BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204
SABINE KIRCHMEIER
Eu opean Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Language (EFNIL)
TRENDS IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGE POLICIES WITH A VIEW TO
LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT
This a icle gi es an o e iew o cu en ends in Eu opean language policies ega ding
he s a us o he o icial EU-languages and wi h a iew o language echnology. The a icle is
based on da a collec ed o he Eu opean Language Moni o (ELM) p o ided by EFNIL – he
Eu opean Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Language – and on ecen expe iences wi h
he de elopmen o he na ional Danish s a egies o a i icial in elligence and language
echnology. The aim is o desc ibe he weal h o in o ma ion abou Eu opean language
policies ha is a ailable h ough EFNIL and ELM, and o inspi e esea che s, s uden s and
policy make s o u he analyse he da a and use hem o u u e policy de elopmen .
KEYWORDS: language policy, language planning, language echnology, Eu opean languages.
ANOTACIJA
Šiame s aipsnyje apž elgiamos daba inės Eu opos kalbų poli ikos endencijos,
k eipian dėmesį į o icialių Eu opos Sąjungos kalbų s a usą i į kalbų echnologijas. S aipsnis
pag įs as Eu opos nacionalinių kalbos ins i ucijų ede acijos (Eu opean Fede a ion o
Na ional Ins i u ions o Languages, EFNIL) ykdomos Eu opos kalbų s ebėsenos (Eu opean
Language Moni o , ELM) duomenimis i naujausia Danijos nacionalinės di b inio in elek o i
kalbos echnologijų s a egijos kū imo pa i imi.
S aipsnio ikslas y a į ai iais aspek ais išnag inė i apibend inamąją in o maciją apie
Eu opos kalbų poli iką ( emian is ELM duomenimis, gau ais iš EFNIL) i įk ėp i y ėjus,
s uden us i poli ikos o muo ojus oliau analizuo i šiuos duomenis bei pasinaudo i jais
o muojan kalbos poli iką a ei yje.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kalbos poli ika, kalbos plana imas, kalbos echnologijos, Eu opos kalbos.
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INTRODUCTION
This a icle gi es an o e iew o cu en ends in Eu opean language policies – a bi d’s
eye iew on he Eu opean language landscape ega ding he s a us o he o icial EU-
languages and wi h a iew o language echnology. I is based on da a in he Eu opean
Language Moni o (ELM) ha is de eloped and egula ly main ained by he Eu opean
Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Language (EFNIL), and on ecen de elopmen s in
Denma k ega ding policies o language echnology. Language echnology is chosen as he
ocus poin , since his is an a ea whe e we cu en ly see he mos in e es ing de elopmen s in
na ional policies. The aim o he a icle is o desc ibe he weal h o in o ma ion abou
Eu opean language policies ha is a ailable h ough EFNIL and ELM, and o inspi e
esea che s, s uden s and policy make s o u he analyse he da a and use hem o u u e
policy de elopmen .
In he i s sec ions, I will sho ly desc ibe EFNIL and i s app oach o language
planning. Nex , I will gi e an o e iew o he Eu opean Language Moni o (ELM) and gi e
de ailed examples om he sec ions abou language legisla ion, abou he use o English in
highe educa ion and abou language echnology. Finally, I will sho ly desc ibe he
de elopmen ega ding language echnology in Denma k o illus a e impo an aspec s o he
policy de elopmen p ocess. In he concluding chap e s, I will sho ly ouch upon he ecen
de elopmen s o language echnology in he Eu opean Commission and UNESCO and
highligh EFNIL’s ecommenda ions o policies on language echnology.
1. THE EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR LANGUAGE
(EFNIL)
EFNIL is a ede a ion o o icial ins i u ions o language in Eu ope bo h inside and
ou side he EU. Cu en ly, he e a e 40 ins i u ions and 29 coun ies ep esen ed. EFNIL is
inanced by an annual membe ship ee ha is used o inance a sec e a ia , o a ange an
annual in e na ional con e ence and o un da a collec ion p ojec s on language planning and
language policy. EFNIL is pu suing he ollowing goals:
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• The collec ion and exchange o in o ma ion abou he o icially ecognized s anda d
languages o he EU and o he o icial Eu opean languages.
• The p o ision o expe ad ice abou language policy in he EU.
• The p ese a ion o linguis ic di e si y wi hin Eu ope.
• The p omo ion o plu ilingualism amongs he ci izens o he EU s a es.
The ede a ion also ollows he de elopmen in he mino i y and egional languages o
Eu ope. EFNIL wo ks o achie e i s goals h ough he ollowing ac i i ies:
• Desc ip ion and analysis o he cu en linguis ic si ua ion wi hin he EU as well as
implica ions o longe - e m linguis ic de elopmen . Cu en ly he e a e 3 p ojec s:
o LLE: Language Legisla ion in Eu ope (a equen ly upda ed o e iew o he
language egime in each coun y).
o ELM: Eu opean Language Moni o (a da a collec ion abou language policies
and p ac ices ac oss Eu ope).
o ELIPS: Eu opean Languages and hei In elligibili y in he Public Space (a da a
collec ion abou plain language s a egies and p ac ices ac oss Eu ope).
• Scien i ically based analysis o c oss-s a e language p oblems and ques ions o
language policy in annual con e ences and publica ions.
• Consul a ion se ices in he ield o language policy o poli ical decision make s o
he EU ins i u ions and membe s a es.
P opaga ion o he cul u al and p ac ical bene i s o Eu opean linguis ic di e si y and
plu ilingualism h ough ele an ac ions and publica ions
1
.
EFNIL’s app oach o language planning. EFNIL’s p ojec s aim a in o ming decision
make s and esea che s abou language planning ac i i ies in Eu ope. Language planning is
gene ally de ined as he de elopmen o policies o p og ams designed o di ec o change
language use. I ypically consis s o s a us planning, acquisi ion planning and co pus
planning.
• S a us planning aims a he egula ion o he posi ion o a language s. o he
languages: Which languages a e conside ed he o icial and non-o icial languages in
1
See mo e on www.e nil.o g.
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a coun y, in which social con ex s a e hey spoken, and wha is he legal si ua ion o
hei use s. S a us planning also co e s p es ige planning.
• Acquisi ion planning aims a he egula ion o which languages a e augh in
a ious educa ional con ex s, and how hese languages a e augh a di e en
educa ional le els.
• Co pus planning egula es he language as such: s anda diza ion o ocabula y,
o hog aphy, w i ing ules, e minology e c.
Bo h s a us and acquisi ion planning a ec he language as such – he co pus, and so he
knowledge o he language planning si ua ion is no only ele an o decision make s bu also
impo an backg ound knowledge o linguis ic obse a ions.
2. THE EUROPEAN LANGUAGE MONITOR (ELM)
ELM is a p ojec ha p o ides in o ma ion abou language policy and p ac ice in he
pa icipa ing coun ies and is upda ed e e y 4 yea s. I is a scien i ic e iew o he language
si ua ion in Eu opean coun ies which p o ides exac e e ences o he ac ual legisla ion in
each coun y and use ul backg ound knowledge abou he s a us o he languages o Eu ope.
ELM has asked app oxima ely he same ques ions wi h egula in e als o he las 10
yea s and hus allows esea che s o ack de elopmen s wi hin he language policies in he
pa icipa ing coun ies. The ques ions in ELM co e he ollowing opics:
• Coun y si ua ion. O icial, egional, indigenous, immig an languages spoken wi hin
and ou side he coun y, legal s a us, acco dance wi h con en ions.
• Legal si ua ion. Language law, cons i u ional s a us, o he egula ions, language
demands o ci izenship.
• P ima y and seconda y educa ion. Languages o ins uc ion, languages o e ed.
• Te ia y educa ion. Languages o ins uc ion, languages used in publica ions and
disse a ions.
• Media. Pape s, TV, ilm, music. Languages used and ansla ions p o ided.
• Business. Regula ions. Company languages, annual epo s, websi es.
• Dissemina ion o languages. O icial languages augh ab oad.
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• Language o ganiza ions. O icial, non-go e nmen al bu publicly unded, p i a e.
• Language echnology.
TABLE 1. O e iew o coun ies pa icipa ing in ELM 1-4

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The collec ion o da a o ELM 1, he i s pilo p ojec , s a ed in 2004. Collec ion o
da a o ELM 2 s a ed in 2008, ELM 3 2012 and ELM4 in 2017.
Since language ins i u ions olun ee o ill in he ques ionnai e, which is bo h long and
complica ed, i has no always been possible o ge he in o ma ion om all coun ies. The lis
o pa icipa ing coun ies is shown in Table 1. In 2008, 23 coun ies pa icipa ed. In 2012, i
was 27, and in 2017 he numbe o pa icipan s was 21. 17 coun ies ha e pa icipa ed in all 3
ounds.
3. EXAMPLES OF INFORMATION IN ELM
In he ollowing, I will p esen h ee examples o illus a e how he da a in ELM can be
used. I will desc ibe he da a abou language legisla ion, he da a abou he use o English in
highe educa ion and he da a abou language echnology.
3.1. Language legisla ion
The i s example deals wi h language legisla ion. The pa icipan s in each coun y we e
asked:
• A e he e p o isions abou language in he cons i u ion?
• Is he e a language law? (a language law is a amewo k law which mus be obse ed
in o he legisla ion).
• A e p o isions abou language made in o he legisla ion?
The h ee ques ions may be conside ed a hie a chy wi h he cons i u ion a he op le el
as he mos gene al ype o legisla ion, and p o isions abou language in o he ulings as he
mos speci ic one. Figu e 1 shows ha in ELM 4 (2017) a li le mo e han hal o he
pa icipa ing coun ies (11 ou o 21) indica ed ha hey do ha e p o ision o language in
hei cons i u ion, whe eas a li le less han hal (9 ou o 21 do no ha e any p o isions a he
cons i u ional le el. Language p o isions ia language laws and o he legisla ion is a bi mo e
widesp ead: 14 ou o 21 coun ies epo ha hey ha e language p o isions a hese
legisla i e le els.
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FIG. 1. Language P o isions in ELM 4 (2017)
ELM also p o ides de ailed in o ma ion abou which coun ies ha e which ypes o
egula ions (See Table 2).
In Table 2, coun ies a e o de ed acco ding o he deg ee o language egula ion in hei
legisla ion. In he op, we ind he leas egula ed ones, and, in he bo om, hose ha ha e
egula ions on all 3 le els.
Only 3 coun ies (Denma k, Ge many, and The Ne he lands) ha e no egula ions a he
wo highes le els: he cons i u ion and he language law, whe eas 8 coun ies ha e
egula ions a all h ee le els. The easons di e om coun y o coun y. Fo ins ance, he
cons i u ion o Denma k is om 1849 and has only had a ew mino e isions h oughou he
yea s. I was made a a ime whe e he coun y was o ming a na ion s a e which was
conside ed qui e homogenous and monolingual. So, nobody hough abou making special
p o isions in he cons i u ion abou he Danish language. In Finland, he oles o he Swedish
and Finnish languages and he igh s o he Swedish mino i y ha e been issues o many
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yea s. The e was a language law al eady in 1922, and language p o isions became pa o he
cons i u ion in 1999.
TABLE 2. O e iew o legal p o isions in pa icipa ing coun ies in ELM 4 (2017)
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We can see ha he e is no coun y ha does no ha e any p o ision a any le el.
Typically, i he e a e no p o isions a he highes le el, he e will be some a a lowe one.
The UK does no ha e a single cons i u ional code, ha is why he ques ions abou he i s
wo ypes o legisla ion a e no applicable.
3.2. Wha a e language p o isions abou ?
Many cons i u ions s a e wha he o icial language o languages o he coun y a e.
Some co e he whole coun y; o he s es ic he legisla ion o co e only s a e ins i u ions
and schools. The p o isions mainly pinpoin he igh s o ci izens ha speak he language –
such as he F ench laws ha s a e ha F ench ci izens ha e he igh o speak in hei own
language in e e y con ex . This is o ins ance he case a scien i ic con e ences, which may
no be held exclusi ely in English.
FIG. 2. Legisla i e measu es o language use in schools, uni e si ies, mass media and
business in coun ies pa icipa ing in ELM 4 (2017)
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he META-NET se ies (Rehm, Uszko ei 2012), ha clea ly documen ed ha Denma k was
lagging se iously behind, did no shake up he poli ical sphe e excep o a ew pa ies in he
opposi ion.
In 2015 and 2016 he Danish Language Council published a se ies o a icles abou
language echnology, and his led o a p oposal in he Danish pa liamen o es ablish a
language echnology commi ee (DSN LT a icles). Since he p oposal came om he
opposi ion, i was decided o ha e a hea ing in pa liamen i s . This hea ing ook place abou
a yea la e , in he beginning o 2017. And inally, in he beginning o 2018, a yea a e he
hea ing, he commi ee could be es ablished. In o al, he p ocess ook almos 3 yea s.
Bu hen, hings wen ex emely as . The language commi ee was supposed o p esen
a epo in he middle o 2019. I ook ca e o in ol e all ele an ac o s in he ield. In ac ,
mo e han 200 ins i u ions and p i a e en e p ises pa icipa ed in wo kshops and con ibu ed
o he inal epo (Ki chmeie e al. 2019a; 2019b).
Howe e , only abou hal a yea a e he commi ee s a ed, he ocus on a i icial
in elligence accele a ed, and al eady in Oc obe 2018, language echnology became pa o he
na ional s a egy o digi al public se ice, which had a whole chap e dedica ed o language
echnology o Danish. In Ma ch 2019, a mon h be o e he epo o he commi ee was
published, he minis y o inance published he na ional s a egy o a i icial in elligence and
alloca ed 4 million Eu o o Danish language esou ces (Denma k’s Na ional S a egy o
A i icial In elligence 2019). This was possible because he e was a s ong coo dina ion and
communica ion be ween he minis y and he commi ee on he ecommenda ions du ing he
whole p ocess.
The ecommenda ions by he language echnology commi ee we e as ollows:
1. Es ablishmen o a cen al o ganisa ion o plan and manage a Na ional Danish
language esou ce bank.
2. The language bank should con ain high quali y esou ces o he ollowing kind:
2.1. A ime anno a ed Danish speech echnology co pus.
2.2. Danish ex co po a and anno a ed gold s anda ds o machine lea ning.
2.3. A comp ehensi e lexical da abase.
2.4. A Danish e minology bank.
2.5. A language echnology ool-ki .

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2.6. A language po al o he dis ibu ion o esou ces.
3. Mo e educa ion o aining o expe s in language echnology o Danish.
4. Mo e esea ch on language echnology o Danish.
These ecommenda ions a e cu en ly implemen ed by he Danish Agency o
Digi iza ion, and mo e and mo e language esou ces o Danish a e made a ailable a hei
websi e sp og eknologi.dk.
One o he ideas pu o wa d by he commi ee, was o combine all in o ma ion abou a
gi en lexeme in one comp ehensi e lexical da abase.
The da abase should con ain adi ional lexical esou ces such as a ious dic iona ies
and da abases on gene al language, o hog aphic s anda ds, neologisms, and concep s, in
combina ion wi h seman ic ne s, e minology da abases and speech da abases. I is no an easy
ask o combine hese esou ces, bu o an a i icial in elligence p og am, access o all kind o
linguis ic in o ma ion is ex emely use ul. Expe imen s o connec lexical in o ma ion
monolingually and mul ilingually in ol ing se e al Eu opean languages a e cu en ly aking
place in con ex o he ELEXIS p ojec (ELEXIS 2020).
FIG. 5. Da abase combining he in o ma ion abou Danish lexemes om di e en
lexicog aphical and e minological esou ces
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Keeping ack o language da a especially in he public sec o and making hem
a ailable o de elope s o a i icial in elligence sys ems sounds edious and bu eauc a ic. Bu
i p o es o be o eno mous impo ance. The e o e, he ollowing supplemen a y
ecommenda ions by he language echnology commi ee we e made:
• A change in he law on copy igh deposi wi h a iew o making deposi ed digi al and
p in ed ma e ial a ailable o language echnology
• Guidelines o collec ing ex s in public ins i u ions and in publicly inanced p ojec s
Mapping o ansla ion asks in public ins i u ions and e ision o ansla ion con ac s
o public ins i u ions o acili a e sha ing o ansla ion da a.
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Mul ilingualism has always been a cen al issue in he EU, and o many yea s, he EU
has made use o language echnology o build i s own language se ices and e minology
da abases. Now he EU is making i s da a and se ices, such as he eT ansla ion sys em,
a ailable o all public ins i u ions in Eu ope o b ing down he language ba ie s. I is a pa o
he EU s a egy o he digi al single ma ke and i s Connec ing Eu ope Facili y (CEF), which
will make ci izens all o e Eu ope able o ade and o ind in o ma ion in o he coun ies in
hei own language (ELRC 2019).
In he ELRC p ojec , he EU encou ages all coun ies o con ibu e ac i ely o his by
making language esou ces such as e minologies, lexical da abases and ansla ed ex s eely
a ailable. The wo k is done in close coope a ion wi h Eu opean p ojec s and ins i u ions such
as ELRA, CLARIN and META-NET.
This end is no only Eu opean, and i does no only co e he o icial languages.
La ely, he EU and UNESCO ha e joined o ces launching he con e ence LT4all (LT4all
2019) o explo e wha can be done o all languages in he wo ld, including mino i y
languages. A oadmap o de eloping a language echnology s a egy o all Eu opean
languages is expec ed o be eady by he end o 2022 (Eu opean Call LANGEQ-2020(PPPA-
AG)).
The linguis ic esea ch ha akes place in many coun ies is o g ea impo ance, no
only o he ci izens and o he languages, bu also o language echnology. The ac is ha
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we only know a i le o wha will be needed o he de elopmen o a i icial in elligence in
he u u e.
Fac s abou language seman ics, language a ia ion, language change and dialec s a e
s ill only poo ly desc ibed o many languages, and esea ch in o he na u e o human
dialogues, in pa icula , a e despe a ely needed in o de o imp o e communica ion in e aces
o obo s, cha bo s e c. Fo hese pu poses, we need mo e ansc ibed dialogues, ansla ed
ex s and e minological and lexical desc ip ions. Ve y o en, da a collec ed in linguis ic
esea ch p ojec s canno be sha ed o o he pu poses because he e is a lack o o mal consen
om he in o man s and no cla i y abou copy igh es ic ions. New p ojec s should ake ca e
o ge pe mission o use he da a no only o one esea ch g oup and one p ojec , bu o
gene al use, o a leas o language echnology de elopmen .
This is also he con en o EFNIL‘s ecommenda ions o language echnology.
• All coun ies should ha e a language echnology s a egy and ake on he
esponsibili y o collec ing and cu a ing public language da a and o ensu ing he
a ailabili y o he linguis ic and echnological expe ise ha is necessa y o de elop high
quali y language echnology o hei languages.
• The EU should ha e s a egic long- e m ocus on esea ch and de elopmen o
language echnology o all Eu opean languages based on close coope a ion be ween he EU
and all Eu opean s a es.
EFNIL will con inue p ojec s ha moni o he de elopmen o language policies and
s a egies. The nex ELM su ey is scheduled o be ca ied ou in 2021 and will be published
in 2022. Pe haps his ime, i will be possible o se mo e de elopmen s in language
echnology and AI. EFNIL is ac i ely pu suing he in e es o o icial and mino i y languages
in Eu ope by pa ne ing in he EU-p ojec ELE (Eu opean Language Equali y) aiming a
de eloping a s a egic esea ch, inno a ion and implemen a ion agenda and a oadmap o
achie ing ull digi al language equali y in Eu ope by 2030 (Eu opean Call LANGEQ-
2020(PPPA-AG)).
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REFERENCES
C ys al Da id 2002: Language Dea h, Camb idge Uni e si y P ess.
Danish Digi iza ion Agency 2019: Denma k’s Na ional S a egy o A i icial In elligence:
h ps://en.digs .dk/policy-and-s a egy/denma k-s-na ional-s a egy- o -a i icial-
in elligence/.
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TRENDS IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGE POLICIES WITH A VIEW TO
LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY
Summa y
This a icle gi es an o e iew o cu en ends in Eu opean language policies – a bi d’s
eye iew on he Eu opean language landscape ega ding he s a us o he o icial EU-
languages and wi h a iew o language echnology. I is based on da a in he Eu opean
Language Moni o (ELM) ha is de eloped and egula ly main ained by he Eu opean
Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Language (EFNIL), and on ecen de elopmen s in
Denma k ega ding policies o language echnology. Language echnology is chosen as he
ocus poin , since his is an a ea whe e we cu en ly see he mos in e es ing de elopmen s in
na ional and EU policies. The aim o he a icle is o desc ibe he weal h o in o ma ion abou
Eu opean language policies ha is a ailable h ough EFNIL and ELM, and o inspi e
esea che s, s uden s and policy make s o u he analyse he da a and use hem o u u e
policy de elopmen .
The i s sec ion desc ibes EFNIL and i s app oach o language planning. EFNIL’s
p ojec s aim a in o ming decision make s and esea che s abou language planning ac i i ies
in Eu ope. Language planning is gene ally de ined as he de elopmen o policies o p og ams
designed o di ec o change language use. I ypically consis s o s a us planning, acquisi ion
planning and co pus planning.
All h ee aspec s o language planning a e add essed in he Eu opean Language Moni o
(ELM) desc ibed in sec ion 2 and 3, which also con ains samples o he da a in ELM abou
language legisla ion, abou he use o English in highe educa ion and abou language
echnology. The samples disclose in e es ing ac s abou language policies in Eu ope, o
ins ance: only abou hal o he pa icipa ing coun ies ha e p o isions abou language in hei
cons i u ion; Denma k, Finland, Luxembou g and he Ne he lands a e he coun ies whe e he
use o English as medium o ins uc ion in na u al science a he MA le el is mos widely
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sp ead; and only hal o he pa icipa ing coun ies epo o ha e an o icial s a egy o
language echnology.
Sec ion 4 desc ibes he de elopmen ega ding he ecen ly adop ed s a egy o
language echnology in Denma k and illus a es impo an aspec s o he policy de elopmen
p ocess – especially he in e ac ion be ween poli ical ac o s and expe s in he ield, and he
ecommenda ions ha we e inally adop ed.
In he concluding chap e , he ecen plans o language echnology in he Eu opean
Commission and he UNESCO a e highligh ed, and i is shown ha hese a e e y much in
une wi h EFNIL’s ecommenda ions o policies on language echnology.
SABINE KIRCHMEIER
Vice p esiden o EFNIL
Ki chmeie .dk
Kålunds ej 2B
DK-3520 Fa um
[email p o ec ed]