Trends in European Language Policies With a View to Language Technology

BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 SABINE KIRCHMEIER Eu opean Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Language (EFNIL) TRENDS IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGE POLICIES WITH A VIEW TO LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACT This a icle gi es an o e iew o cu en ends in Eu opean language policies ega ding he s a us o he o icial EU-languages and wi h a iew o language echnology. The a icle is based on da a collec ed o he Eu opean Language Moni o (ELM) p o ided by EFNIL – he Eu opean Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Language – and on ecen expe iences wi h he de elopmen o he na ional Danish s a egies o a i icial in elligence and language echnology. The aim is o desc ibe he weal h o in o ma ion abou Eu opean language policies ha is a ailable h ough EFNIL and ELM, and o inspi e esea che s, s uden s and policy make s o u he analyse he da a and use hem o u u e policy de elopmen . KEYWORDS: language policy, language planning, language echnology, Eu opean languages. ANOTACIJA Šiame s aipsnyje apž elgiamos daba inės Eu opos kalbų poli ikos endencijos, k eipian dėmesį į o icialių Eu opos Sąjungos kalbų s a usą i į kalbų echnologijas. S aipsnis pag įs as Eu opos nacionalinių kalbos ins i ucijų ede acijos (Eu opean Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Languages, EFNIL) ykdomos Eu opos kalbų s ebėsenos (Eu opean Language Moni o , ELM) duomenimis i naujausia Danijos nacionalinės di b inio in elek o i kalbos echnologijų s a egijos kū imo pa i imi. S aipsnio ikslas y a į ai iais aspek ais išnag inė i apibend inamąją in o maciją apie Eu opos kalbų poli iką ( emian is ELM duomenimis, gau ais iš EFNIL) i įk ėp i y ėjus, s uden us i poli ikos o muo ojus oliau analizuo i šiuos duomenis bei pasinaudo i jais o muojan kalbos poli iką a ei yje. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kalbos poli ika, kalbos plana imas, kalbos echnologijos, Eu opos kalbos. SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 2 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 INTRODUCTION This a icle gi es an o e iew o cu en ends in Eu opean language policies – a bi d’s eye iew on he Eu opean language landscape ega ding he s a us o he o icial EU- languages and wi h a iew o language echnology. I is based on da a in he Eu opean Language Moni o (ELM) ha is de eloped and egula ly main ained by he Eu opean Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Language (EFNIL), and on ecen de elopmen s in Denma k ega ding policies o language echnology. Language echnology is chosen as he ocus poin , since his is an a ea whe e we cu en ly see he mos in e es ing de elopmen s in na ional policies. The aim o he a icle is o desc ibe he weal h o in o ma ion abou Eu opean language policies ha is a ailable h ough EFNIL and ELM, and o inspi e esea che s, s uden s and policy make s o u he analyse he da a and use hem o u u e policy de elopmen . In he i s sec ions, I will sho ly desc ibe EFNIL and i s app oach o language planning. Nex , I will gi e an o e iew o he Eu opean Language Moni o (ELM) and gi e de ailed examples om he sec ions abou language legisla ion, abou he use o English in highe educa ion and abou language echnology. Finally, I will sho ly desc ibe he de elopmen ega ding language echnology in Denma k o illus a e impo an aspec s o he policy de elopmen p ocess. In he concluding chap e s, I will sho ly ouch upon he ecen de elopmen s o language echnology in he Eu opean Commission and UNESCO and highligh EFNIL’s ecommenda ions o policies on language echnology. 1. THE EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR LANGUAGE (EFNIL) EFNIL is a ede a ion o o icial ins i u ions o language in Eu ope bo h inside and ou side he EU. Cu en ly, he e a e 40 ins i u ions and 29 coun ies ep esen ed. EFNIL is inanced by an annual membe ship ee ha is used o inance a sec e a ia , o a ange an annual in e na ional con e ence and o un da a collec ion p ojec s on language planning and language policy. EFNIL is pu suing he ollowing goals: SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 3 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 • The collec ion and exchange o in o ma ion abou he o icially ecognized s anda d languages o he EU and o he o icial Eu opean languages. • The p o ision o expe ad ice abou language policy in he EU. • The p ese a ion o linguis ic di e si y wi hin Eu ope. • The p omo ion o plu ilingualism amongs he ci izens o he EU s a es. The ede a ion also ollows he de elopmen in he mino i y and egional languages o Eu ope. EFNIL wo ks o achie e i s goals h ough he ollowing ac i i ies: • Desc ip ion and analysis o he cu en linguis ic si ua ion wi hin he EU as well as implica ions o longe - e m linguis ic de elopmen . Cu en ly he e a e 3 p ojec s: o LLE: Language Legisla ion in Eu ope (a equen ly upda ed o e iew o he language egime in each coun y). o ELM: Eu opean Language Moni o (a da a collec ion abou language policies and p ac ices ac oss Eu ope). o ELIPS: Eu opean Languages and hei In elligibili y in he Public Space (a da a collec ion abou plain language s a egies and p ac ices ac oss Eu ope). • Scien i ically based analysis o c oss-s a e language p oblems and ques ions o language policy in annual con e ences and publica ions. • Consul a ion se ices in he ield o language policy o poli ical decision make s o he EU ins i u ions and membe s a es. P opaga ion o he cul u al and p ac ical bene i s o Eu opean linguis ic di e si y and plu ilingualism h ough ele an ac ions and publica ions 1 . EFNIL’s app oach o language planning. EFNIL’s p ojec s aim a in o ming decision make s and esea che s abou language planning ac i i ies in Eu ope. Language planning is gene ally de ined as he de elopmen o policies o p og ams designed o di ec o change language use. I ypically consis s o s a us planning, acquisi ion planning and co pus planning. • S a us planning aims a he egula ion o he posi ion o a language s. o he languages: Which languages a e conside ed he o icial and non-o icial languages in 1 See mo e on www.e nil.o g. SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 4 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 a coun y, in which social con ex s a e hey spoken, and wha is he legal si ua ion o hei use s. S a us planning also co e s p es ige planning. • Acquisi ion planning aims a he egula ion o which languages a e augh in a ious educa ional con ex s, and how hese languages a e augh a di e en educa ional le els. • Co pus planning egula es he language as such: s anda diza ion o ocabula y, o hog aphy, w i ing ules, e minology e c. Bo h s a us and acquisi ion planning a ec he language as such – he co pus, and so he knowledge o he language planning si ua ion is no only ele an o decision make s bu also impo an backg ound knowledge o linguis ic obse a ions. 2. THE EUROPEAN LANGUAGE MONITOR (ELM) ELM is a p ojec ha p o ides in o ma ion abou language policy and p ac ice in he pa icipa ing coun ies and is upda ed e e y 4 yea s. I is a scien i ic e iew o he language si ua ion in Eu opean coun ies which p o ides exac e e ences o he ac ual legisla ion in each coun y and use ul backg ound knowledge abou he s a us o he languages o Eu ope. ELM has asked app oxima ely he same ques ions wi h egula in e als o he las 10 yea s and hus allows esea che s o ack de elopmen s wi hin he language policies in he pa icipa ing coun ies. The ques ions in ELM co e he ollowing opics: • Coun y si ua ion. O icial, egional, indigenous, immig an languages spoken wi hin and ou side he coun y, legal s a us, acco dance wi h con en ions. • Legal si ua ion. Language law, cons i u ional s a us, o he egula ions, language demands o ci izenship. • P ima y and seconda y educa ion. Languages o ins uc ion, languages o e ed. • Te ia y educa ion. Languages o ins uc ion, languages used in publica ions and disse a ions. • Media. Pape s, TV, ilm, music. Languages used and ansla ions p o ided. • Business. Regula ions. Company languages, annual epo s, websi es. • Dissemina ion o languages. O icial languages augh ab oad. SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 5 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 • Language o ganiza ions. O icial, non-go e nmen al bu publicly unded, p i a e. • Language echnology. TABLE 1. O e iew o coun ies pa icipa ing in ELM 1-4 SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 6 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The collec ion o da a o ELM 1, he i s pilo p ojec , s a ed in 2004. Collec ion o da a o ELM 2 s a ed in 2008, ELM 3 2012 and ELM4 in 2017. Since language ins i u ions olun ee o ill in he ques ionnai e, which is bo h long and complica ed, i has no always been possible o ge he in o ma ion om all coun ies. The lis o pa icipa ing coun ies is shown in Table 1. In 2008, 23 coun ies pa icipa ed. In 2012, i was 27, and in 2017 he numbe o pa icipan s was 21. 17 coun ies ha e pa icipa ed in all 3 ounds. 3. EXAMPLES OF INFORMATION IN ELM In he ollowing, I will p esen h ee examples o illus a e how he da a in ELM can be used. I will desc ibe he da a abou language legisla ion, he da a abou he use o English in highe educa ion and he da a abou language echnology. 3.1. Language legisla ion The i s example deals wi h language legisla ion. The pa icipan s in each coun y we e asked: • A e he e p o isions abou language in he cons i u ion? • Is he e a language law? (a language law is a amewo k law which mus be obse ed in o he legisla ion). • A e p o isions abou language made in o he legisla ion? The h ee ques ions may be conside ed a hie a chy wi h he cons i u ion a he op le el as he mos gene al ype o legisla ion, and p o isions abou language in o he ulings as he mos speci ic one. Figu e 1 shows ha in ELM 4 (2017) a li le mo e han hal o he pa icipa ing coun ies (11 ou o 21) indica ed ha hey do ha e p o ision o language in hei cons i u ion, whe eas a li le less han hal (9 ou o 21 do no ha e any p o isions a he cons i u ional le el. Language p o isions ia language laws and o he legisla ion is a bi mo e widesp ead: 14 ou o 21 coun ies epo ha hey ha e language p o isions a hese legisla i e le els. SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 7 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 FIG. 1. Language P o isions in ELM 4 (2017) ELM also p o ides de ailed in o ma ion abou which coun ies ha e which ypes o egula ions (See Table 2). In Table 2, coun ies a e o de ed acco ding o he deg ee o language egula ion in hei legisla ion. In he op, we ind he leas egula ed ones, and, in he bo om, hose ha ha e egula ions on all 3 le els. Only 3 coun ies (Denma k, Ge many, and The Ne he lands) ha e no egula ions a he wo highes le els: he cons i u ion and he language law, whe eas 8 coun ies ha e egula ions a all h ee le els. The easons di e om coun y o coun y. Fo ins ance, he cons i u ion o Denma k is om 1849 and has only had a ew mino e isions h oughou he yea s. I was made a a ime whe e he coun y was o ming a na ion s a e which was conside ed qui e homogenous and monolingual. So, nobody hough abou making special p o isions in he cons i u ion abou he Danish language. In Finland, he oles o he Swedish and Finnish languages and he igh s o he Swedish mino i y ha e been issues o many SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 8 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 yea s. The e was a language law al eady in 1922, and language p o isions became pa o he cons i u ion in 1999. TABLE 2. O e iew o legal p o isions in pa icipa ing coun ies in ELM 4 (2017) SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 9 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 We can see ha he e is no coun y ha does no ha e any p o ision a any le el. Typically, i he e a e no p o isions a he highes le el, he e will be some a a lowe one. The UK does no ha e a single cons i u ional code, ha is why he ques ions abou he i s wo ypes o legisla ion a e no applicable. 3.2. Wha a e language p o isions abou ? Many cons i u ions s a e wha he o icial language o languages o he coun y a e. Some co e he whole coun y; o he s es ic he legisla ion o co e only s a e ins i u ions and schools. The p o isions mainly pinpoin he igh s o ci izens ha speak he language – such as he F ench laws ha s a e ha F ench ci izens ha e he igh o speak in hei own language in e e y con ex . This is o ins ance he case a scien i ic con e ences, which may no be held exclusi ely in English. FIG. 2. Legisla i e measu es o language use in schools, uni e si ies, mass media and business in coun ies pa icipa ing in ELM 4 (2017) SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 16 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 he META-NET se ies (Rehm, Uszko ei 2012), ha clea ly documen ed ha Denma k was lagging se iously behind, did no shake up he poli ical sphe e excep o a ew pa ies in he opposi ion. In 2015 and 2016 he Danish Language Council published a se ies o a icles abou language echnology, and his led o a p oposal in he Danish pa liamen o es ablish a language echnology commi ee (DSN LT a icles). Since he p oposal came om he opposi ion, i was decided o ha e a hea ing in pa liamen i s . This hea ing ook place abou a yea la e , in he beginning o 2017. And inally, in he beginning o 2018, a yea a e he hea ing, he commi ee could be es ablished. In o al, he p ocess ook almos 3 yea s. Bu hen, hings wen ex emely as . The language commi ee was supposed o p esen a epo in he middle o 2019. I ook ca e o in ol e all ele an ac o s in he ield. In ac , mo e han 200 ins i u ions and p i a e en e p ises pa icipa ed in wo kshops and con ibu ed o he inal epo (Ki chmeie e al. 2019a; 2019b). Howe e , only abou hal a yea a e he commi ee s a ed, he ocus on a i icial in elligence accele a ed, and al eady in Oc obe 2018, language echnology became pa o he na ional s a egy o digi al public se ice, which had a whole chap e dedica ed o language echnology o Danish. In Ma ch 2019, a mon h be o e he epo o he commi ee was published, he minis y o inance published he na ional s a egy o a i icial in elligence and alloca ed 4 million Eu o o Danish language esou ces (Denma k’s Na ional S a egy o A i icial In elligence 2019). This was possible because he e was a s ong coo dina ion and communica ion be ween he minis y and he commi ee on he ecommenda ions du ing he whole p ocess. The ecommenda ions by he language echnology commi ee we e as ollows: 1. Es ablishmen o a cen al o ganisa ion o plan and manage a Na ional Danish language esou ce bank. 2. The language bank should con ain high quali y esou ces o he ollowing kind: 2.1. A ime anno a ed Danish speech echnology co pus. 2.2. Danish ex co po a and anno a ed gold s anda ds o machine lea ning. 2.3. A comp ehensi e lexical da abase. 2.4. A Danish e minology bank. 2.5. A language echnology ool-ki . SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 17 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 2.6. A language po al o he dis ibu ion o esou ces. 3. Mo e educa ion o aining o expe s in language echnology o Danish. 4. Mo e esea ch on language echnology o Danish. These ecommenda ions a e cu en ly implemen ed by he Danish Agency o Digi iza ion, and mo e and mo e language esou ces o Danish a e made a ailable a hei websi e sp og eknologi.dk. One o he ideas pu o wa d by he commi ee, was o combine all in o ma ion abou a gi en lexeme in one comp ehensi e lexical da abase. The da abase should con ain adi ional lexical esou ces such as a ious dic iona ies and da abases on gene al language, o hog aphic s anda ds, neologisms, and concep s, in combina ion wi h seman ic ne s, e minology da abases and speech da abases. I is no an easy ask o combine hese esou ces, bu o an a i icial in elligence p og am, access o all kind o linguis ic in o ma ion is ex emely use ul. Expe imen s o connec lexical in o ma ion monolingually and mul ilingually in ol ing se e al Eu opean languages a e cu en ly aking place in con ex o he ELEXIS p ojec (ELEXIS 2020). FIG. 5. Da abase combining he in o ma ion abou Danish lexemes om di e en lexicog aphical and e minological esou ces SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 18 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Keeping ack o language da a especially in he public sec o and making hem a ailable o de elope s o a i icial in elligence sys ems sounds edious and bu eauc a ic. Bu i p o es o be o eno mous impo ance. The e o e, he ollowing supplemen a y ecommenda ions by he language echnology commi ee we e made: • A change in he law on copy igh deposi wi h a iew o making deposi ed digi al and p in ed ma e ial a ailable o language echnology • Guidelines o collec ing ex s in public ins i u ions and in publicly inanced p ojec s Mapping o ansla ion asks in public ins i u ions and e ision o ansla ion con ac s o public ins i u ions o acili a e sha ing o ansla ion da a. 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS Mul ilingualism has always been a cen al issue in he EU, and o many yea s, he EU has made use o language echnology o build i s own language se ices and e minology da abases. Now he EU is making i s da a and se ices, such as he eT ansla ion sys em, a ailable o all public ins i u ions in Eu ope o b ing down he language ba ie s. I is a pa o he EU s a egy o he digi al single ma ke and i s Connec ing Eu ope Facili y (CEF), which will make ci izens all o e Eu ope able o ade and o ind in o ma ion in o he coun ies in hei own language (ELRC 2019). In he ELRC p ojec , he EU encou ages all coun ies o con ibu e ac i ely o his by making language esou ces such as e minologies, lexical da abases and ansla ed ex s eely a ailable. The wo k is done in close coope a ion wi h Eu opean p ojec s and ins i u ions such as ELRA, CLARIN and META-NET. This end is no only Eu opean, and i does no only co e he o icial languages. La ely, he EU and UNESCO ha e joined o ces launching he con e ence LT4all (LT4all 2019) o explo e wha can be done o all languages in he wo ld, including mino i y languages. A oadmap o de eloping a language echnology s a egy o all Eu opean languages is expec ed o be eady by he end o 2022 (Eu opean Call LANGEQ-2020(PPPA- AG)). The linguis ic esea ch ha akes place in many coun ies is o g ea impo ance, no only o he ci izens and o he languages, bu also o language echnology. The ac is ha SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 19 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 we only know a i le o wha will be needed o he de elopmen o a i icial in elligence in he u u e. Fac s abou language seman ics, language a ia ion, language change and dialec s a e s ill only poo ly desc ibed o many languages, and esea ch in o he na u e o human dialogues, in pa icula , a e despe a ely needed in o de o imp o e communica ion in e aces o obo s, cha bo s e c. Fo hese pu poses, we need mo e ansc ibed dialogues, ansla ed ex s and e minological and lexical desc ip ions. Ve y o en, da a collec ed in linguis ic esea ch p ojec s canno be sha ed o o he pu poses because he e is a lack o o mal consen om he in o man s and no cla i y abou copy igh es ic ions. New p ojec s should ake ca e o ge pe mission o use he da a no only o one esea ch g oup and one p ojec , bu o gene al use, o a leas o language echnology de elopmen . This is also he con en o EFNIL‘s ecommenda ions o language echnology. • All coun ies should ha e a language echnology s a egy and ake on he esponsibili y o collec ing and cu a ing public language da a and o ensu ing he a ailabili y o he linguis ic and echnological expe ise ha is necessa y o de elop high quali y language echnology o hei languages. • The EU should ha e s a egic long- e m ocus on esea ch and de elopmen o language echnology o all Eu opean languages based on close coope a ion be ween he EU and all Eu opean s a es. EFNIL will con inue p ojec s ha moni o he de elopmen o language policies and s a egies. The nex ELM su ey is scheduled o be ca ied ou in 2021 and will be published in 2022. Pe haps his ime, i will be possible o se mo e de elopmen s in language echnology and AI. EFNIL is ac i ely pu suing he in e es o o icial and mino i y languages in Eu ope by pa ne ing in he EU-p ojec ELE (Eu opean Language Equali y) aiming a de eloping a s a egic esea ch, inno a ion and implemen a ion agenda and a oadmap o achie ing ull digi al language equali y in Eu ope by 2030 (Eu opean Call LANGEQ- 2020(PPPA-AG)). SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 20 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 REFERENCES C ys al Da id 2002: Language Dea h, Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. Danish Digi iza ion Agency 2019: Denma k’s Na ional S a egy o A i icial In elligence: h ps://en.digs .dk/policy-and-s a egy/denma k-s-na ional-s a egy- o -a i icial- in elligence/. DSN LT a icles: h ps://dsn.dk/ i-a bejde -ogsa-med/sp og eknologi-og- agsp og/h o dan- i ke -sp og eknologi. Dide ichsen Philip 2015-1: S a ekon ol. – Ny a Sp ognæ ne (1), 5–8. 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Ma seille 2020, 591–598. h ps://www.aclweb.o g/an hology/2020.l ec-1.403. Ki chmeie -Ande sen e al. 2012: Ki chmeie -Ande sen Sabine, Robus elli Cecilia, Spe z Jennie, S ickel Ge ha d, Teigland Nina. Eu opean Language Moni o (ELM). – S ickel, Ge ha d (ed.): Na ional, Regional and Mino i y Languages in Eu ope. Con ibu ions o he Annual Con e ence 2009 o EFNIL in Dublin. Duisbu ge A bei en zu Sp ach- und SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 21 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Kul u wissenscha / Duisbu g Pape s on Resea ch in Language and Cul u e, Be lin. Pe e Lang, 181-190. Ki chmeie e al. 2019a: Ki chmeie Sabine, Hen ichsen Pe e Juel, Dide ichsen Philip, Hansen Nanna B. Dansk Sp og eknologi i e densklasse. Rappo a sp og eknologiud alge unde Dansk Sp ognæ n nedsa a Kul u minis e ie . Dansk Sp ognæ n. h ps://dsn.dk/ny /nyhede /2019/dansk-sp og eknologii- e densklasse- appo - asp og eknologiud alge /?sea ch e m=dansk%20sp og eknologi. Ki chmeie e al. 2019b: Ki chmeie Sabine, Pede sen Bole e, Nimb Sanni, Dide ichsen Philip, Hen ichsen Pe e Juel. Wo ld Class Language Technology – De eloping a Language Technology S a egy o Danish. – P oceedings o he 12 h Language Resou ces and E alua ion Con e ence. h p://www.l ec- con .o g/p oceedings/l ec2020/pd /2020.l ec-1.403.pd . LLE (Language Legisla ion in Eu ope): h p://e nil.o g/p ojec s/lle. LT4all 2019: Language Technologies o All: h ps://en.unesco.o g/LT4All. Rehm Geo g, Uszko ei Hans (eds.) 2012: META-NET Whi e Pape Se ies: Eu ope’s Languages in he Digi al Age. Sp inge , Heidelbe g, New Yo k, Do d ech , London. 31 olumes on 30 Eu opean languages. h p://www.me a-ne .eu/whi epape s. Spyns Pe e , D'Halleweyn Elisabe h, Cucchia ini Ca ia 2008: The Du ch-Flemish comp ehensi e app oach o HLT s imula ion and inno a ion: STEVIN, HLT Agency and beyond. – P oceedings o he 6 h In e na ional Con e ence on Language Resou ces and E alua ion, Ma akesh, Mo occo, 1511–1517. Recei ed 30 11 2020 Accep ed 21 12 2020 SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 22 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 TRENDS IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGE POLICIES WITH A VIEW TO LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY Summa y This a icle gi es an o e iew o cu en ends in Eu opean language policies – a bi d’s eye iew on he Eu opean language landscape ega ding he s a us o he o icial EU- languages and wi h a iew o language echnology. I is based on da a in he Eu opean Language Moni o (ELM) ha is de eloped and egula ly main ained by he Eu opean Fede a ion o Na ional Ins i u ions o Language (EFNIL), and on ecen de elopmen s in Denma k ega ding policies o language echnology. Language echnology is chosen as he ocus poin , since his is an a ea whe e we cu en ly see he mos in e es ing de elopmen s in na ional and EU policies. The aim o he a icle is o desc ibe he weal h o in o ma ion abou Eu opean language policies ha is a ailable h ough EFNIL and ELM, and o inspi e esea che s, s uden s and policy make s o u he analyse he da a and use hem o u u e policy de elopmen . The i s sec ion desc ibes EFNIL and i s app oach o language planning. EFNIL’s p ojec s aim a in o ming decision make s and esea che s abou language planning ac i i ies in Eu ope. Language planning is gene ally de ined as he de elopmen o policies o p og ams designed o di ec o change language use. I ypically consis s o s a us planning, acquisi ion planning and co pus planning. All h ee aspec s o language planning a e add essed in he Eu opean Language Moni o (ELM) desc ibed in sec ion 2 and 3, which also con ains samples o he da a in ELM abou language legisla ion, abou he use o English in highe educa ion and abou language echnology. The samples disclose in e es ing ac s abou language policies in Eu ope, o ins ance: only abou hal o he pa icipa ing coun ies ha e p o isions abou language in hei cons i u ion; Denma k, Finland, Luxembou g and he Ne he lands a e he coun ies whe e he use o English as medium o ins uc ion in na u al science a he MA le el is mos widely SABINE KIRCHMEIER. T ends in Eu opean Language Policies wi h a View o Language Technology | 23 doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) h p://jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba ISSN 2351-7204 sp ead; and only hal o he pa icipa ing coun ies epo o ha e an o icial s a egy o language echnology. Sec ion 4 desc ibes he de elopmen ega ding he ecen ly adop ed s a egy o language echnology in Denma k and illus a es impo an aspec s o he policy de elopmen p ocess – especially he in e ac ion be ween poli ical ac o s and expe s in he ield, and he ecommenda ions ha we e inally adop ed. In he concluding chap e , he ecen plans o language echnology in he Eu opean Commission and he UNESCO a e highligh ed, and i is shown ha hese a e e y much in une wi h EFNIL’s ecommenda ions o policies on language echnology. SABINE KIRCHMEIER Vice p esiden o EFNIL Ki chmeie .dk Kålunds ej 2B DK-3520 Fa um [email p o ec ed]