. Cf. 1 koka.

2 kókas m. ‘small cake’ KŽ; cf. 2 koka.

CONCLUSIONS

Borrowings from various languages or dialects also become homophones when they converge phonetically. Homonyms formed from borrowings, whose two words have different meanings and origins, should be presented in separate dictionary entries.

One criterion for distinguishing homonyms from polysemous words could be not only the difference in meaning between borrowings, but also their origin—the different source words from which they were borrowed. Semantic homonyms are close to polysemous words. They arise when words acquire new meanings, often figurative ones, and are therefore often not distinguished in dictionaries. If a figurative meaning of a word came from another language, they should probably be treated as homonyms. Some homonyms may originally have had the same origin, but later acquired new meanings in different languages.

Etimologically unrelated homonyms formed through borrowing—where both words are Germanisms, one is a Germanism and the other a Slavicism, or one is a Lithuanian word and the other a Germanism—are recorded mainly in the writings and dictionaries of East Prussia and in the western and southwestern Lithuanian dialects. Words that later became homonyms are already found in the earliest Lithuanian writings, in Bretkūnas’s 16th-century Bible (šilmistras, gongas). Most are pairs of homonyms, though a few sets of three are also found.

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ABBREVIATIONS

Old English

English

Church Slavonic

Belarusian

Danish

diminutive

dialect

Frisian

Germanic

Gothic

Greek

hybrid

Icelandic

Polish

Latvian

Lith. – Lithuanian

Lat. – Latin

Mod. – modern

Dutch – Dutch

Mod. Dutch – Modern Dutch

Norw. – Norwegian

NHG – New High German

Dutch – Dutch

orig. – in the original

cf. – compare

Fr. – French

Pr. – Prussian

praef. – praefixum, prefix

Prussian German – Prussian German

East – eastern

Russ. – Russian

s. – Old

sk. – Old Saxon

s.nl. – Old Dutch

s.s. – Old Saxon

s.skand. – Old Scandinavian

s.v.a. – Old High German

šv. – Swedish

t. p. – likewise

v. – Middle

v.lot. – Medieval Latin

v.nl. – Middle Dutch

vok. – German

v.a. – High German

v.v. – Middle German

v.v.a. – Middle High German

v.v.ž. – Middle Low German

v.ž. – German Low Prussian

The other abbreviations are the same as in the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and LKŽ.

LITERATURE AND SOURCES

ALEW – Alt litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. (ALEW). Edited under the direction of Wolfgang Hock, with contributions from Elvira-Julia Bukevičiūtė and Christian Schiller, and compiled by Rainer Fecht, Anna Helene Feulner, Eugen Hill, and Dagmar S. Wodtko. Volume 1. A–M, Volume 2. N–Ž, Volume 3. Lists and indices. Hamburg: baar Verlag, 2015.

Alm – Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Teil 1: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen by Dr. K. Alminauskis. Kaunas: St. Casimir Society Bookshop, [1934]. Alm (PrW): W. Ziesemer’s manuscript Preussisches Wörterbuch, which K. Alminauskis used.

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A r i s t o t e l i s 1990: Selected Writings. Vilnius: Mintis.

B r ü c k n e r A l e k s a n d e r 1974: Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna.

Č e p i e n ė N i j o l ė 1994: Dvibalsių kilmė skoliniuose iš vokiečių kalbos. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 34, 158–161.

Č e p i e n ė N i j o l ė 2006: Lietuvių kalbos germanizmai ir jų fonetinės ypatybės. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

DvŽ – Dictionary of Twenty Dialects. 1: A–M, authors L. Grumadienė, D. Mikulėnienė, K. Morkūnas, A. Vidugiris, 2005; 2: N–Ž, authors D. Mikulėnienė, K. Morkūnas, A. Vidugiris, 2010. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

Falk 1960: H. S. Falk, Alf Terp. Norwegisch dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2 Teile, 2 Auflage. Oslo & Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, Heidelberg, 1960.

Fr – Preussisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und Westpreussische Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Folge by H. Frischbier, 1–2. Berlin: Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin, 1882.

FnW – Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch by Ernst Fraenkel, 1–2. Göttingen, 1955–1965.

Georges 2004: Lateinisch–Deutsch. Deutsch–Lateinisch. Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, Kleines deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch von Karl Ernst Georges. Faksimile und Volltext. Zweite, erweiterte Ausgabe. Directmedia. Berlin.

Grimm 204: The Digital Grimm. German Dictionary by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. Electronic edition of the first edition. Zweitausendeins.

J a k a i t i e n ė E v a l d a 1980: Lithuanian Lexicology. Vilnius: Mokslas.

J a k a i t i e n ė E v a l d a 2005: Lexicography. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing.

K a r u l i s K o n s t a n t i n s 1992: Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca 1–2. Riga: Avots.

K l u g e F r i e d r i c h 1957, 2002: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 17 Auflage. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1957; Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache 24 Auflage, Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2002.

KtnŽ – Juozas Aleksandravičius. Dictionary of the Kretinga Dialect. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2011.

KzRŽ – Aldonas Pukis. Dictionary of the Kazlų Rūda Dialect 1. A–M, 2008; 2. N–Ž, 2009. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

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Lasch Agathe 1914: Mittelniederdeutsche Grammatik. Halle a. S.: Verlag von Max Niemeyer.

LKA I 1977 – Atlas of the Lithuanian Language. Lexicon. Vilnius: Mokslas.

LKPŽ – Kregždys Rolandas. Dictionary of Polish Loanwords in the Lithuanian Language. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2016.

LKŽ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–2. Vilnius: Mintis, 1968–1969; 3–6. Vilnius: State Publishing House of Political and Scientific Literature, 1956–1962; 7–9. Vilnius: Mintis, 1966–1973; 10–15. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976–1991; 16–17. Vilnius: Publishing House of Science and Encyclopedias, 1995–1996; 18–19. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedias Publishing, 1997–1999.

LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–20, 1941–2002, electronic version, editorial board: Gertrūda Naktinienė (editor-in-chief), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2005 (updated version, 2008). Available online: http://www.lkz.lt.

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Straipsniai / Articles

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NJOLĖ ČEPIENĖ

Homonyms in the Dictionaries of the Lithuanian Language

SUMMARY

The article analyses the homonyms found in The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ, LKŽe) and J. Jokūbas Brodovski’s Dictionary, which originated due to the borrowing of words from other languages and which are not presented as homonyms in the dictionary entries. By their formation, the homonyms are divided into etymological, semantic and derivational. In most cases both words originated from Germanic languages; several formed from a Lithuanian word and a Germanism, a Lithuanian word and a Slavism; one of them originated from a Lithuanian word and a hybrid word; one derived from a Germanism and a word of Turkish, Tatar languages. Borrowings become similar to the word in Lithuanian with a different meaning, but these words have a different origin and meaning and should thus be presented in different entries, e.g. 1 stiegė ‘a roof tile; lat. stiegelė and associated with MLG tegel ‘tile’ (Mnd W IV 517); cf. NHG Ziegel ‘roof tile’; Lat. stegelis ‘brick’; Lat. tegula, whereas 2 stiegė zol. ‘stickeback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)’ is borrowed from Middle Low German stele ‘small spined fish, stickeback’. The article provides the homonyms which are not available in LKŽ, LKŽe.

The index of J. Brodovski’s 18^th century manuscript dictionary Lexicon Germanico=Litvanicum et Lithvanico=Germanicum III published in 2009 also contains unseparated homonyms, e.g. the native word uga ‘lump, piece of soil’ is not separated from the Germanism voga ‘scale’; Germanism urtas ‘old money, artas’ goes together with urtas ‘stall, enclosure’ ‘cattle-shed, cot’. In his dictionary J. Brodskis presented the words rūta ‘plant’ and rūta ‘windowpane’ as separate words and considered them homonyms; however, they are not separated in the index compiled by Vincentas Drotvinas.

Received 10 July 2017.

NJOLĖ ČEPIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva

[email protected]

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