LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXIII (1995)

GRAMATIKA IR LEKSIKOLOGIJA

KAZIMIERAS PAKALKA

THE INFLUENCE OF K. SIRVYDAS’S “DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGUARUM” ON D. POŠKA’S DICTIONARY “SŁOWNIK JĘZYKA LITEWSKIEGO, POLSKIEGO I ŁACIŃSKIEGO”

Many authors of printed and manuscript Lithuanian dictionaries made use of Konstantinas Sirvydas’s (1580–1631) trilingual Polish-Latin-Lithuanian dictionary. Until now, we have known relatively little about the influence of Sirvydas’s dictionary on the manuscript Polish-Lithuanian dictionary of Dionizas Poška (1757–1830). Boris Larin (1893–1964), having compared fourteen similar entries beginning with the letter B, selected at random from the two dictionaries, claimed that Poška’s dictionary was only slightly dependent on Sirvydas’s (Ларин, 1957: 135–136).

A more systematic comparison of 300 dictionary entries leads us to question B. Larin’s claim. In this article, we wish to show how and to what extent Poška used Sirvydas’s dictionary, which words he took from it, how he selected and presented them, and so on. For our comparison, we used the fifth edition of Sirvydas’s dictionary, on which Poška relied.

Poška himself, like his other contemporaries, regarded Sirvydas as a great authority and highly valued his dictionary. He owned a defective copy of the fifth edition of “Dictionarium,” and had another copy on loan from Bishop Juozapas Arnulfas Giedraitis (1754–1838).

Poška’s dictionary was influenced by his contemporary, the Samogitian poet Silvestras Valiūnas (1789–1831). Having learned that Poška was writing a Lithuanian dictionary, Valiūnas composed a verse literary letter in 1826, “To One Writing a Lithuanian Dictionary.” In it, as if giving special instructions, he indicated what the dictionary ought to be like. Valiūnas was glad that Poška “wants to save the Samogitian tongue through writing.” He emphatically urged him “to remember that Lithuanian and Samogitian speakers should find all the words in that book and understand them when they find them” (Valiūnas, 1957: 294–295). It seems that Valiūnas and other Samogitian intellectuals disliked Sirvydas’s eastern dialect and numerous neologisms. Presumably, Poška knew Valiūnas’s letter well and took his wishes into account. In Poška’s time, a bilingual Polish-Lithuanian or even Lithuanian-Polish dictionary would have been more useful than a trilingual one like Sirvydas’s. Yet Poška was unable to distance himself from Sirvydas’s trilingual dictionary. This, too, demonstrates Sirvydas’s great influence.

For Poška, as he prepared to write a Lithuanian dictionary, it was difficult to choose which Lithuanian dialect to use as the basis for the dictionary. In considering this question, Poška, in his April 1824 letter to Ivan Loboiko (1786–1863), a professor at Vilnius University, named and deemed most suitable for the dictionary his native Viduklė dialect (Poška: 477–478). Poška divided Lithuanian

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dialects into three groups¹ according to the pronunciation of the sound sequences la and lė.

Although Poška was a strong advocate of the Viduklė dialect, in practice he partly abandoned his position, sensing that dialectal features hindered wider communication. Therefore, as we shall see, he strove to accommodate other dialects as much as he could in his dictionary. He included much of the vocabulary of the Dūnininkai Samogitians and other Samogitian dialects of his time, as well as some terminology from various fields. In Zigmas Zinkevičius’s view, Poška’s most important sources were his native Southern Samogitian dialect and Lithuanian folklore (Z. Zinkevičius, 1990: 137).

Besides his native dialect, important sources for Poška’s dictionary were earlier and contemporary Lithuanian writings. Poška probably made the greatest use of the fifth edition of Sirvydas’s dictionary.

Poška understood the purpose of his dictionary quite broadly: “For you, brothers, I write a dictionary—for Samogitians and Lithuanians alike” (Poška: 109). He called it not a Samogitian dictionary, but a Lithuanian-language dictionary—“Słownik języka litewskiego, polskiego i łacinskiego.”

Poška understood well the need for a Lithuanian grammar, too, but gave priority to a Lithuanian dictionary. He believed that a grammar should grow out of a good dictionary (Poška: 329).

Let us examine how Poška used Sirvydas’s dictionary in order to make his work suitable for all Lithuanians. The words and dictionary entries taken from Sirvydas’s dictionary can provisionally be divided into three groups:

1) words and dictionary entries with “Dictionarium” cited as their source;

2) words and dictionary entries without “Dictionarium” cited as their source;

3) mixed dictionary entries that incorporate individual words from Sirvydas.

Entries from Poška’s dictionary (Poška’s Žodininkas — PŽ; cited below in the order of the original. We reproduce each dictionary entry in full, abbreviating only occasionally. For brevity, we give only the Lithuanian part of the dictionary entry from Sirvydas’s dictionary (Sirvydas’s ”Dictionarium” — SD). All omissions are marked with three dots in square brackets. The spelling has been changed little; signs indicating vowel length (and perhaps stress) have been omitted.

1. Poška’s words and dictionary entries citing ”Dictionarium” as their source:

Beech, -u m. Fagus. Lit. Eskulus, m. obacz. Dikcionarz Szyrwida (vulgo) łowaras, m. PŽ I 93

[...] Eskulus SD 21

For this, adverb. Lit. Diel to, todiel (olim) Drin todrin vi. Dikcionarz Szyrwida Fol. 40 PŽ I 163

[...] Therefore, for that reason, todrin SD 40

Colon, —i. f. Duo Puncta. Lit. Du Punktu, Du Žimiu, Dimin. Du Žimelu in Lit. Prus. Du Spakelu v. Du spątelu. A wedle Synon. Szyrwida Lit. Du Taszkielu Raszitoju. v. Du Taszku PŽ I 217

Writer’s dot [...] Taszkielis, raszitou Taszkas SD 114

¹ The first dialect was called the “Lithuanian dialect” (i.e., Aukštaitian), the second — the dialect of Pakuršė and Paprūsė, and the third — the dialect of the center of the Samogitian Duchy (i.e., Viduklė).

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Philosopher, —a. m. Greek. Latin. Philosophus. NB according to the commonly accepted opinion of Polish scholars, a lover of wisdom. Lithuanian Protameylis (that is) Iszminties milietois m. This corresponds exactly to the Polish expression; see the dictionary of X. Szyrwid. Rᵘ 1713. Fifth edition, Fol. 53 —i, 1677, 4th edition

[...] lover of wisdom, of discernment, Protameylis SD 53

Igram. I play, frolic, joke. Ludo, Iocor, Kuluse, ludiju, Iūkinu, Iūka darau, Žaydžiu. See the Lithuanian dictionary of X. Szyrwid PŽ I 344

[...] Žaydžiu SD 78

Playing, -ia, n. Plaything, joke, frolic. Lusus Ludus, Iocus Lithuanian Iūkinimas, Iūka darimas, m. Žaydimac, žayslas, m. See the Lithuanian dictionary of X. Szyrwid PŽ I 334.

[...] Play, game SD 78

Playground, -a, n. Ludicrum. Žayslay m. in Plur. See the Lithuanian dictionary of X. Szyrwid PŽ I 334

[...] Žayslay many, running, mental, etc. SD 78

Stump, -a m. The remaining part of a severed hand or severed finger. Lithuanian Kuksas, m. Kuksa, f. Latin Trunca manus, Truncus digitus. Sciunkłas See the dictionary of X. Szyrwid PŽ I 374

[...] Sciunkłas SD 89

Latch, -i f. from German. Klinke. Lithuanian Užmeteklis, m. Diminutive užmeteklelis, m. Latin Obex. See the dictionary of Szyrwid PŽ I 380

[...] Ažumeteklis SD 91

Cleric, -a m. from Greek and Latin. Lithuanian Szwistinis, m. Latin Clericus, initiated into the sacred rites (Szyrwid) PŽ I 385

[...] Szwistinis SD 93

Monstrance, -yi, f. Lithuanian Szwenta Sakramenta Neszikle, f. (Szyrwid) Latin Sacratheca, Eucharistica, PŽ I 697

[...] What is not cherished SS Sacramento SD 155

Acquisition, earnings, profit. Lit. uždarbis f. (formerly) Gauklas, m. (Szyrwid) [...] PŽ I 683

[...] Acquired, obtained, gauklas SD 160

Supernatural [...] Higher than nature, having risen above it, -ti, transcending nature (Szyrwid) PŽ I 705

[...] Existing beyond nature, having gone beyond nature SD 162

Lover, -a, m. Lit. (elegantly) Swetmoteris, m. also vi. Dziewieczarz. (truly) vi. Kurewnik (formerly) Padriubelis, m. (Szyrwid. in the Lithuanian dictionary) in Prussian Lithuania Bamba—bendris, m. Germ. Ehebrecher (vi. Słownik Lit. Fol. 143. Mielcke.) Pol. Cudzołożnik. Lat. Concubinus, adulter. PŽ I 736

[...] Palayduo, small loaf SD 165

Pertaining to lunch, -a, -e Lit. Pietu, Pjitu, Paldienia m. et. f. indecl. both in the Singul. and in the Plur. adverbially (formerly) Pietukszstis (Szyrwid) Lat. Pransorius PŽ I 856

[...] Pietukszstis SD 197

Firefly, -a m. (insect) Lit. Petielskie, f. Lat. Pyrausta, Pyralis (vi. Słownik Szyrwida, Fol 220 PŽ I 1000

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[...] Petielskie SD 220

Person, -y, f. Lit. Assaba, f. (Etymol. Essibe. Pol. Being), Persona, -y, f. Lit. Persuna, f. Lat. Persona vi. Słow. Szyrwida Fol 232 PŽ I 1073

[...] Persuna SD 232

Clasp, Plur. in a dress. Lit. Rubu riediklay, m. in Plur. (formerly) Ižtugos, f. Plur. (Szyrwid) Lat. Nodi, noduli, Globuli vestium PŽ II 51

[...] Ižtugos SD 245

Pęca, Pęcza, Penca, Pętca, -y, f. Lit. Putilay, m. in Plur. (Szyrwid) Lat. Strap on the feet of hunting birds PŽ II 42

[...] Putilay SD 244

Orange, -y, f. Lit. Obulis auxinas, m. (Szyrwid in the Lit. Dictionary) Lat. Malum aureum, Pomum dureum, Hesperium, aurantium malum PŽ II 306

[...] Apple tree, wild SD 272

Ciborium for the Most Holy Sacrament. Lit. Indietawę Szwęčiausia Sakramenta, f. (see the Dictionary of Rev. Szyrwid) Lat. Pyxis Eucharistice PŽ II 736

[...] Indetuwe of the Blessed Sacrament SD 311

Austria, Plur. Lit. Panonia, f. (see Szyrwid’s Dictionary) Lat. Austria, Panonia PŽ II 748

[...] Panonia SD 313

Throughout the manuscript, Sirvydas’s dictionary is cited only 22 times. Poška may have been encouraged to indicate the sources of words by the dictionary of Samuel Bogumil Linde (1771–1847), from which he took the register of Polish words. Poška did not use Linde’s abbreviations (Szyrwid — X. Szyrwida dictionarius Pol. Lat. Lithuanie), but introduced new and inconsistent ones. After a word quoted from Sirvydas, he wrote in parentheses: Szyrwid or vi. Słownik, Dictjonarz X. Szyrwida, Słownik Lit. X. Szyrwid, wedle Synon. Szyrwida, Szyrwid w Dictjonarium Lit., obacz Dikcionarz Szyrwida. He also used the Latin olim before Sirvydas’s equivalent. He generally did not indicate the pages of Sirvydas’s dictionary; the Lithuanian equivalents of the Polish words filozof, ognik, osoba are exceptions. Poška singled out the word protamęlys from all the others. For it, he cited not only the fifth edition but also the fourth. Poška relied solely on Sirvydas’s equivalents in these dictionary entries: klamka, kleryk, monstrancya, ognik, pęca, pomarancza, puszka do Nayświętszego Sakramentu, Rakusy.

More often, Poška used Sirvydas’s equivalents alongside equivalents of his own choosing; see dla tego, igram, igrzysko, kikąt, nabycie, nadprzyrodzony, natożnik, obiadowy, osoba.

Poška explained the Polish word kikąt with the Samogitian adjective kuksas, -a and used Sirvydas’s archaism or dialecticism sciunkłas.

In explaining the Polish *natożnik*, after *swętimoteris* he gave Sirvydas’s equivalent *padržubelis* and also added the word *bambabęndris*, taken from the dictionary of Kristijonas Gotlibas Milkus.

Poška gave Sirvydas’s borrowed word *eskulus* together with the Lithuanian *iowaras*. He presented Sirvydas’s *taszkielis, raszitoju taszkas* in the dual form: *du taszkielu raszitoju* (dwukropka). In some entries, Poška expanded and refined Sirvydas’s explanations; see the Polish headwords *igram, igranie, nadprzyrodzony, obiadowy*.

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As in Sirvydas’s dictionary, the Latinism *persuna* (osoba) is supplemented by the Slavism *asaba*; a descriptive explanation, *rubu riediktay*, is added to the Slavism *iżtugos* (petlice). From the “Dictionarium” entry *nabycie, zarobek*, Poška used only the word *gauktas*, known only to Sirvydas.

Poška copied the entry *ognik* (owad) — *petielskie* with a proofreading error; the correct form should be *peteliszke*.

2. Words and dictionary entries Poška took from the “Dictionarium” without citing the source:

Alchimia. Chimica ars, Chrysopeja. The science of making gold, n. Knowledge f. PŽ I 8

[...] Knowledge, science of making gold SD 1

Alchimista, -ty. n. Chimicus, Chrysopaeius. Gold-maker, silver-maker n. PŽ I 8

[...] Gold-maker, silver-maker SD 1

Arytmetyka, -i. f. A Greek word. Latin: Arithmetica. The science of number and calculation. Lithuanian: Mokslas skaytlaus PŽ I 13.

An accounting, computational science. Arithmeticę (es) numerorum disciplina. Skayčiaus mokslas SD 312

Borys, -a. m. Coarse bread made from rye meal. Panis acerosus. Lithuanian: Dūna Bieralini, f. PŽ I 76

[...] Bread without salt SD 18

Ciesielstwo, -a. n. The art of building, the mechanical arts. Lithuanian: Daylidiste, f. PŽ I 121

[...] Daylidiste SD 30

Filosofia, -ii, f. From Greek: Philosophia (that is) love and desire for wisdom. Protameyle, f. -lingas m. -ga, f. adjective — gay. adverb vi. in the same place Philosof, Filosofia PŽ I 244 Filosofuję. Philosophor. Protameylauju, -auti PŽ I 244.

[...] Pratomeyle SD 53

French disease, feminine. According to Linde’s dictionary: court disease, canonical catarrh. Latin: Lichen morbus Gallicus, Lues Venerra. Lithuanian: Brątay, Brantay, Bruntay. In the plural, masculine. (formerly) Kauliniczie, feminine. PŽ I 247

[...] Bruntay SD 55

Hetman, masculine, from Germany. A captain. Voivode, emperor, commander, duke. Kariowedis, masculine. PŽ I 310

[...] Kariawedis SD 71

Poison, masculine. Venenum, tabes, virus, toxicon, toxicum. Lithuanian: Apipena, feminine. Nūday, masculine, in the plural. Sjway apipenu (Polish: juice of poison), masculine, in the plural. PŽ I 314

[...] Apipenay, nuoday SD 73

Dining room, feminine. Lithuanian: Walgituwe, feminine. Locnatulum cocnitatio PŽ I 314

[...] Dining room [...] Walgituwe SD 353

Alms, feminine, from Greek-Latin. Elaesmosina. Lithuanian: Elmużna, feminine. Substan PŽ I 319

[...] Elmużna SD 74

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Unanimity, -ty, f. Unanimitas, Consensio Studiorum. Sundara, one heart, f. Plus vi. Oneness PŽ I 327. Oneness, Unity, -ty, f. Unitas. Wienokibe, wienie, winibe f. PŽ I 324

[...] Sundara, one heart SD 76

Silkworm, little worm. Bombyx Szilkine kirmielie, f. [...] PŽ I 330

[...] Silkworm [...] Szilkine kirmele SD 76

Stone of sea foam, porous. Akmuo ysz putos mares, Skilietas. Pumex, saxum fistulosum, Spongia PŽ I 350

[...] A stone from the foam of the sea, hollow, fissured SD 82

Stone house, -se, f. Lit. Akmeniczia, f., namely akmeniney, plitiney. Domus lapidea, Domus lateritia, Domus caementitia. PŽ I 350

[...] Akmeničia, stone houses, brick houses SD 82

Feeder, -r, m. Penietuwe, f. Vivarium, sagina, saginarium PŽ I 358

[...] Penetuwe SD 85

Incest, -t, n. Lit. Gadinimas giminies m. Incestum PŽ I 367

[...] The corruption of a family SD 88

Bath, -th, f. Lit. Mauditine, f. Lauatio, Natabulum. Plus. vi. Bathing PŽ I 354

[...] Mauditine SD 84

Sausage, -ge, f., small sausage, -ge, f. Dimin. Lit. Deszra, Raumenine, f. Dimin. Deszrele. Lat. Lucanica, Botellus [...] PŽ I 370

[...] Muscular sausage SD 89

Klapanogi, -u, m. -a, -ie, f. One who makes a clattering sound with their feet. Lit. Tauszkakois, m. -oi f. Lat. Sonipex PŽ I 381

[...] Tauszkakois SD 91

Kleynot, -u, m. (from German das Kleinod) — these in Plur. Lit. Riediklay, precious stones. Brągi vi. Brungi. Lat. Cimelia. Plu vi. Precious stone PŽ I 387

[...] Expensive radishes SD 93

Mare. Lit. Kumele, aszwa, f. [...] PŽ 378

[...] Mare [...] Kumele, aszwa SD 91

Wheelwright, -ieia, m. Cartwright. Lit. Ratadaylis, m. -li, f. Lat. Plaustrarius, Traharius [...] PŽ I 405

[...] Ratadaylis SD 99

Wheelwright's craft, -a, n. Lit. Ratadayliste, f. Lat. Carpentaria fablica [...] PŽ I 406

[...] Ratadayliste SD 99

Sundial. Lit. Adininkas saulinis. Lat. Solorium, gnomon. Horologium Solare [...] PŽ I 409

[...] The solar adder is carried SD 100

Church, -a, m. in relation to persons. Lit. Surinkimas tykru Krikszczioniu. Lat. Ecclesia PŽ I 424

[...] The gathering of true Christians SD 107

Ossuary, charnel house, -y, f. Lit. Kauliniczie, f. Lat. Olvarium, Ossuarium PŽ I 426

[...] Kauliniczia SD 107

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Kozodoy, -ia m. Lithuanian: Oszkmelžis, oszkamelzis, m. -ži f. Latin: Caprimulgus PŽ I 434

Kozodoy shepherd. Caprimulgus. Oszkatnelže SD 110

Kropidlnica, -y, f. Lithuanian: Taszkinicz ie, f. Latin: Aquiminale PŽ I 452

[...] Taszkiniczia SD 114

Kropidło, kropidełko, -a, n. Lithuanian: Taszka, Taszkiele Latin: Aspergillum [...] PŽ I 452

[...] Taszkiela SD 114

Krzywoprzysięgam, -gać. Lithuanian: Kreywaysiekin, Neteysey siekiu. Infinitive: siekti. Latin: Pejero, Perjuro PŽ I 464

[...] Krawyay, unjust reach SD 119

Księżyca Now. Lithuanian: Mienu Naujas, m. Latin: Lunu nova PŽ I 468

[...] New month SD 120

Kuchnia, -i, f. Lithuanian: Wirtuwe, f. Latin: Culina, coqvina PŽ I 473

[...] Wirtuwe SD 122

Kupowanie chćiwe. Lithuanian: Pyrkingiste, f. Latin: Emacitas PŽ I 479

[...] Pirgingiste SD 123

Magnes, magnet, -u, m. Latin. Lithuanian: Akmuo gielżi Traukiens, m. Latin: Magnes, siderites PŽ I 552

[...] Stone magnet SD 140

Malarstwo, -a, n. Lithuanian: Teplone, f. Latin: Ars pictoria PŽ I 555

[...] Teplone SD 140

Malarz, -a, m. Lithuanian: Teplotois, m. -toi, f. Latin: Pictor PŽ I 555

[...] Teplotoias SD 140

Melankolia, -ii, f. from Greek: burnt bile. Lithuanian: Tulżis sudeginta, f. Latin: Atra bilis PŽ I 581

[...] Inflamed gallbladder SD 145

Miednica, -y, f. Lithuanian: Mazgotuwe, praustuwe, f. (formerly) Latin: Pelvis, Pelluvium [...] PŽ I 593

[...] A dishcloth, a rag, a scrubber SD 147

Muszkul, -u, m. from Latin: Myszyka, i f., in the bodies of animals and humans, producing movement, supposedly like a little mouse skinned. Lithuanian: Dalis Kuna Pelele wadinama, jog toligi ira Peley nudirtay. Latin: Musculus torus Plus vi. Mysz, Myszka PŽ I 668

[...] A part of the body is called a mouse, since it is similar to a skinned mouse SD 159

Mutant, -a, m. from Latin: voice-changing. Lithuanian: Balsamaynis, m. -ni, f. Substantive. Balsa maynans, m. -anti, f. adjective. Latin: Hirqvitallus PŽ I 669

[...] Balsamaynis SD 159

Obarzanek, Obwarzanek, -nka, m. Lithuanian: Grundele, abaranka, f. diminutive. Abarąkiele f. Latin: Spira. Spirula PŽ II 847

[...] Grundele SD 196

Obwolwacz, -a, m. Lithuanian: Apszauktois, apszaukieias, m. -toi, -kiei, f. Latin: Proclamator PŽ I 901

[...] One who has been cursed, one who curses SD 205

Censuring customs. Lit. Papeyka, f. Lat. Satyra, Censura PŽ I 901

[...] Papeyka SD 205

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Moral, -al, -al. Lit. Budump prigulens, m. — lenti, f. Lat. Moralis PŽ I 902

[...] Budump’s inclination SD 205

Appropriate, -ate, f. Equivalent, -ent, f., prophetess. Lit. Atsakitine, f. Lat. Oraculum PŽ I 949

[...] Atsakitine SD 214

I renounce an oath. Lit. Atsysiekiu, -siekłi, -siekiau, -sieksiu (Part. Praes.) atsysiekiens, m. -enti f. Lat. Ejuro, abjuro PŽ II 954

[...] Atsisiekiu SD 215

The day before yesterday, the day before, the other day, adverb. Lit. Unday, Lat. Nudius tertius, nudius quartus etc. PŽ I 1028

The day before yesterday [...] Unday SD 226

The day before yesterday, -day, -day. Lit. Undayniksztis, m. -ti, f. Lat. Nudis tertius, nudus quartus [...] PŽ I 1028

[...] Undayniksztis SD 226

Providence, -dence, f. Lit. Apweyzda, apwayzda, f. [...] PŽ I 1035

[...] Apiwayzda SD 227

Narrator, -tor, m. Announcer, herald. Lit. Apsakitois, m. -toi f. Lat. Praeco, praedicator [...] PŽ I 1044

[...] Apsakitoias SD 228

Ostrowid, ostrowidz, -a, m. Lithuanian Asztrategis, m. — gi, f. [...] PŽ I 1080

[...] Asztraregis SD 233

Pasternak, -a, m. from Latin Pastinaca. Lithuanian Pasternokas, m., in Plural Pasternokay (formerly) Burkuntay m. in Plural PŽ II 32

[...] Pasternokay, burkuntay SD 243

Piekarstwo, -a, n. Dünininkiste, f. Latin Opus Pistorium, Panificium PŽ II 64

[...] Duonininkiste SD 247

Pietro, Piątro, -a, n. Lithuanian (properly) Grunda, f. (commonly) wyszkas, m., in Plural Latin Contignatio, tabulatum. Plus vi. A floor above buildings [...] PŽ II 86

[...] Grunda SD 249

Pisania nauka. Lithuanian Raszima mokslas, m. Latin Orthographia PŽ II 95

[...] The art of writing SD 251

Podagryk, -a, m. one suffering from gout. Lithuanian Sausgila sergąns, m. Koju Lyga sergąns, m. — serganti, f. Latin Podagricus, articularius PŽ II 167

[...] Suffering from foot ailments SD 259

Podskarbstwo, -a, n., administration of the Public Treasury. Lithuanian užweyzd ieimas pyningu wysotimia, Latin questura, questorum officium PŽ II 217

[...] The appearance of money everywhere SD 264

Pojedynek, -nku, m. Polyczka pojedynkowe A fight one-on-one. Lithuanian Powienam musztine, f. Latin Duellum, monomachia, Singularis Pugna PŽ II 252

[...] One-time necessity SD 268

Popielica, -y, f. Lit. dormouse, female, Lat. Mus ponticus PŽ II 329

[...] Dormouse SD 275

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Powder flask, -s, f. Lithuanian Parakauniczie, f. [...] Little powder flask, diminutive. Lithuanian Parakauniczikie, Parakaunicziele, f. Latin Theca pulveris nitrosi PŽ II 472

[...] Parakauniczie SD 290

Przekład, -u, m. Translation, Translating, Rendering. Lit. Parguldimas, m. Lat. Interpretatio, vi. Translation PŽ II 533

[...] Perguldimas SD 295

Przysługa, -i, f. Lit. Inteyka f., Inteykimas, m. [...] Lat. Gratificatio [...] PŽ II 687

[...] Inteyka SD 307

Przysmak, -u, m. Good, Lit. (vulgo) Gardulis, Gardumas, m. Lat. Condimenutum. A moist relish for soaking dishes Lit. Padaža, f. Lat. Embanima, Plus vi. Delight, delicacy [...] PŽ II 687

A moist relish/juice for dishes [...] Gardulis SD 307

Recepta, -y, f. from Latin. Description of a medicine. Lit. Apraszimas waysta, m. PŽ II 758

[...] Description of a remedy SD 314

Examples in the second group also demonstrate the considerable influence of Sirvydas’s dictionary. Most entries were copied in their entirety by Poška without changes or with minor changes; see alchimia, ciesielstwo, hetman, jadalnia, jałmużna, kamienica, karmnik, kazirodztwo, kąpiel, kobyła, kołodziej, kołodziejstwo, kościół, kośnica, kuchnia, malarstwo, malarz, muszkuł, obwoływacz, obyczajów, ganienie, obyczajny, odpowiednia, onegdajszy, opowiadacz, ostrowid, pasternak, piekarstwo, pisania nauka, podskarbstwo, pojedynek, popielica, prochownica.

Poška may have translated some explanations, especially descriptive ones, using the same equivalents directly from Lindė’s dictionary, for example: kamień z piany morskiej, dzińkowaty, krzywoprzysięgam, księżyca nów, pisania nauka, podskarbstwo, recepta and so on.

Poška added new synonyms to only a small proportion of entries; see franca, jednomyślność, mutant, obarzanek, piętro and so on. On the basis of Sirvydas’s neologism pratomeyle (philosophy), Poška formed a new adjective protomeylingas, -a; verb protomeylauju, -auti; and adverb protameylingay.

Sirvydas explained the Polish kozodoy pastucha only with the feminine form oszkamelże, whereas Poška gives forms for both genders.

Since Poška added grammatical labels to words, he also added them to some of the Lithuanian equivalents taken from Sirvydas.

To deszra (kielbasa), the diminutive form deszrele was also added; to parakauniczią (prochownica)—parakauniczikie, parakaunicziele.

Poška thought that Sirvydas’s word gardulis (prysmak) was colloquial; before this word he wrote vulgo. The academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language records this word only from Sirvydas’s dictionary and writings.

Poška also corrected one or another typographical error in Sirvydas’s dictionary: he corrected pirgingiste to pyrkingiste (kupowanie).

3. Dictionary entries that include only individual words from Sirvydas: Aby raz. Lat. Saltem, semel. Lit. Ben viena karta, bile tik PŽ I 4

[...] Just once SD 1

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Adziamski Kobierzec, -rcu m. Lat. Persicum Tapete. Lit. Persiszkas Kauras m. PŽ I 5

[...] Kauras from Persia, made in Persia, Persian kauras SD 1

Alba Kaplańska (y.f.) Lat. vestis Sacerdotalis Lintea, Poderis, Lit. Apwałkałas Kunigu Drobinis (m.) PŽ I 8

[...] Long, linen-cloth cloth for a priest SD 1

Ankra, -y. f. Wall and building timber joints. A joint of walls and logs, f. PŽ I 19

[...] A joint, a support for a wall SD 2

Researcher, -a. m. Synonyms. Searcher, inquirer, investigator. Lat. Discussor, Inquisitor. Examinator, Sciscitator. Lit. investigator, examiner, questioner, inquirer, searcher m. -er f. Substan. PŽ I 20

Investigator, examiner, questioner, inquirer SD 4

Bałwochwalnica, -y. f. Idolium, Fanum, Delubrum, Lit. Bažniczie Diewaytiu Pagoniszku PŽ I 24

[...] Pagan church SD 5

Baranina, -y. f. Lamb, Awimena, awyniena, awiena, f. PŽ I 24

[...] Awimena SD 6

Bardysz, a. Axe, or Barta [...] Lunata Securis, Hasta, Falcata. Lit. Dalgiakirwis, Bardyszius m. PŽ I 28

[...] Dalgiakirwis SD 6

Baszta, -y, f. Bastion, u.m. Tower. Lat. Turiis, Propugnaculum Lit. Gintuwe Bokszta, f. PŽ I 29

[...] Gintuwe SD 7

Bawełna, -y. f. Lat. Linum xylinum, in German Baumwelle -a from German. Lit. tree wool PŽ I 32=

[...] Wool growing on a tree, tree wool SD 7

Bazyliszek, -a. m. Lat. Basiliscus. Lit. Driżas or Žaltis Bazyliszek – m. PŽ I 33

[...] A basilisk is said to kill a person with its gaze, etc. SD 8

Bąbel, Bybel, -bla. m. Bubble on water. Lat. Bulla. Lit. Kunkalas, Burbulas, Kunkulis, Burbulis m. [...] PŽ I 17

[...] Bubble on water, bubbles SD 4

Slaughter of cattle. Mactatus. Papiowymas Karwiu, jautcziu [...] PŽ I 53

[...] Slaughtering of oxen, cattle, etc. SD 12

Biegunka, -i f. (Disease) Lat. Lienteria, Diaribaea. Lit. Žiwatawimas m., Trayda f. PŽ I 57

[...] Žiwatawimas, frequent bowel movement SD 12

Bociun, -a, m. Bird. Lat. Ciconia. Lit. Stork, Gądras, Sturkus, Gužutis m. [...] PŽ I 69

[...] Starkus SD 17

Bratowa, -ey, f. Sister-in-law, brother’s wife. Lit. Inte, Broliene -f. PŽ I 80

[...] Inte SD 18

Chorąży, -żego m. Standard-bearer. Lit. Karužasis, Žinkłaneszis m. PŽ I 108

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[...] The sign of a warrior SD 26

Czyścić, -sca, m. Purgatorium, Purgatorius Ignis — Lit. Cleansing fire, souls’ furnace, furnace, f. (commonly) Pripeklis, m. PŽ I 155

[...] The fire of the Swiss, Nuper­tine Dusziu SD 38

Farbierstwo, -a, n. Ars Tinctoria. The art of dyeing, f. Mokslas Krosijma, m. PŽ I 240

[...] The knowledge of dyeing, dye-related SD 52

Glowy bolenie. Capitis grauedo, Gravitas Cephalea. Galwos Sopulis, pain, Skaudieim’s, -imas, m. PŽ I 266

[...] Headache SD 60

Glupiomówny, -a, -e. Morologus — (elegantly) speaking unwisely or foolishly (commonly) Durnakalbis, m. -inti, v. -ėti, -bi, f. PŽ I 267

[...] Durnakalbis SD 61

Godło, -a, n. Symbolum, Signum, Omen. Sign, token, m. PŽ I 271

[...] Sign, omen, inclination SD 62

Harcownik, -a, m. Dražniciel. Provocator, Excursor monomachus. War-starter, instigator, m. Plus vi. Dražniciel PŽ I 308

[...] War-starter SD 71

Iaiecznica, -y, f. Ova frixa. Pautine, egg dish, f. PŽ I 316

[...] Pautine SD 73 [pautiene SD¹ 45, SD³ 84]

Ilkość, -ści, f. Quantitas. Quality, quantity, f. PŽ I 335

[...] Quantity SD 78

Quality, quality, -ty, f. Synon. Custom, form, shape, manner of such a thing. Lat. qualitas. Lit. quality, f. Plus vi. Custom, manner PŽ I 318

[...] Quality, as it is, black, white, etc. SD 74

Uniformity, -ty, f. Qquabilitas. Uniformity, oneness, f. Plus. vi. Sameness PŽ I 328

[...] Uniformity, uniform, uniform SD 76

Kaldun, -a, m. Lit. Covering the folds of the stomach. Lat. Omentum Epiploon PŽ I 348

[...] To fill the intestines, to stuff them SD 81

Kapsa, Kapza, -y. f. From Latin Capsa, Capsula. Lit. Box, f., little sack, m. PŽ I 355

[...] Box SD 84

Karczma, -y, f. Tavern, inn, roadside inn — house of a roadside inn, tavern, m. in Plur. Tavern, f. House of revelry for travellers. Lat. Caupona, meritorium, Bacchanal PŽ I 356

[...] Tavern, tavern house SD 85

I punish whom? —rać. Lit. I blame whom, I chastise whom. I punish, -ish. Punio, Castigo, Corrigo, Corripio, plecto PŽ I 360

[...] I chastise whom, beat SD 86

Catholic, -a, m. Lit. Catholic m. Lat. Catholicus PŽ I 364

[...] Catholic, universalist SD 87

Intestine (in the belly) -i, f. in Plur. Intestines. Lit. Gut m. in Plur. Guts, bowels, Lat. Intestino in Plur., Intestinum, viscus — Plus vi. Intestine PŽ I 367

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[...] Intestine in cattle commonly [...] Gut, (plur.) guts SD 90 Clyster, enema, -y, f. from Latin Clyster [...] A medical instrument with a tap. Lit. A vessel of the healer with a tube PŽ I 387

[...] A vessel of the healer SD 93

One who spills blood, -y, m. Lit. Bloodletter, bloodshedder, m. -lei, -gieri, f. Lat. Sangvinarius PŽ I 458

[...] Bloodletter, bloodshedder SD 117

I cook, -to cook. Lit. I am cooking. Infinitive: to be cooking Lat. Coquinor PŽ I 472

[...] I am cooking SD 121

War machine, large. Lit. Wall-breaker, m. Lat. Ballista, Catapulta PŽ I 485

[...] Instrument, wall-breaker SD 125

Lantern, latern. dimin. little lantern, lantern, -i, f. from Latin Laterna, Lucerna. Lit. Little light, f. little lamp, f. dimin. — cziele, wele, f. PŽ I 505

[...] Little lamp SD 130

Juror, -a, m. Sworn witness. Lit. One who has sworn, m. (vulgo) Launikas, m. in Prussian Lithuania Sziepkauszis m. Lat. Assesor Iuratus, Iudex, scabimus PŽ I 507

[...] Prisegnikas SD 130

Manipularz Kaplanski, -a, m. Lith. Hand servant, —f. Antrąkis m. Lat. Manuale PŽ I 562

[...] Runkamauste SD 142

Melancholy, illness. Lith. Paniurumas, m. Paniuriste, f. Lat. Melancholia — Plus vi. Unhappiness, gloom, m. gloominess, f. PŽ I 581

[...] Paniuriste SD 145

Monarch, -y, m. from Greek-Latin. Sole ruler. Lith. Wienwaldis, wienwalditois, m. Ciesorius, Cars, Karalus, m. Lat. Princeps, principum PŽ I 646

[...] Sole ruler [...] Wienawaldżis SD 76

Immortality, -ty f. Lith. Nemyristie, nemyrtibe, f. Lat. Immortalitas PŽ I 821

[...] Nemirtiste SD 187

Surroundings, -y, f. Lith. Apikayma, f. [...] PŽ I 1009

[...] Environs, surroundings SD 222

Eyeglasses, -es. Plur. Lith. Žiuronay, weyzdiklay m. in Plur. Lat. Oculare, Conspicilium PŽ I 1087

[...] Wezdikles SD 224

Preface, -y. f. Lith. Pyrmkalba, Purmtarmie, Prakalba, Pratar mie, f., Pyrmtarimas, Pratarimas, m. Lat. Praefatio, Prologium, Proemium [...] PŽ III 517

[...] Introductory speech, preface SD 293

Ancestor, predecessor of a family. Lith. Pyrmasis giminies, v. giminey. Lat. Auctor generis, Sanguinis, familiae PŽ II 615

[...] The first one in the family SD 302

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A handful, -fuls, f. A handful, -ful n. Lit. Riszkute, Rieskute, f. Singul. Riszkutes, Rieskutes, Rieszkuczies, f. Plur. Lat. Utraque manus cavata PŽ II 632

[...] Rieszkúcios SD 303

Accidental, -al Lit. Pripultinis, Prizastinis, m. -ni, f. -ney, adver. Pripultingas, Prizastingas, m. -ga, f. -gay, aduer. Lat. Casualis, Accidentalis [...] PŽ II 662

[...] Priepultinis SD 305

Rantuch, -a, m. Lit. Zowetka, f. Pan ametis, m. [...] Rantuszek, -szka m. dimin. Lit. Zowetkiele, f., Panāmetelis, m. Lat. Peplum, Ricinum [...] PŽ II 751

[...] Panametis SD 313

Harness-maker, -a, m. Lit. z Niemiec. der Riemer Lit. Szikšnininkas, m. (vulgo) Rymorius, m. Lat. Opifex habenarum [...] PŽ II 901

[...] Szikszninikas SD 329

Republic, -lic, f. Lit. Będ­riste, Draugiste, f. formerly wisotime, f. Lat. Respublica [...] PŽ II 911

[...] Wisotime SD 330

The third group is the most interesting from a lexicological perspective. It reveals the dictionary author’s efforts to appeal to all Lithuanians, to provide as wide a variety of words as possible, and at the same time to showcase the lexicon of Samogitian dialects (especially the Viduklė dialect). This is evidenced by many Lithuanian equivalents explaining Polish and Latin words; see bėbel, bocian, bratowa, jajecznica, kałdun, kiszka, monarcha, przedmowa, przygarść and others. Poška expanded many dictionary entries, supplemented them with synonyms, and clarified them; see aby, ankra, badacz, biçie bydła, bocian, czyścieć, harcownik, kapsa, karzę kogo, kiszka, klistera, ławnik, manipularz, monarcha, okulary, przedmowa, rymarz, rzeczpospolita and others.

Only a few entries in “Dictionarium” were shortened; see odziamski kobiežec, bawełna, bazyliszek, biegunka, jakość.

Poška generally retained the same word order as Sirvydas, placing the modifier after the word it modifies (aprašzimas wapsto, juosta karewųzių). In some instances, however, his word order differs from Sirvydas’s and corresponds to the word order now customary in Lithuanian.

Poška corrected the typographical error in Sirvydas’s word wezdikles (okulary), and replaced weizdikles with weyzdiklais. He explained the Polish jajecznica using pautine and kiauszine. In this case Poška either copied pautine from Sirvydas’s fifth edition, where it appears as a typographical error in place of pautiene, or formed pautine on the model of kiauszine.

Overall, Poška took mostly neologisms from “Dictionarium,” along with some descriptive definitions, loanwords, dialect words, archaisms, hybrids, and calques.

Poška himself also coined a few new words. To Sirvydas’s preface he added his own neologisms: pirmtarma, pirmtarmas, pratarimas. Alongside Sirvydas’s purgatory nupėrtine duszu he used pyrtis duszau, the archaism pirtinė, and the colloquial hybrid equivalent pripeklis.

Nevertheless, original entries make up most of Poška’s dictionary.

Comparing Poška’s and Sirvydas’s dictionaries, we see that Poška dialectally adapted some words and copied others without any changes. He adapted not only the phonetics,

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morphology, but also the lexicon:

a) The vowel ė is replaced by the diphthong: pelie, g. sg. giminės indietuwe, mieno, todiel, penietuwe, skliėtas, užweizdėjimas, wirieju būti.

b) The diphthong uo is replaced by a monophthong or written as ū: akmū, dūnininkiste, nūdąy, obulis.

c) Affricates were adapted to Samogitian forms: szweytanti ugnis.

d) Eastern diphthongs um, un were changed to am, an: rachamaste, rediklay brangį, dangalas, praėinans, g. sg. szwencziausia, brątąy, sergans, ką.

e) Eastern u in the accusative ending is changed to a: koiv lyga sergans, ben wiena karta.

f) The genitive ending o is changed to a: szwinta sakramenta, auxa darima mokslas, aprasžimas wawsta.

g) The stem-final -jas is changed to the Samogitian -jis: -miletois, apsakitois.

h) The Eastern prefixes api-, ažu- are changed to ap-, už-: apweysda, užmeteklis.

i) The suffix -ininkas is used instead of -inykas: adininkas, sziksznininkas, zwayzdinininkas.

k) Stems are changed: marios: mares, dala: dalis, rieszkucžios: rieszkutes, drobinis: drobinas.

However, Poška was not consistent throughout; consciously or unconsciously, he retained Eastern forms in Sirvydas’s examples as well:

The diphthongs um, un, in remained unchanged in the words: szw istinis, zinktas, sundara, bruntai, burkun tai, unday, grunda, kunkalas, kunkinu and others.

The eastern prefixes api-, in- were retained in the words: apikayme, apipenay, inteyka, indietuwe.

Full endings were retained: adininkas, užweyzdeimas, remesninkas, pasteimas, skliėtas, prziegningkas, žiwatawimas, persizkas, apwalkalas.

He sometimes shortened nominal endings and sometimes used the full forms. For example, the ending ė in neologisms was generally left unchanged, but changed in the middle of a word: ie szilkine, penietuwe, duoninkiste, indietuwe. However, in some cases, the ė at the end of a word was replaced by the dialectal e: dūna beralini.

Poška used dialectal Samogitian vocabulary rather sparingly. In the entry kiszka, in place of Sirvydas’s žarnos, we find the Samogitian form grobas. In the entry bocian, he is not satisfied with Sirvydas’s starkumi, but also gives gandras, widespread in Samogitia and East Prussia, and the dialectal form gūžutis.

The data presented show that Sirvydas’s dictionary had a significant influence on Poška’s dictionary.

LITERATŪRA

1. Biržiška M. Iš D.Poškos raštų. — Lietuvių Tauta. Kn. II, d. 3, V., 1912/13, p. 330—375.

2. Brensztejn M. Dionizy Paszkiewicz. Wilno, 1934.

3. Dictionarium trium linguarum... R.P. Constantino Szyrwid... Vilnae M.DCC. XIII.

4. Linde S. B. Slownik języka polskiego. 6 tt., (1807—1914).

5. Poška D. Raštai. V., 1959.

6. Slownik języka Litewskiego, Polskiego i Łacinskiego przez Dionizego Paszkiewicza Žmuydzina (rankraštis).

7. Valiūnas S. Raszamentem lietuwiszka žodini. — Lietuvių literatūros istorijos chrestomatija / feodalizmo epocha/. Sudarė K.Korsakas, J.Lebedys. V., 1957, p. 293—295.

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8. Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių kalbos istorija. T. 4. Lietuvių kalba XVIII–XIX a. V., 1990.

9. Ларин Б. Краткий исторический обоз литовской лексикографии. — ”Лексикографический сборник”. Вып. 2. Москва, 1957, с. 119—144

EINFLUß DES WÖRTERBUCHS VON K. SIRVYDAS ”DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGUARUM” AUFS WÖRTERBUCH VON D. POŠKA ”SŁOWNIK JĘZYKA LITEWSKIEGO, POLSKIEGO I ŁACIŃSKIEGO”

Zusammenfassung

Das polnisch-lateinisch-litauische Wörterbuch von K. Sirvydas wurde von vielen litauischen Autoren der gedruckten und handschriftlichen Wörterbücher benutzt. B. Larin behauptete, daß das Wörterbuch von D. Poška von dem von Sirvydas wenig abhängig sei. Nach dem gründlicheren Vergleich der beiden Wörterbücher ziehen wir die Schlußfolgerung, daß D. Poška die fünfte Ausgabe des Wörterbuches von K. Sirvydas ziemlich benutzt hatte. Die aus dem Wörterbuch von K. Sirvydas geliehenen Wörter und Wortfamilien kann man in 3 Gruppen einteilen: 1) Wörter und Wortfamilien wo ”Dictionarium” als Quelle angegeben ist; 2) Wörter und Wortfamilien ohne Angabe der Quelle; 3) gemischte Wortfamilien, in denen die einzelnen Wörter von Sirvydas benutzt worden waren.

D. Poška hat am meisten die Neubildungen und die beschreibenden Erklärungen aus dem Wörterbuch von K. Sirvydas geliehen.

Das Material aus dem Wörterbuch von K. Sirvydas wurde von D. Poška žemaitisiert. Ein Teil der morphologischen und lexischen Eigentümlichkeiten der ostlitauischen Sprache blieb unverändert.

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