 S aipsniai / A icles 117
PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
Uni e si yo Wa saw
ORCIDid:o cid.o g/0000-0002-1850-0818
Fieldso  esea ch:His o yo Bal iclanguages,mo phology,
syn ax,seman ics, oice,modali y.
DOI:doi.o g/10.35321/all91-05
DISAPPEARANCEOFTHE
AUXILIARYVERBESTIINTHE
LITHUANIANPASSIVE
Pagalbinio eiksmažodžioes i išnykimasiš
lie u iųkalbosne eikiamosios ūšies
ANNOTATION
Thep o o ypicalpassi e oiceinLi huanianisananaly icalcons uc ionconsis ingo a
passi epas pa icipleand heauxilia y e bbū i‘ obe’.Nowadays, heconjuga iono  his
e bin hep esen  enseis egula ,excep  o  hesupple i e o mo  he hi dpe sony a,an
Eas Bal icinno a ion,andhis o ically,i so iginal o mwases i.Al hough hede elopmen 
anduseso  he e by aa ewelldesc ibed,i sde elopmen asapassi eauxilia y e bhas
no  ecei edenougha en ion.Thepape aims o ace hedisappea anceo  he o mes i
om he unc iono anauxilia y e bin hepassi econs uc ionsbasedonOldLi huanian
ex s om1547–1816, ep esen edbyp in s om h eehis o icaldialec so Li huanian.
 KEYWORDS:Li huanian (language), diach ony, passi e, pa iciple, auxilia y
e b.
ANOTACIJA
Lie u iųkalbosne eikiamosios ūšiesp o o ipasy aanali inėkons ukcija,suda y aiš
ne eikiamosios ūšiesbū ojolaikodaly ioi pagalbinio eiksmažodžiobū i.Daba inėje
lie u iųkalboješio eiksmažodžioesamojolaikoasmena imasy a aisyklingas,išsky us
suple y inę3-iojoasmens o mąy a,ku i– y ųbal ųkalbųino acija,ois o iškaipi minė
josbu usi o ma– es i.No s eiksmažodžioy a aidai  a osenage aiap ašy a,jo,kaip
ne eikiamosios ūšies pagalbinio eiksmažodžio, aidai ski a nepakankamai dėmesio.
S aipsnio ikslas– emian is1547–1816me ųsenosioslie u iųkalbos eks ais,ku iuos
PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
118 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
ep ezen uoja ijų is o inių lie u ių kalbos a mių spaudiniai, a sek i o mos es i, kaip
a liekančiospagalbinio eiksmažodžio unkciją,išnykimąne eikiamosiosekons ukcijose.
 ESMINIAIŽODŽIAI:lie u ių kalba, diach onija, ne eikiamoji nuosaka, daly is,
pagalbinis eksmažodis.
1. INTRODUCTION
In o mula inguni e sals ela ed o hena u eo  hepassi e,onemus be
ca e ulbecausei maydi e ins uc u eand unc ion omlanguage olanguage
(Siewie ska1984;Shiba ani1985;Geniušienė2016).O cou se,i ispossible
oiden i yse e alcommon ea u escons i u ing hecanonicalpassi e oice
inEu opeanlanguages(Hol oe 2001:366).Howe e ,i isno easy o ind
uni e sals ha a ecommon oalllanguages.Theconcep o  hepassi e oice
i sel isusuallyassocia edwi hi sp o o ypical,pe sonaluse(Siewie ska1984:
28),whe e hesen encehasaco espondingcons uc ionin heac i e oice,i 
ispossible ode e mine hesubjec and hesubjec o  hepassi econs uc ion
co esponds o hepa ien o  heac i econs uc ion.Howe e ,in hispape , he
passi eisunde s oodb oadlyas heso-calledpassi e amily(Naue al.2020),
i.e.,se e aldi e en p edica i econs uc ionswi hapassi epa iciple,which
canbeg oupedbasedon o maland unc ionalpa ame e s,includingpe sonal,
impe sonal, ac ional, esul a i e o  modal cons uc ions. The p o o ypical
passi e oiceinLi huanianisananaly icalcons uc ionconsis ingo aso-called
passi epas pa iciple( -pa iciple)o passi ep esen pa iciple(m-pa iciple)
and heauxilia y e bbū i‘ obe’.Nowadays, heconjuga iono  his e bin he
p esen  enseis egula ,excep  o  hesupple i e o mo  he hi dpe sony a,
anEas Bal icinno a ion,andhis o ically,i so iginal o mwases i.
Thehis o yo  henew,supple i e o mhasbeenex ensi elydocumen ed
(S ang1947:1970;Fo d1967;Os owski2017a;2017b;2021).The e bes i,
o iginallyanexis en ial e b,was eplacedby he e by aandnowse esonly
ahabi ual unc ion,simila  o he o mbūna‘usuallyis’(Genialiausios min ys
es i pap asčiausios.‘Themos geniusideasusuallya e hesimples ones.’).The
o iginal o mo y ashouldbe econs uc edas*ī- -,asindica edby heOld
Bal icanddialec al o ms(Endzelin1922:556;Os owski2017b:167;2021
66–67).E ymologically,i isa o ma ionbasedon hes emo  heanapho ic
p onouni-( obep eciseins .sg.*h₁i-h₁),and woloca i epos posi ions- and
*-.Ini ially,i wasalocal e b,which henacqui edanexis en ialmeaning
(as e idenced by ex s om he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies). This de elopmen 
pa halignswi h he ypological da a on he ela ionshipbe ween loca ional
 S aipsniai / A icles 119
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
andexis en ialsen ences(Lyons1967:390–396;Cla k1978:85–126;Yong,
Jie2013;Os owski2017b:168;2021:67).
While hee olu ionanduseso  he e by aha ebeenex ensi elydocumen ed,
i se olu ionasapassi eauxilia y e bhasbeena ela i elyunexplo eda ea.
Thiss udy ills hisgapbyme iculously acing hedisappea anceo  he o m
es i om he oleo anauxilia y e binpassi econs uc ions.The esea chis
basedonOldLi huanian ex s om1547–1816,which ep esen  h eehis o ical
dialec so Li huanian.Thepape willdel ein o equencyda a,examining
hedis ibu iono indi idual o mso  he hi dpe sono  he e bbū i‘ o
be’incombina ionwi hpassi epa iciples.Thiscomp ehensi eanalysisaims
op esen ade aileduseo  hesecons uc ionsand,c ucially, oexplain he
anishingo  he o mes iin heauxilia y unc ion.
2. METHODOLOGY
The esul s p esen ed in he pape  we e based on a co pus c ea ed o 
hes udy,consis ingo OldLi huanian ex s om he e i o ieso  a ious
his o icaldialec so  heLi huanianlanguageandw i eno e almos 300yea s.
The ex swe eselec edbasedon hepublica ionso ZigmasZinke ičius(1987;
1988;1990;1998)as hemos  ep esen a i emonumen so  heOldLi huanian
language.Zinke ičiusw i esabou  h eehis o icaldialec s: heWes e ndialec 
used on he e i o y o  P ussia and dialec s spoken in he e i o y o  he
G andDuchyo Li huania(li h.Lie u os Didžioji Kunigaikš ys ė (LDK))– he
Cen aland heEas e n.1Thepe iodinwhich hesedialec scanbesaid oha e
exis edlas edapp oxima elyun il heendo  he17 hcen u y.Inaddi ion o
ex s om hispe iod,somela e  ex sha ealsobeenincluded.E en hough
i isakindo anach onism, o  hes udy, hese ansla ionswe eincludedin
hedialec smen ionedabo e,basedon heo igino  heau ho s,and he e o e
asana u alwayo de eloping helanguage heyused.Thissimpli ica ionwas
in ended o acili a e hedesc ip ionandcompa isono  ex sand, hus, o ace
hede elopmen o  hes udiedcons uc ion.The ablebelowshows hesizes
o indi idual ex s
1
Fulllis o w i ingsisa achedin heabb e ia ionsec ion.
PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
120 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
TABLE1:co pussize
DIALECT TEXT Wo d by ex Wo d by dialec To al
P ussian
(wes )
1547MžK 7297
411255
(650170wi h
Quand ’sNT)
2398569
1573WP 183894
1579VE 40224
1579BB 166975
1612ZE 12865
1727KNT 238915
LDK
(cen al)
1599DP 419036
1222710
(1654968wi h
Bi ne is’and
Gied ai is’NT)
1660MP 201170
1653KN 171861
1660ChB 430643
1701B NT 228586
1816GNT 203672
LDK (eas ) 1644ŠPS 68982 93431
1647JE 24449
Ascanbeseen, henumbe o  ex s omindi idualdialec sisno uni o m.
Themaingoalinc ea ing heco puswas odi e si y ex sso ha  he esul s
ob ainedwe eas eliableaspossibleand oexcludepossibleindi iduallinguis ic
cha ac e is icso au ho s.Theonly ex  om he19 hcen u y ep esen s he
Cen al a ian because heg ea es di e si ydis inguished hisdialec du ing
he s udy. The las  p oblem conce ns he ep esen a ion o  ex s om he
Eas e ndialec .Thisisbecause,asZinke ičiuss a es(1998:252–255), his
dialec is heleas  ep esen edandde eloped.Fo  his eason,al hough he
da a ombo h ex sp o idein e es ingin o ma ion, heya e heleas  eliable
andimpo an  o  hes udy.Toelimina esigni ican nume icaldisc epancies
u he ,pe cen ageda awillalsobep esen edin heanalysisinaddi ion o
numbe s.
To indin heco pusdesc ibedin hepape cons uc ions,a o mulawas
usedconsis ingo :
1) hi d-pe sonauxilia y e by ao es i;
2)endingso  henomina i esingula andplu al o bo hgende s:
a.pas passi epa iciples( -pa iciple),
b.p esen passi epa iciples(m-pa iciple).
In heo y, heauxilia y e bcombinedwi h hepassi epa icipleis he
basiso  hepassi e.All o mulas ookin oaccoun  heo hog aphyusedby he
 S aipsniai / A icles 121
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
au ho sand he ac  ha  heauxilia y e bcouldbeinbo hpos posi ionand
p eposi ion o hepa iciples.Un o una ely, he esul sdono conside  o ms
whe e heauxilia y e bcouldbeina u he posi ion ela i e o hepa iciple.
Theob ained esul swe e henmanually il e ed:
TABLE2:Dis ibu iono auxilia iesinpassi econs uc ions
Pa iciple m-pa iciple -pa iciple
Auxilia y y a es i y a es i
o al 232 314 2251 210
546 2461
Ascanbeseen, he esul s o indi idualcons uc ionsdi e signi ican ly.
Cons uc ionswi h -pa iciplesdomina e,bu  hedis ibu iono  heauxilia y
e bincons uc ionswi hm-pa iciplesa ac smo ea en ion.The ollowing
sec ionswilldiscussade ailedanalysiso indi idualauxilia iesin hepassi e.
3. ANALYSIS
The ablesbelowp esen nume icalda aon hedis ibu iono y aandes i.
Table 3 shows he absolu e alues o  he occu ence o  indi idual e bs in
combina ionwi hm-pa icipleand -pa iciple.Theseda aa eg oupedin o
la ge en i iesacco ding o hecen u yanddialec  hey ep esen .Table4shows
hesameda aexp essedasape cen age alue.
TABLE3:To alnumbe o auxilia iesbydialec
DIALECT Cen u-
y
m-pa iciple -pa iciple
y a es y a es
P ussian
(Wes e n)
XVI 38 139 437 55 492
XVII 0 0 0 11 011
XVIII 45 0 45 243 3 246
LDK (Cen al)
XVI 58 15 73 559 32 591
XVII 8 263 271 490 67 557
XVIII 41 34 75 216 46 262
XIX 42 143 295 2 297
LDK (Eas e n) XVII 0 0 0 0 5 5

PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
122 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
TABLE 4:To alpe cen ageo auxilia iesby ex
DIALECT TEXT m-pa iciple -pa iciple
y a es =y a es =
P ussian
(Wes e n)
XVI 97 3 100 89 11 100
XVII 0 0 0 100 0 100
XVIII 100 0 100 99 1100
LDK
(Cen al)
XVI 79 21 100 95 5 100
XVII 3 97 100 88 12 100
XVIII 55 45 100 82 18 100
XIX 98 2 100 99 1100
LDK (Eas e n) XVII 0 0 0 0 100 100
Alownumbe o occu enceso examples om heEas e ndialec o  he
G andDuchyo Li huaniawillbediscussedin henex sec ion.Howe e , o 
ob ious easons, heya e oos a is icallyinsigni ican .Thegene alpic u e ha 
mayeme ge om heabo eda asugges s ha es iasanauxilia ywasused
ma ginallyal eadyin he imeso  he i s w i en ex s,especiallyin hecase
o  hepassi ewi h he -pa iciple.Howe e ,adeepe analysiso indi idual
ex smayshowin e es ing ela ionshipsbe weenbo h o ms.The ollowing
pa ag aphswilldiscuss heuseo bo h e bsincombina ionwi h hepassi e
basedon he -pa icipleand hem-pa iciple.
3.1. -pa iciple
Acco ding oVy au asAmb azas(2006:353),ini ially,passi ewasbased
on heso-calledpassi epas pa iciple o medbyadding hesu ix- -and he
app op ia eending o hein ini i es em.Thispa iciplewasini iallyused o
c ea ede e baladjec i es(e.g.,bal as‘whi e’<bal i‘ owhi en’),ande en ually,
i became hebasis o  hepassi eandhasp obablyse ed his unc ionsince
p e-li e a e imes.In heoldes Li huanian ex s om he16 hcen u y, he o m
o  he hi dpe sono  heauxilia yismos lyy a.Howe e ,somecons uc ions
wi hes is illcanbe ound:
(1) 1579VEE:
…ghiſſai j a paʃki as nůgi
3.sg.m.de aux.p s.3 appoin .ps .pp.nom.sg.m om
Diewa ſudʒia
God.gen.sg judge.gen.sg
‘…heisappoin edbyGod-judge.’
 S aipsniai / A icles 123
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
(2) 1579VEE:
Pagi as eʃ waiſus ßiwa a awa
bless.ps .pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3 ui .nom.sg womb.gen.sg poss.2.sg
‘Blessedis he ui o  hywomb.’
Obse a ions ela ed o hedis ibu iono  he hi dpe son o mso  he
e bbū ia egi enin he ablesbelow,whe e able5p esen sabsolu enumbe s
while able6–pe cen ageda a ega ding hedis ibu ioninindi idual ex s:
TABLE5:To alnumbe o auxilia iesby ex
DIALECT TEXT -pa iciple
y a es TOTAL
P ussian
(Wes e n)
1547MžK 0 3 3
1573WP 237 27 264
1579VEE 61 20 81
1579BB 139 5 144
1612ZE 11 011
1727KNT 243 3 246
LDK
(Cen al)
1599DP 414 6 420
1660MP 145 26 171
1653KN 0 12 12
1660ChB 490 56 546
1701B NT 216 46 262
1816GNT 295 2 297
LDK
(Eas e n)
1644ŠPS 0 4 8
1647JE 0 1 1
PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
124 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
TABLE 6:To alpe cen ageo auxilia iesby ex
DIALECT TEXT -pa iciple
y a es =
P ussian
(Wes e n)
1547MžK 0 100 100
1573WP 90 10 100
1579VE 75 25 100
1579BB 97 3 100
1612ZE 100 0 100
1727KNT 99 1100
LDK
(Cen al)
1599DP 99 1100
1660MP 85 15 100
1653KN 0 100 100
1660ChB 90 10 100
1701B NT 82 18 100
1816GNT 99 1100
LDK
(Eas e n)
1644ŠPS 0 100 100
1647JE 0 100 100
Theo e whelmingmajo i yo examplesuse heauxilia yy aas hede aul 
one.As expec ed,a g adual disappea anceo  hepassi e wi h he e bes i
can beno iced.Howe e , his p ocessdi e edsligh lybe ween hedialec s
o P ussiaand heG andDuchyo Li huania.Basedon heda a,i canbe
assumed ha  hecons uc ionwi hes iasanauxilia y e b inallywen ou o 
useinP ussiain he18 hcen u yand heLDKin he19 hcen u y.Acco ding
oAmb azas (2001:15), his isp obably ela ed o he de elopmen  o  he
passi ei sel ,whichwas i s  ullyg amma icalizedinWes e ndialec sand hen
g aduallyco e edsubsequen dialec s o heEas .Thisp ocessinsomeeas e n
dialec swasno  ullycomple edun ilmode n imes(Amb azas2001:15–16;
2006:365–366).Below, hecha ac e is icso  heuseo  hemen ioned e b
o msinindi idualdialec swillbediscussed.
3.1.1.P ussiandialec
Theoldes s udied ex  ep esen s heP ussiandialec ,anda  hesame ime,
heoldes Li huanianbookis heMa ynasMaž ydas’Ca echism.Du ing he
co pussea ch, h eeexampleso  hepassi ewi hanauxilia yin he hi dpe son
we e oundin he ex men ionedabo e,andin e es ingly,all heseexamples
a econs uc ionswi h he e bes i:
 S aipsniai / A icles 125
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
(3) 1547MžK
…Baßniczie pado a es i Ch is ui
chu ch.nom.sg gi e.ps .pp. aux.ps .3 pn.da .sg
(4) 1547MžK
Szadis Dewa […] ap aschi as es i
wo d.nom.sg God.gen.sg desc ibe.ps .pp.nom.sg aux.p s.3
Tais zadeis
his.ins.pl.m wo d.ins.pl
‘Wo do Godisdesc ibedwi h hesewo ds.’
O cou se, heexamples ounda eno nume ousenough obeconside ed
s a is icallysigni ican .Howe e ,i iswo hno ing ha in he ex o Pos illa
om1573,only28yea sa e  heCa echism, hedominan  o mo  heauxilia y
is y a,andes ioccu sinonly10%o  o alexamples(27ou o 264).Howe e ,
despi e hiso e whelmingdisc epancy, he eisnoappa en di e encein he
useo  he wo o ms.Theycanbeusedbo hin esul a i emeanings(5a)and
(5b)andinac ionalmeaningswi hanexp essedagen (6a)and(6b):
(5) Resul a i e:
a. 1573WP
P iligin a es ka alis e dangaus ßmagu
equa e.ps .pp.nom.sg. aux.ps .3 kingdom.nom.sg hea en.gen.sg man.da .sg
ka eliu
king.da .sg
‘Thekingdomo hea enislikeun oace ainking…’
b. 1573WP
P iligin a i a ka alis e Dangaus ßmagu
equa e.ps .pp.nom.sg. aux.ps .3 kingdom.nom.sg hea en.gen.sg man.gen.pl
seiancʒiam gie ụ seklụ
sow.p s.ap.da .sg.m good.gen.pl.m seed.gen.pl
‘Thekingdomo hea enislikenedun oamanwhichsowedgoodseed…’
(6) Ac ional:
a. 1573WP
Diewas […] ege as es nog
God.nom.sg see.ps .ap.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3 om
angelụ
angel.gen.pl
‘…Godwas[…]seeno Angels.’
PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
132 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
beginningo  he18 hcen u y,es iwass illap oduc i eauxilia yusedina
ully- ledgedpassi e,while hepassi ewi hy a,al houghnume ous,wasless
de eloped.
The s a uso  he o m es i haschangedo e  100yea s,and in Juozapas
A nul asGied ai is’ ex ,only wouseso i in hepassi econs uc ioncanbe
ound.In e es ingly,bo hexamples,simila ly oChylinskis’,a enega ions:
(22)1816GNI
a[Jog jums duo a i a zino pasłep inés ka alis es dangaus:]
o jemis ne es duo a
exclam 3.pl.m.da  neg aux.p s.3 gi e.ps .pp.n
‘[Because i  is gi enun oyou oknow hemys e ies o  hekingdomo 
hea en,]bu  o hemi isno gi en.’
b [Daug eypogi i ki u s ebukłu pada e Jezus po akimis moki iniu sawo,]
ku ie ne es i pa aszi i ose
which.pl.m neg aux.p s.3 w i e.ps .pp.nom.pl.m his.loc.pl
knigose
book.loc.pl
‘[Andmanyo he signs ulydidJesusin hep esenceo hisdisciples,]which
a eno w i enin hesebook.’
The e ylow equencyo es i(1%)maysugges  ha  he o misp obably
used o s ylis ic easons,andmos likelysomewhe ebe ween he18 hand19 h
cen u ies,es iasanauxilia y e bin he e i o yo  heLDK inally ellin o
disuse.
A  hispoin ,asmallsampleo  heeas e ndialec iswo hmen ioning–
namely ex sbyKons an inasSi ydasandJonasJakna ičius.Inbo h ex s,
only i eexampleso  hepassi ewi h he hi dpe sonwe e ound,andalluse
he e bes i.
(23)1644ŠPS
kayp ki i dá bay Diewo […]
as o he .nom.sg.m wo k.nom.pl god.gen.sg
eʃ i da i i nuog wiſu iiu
aux.p s.3 made.ps .pp.nom.pl.m om all.gen.pl.m h ee.gen.m
Pe ſunu T ayces S[ en osios]
pe son.gen.pl ini y.gen.sg holy.gen.pl.
‘Aso he wo kso  heGoda emadebyallHolyT ini y.’

 S aipsniai / A icles 133
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
(24)1647JE
A wienas ig iu kad
exclam one.nom.sg om 3.pl.gen when
ißwido apćis i as es i [sug io su bałsu didʒiu
ga bindamas Diewu.]
ealize.ps .3 cleanse.ps .pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3
‘Andoneo  hemwhen ealized ha iscleansed,collapsedonea hand
p aisedloudly heLo d.’
Theabsenceo y a o msin hepassi ecouldsugges  ha  hep ocesso 
de eloping o mso  he hi dpe sono  hepassi e oices a edin heWes 
andmo ed o heEas and heEas e ndialec was helas  o ullyde elop
hepassi e.Thiswouldcon i mAmb azas’(2001:15–16)obse a ionson he
de elopmen o  hepassi e,bu un o una ely, hesampleis oosmall obe
ully eliable.Ne e heless,i showsace ain endencyandisas a ingpoin 
o  u he analysis.
3.2. m-pa iciple
Inaddi ion o he -pa iciple, heLi huanianpassi emaybebasedon he
so-calledp esen passi epa iciple(m-pa iciple), o medbyadding hesu ix
-m-andanending o hep esen  enses em.His o ically, hepa iciplewas
used oc ea eadjec i es(c .la . i mus, en.wa m),andnowadays,cons uc ions
usingi a echa ac e izedbyadu a i easpec .In his unc ion,i isaLi huanian
inno a ion. The same pa iciple is p esen  in La ian. Howe e , i  has no 
de elopedas hebasis o  hepassi eandins eadhasamodalmeaning.
In e es ingly,in heoldes  ex s om he e i o yo P ussia, hede aul 
auxilia y e bwasy a,andes iappea edla e ,mainlyin he e i o yo  he
LDK.Thedis ibu iono  hese o msisp esen edin he ablesbelow:
PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
134 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
TABLE 7:To alnumbe o auxilia iesby ex
DIALECT TEXT m-pa iciple
y a es =
P ussian
(Wes e n)
1547MžK 0 0 0
1573WP 10 0
1579VE 7 1 8
1579BB 30 0 30
1612ZE 0 0 0
1727KNT 45 0 45
LDK
(Cen al)
1599DP 58 2 60
1660MP 0 13 13
1653KN 0 5 5
1660ChB 7257 264
1701B NT 41 34 75
1816GNT 42 143
LDK
(Eas e n)
1644ŠPS 0 0 0
1647JE 0 0 0
TABLE 8:To alpe cen ageo auxilia iesby ex
DIALECT TEXT m-pa iciple
y a es =
P ussian
(Wes e n)
1547MžK 0 0 0
1573WP 100 0 100
1579VE 88 12 100
1579BB 100 0 100
1612ZE 0 0 0
1727KNT 100 0 100
LDK
(Cen al)
1599DP 97 3 100
1660MP 0 100 100
1653KN 0 100 100
1660ChB 3 97 100
1701B NT 55 45 100
1816GNT 98 2 100
LDK
(Eas e n)
1644ŠPS 0 0 0
1647JE 0 0 0
 S aipsniai / A icles 135
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
Thedis ibu ionmen ionedabo eseemspuzzling.Asal eadymen ioned,
passi ewas i s g amma icalizedin he e i o yo P ussia.Thisispa icula ly
impo an  akingin oaccoun  hepassi ewi h hem-pa iciplebecausei  i s 
eme gedinP ussiaandonlyla e sp ead o he e i o yo LDK,andacco ding
oAmb azas(2001:16),apassi eo  his ypehasno de elopedinsomeEas e n
dialec s o hisday,whichseem obecon i medby heda acollec ed o  his
s udy.Below,ananalysiso indi idualexamples oundin heP ussianandLDK
dialec swillbediscussed.
3.2.1.P ussiandialec
Asal eadymen ioned, hepassi ebasedon hem-pa icipleisaLi huanian
inno a ion ha  i s appea edon he e i o yo P ussia.In heoldes  ex –
Maž ydas’ Ca echism, he e we e no examples o  his ype o  use wi h an
auxilia y.I isdi icul  osayhowde eloped hiscons uc ionwasdu ing his
pe iod,andi mayno bea es ed.Howe e ,i canbeassumed ha i wass ill
no  ullyg amma icalizedasapassi e,and heoldes a es edexamplecomes
omVilen as’ ex  om1579,whe esomedi e en useso  hepa iciplecan
be ound:
(25)1579VEE:
Nëʃa Aga wandinamas j a A abioie
o  pn call.p s.pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3 pn.loc.pl
kalnas Sinai
moun ain.nom.sg pn
‘Fo Moun SinaiiscalledAga inA abia.’
(26)1579VEE:
Wiʃʃi daik ai aw j a galimi
all.nom.pl.m hing.nom.pl 2.sg.da  aux.p s.3 can.p s.pp.nom.pl.m
‘All hingsa epossible oyou…’
(27)1579VEE:
… bagams apʃakoma j a Euangelia
poo .da .pl p each.p s.pp.nom.sg.  aux.p s.3 gospel.nom.sg
‘… o hepoo  hegospelisp eached.’
PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
136 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
(28)1579VEE:
… ku ie nîg iô [Die o] j a
which.nom.pl.m om 3.sg.gen.m aux.p s.3
ʃiun emi
send.p s.pp.nom.pl.m
‘…whicha esen byhim[ heGod]…’
Example(25)illus a es hea ibu i eo  esul a i euse,which ypically
ma ks he ini ial s age o  he passi e’s e olu ion (Bybee e al. 1994: 64;
Amb azas2001:12).Example(26)demons a esamodaluse.Examples(27)
and (28) ep esen  he ac ional passi e, which sha es he same meaning as
he con empo a y cons uc ion wi h he m-pa iciple – namely, du a i e o 
habi ual.C ucially,asshowninexample(28),i ispossible oexp essanagen 
in hecons uc ion,indica ing ha i isal eady ullyde eloped,muchlike he
passi ebasedon he -pa iciple.I iswo hno ing ha Vilen as’ ex is heonly
examinedP ussianDialec  ex  o ea u econs uc ionwi hes i.
(29)1579VEE:
… duk e mana ʃunke’ nůgi
daugh e .nom.sg 1.sg.poss.nom.  g ie ously om
Welna eʃ i wa ginama
de il.gen.sg aux.p s.3 ex.p s.pp.nom.sg.
‘…mydaugh e isg ie ously exedwi hade il.’
Ascanbeseen,i isa ull- ledgedac ionalcons uc ionwi hanexp essed
agen ,bu i is heonlyexampleo  his ypein heexamined ex s.The ex s
byB e kūnasandQuand ( heonlyones om he e i o yo P ussiawhe e
hecons uc ionoccu s)onlyuse hecombina iony a + m-pa iciple.Please
conside belowexamples:
(30)BB1579:
30 Mana Duk ie nůg Welino pik ai
1.sg.poss.nom. daugh e .nom.sg om de il.gen.sg g ie ously
i a mucʒijma
aux.p s.3 ex.p s.pp.nom.sg.
‘…mydaugh e isg ie ously exedwi hade il.’
(31)KNT1727:
Mano Duk e ſunkiey Wélno wa ginnama
1.sg.poss.nom.  daugh e .nom.sg g ie ously de il.gen.sg ex.p s.pp.nom.sg.
‘…mydaugh e isg ie ously exedwi hade il.’
 S aipsniai / A icles 137
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
Due o he sca ci y o  da a, i  is challenging o pinpoin  when he
g amma icaliza iono  hepassi ebasedon hem-pa icipleoccu ed.Howe e ,
i isundeniablyplausible ha by he16 hcen u y,in heP ussian e i o y,i 
wasal eady ullyde eloped,and om heou se ,i sde aul auxilia y e bwas
y a.Thisislikelylinked o he ac  ha when his ypeo cons uc ioneme ged
in helanguage, hepassi ebasedon he -pa iciplewasin he inalphase
o  g amma icaliza ion. In he 16 h cen u y, y a was he dominan  auxilia y.
Mos  likely, he newly eme ged passi e cons uc ion wi h he m-pa iciple
au oma icallyadop ed hemos  equen auxilia ydu ing hispe iod.
3.2.2.Cen aldialec
Basedon hep e iouslyp esen edda a ega ding he -pa iciple,i couldbe
assumed ha  hesi ua ioninLDKwasanalogous o ha inP ussia.Howe e ,
heda ap esen edinTables(7)and(8)seem ocon adic  his.Theoldes o 
heexamined ex s–Daukša’sPos yll–hasasimila dis ibu ion o he ex so 
P ussianau ho s,and heonly woexamplesou o 60useso  hem-pa iciple
a econs uc ionswi hes i:
(32)DP1599:
... numí elei kâ ais giwúmpiumṗi śiuncʒemi
dead.nom.pl some imes li e.all send.p s.pp.nom.pl.m
es
aux.p s.3
‘…deadsome imesa esen  oli e.’
(33)DP1599:
… anié ku ié lûdin iemus dâ omi
3.pl.nom.m which.nom.pl.m wi ness.ins.pl made.p s.pp.nom.pl.m
es ’
aux.p s.3
… hosewhoa emadewi nesses…’
Howe e ,al eadyayea la e ,inMo kūnas’ ex , he esul sa esu p ising,
and hedominan auxilia yises i,whiley awi h hem-pa icipledoesno 
appea a all:

PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
138 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
(34)1600MP:
a.[Pos illa LIETVWISZKA Tá áy es Iǯguldimás p ás ás Ewángeliu an koǯnos Nedelios i
Sʒwen es’ pe wisus me us]
ku ios págal budá sená Báǯnicǯioy
which.nom.sg.m acco ding way.acc.sg old.acc.sg.m chu ch.loc.sg
Diewá es skái omos
God.gen.sg aux.p s.3 ead.p s.pp.nom.pl.
‘[ThisLi huanianPos ilis hesimpleexplana iono  heGospel o e e y
Sundayandholiday h ough heyea ],whichacco ding o heold adi ionis
eadin heCong ega iono  heGod.’
Zinke ičius(1998:247)accusesMo kūnaso manymis akes,bu  hesame
canno besaidabou Bi ne iso S eponasJaugelisTelega– enownedlanguage
expe so  hei  ime(Zinke ičius1988:216–223).In he50yea solde  ex o 
Knyga nobažnys ės, heonlycons uc ionexp essing his ypeo passi eiss ill
es i + m-pa iciple.
(35)1653KN
35… ki a i ȧ dángus ku ion
o he .nom.sg.  be.p s.3 hea en.nom.sg which.ill.sg
wisi wie ni i pábȧni
all.nom.pl.m ai h ul.nom.pl.m and de ou .nom.pl.m Ʒmones
people.nom.pl
siunćiámi es i
send.p s.pp.nom.pl.m aux.p s.3
‘…di e en is heHea en owhichall ai h ulandde ou peoplea esen .’
Wha  his ype o  dis ibu ion o cons uc ionwi hes i can indica e?O 
cou se,i canbeassumed ha somewhe ebe ween he16 hand17 hcen u ies,
he e bes i eappea edonceagainas hede aul auxilia y o  hem-pa iciple,
bu  his seems unlikely. The eason o  such a la ge disc epancy be ween
Daukšaand heo he au ho s om heLDK,asal eadymen ioned,shouldbe
sough in heo igino  heau ho o  hePos ille.The e o e,i canbeassumed
ha Daukša’s ex ,whichisa ep esen a i eo  heCen aldialec ,wasa leas 
in luencedby heWes e ndialec in his espec ,whichseems obecon i med
bybo h heda a ega ding he -andm-pa iciples.
While he examples ci ed so a  ha e no  been nume ous, he ex  o 
Chylinskis’ Bible seems o con i m he hesis ha  in he e i o y o  he
LDK, hecons uc iono y a + m-pa iciplehasno ye beende eloped.In
hemen ioned ansla ion,ou o 266examples,onlyse encons uc ionsa e
combinedwi hy a.Fou a eusedwi h hepa iciplezynoma ‘known’andone
 S aipsniai / A icles 139
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
wi hwadynama ‘called’andno szaukiamas ‘no called’–sooneshouldconside 
hemaslexicalizeda ibu i eo modaluses a he  han heac ualpassi e.
(36)1660ChB
a… ana di wa ju liezuwe
ha .nom.sg.  ield.nom.sg 3.pl.gen.m ongue.loc.sg
wadynama i a Akeldama
call.p s.pp.nom.sg.  aux.p s.3 pn.nom
‘… ha  ieldiscalledin hei p ope  ongue,Aceldama…’
b [Jog nes zymus ziankłas pada y as i a pe jos,]
zynoma i a wisiemus ku ie giwena
know.p s.pp.n aux.p s.3 all.da .pl.m which.nom.pl.m li e.p s.3
Je uzalej
pn.loc.sg
‘[Fo  ha indeedano ablemi acleha hbeendoneby hem]ismani es  oall
hem ha dwellinJe usalem.’
Onlyoneexamplecanbein e p e edas heac ionalpassi e:
(37)1660ChB
[Be ep aszo jos wie oy, as nes ku sej abejoia ligus i a]
Wilniey ma iu, ku sej wa omas i a
wa e.da .sg sea.gen.pl which.da .sg mo e.p s.pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3
nog wejaus
om wind.gen.sg
‘[Bu le himaskin ai h,no hingwa e ing.Fo he ha wa e e hislike]a
wa eo  hesead i enwi h hewind…’
Mos examples(259)wi hapassi ebasedon hem-pa icipleinChylinskis’
ex  use he e b es i. Among hem, one can also ind cons uc ions wi h
hepa iciplesmen ionedinexamples(36)and(37),bu  he ea eonly6o 
hem.Theo e whelmingmajo i ya epassi econs uc ionsco esponding o
con empo a ydu a i eandhabi ualuseo  hem-pa iciple.
(38)1660ChB
a…[ eywanis e] nog Izaoka paszławinime jo
om pn.gen.sg blessing.loc.sg 3.sg.m.gen
paźadama i pas yp ynama es
p omise.p s.pp.nom.sg.  and en o ce.p s.pp.nom.sg. aux.p s.3
‘…[he i age]isp omisedand ein o cedbyIsaac’sblessing.’
PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI
140 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
bIz aeli ey pamuszami es nog Filis ynu
pn.nom.pl de ea .p s.pp.nom.pl.m aux.p s.3 om pn.gen.pl
‘Is aeli eswasde ea edbyPhilis ines.’
cPas yp ynamas es asabliwu api eyszkimu
ein o ce.p s.pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s. 3peculia .ins.sg.m e ela ion.ins.sg
‘Was ein o cedbypeculia  e ela ion.’
Asin hecaseo  he -pa iciple, he ea econs uc ionswi haho a i e
p e ix (39a) and a nega ion p e ix (39b). Howe e , hese a e jus  i e such
examples:
(39)1660ChB
aWiezliwis e jusu ’es pazys ama wisiem[us]
mode a ion.nom.sg 2.pl.gen aux.p s.3.ho know.p s.pp.nom.sg.  all.acc.pl.m
zmonem[us]
man.acc.pl
‘Le you mode a ionbeknownun oallmen.’
b… jeygu wel n’es wadojama
i  again aux.p s.3.neg edeem.p s.pp.nom.sg. 
ada bus pa do pagal apwe ynima
hen be. u .3 sell.ps .pp.n acco ding o es ima ion.acc.sg
awo
2.sg.poss
‘…i i isno  edeemed, heni shallbesoldacco ding o hyes ima ion.’
Thismayindica e ha  he e bes i,whichcouldha especialized unc ions
incons uc ionswi ha -pa iciple,is a he ade aul auxilia yin hecaseo 
an m-pa iciple.Thishypo hesismayalsobesuppo edby he ac  ha manyo 
heexamplescomeno  om he ex o  heBiblei sel bu  omin oduc ions
ochap e s ha a eno inspi edby hesou ceo  he ansla ionand e lec  he
idiolec o  heau ho himsel –and he e o e heac uallanguageo  heCen al
dialec o  hesecondhal o  he17 hcen u y.
Bi ne is’ ex , which is 40 yea s olde , he si ua ion changes, and he
dis ibu iono bo hauxilia iesa ealmos equal(45%–es iand55%–y a).
The eisnoappa en di e encebe ween heuseo bo h e bs,bu  hepassi e
wi hes iseemsmo eac ional.A  hesame ime,incombina ionwi hy a, he e
a emo elexicalizedo a ibu i e o ms.
 S aipsniai / A icles 141
Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e
(40)1701BNT
a… duk ė mano sunkey mucʒijama
daugh e .nom.sg 1.sg.poss.nom.  g ie ously ex.p s.pp.nom.sg. 
es i nůg Welnio
aux.p s.3 om de il.gen.sg
‘…mydaugh e isg ie ously exedwi hade il.’
b[G óma a] skai oma i a nůg wissû
book.nom.sg ead.p s.pp.n aux.p s.3 om all.gen.pl
ʒmonû
man.gen.pl
‘Bookis eadbyallmen.’
(41)1701BNT
aTegul jumus wissiemus žinoma es i
shall 2.pl.da  all.da .pl.m know.p s.pp.n aux.p s.3
‘Bei knownun oyouall…’
bNes žinoma i a jog Wießpa s
because know.p s.pp.n aux.p s.3 ha  Lo d.nom.sg
musu ißėjo iß plemês Iudos
1.pl.gen go.ps .3 om ibe.gen.sg pn.gen
‘Fo i ise iden  ha ou Lo dsp angou o Juda…’
This mayindica e ha  he u n o  he 17 h and 18 hcen u ies was when
hees icons uc ionbegan o allin odisuse.Gied ai is’ ex hasonlyone
cons uc ionwi h he e bes iou o 43.I can, he e o e,beassumed ha 
hiscons uc ionwasnolonge p oduc i ein he19 hcen u y.Al hough,as
in hecaseo  heP ussiandialec , heexac da eo  heg amma icaliza iono 
hecons uc ionwi hy acanno begi en,i mus ha eoccu eda  he u n
o  he18 hand19 hcen u iesa  hela es ,i.e.,o e 100yea sla e .Theda a
om heEas e ndialec a eindeed agmen a y.Howe e , heabsenceo  he
discussedcons uc ionin heexamined ex smaybea eason oclaim ha  his
cons uc ionmus ha ede elopedandbeeng amma icalizede enla e .
4. CONCLUSIONS
His o ically, he hi dpe sono  heLi huanian e bbū i ‘ obe’used he o m
es i,co esponding oo he Bal icandIndo-Eu opeanlanguages(c .P ussian
as ;Polishjes ,La ines ,Ge manis ,e c.).Howe e ,due o heseman icshi ,