Disappearance of the auxiliary verb esti in the Lithuanian passive

 S aipsniai / A icles 117 PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI Uni e si yo Wa saw ORCIDid:o cid.o g/0000-0002-1850-0818 Fieldso  esea ch:His o yo Bal iclanguages,mo phology, syn ax,seman ics, oice,modali y. DOI:doi.o g/10.35321/all91-05 DISAPPEARANCEOFTHE AUXILIARYVERBESTIINTHE LITHUANIANPASSIVE Pagalbinio eiksmažodžioes i išnykimasiš lie u iųkalbosne eikiamosios ūšies ANNOTATION Thep o o ypicalpassi e oiceinLi huanianisananaly icalcons uc ionconsis ingo a passi epas pa icipleand heauxilia y e bbū i‘ obe’.Nowadays, heconjuga iono  his e bin hep esen  enseis egula ,excep  o  hesupple i e o mo  he hi dpe sony a,an Eas Bal icinno a ion,andhis o ically,i so iginal o mwases i.Al hough hede elopmen  anduseso  he e by aa ewelldesc ibed,i sde elopmen asapassi eauxilia y e bhas no  ecei edenougha en ion.Thepape aims o ace hedisappea anceo  he o mes i om he unc iono anauxilia y e bin hepassi econs uc ionsbasedonOldLi huanian ex s om1547–1816, ep esen edbyp in s om h eehis o icaldialec so Li huanian.  KEYWORDS:Li huanian (language), diach ony, passi e, pa iciple, auxilia y e b. ANOTACIJA Lie u iųkalbosne eikiamosios ūšiesp o o ipasy aanali inėkons ukcija,suda y aiš ne eikiamosios ūšiesbū ojolaikodaly ioi pagalbinio eiksmažodžiobū i.Daba inėje lie u iųkalboješio eiksmažodžioesamojolaikoasmena imasy a aisyklingas,išsky us suple y inę3-iojoasmens o mąy a,ku i– y ųbal ųkalbųino acija,ois o iškaipi minė josbu usi o ma– es i.No s eiksmažodžioy a aidai  a osenage aiap ašy a,jo,kaip ne eikiamosios ūšies pagalbinio eiksmažodžio, aidai ski a nepakankamai dėmesio. S aipsnio ikslas– emian is1547–1816me ųsenosioslie u iųkalbos eks ais,ku iuos PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 118 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI ep ezen uoja ijų is o inių lie u ių kalbos a mių spaudiniai, a sek i o mos es i, kaip a liekančiospagalbinio eiksmažodžio unkciją,išnykimąne eikiamosiosekons ukcijose.  ESMINIAIŽODŽIAI:lie u ių kalba, diach onija, ne eikiamoji nuosaka, daly is, pagalbinis eksmažodis. 1. INTRODUCTION In o mula inguni e sals ela ed o hena u eo  hepassi e,onemus be ca e ulbecausei maydi e ins uc u eand unc ion omlanguage olanguage (Siewie ska1984;Shiba ani1985;Geniušienė2016).O cou se,i ispossible oiden i yse e alcommon ea u escons i u ing hecanonicalpassi e oice inEu opeanlanguages(Hol oe 2001:366).Howe e ,i isno easy o ind uni e sals ha a ecommon oalllanguages.Theconcep o  hepassi e oice i sel isusuallyassocia edwi hi sp o o ypical,pe sonaluse(Siewie ska1984: 28),whe e hesen encehasaco espondingcons uc ionin heac i e oice,i  ispossible ode e mine hesubjec and hesubjec o  hepassi econs uc ion co esponds o hepa ien o  heac i econs uc ion.Howe e ,in hispape , he passi eisunde s oodb oadlyas heso-calledpassi e amily(Naue al.2020), i.e.,se e aldi e en p edica i econs uc ionswi hapassi epa iciple,which canbeg oupedbasedon o maland unc ionalpa ame e s,includingpe sonal, impe sonal, ac ional, esul a i e o  modal cons uc ions. The p o o ypical passi e oiceinLi huanianisananaly icalcons uc ionconsis ingo aso-called passi epas pa iciple( -pa iciple)o passi ep esen pa iciple(m-pa iciple) and heauxilia y e bbū i‘ obe’.Nowadays, heconjuga iono  his e bin he p esen  enseis egula ,excep  o  hesupple i e o mo  he hi dpe sony a, anEas Bal icinno a ion,andhis o ically,i so iginal o mwases i. Thehis o yo  henew,supple i e o mhasbeenex ensi elydocumen ed (S ang1947:1970;Fo d1967;Os owski2017a;2017b;2021).The e bes i, o iginallyanexis en ial e b,was eplacedby he e by aandnowse esonly ahabi ual unc ion,simila  o he o mbūna‘usuallyis’(Genialiausios min ys es i pap asčiausios.‘Themos geniusideasusuallya e hesimples ones.’).The o iginal o mo y ashouldbe econs uc edas*ī- -,asindica edby heOld Bal icanddialec al o ms(Endzelin1922:556;Os owski2017b:167;2021 66–67).E ymologically,i isa o ma ionbasedon hes emo  heanapho ic p onouni-( obep eciseins .sg.*h₁i-h₁),and woloca i epos posi ions- and *-.Ini ially,i wasalocal e b,which henacqui edanexis en ialmeaning (as e idenced by ex s om he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies). This de elopmen  pa halignswi h he ypological da a on he ela ionshipbe ween loca ional  S aipsniai / A icles 119 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e andexis en ialsen ences(Lyons1967:390–396;Cla k1978:85–126;Yong, Jie2013;Os owski2017b:168;2021:67). While hee olu ionanduseso  he e by aha ebeenex ensi elydocumen ed, i se olu ionasapassi eauxilia y e bhasbeena ela i elyunexplo eda ea. Thiss udy ills hisgapbyme iculously acing hedisappea anceo  he o m es i om he oleo anauxilia y e binpassi econs uc ions.The esea chis basedonOldLi huanian ex s om1547–1816,which ep esen  h eehis o ical dialec so Li huanian.Thepape willdel ein o equencyda a,examining hedis ibu iono indi idual o mso  he hi dpe sono  he e bbū i‘ o be’incombina ionwi hpassi epa iciples.Thiscomp ehensi eanalysisaims op esen ade aileduseo  hesecons uc ionsand,c ucially, oexplain he anishingo  he o mes iin heauxilia y unc ion. 2. METHODOLOGY The esul s p esen ed in he pape  we e based on a co pus c ea ed o  hes udy,consis ingo OldLi huanian ex s om he e i o ieso  a ious his o icaldialec so  heLi huanianlanguageandw i eno e almos 300yea s. The ex swe eselec edbasedon hepublica ionso ZigmasZinke ičius(1987; 1988;1990;1998)as hemos  ep esen a i emonumen so  heOldLi huanian language.Zinke ičiusw i esabou  h eehis o icaldialec s: heWes e ndialec  used on he e i o y o  P ussia and dialec s spoken in he e i o y o  he G andDuchyo Li huania(li h.Lie u os Didžioji Kunigaikš ys ė (LDK))– he Cen aland heEas e n.1Thepe iodinwhich hesedialec scanbesaid oha e exis edlas edapp oxima elyun il heendo  he17 hcen u y.Inaddi ion o ex s om hispe iod,somela e  ex sha ealsobeenincluded.E en hough i isakindo anach onism, o  hes udy, hese ansla ionswe eincludedin hedialec smen ionedabo e,basedon heo igino  heau ho s,and he e o e asana u alwayo de eloping helanguage heyused.Thissimpli ica ionwas in ended o acili a e hedesc ip ionandcompa isono  ex sand, hus, o ace hede elopmen o  hes udiedcons uc ion.The ablebelowshows hesizes o indi idual ex s 1 Fulllis o w i ingsisa achedin heabb e ia ionsec ion. PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 120 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI TABLE1:co pussize DIALECT TEXT Wo d by ex Wo d by dialec To al P ussian (wes ) 1547MžK 7297 411255 (650170wi h Quand ’sNT) 2398569 1573WP 183894 1579VE 40224 1579BB 166975 1612ZE 12865 1727KNT 238915 LDK (cen al) 1599DP 419036 1222710 (1654968wi h Bi ne is’and Gied ai is’NT) 1660MP 201170 1653KN 171861 1660ChB 430643 1701B NT 228586 1816GNT 203672 LDK (eas ) 1644ŠPS 68982 93431 1647JE 24449 Ascanbeseen, henumbe o  ex s omindi idualdialec sisno uni o m. Themaingoalinc ea ing heco puswas odi e si y ex sso ha  he esul s ob ainedwe eas eliableaspossibleand oexcludepossibleindi iduallinguis ic cha ac e is icso au ho s.Theonly ex  om he19 hcen u y ep esen s he Cen al a ian because heg ea es di e si ydis inguished hisdialec du ing he s udy. The las  p oblem conce ns he ep esen a ion o  ex s om he Eas e ndialec .Thisisbecause,asZinke ičiuss a es(1998:252–255), his dialec is heleas  ep esen edandde eloped.Fo  his eason,al hough he da a ombo h ex sp o idein e es ingin o ma ion, heya e heleas  eliable andimpo an  o  hes udy.Toelimina esigni ican nume icaldisc epancies u he ,pe cen ageda awillalsobep esen edin heanalysisinaddi ion o numbe s. To indin heco pusdesc ibedin hepape cons uc ions,a o mulawas usedconsis ingo : 1) hi d-pe sonauxilia y e by ao es i; 2)endingso  henomina i esingula andplu al o bo hgende s: a.pas passi epa iciples( -pa iciple), b.p esen passi epa iciples(m-pa iciple). In heo y, heauxilia y e bcombinedwi h hepassi epa icipleis he basiso  hepassi e.All o mulas ookin oaccoun  heo hog aphyusedby he  S aipsniai / A icles 121 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e au ho sand he ac  ha  heauxilia y e bcouldbeinbo hpos posi ionand p eposi ion o hepa iciples.Un o una ely, he esul sdono conside  o ms whe e heauxilia y e bcouldbeina u he posi ion ela i e o hepa iciple. Theob ained esul swe e henmanually il e ed: TABLE2:Dis ibu iono auxilia iesinpassi econs uc ions Pa iciple m-pa iciple -pa iciple Auxilia y y a es i y a es i o al 232 314 2251 210 546 2461 Ascanbeseen, he esul s o indi idualcons uc ionsdi e signi ican ly. Cons uc ionswi h -pa iciplesdomina e,bu  hedis ibu iono  heauxilia y e bincons uc ionswi hm-pa iciplesa ac smo ea en ion.The ollowing sec ionswilldiscussade ailedanalysiso indi idualauxilia iesin hepassi e. 3. ANALYSIS The ablesbelowp esen nume icalda aon hedis ibu iono y aandes i. Table 3 shows he absolu e alues o  he occu ence o  indi idual e bs in combina ionwi hm-pa icipleand -pa iciple.Theseda aa eg oupedin o la ge en i iesacco ding o hecen u yanddialec  hey ep esen .Table4shows hesameda aexp essedasape cen age alue. TABLE3:To alnumbe o auxilia iesbydialec DIALECT Cen u- y m-pa iciple -pa iciple y a es y a es P ussian (Wes e n) XVI 38 139 437 55 492 XVII 0 0 0 11 011 XVIII 45 0 45 243 3 246 LDK (Cen al) XVI 58 15 73 559 32 591 XVII 8 263 271 490 67 557 XVIII 41 34 75 216 46 262 XIX 42 143 295 2 297 LDK (Eas e n) XVII 0 0 0 0 5 5 PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 122 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI TABLE 4:To alpe cen ageo auxilia iesby ex DIALECT TEXT m-pa iciple -pa iciple y a es =y a es = P ussian (Wes e n) XVI 97 3 100 89 11 100 XVII 0 0 0 100 0 100 XVIII 100 0 100 99 1100 LDK (Cen al) XVI 79 21 100 95 5 100 XVII 3 97 100 88 12 100 XVIII 55 45 100 82 18 100 XIX 98 2 100 99 1100 LDK (Eas e n) XVII 0 0 0 0 100 100 Alownumbe o occu enceso examples om heEas e ndialec o  he G andDuchyo Li huaniawillbediscussedin henex sec ion.Howe e , o  ob ious easons, heya e oos a is icallyinsigni ican .Thegene alpic u e ha  mayeme ge om heabo eda asugges s ha es iasanauxilia ywasused ma ginallyal eadyin he imeso  he i s w i en ex s,especiallyin hecase o  hepassi ewi h he -pa iciple.Howe e ,adeepe analysiso indi idual ex smayshowin e es ing ela ionshipsbe weenbo h o ms.The ollowing pa ag aphswilldiscuss heuseo bo h e bsincombina ionwi h hepassi e basedon he -pa icipleand hem-pa iciple. 3.1. -pa iciple Acco ding oVy au asAmb azas(2006:353),ini ially,passi ewasbased on heso-calledpassi epas pa iciple o medbyadding hesu ix- -and he app op ia eending o hein ini i es em.Thispa iciplewasini iallyused o c ea ede e baladjec i es(e.g.,bal as‘whi e’<bal i‘ owhi en’),ande en ually, i became hebasis o  hepassi eandhasp obablyse ed his unc ionsince p e-li e a e imes.In heoldes Li huanian ex s om he16 hcen u y, he o m o  he hi dpe sono  heauxilia yismos lyy a.Howe e ,somecons uc ions wi hes is illcanbe ound: (1) 1579VEE: …ghiſſai j a paʃki as nůgi 3.sg.m.de aux.p s.3 appoin .ps .pp.nom.sg.m om Diewa ſudʒia God.gen.sg judge.gen.sg ‘…heisappoin edbyGod-judge.’  S aipsniai / A icles 123 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e (2) 1579VEE: Pagi as eʃ waiſus ßiwa a awa bless.ps .pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3 ui .nom.sg womb.gen.sg poss.2.sg ‘Blessedis he ui o  hywomb.’ Obse a ions ela ed o hedis ibu iono  he hi dpe son o mso  he e bbū ia egi enin he ablesbelow,whe e able5p esen sabsolu enumbe s while able6–pe cen ageda a ega ding hedis ibu ioninindi idual ex s: TABLE5:To alnumbe o auxilia iesby ex DIALECT TEXT -pa iciple y a es TOTAL P ussian (Wes e n) 1547MžK 0 3 3 1573WP 237 27 264 1579VEE 61 20 81 1579BB 139 5 144 1612ZE 11 011 1727KNT 243 3 246 LDK (Cen al) 1599DP 414 6 420 1660MP 145 26 171 1653KN 0 12 12 1660ChB 490 56 546 1701B NT 216 46 262 1816GNT 295 2 297 LDK (Eas e n) 1644ŠPS 0 4 8 1647JE 0 1 1 PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 124 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI TABLE 6:To alpe cen ageo auxilia iesby ex DIALECT TEXT -pa iciple y a es = P ussian (Wes e n) 1547MžK 0 100 100 1573WP 90 10 100 1579VE 75 25 100 1579BB 97 3 100 1612ZE 100 0 100 1727KNT 99 1100 LDK (Cen al) 1599DP 99 1100 1660MP 85 15 100 1653KN 0 100 100 1660ChB 90 10 100 1701B NT 82 18 100 1816GNT 99 1100 LDK (Eas e n) 1644ŠPS 0 100 100 1647JE 0 100 100 Theo e whelmingmajo i yo examplesuse heauxilia yy aas hede aul  one.As expec ed,a g adual disappea anceo  hepassi e wi h he e bes i can beno iced.Howe e , his p ocessdi e edsligh lybe ween hedialec s o P ussiaand heG andDuchyo Li huania.Basedon heda a,i canbe assumed ha  hecons uc ionwi hes iasanauxilia y e b inallywen ou o  useinP ussiain he18 hcen u yand heLDKin he19 hcen u y.Acco ding oAmb azas (2001:15), his isp obably ela ed o he de elopmen  o  he passi ei sel ,whichwas i s  ullyg amma icalizedinWes e ndialec sand hen g aduallyco e edsubsequen dialec s o heEas .Thisp ocessinsomeeas e n dialec swasno  ullycomple edun ilmode n imes(Amb azas2001:15–16; 2006:365–366).Below, hecha ac e is icso  heuseo  hemen ioned e b o msinindi idualdialec swillbediscussed. 3.1.1.P ussiandialec Theoldes s udied ex  ep esen s heP ussiandialec ,anda  hesame ime, heoldes Li huanianbookis heMa ynasMaž ydas’Ca echism.Du ing he co pussea ch, h eeexampleso  hepassi ewi hanauxilia yin he hi dpe son we e oundin he ex men ionedabo e,andin e es ingly,all heseexamples a econs uc ionswi h he e bes i:  S aipsniai / A icles 125 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e (3) 1547MžK …Baßniczie pado a es i Ch is ui chu ch.nom.sg gi e.ps .pp. aux.ps .3 pn.da .sg (4) 1547MžK Szadis Dewa […] ap aschi as es i wo d.nom.sg God.gen.sg desc ibe.ps .pp.nom.sg aux.p s.3 Tais zadeis his.ins.pl.m wo d.ins.pl ‘Wo do Godisdesc ibedwi h hesewo ds.’ O cou se, heexamples ounda eno nume ousenough obeconside ed s a is icallysigni ican .Howe e ,i iswo hno ing ha in he ex o Pos illa om1573,only28yea sa e  heCa echism, hedominan  o mo  heauxilia y is y a,andes ioccu sinonly10%o  o alexamples(27ou o 264).Howe e , despi e hiso e whelmingdisc epancy, he eisnoappa en di e encein he useo  he wo o ms.Theycanbeusedbo hin esul a i emeanings(5a)and (5b)andinac ionalmeaningswi hanexp essedagen (6a)and(6b): (5) Resul a i e: a. 1573WP P iligin a es ka alis e dangaus ßmagu equa e.ps .pp.nom.sg. aux.ps .3 kingdom.nom.sg hea en.gen.sg man.da .sg ka eliu king.da .sg ‘Thekingdomo hea enislikeun oace ainking…’ b. 1573WP P iligin a i a ka alis e Dangaus ßmagu equa e.ps .pp.nom.sg. aux.ps .3 kingdom.nom.sg hea en.gen.sg man.gen.pl seiancʒiam gie ụ seklụ sow.p s.ap.da .sg.m good.gen.pl.m seed.gen.pl ‘Thekingdomo hea enislikenedun oamanwhichsowedgoodseed…’ (6) Ac ional: a. 1573WP Diewas […] ege as es nog God.nom.sg see.ps .ap.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3 om angelụ angel.gen.pl ‘…Godwas[…]seeno Angels.’ PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 132 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI beginningo  he18 hcen u y,es iwass illap oduc i eauxilia yusedina ully- ledgedpassi e,while hepassi ewi hy a,al houghnume ous,wasless de eloped. The s a uso  he o m es i haschangedo e  100yea s,and in Juozapas A nul asGied ai is’ ex ,only wouseso i in hepassi econs uc ioncanbe ound.In e es ingly,bo hexamples,simila ly oChylinskis’,a enega ions: (22)1816GNI a[Jog jums duo a i a zino pasłep inés ka alis es dangaus:] o jemis ne es duo a exclam 3.pl.m.da  neg aux.p s.3 gi e.ps .pp.n ‘[Because i  is gi enun oyou oknow hemys e ies o  hekingdomo  hea en,]bu  o hemi isno gi en.’ b [Daug eypogi i ki u s ebukłu pada e Jezus po akimis moki iniu sawo,] ku ie ne es i pa aszi i ose which.pl.m neg aux.p s.3 w i e.ps .pp.nom.pl.m his.loc.pl knigose book.loc.pl ‘[Andmanyo he signs ulydidJesusin hep esenceo hisdisciples,]which a eno w i enin hesebook.’ The e ylow equencyo es i(1%)maysugges  ha  he o misp obably used o s ylis ic easons,andmos likelysomewhe ebe ween he18 hand19 h cen u ies,es iasanauxilia y e bin he e i o yo  heLDK inally ellin o disuse. A  hispoin ,asmallsampleo  heeas e ndialec iswo hmen ioning– namely ex sbyKons an inasSi ydasandJonasJakna ičius.Inbo h ex s, only i eexampleso  hepassi ewi h he hi dpe sonwe e ound,andalluse he e bes i. (23)1644ŠPS kayp ki i dá bay Diewo […] as o he .nom.sg.m wo k.nom.pl god.gen.sg eʃ i da i i nuog wiſu iiu aux.p s.3 made.ps .pp.nom.pl.m om all.gen.pl.m h ee.gen.m Pe ſunu T ayces S[ en osios] pe son.gen.pl ini y.gen.sg holy.gen.pl. ‘Aso he wo kso  heGoda emadebyallHolyT ini y.’  S aipsniai / A icles 133 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e (24)1647JE A wienas ig iu kad exclam one.nom.sg om 3.pl.gen when ißwido apćis i as es i [sug io su bałsu didʒiu ga bindamas Diewu.] ealize.ps .3 cleanse.ps .pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3 ‘Andoneo  hemwhen ealized ha iscleansed,collapsedonea hand p aisedloudly heLo d.’ Theabsenceo y a o msin hepassi ecouldsugges  ha  hep ocesso  de eloping o mso  he hi dpe sono  hepassi e oices a edin heWes  andmo ed o heEas and heEas e ndialec was helas  o ullyde elop hepassi e.Thiswouldcon i mAmb azas’(2001:15–16)obse a ionson he de elopmen o  hepassi e,bu un o una ely, hesampleis oosmall obe ully eliable.Ne e heless,i showsace ain endencyandisas a ingpoin  o  u he analysis. 3.2. m-pa iciple Inaddi ion o he -pa iciple, heLi huanianpassi emaybebasedon he so-calledp esen passi epa iciple(m-pa iciple), o medbyadding hesu ix -m-andanending o hep esen  enses em.His o ically, hepa iciplewas used oc ea eadjec i es(c .la . i mus, en.wa m),andnowadays,cons uc ions usingi a echa ac e izedbyadu a i easpec .In his unc ion,i isaLi huanian inno a ion. The same pa iciple is p esen  in La ian. Howe e , i  has no  de elopedas hebasis o  hepassi eandins eadhasamodalmeaning. In e es ingly,in heoldes  ex s om he e i o yo P ussia, hede aul  auxilia y e bwasy a,andes iappea edla e ,mainlyin he e i o yo  he LDK.Thedis ibu iono  hese o msisp esen edin he ablesbelow: PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 134 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI TABLE 7:To alnumbe o auxilia iesby ex DIALECT TEXT m-pa iciple y a es = P ussian (Wes e n) 1547MžK 0 0 0 1573WP 10 0 1579VE 7 1 8 1579BB 30 0 30 1612ZE 0 0 0 1727KNT 45 0 45 LDK (Cen al) 1599DP 58 2 60 1660MP 0 13 13 1653KN 0 5 5 1660ChB 7257 264 1701B NT 41 34 75 1816GNT 42 143 LDK (Eas e n) 1644ŠPS 0 0 0 1647JE 0 0 0 TABLE 8:To alpe cen ageo auxilia iesby ex DIALECT TEXT m-pa iciple y a es = P ussian (Wes e n) 1547MžK 0 0 0 1573WP 100 0 100 1579VE 88 12 100 1579BB 100 0 100 1612ZE 0 0 0 1727KNT 100 0 100 LDK (Cen al) 1599DP 97 3 100 1660MP 0 100 100 1653KN 0 100 100 1660ChB 3 97 100 1701B NT 55 45 100 1816GNT 98 2 100 LDK (Eas e n) 1644ŠPS 0 0 0 1647JE 0 0 0  S aipsniai / A icles 135 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e Thedis ibu ionmen ionedabo eseemspuzzling.Asal eadymen ioned, passi ewas i s g amma icalizedin he e i o yo P ussia.Thisispa icula ly impo an  akingin oaccoun  hepassi ewi h hem-pa iciplebecausei  i s  eme gedinP ussiaandonlyla e sp ead o he e i o yo LDK,andacco ding oAmb azas(2001:16),apassi eo  his ypehasno de elopedinsomeEas e n dialec s o hisday,whichseem obecon i medby heda acollec ed o  his s udy.Below,ananalysiso indi idualexamples oundin heP ussianandLDK dialec swillbediscussed. 3.2.1.P ussiandialec Asal eadymen ioned, hepassi ebasedon hem-pa icipleisaLi huanian inno a ion ha  i s appea edon he e i o yo P ussia.In heoldes  ex – Maž ydas’ Ca echism, he e we e no examples o  his ype o  use wi h an auxilia y.I isdi icul  osayhowde eloped hiscons uc ionwasdu ing his pe iod,andi mayno bea es ed.Howe e ,i canbeassumed ha i wass ill no  ullyg amma icalizedasapassi e,and heoldes a es edexamplecomes omVilen as’ ex  om1579,whe esomedi e en useso  hepa iciplecan be ound: (25)1579VEE: Nëʃa Aga wandinamas j a A abioie o  pn call.p s.pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3 pn.loc.pl kalnas Sinai moun ain.nom.sg pn ‘Fo Moun SinaiiscalledAga inA abia.’ (26)1579VEE: Wiʃʃi daik ai aw j a galimi all.nom.pl.m hing.nom.pl 2.sg.da  aux.p s.3 can.p s.pp.nom.pl.m ‘All hingsa epossible oyou…’ (27)1579VEE: … bagams apʃakoma j a Euangelia poo .da .pl p each.p s.pp.nom.sg.  aux.p s.3 gospel.nom.sg ‘… o hepoo  hegospelisp eached.’ PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 136 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI (28)1579VEE: … ku ie nîg iô [Die o] j a which.nom.pl.m om 3.sg.gen.m aux.p s.3 ʃiun emi send.p s.pp.nom.pl.m ‘…whicha esen byhim[ heGod]…’ Example(25)illus a es hea ibu i eo  esul a i euse,which ypically ma ks he ini ial s age o  he passi e’s e olu ion (Bybee e al. 1994: 64; Amb azas2001:12).Example(26)demons a esamodaluse.Examples(27) and (28) ep esen  he ac ional passi e, which sha es he same meaning as he con empo a y cons uc ion wi h he m-pa iciple – namely, du a i e o  habi ual.C ucially,asshowninexample(28),i ispossible oexp essanagen  in hecons uc ion,indica ing ha i isal eady ullyde eloped,muchlike he passi ebasedon he -pa iciple.I iswo hno ing ha Vilen as’ ex is heonly examinedP ussianDialec  ex  o ea u econs uc ionwi hes i. (29)1579VEE: … duk e mana ʃunke’ nůgi daugh e .nom.sg 1.sg.poss.nom.  g ie ously om Welna eʃ i wa ginama de il.gen.sg aux.p s.3 ex.p s.pp.nom.sg. ‘…mydaugh e isg ie ously exedwi hade il.’ Ascanbeseen,i isa ull- ledgedac ionalcons uc ionwi hanexp essed agen ,bu i is heonlyexampleo  his ypein heexamined ex s.The ex s byB e kūnasandQuand ( heonlyones om he e i o yo P ussiawhe e hecons uc ionoccu s)onlyuse hecombina iony a + m-pa iciple.Please conside belowexamples: (30)BB1579: 30 Mana Duk ie nůg Welino pik ai 1.sg.poss.nom. daugh e .nom.sg om de il.gen.sg g ie ously i a mucʒijma aux.p s.3 ex.p s.pp.nom.sg. ‘…mydaugh e isg ie ously exedwi hade il.’ (31)KNT1727: Mano Duk e ſunkiey Wélno wa ginnama 1.sg.poss.nom.  daugh e .nom.sg g ie ously de il.gen.sg ex.p s.pp.nom.sg. ‘…mydaugh e isg ie ously exedwi hade il.’  S aipsniai / A icles 137 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e Due o he sca ci y o  da a, i  is challenging o pinpoin  when he g amma icaliza iono  hepassi ebasedon hem-pa icipleoccu ed.Howe e , i isundeniablyplausible ha by he16 hcen u y,in heP ussian e i o y,i  wasal eady ullyde eloped,and om heou se ,i sde aul auxilia y e bwas y a.Thisislikelylinked o he ac  ha when his ypeo cons uc ioneme ged in helanguage, hepassi ebasedon he -pa iciplewasin he inalphase o  g amma icaliza ion. In he 16 h cen u y, y a was he dominan  auxilia y. Mos  likely, he newly eme ged passi e cons uc ion wi h he m-pa iciple au oma icallyadop ed hemos  equen auxilia ydu ing hispe iod. 3.2.2.Cen aldialec Basedon hep e iouslyp esen edda a ega ding he -pa iciple,i couldbe assumed ha  hesi ua ioninLDKwasanalogous o ha inP ussia.Howe e , heda ap esen edinTables(7)and(8)seem ocon adic  his.Theoldes o  heexamined ex s–Daukša’sPos yll–hasasimila dis ibu ion o he ex so  P ussianau ho s,and heonly woexamplesou o 60useso  hem-pa iciple a econs uc ionswi hes i: (32)DP1599: ... numí elei kâ ais giwúmpiumṗi śiuncʒemi dead.nom.pl some imes li e.all send.p s.pp.nom.pl.m es aux.p s.3 ‘…deadsome imesa esen  oli e.’ (33)DP1599: … anié ku ié lûdin iemus dâ omi 3.pl.nom.m which.nom.pl.m wi ness.ins.pl made.p s.pp.nom.pl.m es ’ aux.p s.3 … hosewhoa emadewi nesses…’ Howe e ,al eadyayea la e ,inMo kūnas’ ex , he esul sa esu p ising, and hedominan auxilia yises i,whiley awi h hem-pa icipledoesno  appea a all: PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 138 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI (34)1600MP: a.[Pos illa LIETVWISZKA Tá áy es Iǯguldimás p ás ás Ewángeliu an koǯnos Nedelios i Sʒwen es’ pe wisus me us] ku ios págal budá sená Báǯnicǯioy which.nom.sg.m acco ding way.acc.sg old.acc.sg.m chu ch.loc.sg Diewá es skái omos God.gen.sg aux.p s.3 ead.p s.pp.nom.pl. ‘[ThisLi huanianPos ilis hesimpleexplana iono  heGospel o e e y Sundayandholiday h ough heyea ],whichacco ding o heold adi ionis eadin heCong ega iono  heGod.’ Zinke ičius(1998:247)accusesMo kūnaso manymis akes,bu  hesame canno besaidabou Bi ne iso S eponasJaugelisTelega– enownedlanguage expe so  hei  ime(Zinke ičius1988:216–223).In he50yea solde  ex o  Knyga nobažnys ės, heonlycons uc ionexp essing his ypeo passi eiss ill es i + m-pa iciple. (35)1653KN 35… ki a i ȧ dángus ku ion o he .nom.sg.  be.p s.3 hea en.nom.sg which.ill.sg wisi wie ni i pábȧni all.nom.pl.m ai h ul.nom.pl.m and de ou .nom.pl.m Ʒmones people.nom.pl siunćiámi es i send.p s.pp.nom.pl.m aux.p s.3 ‘…di e en is heHea en owhichall ai h ulandde ou peoplea esen .’ Wha  his ype o  dis ibu ion o cons uc ionwi hes i can indica e?O  cou se,i canbeassumed ha somewhe ebe ween he16 hand17 hcen u ies, he e bes i eappea edonceagainas hede aul auxilia y o  hem-pa iciple, bu  his seems unlikely. The eason o  such a la ge disc epancy be ween Daukšaand heo he au ho s om heLDK,asal eadymen ioned,shouldbe sough in heo igino  heau ho o  hePos ille.The e o e,i canbeassumed ha Daukša’s ex ,whichisa ep esen a i eo  heCen aldialec ,wasa leas  in luencedby heWes e ndialec in his espec ,whichseems obecon i med bybo h heda a ega ding he -andm-pa iciples. While he examples ci ed so a  ha e no  been nume ous, he ex  o  Chylinskis’ Bible seems o con i m he hesis ha  in he e i o y o  he LDK, hecons uc iono y a + m-pa iciplehasno ye beende eloped.In hemen ioned ansla ion,ou o 266examples,onlyse encons uc ionsa e combinedwi hy a.Fou a eusedwi h hepa iciplezynoma ‘known’andone  S aipsniai / A icles 139 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e wi hwadynama ‘called’andno szaukiamas ‘no called’–sooneshouldconside  hemaslexicalizeda ibu i eo modaluses a he  han heac ualpassi e. (36)1660ChB a… ana di wa ju liezuwe ha .nom.sg.  ield.nom.sg 3.pl.gen.m ongue.loc.sg wadynama i a Akeldama call.p s.pp.nom.sg.  aux.p s.3 pn.nom ‘… ha  ieldiscalledin hei p ope  ongue,Aceldama…’ b [Jog nes zymus ziankłas pada y as i a pe jos,] zynoma i a wisiemus ku ie giwena know.p s.pp.n aux.p s.3 all.da .pl.m which.nom.pl.m li e.p s.3 Je uzalej pn.loc.sg ‘[Fo  ha indeedano ablemi acleha hbeendoneby hem]ismani es  oall hem ha dwellinJe usalem.’ Onlyoneexamplecanbein e p e edas heac ionalpassi e: (37)1660ChB [Be ep aszo jos wie oy, as nes ku sej abejoia ligus i a] Wilniey ma iu, ku sej wa omas i a wa e.da .sg sea.gen.pl which.da .sg mo e.p s.pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s.3 nog wejaus om wind.gen.sg ‘[Bu le himaskin ai h,no hingwa e ing.Fo he ha wa e e hislike]a wa eo  hesead i enwi h hewind…’ Mos examples(259)wi hapassi ebasedon hem-pa icipleinChylinskis’ ex  use he e b es i. Among hem, one can also ind cons uc ions wi h hepa iciplesmen ionedinexamples(36)and(37),bu  he ea eonly6o  hem.Theo e whelmingmajo i ya epassi econs uc ionsco esponding o con empo a ydu a i eandhabi ualuseo  hem-pa iciple. (38)1660ChB a…[ eywanis e] nog Izaoka paszławinime jo om pn.gen.sg blessing.loc.sg 3.sg.m.gen paźadama i pas yp ynama es p omise.p s.pp.nom.sg.  and en o ce.p s.pp.nom.sg. aux.p s.3 ‘…[he i age]isp omisedand ein o cedbyIsaac’sblessing.’ PAWEŁBRUDZYŃSKI 140 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI bIz aeli ey pamuszami es nog Filis ynu pn.nom.pl de ea .p s.pp.nom.pl.m aux.p s.3 om pn.gen.pl ‘Is aeli eswasde ea edbyPhilis ines.’ cPas yp ynamas es asabliwu api eyszkimu ein o ce.p s.pp.nom.sg.m aux.p s. 3peculia .ins.sg.m e ela ion.ins.sg ‘Was ein o cedbypeculia  e ela ion.’ Asin hecaseo  he -pa iciple, he ea econs uc ionswi haho a i e p e ix (39a) and a nega ion p e ix (39b). Howe e , hese a e jus  i e such examples: (39)1660ChB aWiezliwis e jusu ’es pazys ama wisiem[us] mode a ion.nom.sg 2.pl.gen aux.p s.3.ho know.p s.pp.nom.sg.  all.acc.pl.m zmonem[us] man.acc.pl ‘Le you mode a ionbeknownun oallmen.’ b… jeygu wel n’es wadojama i  again aux.p s.3.neg edeem.p s.pp.nom.sg.  ada bus pa do pagal apwe ynima hen be. u .3 sell.ps .pp.n acco ding o es ima ion.acc.sg awo 2.sg.poss ‘…i i isno  edeemed, heni shallbesoldacco ding o hyes ima ion.’ Thismayindica e ha  he e bes i,whichcouldha especialized unc ions incons uc ionswi ha -pa iciple,is a he ade aul auxilia yin hecaseo  an m-pa iciple.Thishypo hesismayalsobesuppo edby he ac  ha manyo  heexamplescomeno  om he ex o  heBiblei sel bu  omin oduc ions ochap e s ha a eno inspi edby hesou ceo  he ansla ionand e lec  he idiolec o  heau ho himsel –and he e o e heac uallanguageo  heCen al dialec o  hesecondhal o  he17 hcen u y. Bi ne is’ ex , which is 40 yea s olde , he si ua ion changes, and he dis ibu iono bo hauxilia iesa ealmos equal(45%–es iand55%–y a). The eisnoappa en di e encebe ween heuseo bo h e bs,bu  hepassi e wi hes iseemsmo eac ional.A  hesame ime,incombina ionwi hy a, he e a emo elexicalizedo a ibu i e o ms.  S aipsniai / A icles 141 Disappea ance o he auxilia y e b es i in he Li huanian passi e (40)1701BNT a… duk ė mano sunkey mucʒijama daugh e .nom.sg 1.sg.poss.nom.  g ie ously ex.p s.pp.nom.sg.  es i nůg Welnio aux.p s.3 om de il.gen.sg ‘…mydaugh e isg ie ously exedwi hade il.’ b[G óma a] skai oma i a nůg wissû book.nom.sg ead.p s.pp.n aux.p s.3 om all.gen.pl ʒmonû man.gen.pl ‘Bookis eadbyallmen.’ (41)1701BNT aTegul jumus wissiemus žinoma es i shall 2.pl.da  all.da .pl.m know.p s.pp.n aux.p s.3 ‘Bei knownun oyouall…’ bNes žinoma i a jog Wießpa s because know.p s.pp.n aux.p s.3 ha  Lo d.nom.sg musu ißėjo iß plemês Iudos 1.pl.gen go.ps .3 om ibe.gen.sg pn.gen ‘Fo i ise iden  ha ou Lo dsp angou o Juda…’ This mayindica e ha  he u n o  he 17 h and 18 hcen u ies was when hees icons uc ionbegan o allin odisuse.Gied ai is’ ex hasonlyone cons uc ionwi h he e bes iou o 43.I can, he e o e,beassumed ha  hiscons uc ionwasnolonge p oduc i ein he19 hcen u y.Al hough,as in hecaseo  heP ussiandialec , heexac da eo  heg amma icaliza iono  hecons uc ionwi hy acanno begi en,i mus ha eoccu eda  he u n o  he18 hand19 hcen u iesa  hela es ,i.e.,o e 100yea sla e .Theda a om heEas e ndialec a eindeed agmen a y.Howe e , heabsenceo  he discussedcons uc ionin heexamined ex smaybea eason oclaim ha  his cons uc ionmus ha ede elopedandbeeng amma icalizede enla e . 4. CONCLUSIONS His o ically, he hi dpe sono  heLi huanian e bbū i ‘ obe’used he o m es i,co esponding oo he Bal icandIndo-Eu opeanlanguages(c .P ussian as ;Polishjes ,La ines ,Ge manis ,e c.).Howe e ,due o heseman icshi ,