ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA

XLIX (2003), 51–59

Manifestations of orthographic standardization

Polish and Lithuanian Gospels

in the 1647 and 1674 editions

MILDA LUČINSKIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius

This article deals with the graphemics of two editions (1647 and 1674) of Jonas Jaknavičius’ Ewangelie polskie y litewskie. The differences between them reflect the author’s endeavours to arrive at a more consistent orthography. Such features are discussed as: the use of individual graphemes, the rendering of the diphthongoids in /m/, /n/, that of the diphthongs /au/, /uo/, /ai/, /ei/, /ui/, and the use of the superscript macron to mark a postvocalic nasal. Elements of an established orthographical usage can be discerned in the use of “a pochylone”, the use of <w> to mark the second element of the diphthong /au/, and the spelling of individual lexemes and proper names. Direct influence of the Polish source text on these corrections is not evident. New in the 1674 edition is the use of the nasal abbreviations ē, ī, ō. Changes connected with the use of types reflect the intervention of proof-readers, perhaps of the printer himself. The 1679 and 1690 editions do not markedly differ from the 1674 edition, and the corrections introduced in the latter evidently maintained themselves until 1705, when the Ewangelie were rewritten in a Western Lithuanian language variety.

1. INTRODUCTION

The alphabets and spelling used by individual authors have been discussed by many researchers of early Lithuanian writings, with the most extensive overview provided by Jonas Palionis. This overview discusses the alphabet as a system of characters and the principles of spelling, that is, the grounds on which individual characters were used, although these two matters are closely related (Palionis 1967: 19). Spelling has been treated similarly in recent years: the term spelling is used to refer to graphics and orthography. Graphics is understood as a system of written signs used in texts to represent the phonemes of a language and the sounds of speech, while orthography comprises the principles and rules governing the use of those signs (Michelini 2000: 44). This article surveys some differences in graphics and orthography in the 1647 and 1674 editions of Jonas Jaknavičius’s Ewangelie polskie y litewskie (hereafter, Gospels). The discussion will therefore concern differences in the alphabet and spelling that arose from changes made by compilers or editors, proofreaders, and publishers while preparing the 1674 edition of the Gospels for publication. It has been established that Jaknavičius’s Gospels (1647, 1674, 1679, and 1690), like Slavocinskis’s 1646 hymnal and, in part, the translation of Bellarmine’s catechism, used Sirvydas’s alphabet. The spelling of vowels was based mainly on the phonetic principle, while consonants in Sirvydas’s (Daukša’s, Kleinas’s) system, and thus in Jaknavičius’s as well, were written according to the morphological principle (Palionis 1995: 28–30). The orthography of these editions is similar, but its variation resulted from the same phoneme being represented by several characters or combinations of characters and, conversely, the same character representing more than one phoneme or its variant (Michelini 2000: 44).

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The spelling of vowels was based mainly on the phonetic principle, while consonants in Sirvydas’s (Daukša’s, Kleinas’s) system, and thus in Jaknavičius’s as well, were written according to the morphological principle (Palionis 1995: 28–30). The orthography of these editions is similar, but its variation resulted from the same phoneme being represented by several characters or combinations of characters and, conversely, the same character representing more than one phoneme or its variant (Michelini 2000: 44).

2. ANALYSIS OF SPELLING VARIANTS

2.1. Use of the grapheme á in JE₄₇ and JE₇₄

One of the most frequent spelling differences is the replacement of a with á (about 2,500 examples)¹, and vice versa (about 100 examples):

(i) a → á: JE₄₇ karalíjte _2₁₆ → JE₇₄ Káralíjte _2₂₁; JE₄₇ Pranáßo _4₁₀ → JE₇₄ Pránáßo _4₂₃; JE₄₇ parabíta _4₁₄ → JE₇₄ párábíta _5₃; JE₄₇ paßakie _5₂₀ → JE₇₄ páßakie _{6₁₀–₁₁}; JE₄₇ apßakídámas _7₁₅ → JE₇₄ ápßakídámas _8₈; JE₄₇ wadina _9₃ → JE₇₄ wádiná _10₂; JE₄₇ wáfara _2₁₂ → JE₇₄ wáfárá _2₁₇

The letter á was used in the Gospels, Petkevičius’s Catechism, Morkūnas’s Postil (Zinkevičius 1988: 198, 203), Klein’s grammars, Knygoje nobážnystės (Jakulytė 2001: 73)². The frequent acute accent diacritic over á arose under the influence of the Polish letter used for the vowel “a pochylone” on Lithuanian text. It is known that the orthography of old texts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and later was not standardized, and each printing house had its own tendencies in letter usage. This non-standardized notation of “samogłosek pochylonych” (raised vowels) makes it difficult to distinguish linguistic facts from spelling. There was no institution in Poland that could have instructed printing houses to follow a more uniform spelling system (Birkenmajer 1971: 230). In seventeenth-century Poland itself, cases of incorrect use of a and á became more numerous; this tendency intensified particularly in the first half of the eighteenth century, when á began to be used much more often and without following any rules. As a result, the same word, the same form, was written with a in one place and with á in another (Klemensiewicz 1985: 287).

Palionis has drawn attention to the fact that in the second part of Sirvydas’s PS, “a pochylone” is already more frequent, and that “it has no phonological or prosodic significance” (Palionis 1979: 21). Since this part of PS was prepared for publication by Jaknavičius, it is therefore likely that he used this letter more often than Sirvydas.

In JE₇₄, the vowel a in a long or short syllable is marked with an acute accent, and sometimes even all the vowels a in a word. Sometimes the same words in JE₇₄ were written in two ways; for example, á is particularly frequent in possessive pronouns mano, tavo, savo; the spellings of these pronouns vary as follows: fawo – 98x, fáwo – 62x; mano – 84x, máno – 31x; tawo – 32x,

¹ Comparative analysis of the JE₄₇ and JE₇₄ texts was facilitated by computerized concordances of word forms from these editions. They were prepared by Lithuanian Language Institute staff members Milda Lučinskienė and Vytautas Zinkevičius (programmer), under the direction of Šiauliai’s Ambrazas, as part of the “Programme for the Use and Development of the State Language of the Republic of Lithuania for 1996–2005,” funded by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language under the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania.

² D. Jakulytė writes in greater detail about the use of á in Knygoje nobážnystės.

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távo – 54 times. “A pochylone” is particularly often written in the word tárė – 145 times (but alongside it there is also tare – 83 times), irá – 47 times (ira – 120 times).

It may be assumed that the use of the “a pochylone” character seemed normative to the JE₄₇ editor: society had already approved this character (grammars and other old writings), and it was considered correct³ (after all, the Jesuit-supervised editor could only improve and correct the carefully reviewed text of the Gospels).

(ii) á → a (100 times): JE₄₇ atáius 15₂₇ → JE₇₄ atáius 17₁₆; JE₄₇ kád 28₂₀ → JE₇₄ kad 31₁₅; JE₄₇ Tái 31₃ → JE₇₄ Tay 34₃; JE₄₇ wáykieli 10₁₅ → JE₇₄ waykieli 11₁₇.

In JE₄₇, “a pochylone” was used 286 times, whereas the compiler of JE₇₄ used this character almost ten times as often (2,865 times). This reverse correction illustrates the process of stabilizing the norm.

2.2. Use of the characters ſ, s, and ∫∫

In the alphabet used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as in the Polish alphabet, the grapheme s had two allographs: s was traditionally written at the end of a word, while ſ was used in the middle. The examples below show the variation in the spelling of s and ſ, ∫∫ between vowels in Jaknavičius’s Gospels. The spelling of ∫∫ was the least consistent.

Unlike the Lithuanian writings of East Prussia, which were influenced by German orthography, in the writings of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (most often Catholic publications), as in contemporary Polish writings, only ſ was doubled. In East Prussian writings, such doubling was most often intended to mark the shortness of the vowel preceding the doubled consonant (Palionis 1995: 31). It is believed that the originals had the greatest influence on the doubling of characters (Palionis 1967: 48). However, the principle of consistency was not maintained, as ſ and ∫∫ were often used interchangeably in the same word in a single edition (gen. sg. JE₄₇ wiſſu 77₁₆–₁₇ and JE₄₇ wiſſu 129₁₉).

(i) ∫∫ → ſ (23 times): JE₄₇ iźg wiſſo 119₁₁ → JE₇₄ iźg wiſo 125₁₂; JE₄₇ Táſſay 169₁₆–₁₇ → JE₇₄ Taſay 175₁₃; JE₄₇ iźg wiſſu 203₆ → JE₇₄ iźg wiſu 209₁₈; JE₄₇ iſſay 158₁₁ → JE₇₄ iſay 163₃.

ſ → ∫∫ (10 times): JE₄₇ eſi 61₁ → JE₇₄ eſſi 66₁₀; JE₄₇ wiſas 148₁₃ → JE₇₄ wiſſas 153₁₂; JE₄₇ taſay 166₃ → JE₇₄ taſſay 171₁₉.

∫∫ → s (4 times): JE₄₇ knigoſſe 69₁₆ → JE₇₄ knigoſe 75₅; JE₄₇ anaſſay 150₂₆ → JE₇₄ ánásay 155₂₂.

ſs → ſ (2 times): JE₄₇ ne tikieſſite 161₂₈ → JE₇₄ ne tikieſites 166₁₆–₁₇.

ſ → ſs (2 times): JE₄₇ iſſipildis 2₂₀ → JE₇₄ iſſipildis 3₂–₃.

ſ → s (5 times): JE₄₇ aſliciu 53₁₈ → JE₇₄ asliciu 58₁₄; JE₄₇ wiriaujus 17₂₃–₂₄ → JE₇₄ wiriausius 19₁₅.

(ii) s → ſ (5 times): JE₄₇ swiečiumu 13₁₁ → JE₇₄ ſwiečimu 14₁₉; JE₄₇ dunguoſe 176₂₂ → JE₇₄ dunguoſe 182₁₉–₂₀.

³ This understanding of the norm is presented in the book Encyklopedia wiedzy o książce and by the researcher M. Cybulski, who analyzes the language of 17th-century Polish texts (Cybulski 1992: 17).

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(iii) ʃs → ʃʃ (13x): JE₄₇ eʃi 51₂₃ → JE₇₄ eʃʃi 56₉ (6x); JE₄₇ wiʃi 89₂ → JE₇₄ wiʃʃi 94₂₀ (5x); JE₄₇ iʃigando 59₁₁₋₁₂ → JE₇₄ iʃʃigundo 64₁₂.

An analysis of the differences between JE₄₇ and JE₇₄, based on computerized concordance data, established that the characters ʃ and ʃʃ occurred in equal numbers in these editions, although certain differences in their usage principles were observed. In the portion of the translation attributed to Jaknavičius in JE₄₇, the plural instrumental ending iuʃu was written with a single ʃ only (46x), whereas in the portion attributed to an unknown editor, conversely, it was written only with double ʃʃ (14x). Since, as already mentioned, a doubled consonant was most often written after a short vowel, in this case the editor of JE₇₄ “corrected” the inconsistency in the spelling of JE₄₇ and chose the variant that could then have been regarded as normative—namely, iuʃu. The editor’s attempt to “standardize” the text is also suggested by the editing of the digraph ʃs in the word eʃi: this form of the word is recorded 19x in JE₄₇, eʃʃi only 1x (102₄), while in JE₇₄ eʃi occurs half as often (9x), and eʃʃi correspondingly becomes more frequent (8x).

An examination of the use of ʃ and ʃʃ in the Polish original of JE₄₇ showed that the digraph ʃʃ was used there 6x, and only in proper names (JE₄₇ Naáʃʃoná 143₁₅; JE₄₇ Ieʃʃego 143₂₂; JE₄₇ Manaʃʃes 144₁₇₋₁₈). Thus, in this case we can speak of a Lithuanian written-language spelling tradition that was not directly influenced by the particular Polish original.

(iv) ʃ → ʒ (12x)⁴: JE₄₇ Pharifeuʃams 69₂₈–₇₀₂ → JE₇₄ Pharizeuʃams 75₁₇₋₁₈ (5x); JE₄₇ Iʃaakas 143₃₋₄ → JE₇₄ Iʒáákas 148 (2x); JE₄₇ Ierʃalem 60₁₀₋₁₁ → JE₇₄ Ieruzalem 65₁₁₋₁₂ (2x); JE₄₇ Ieʃus 53₂₋₃ → JE₇₄ IEʒus 57₁₉ (1x).

These corrections show that the phoneme /z/ was occasionally represented by the grapheme ʃ in foreign proper names in JE₄₇: JE₄₇ Phariʃeuʃas was written 5x, while Phariʒ(ʒ)euʃas was written 14x; Ieruʃalem 2x, Ieruzalem 8x; Ieʃus in JE₄₇ 1x, but IEʒus 192x; Iʃaakas 2x. However, in JE₇₄ these particular lexemes no longer occur with the grapheme ʃ—the grapheme ʒ is used consistently. Although corrected, the spellings of only the words Iʃ(ʒ)raelo and Iero(ʒ)olimos were not fully standardized in JE₇₄. Thus, we can speak of the editor’s attempt to regulate the orthography of foreign proper names.

2.3. Marking combinations of ā, ū, ē, i + m, n and o + m

Abbreviations were not abundant in the Lithuanian text of JE₄₇: ā was written 14x, and ū only 5x; the characters ī, ē, ō were not used at all. Abbreviated letters occur more often in the Polish text of these Gospels: ā 33x, ē 8x, ō 7x, and ī only 1x.

In the middle of a word, a curved dash (the circumflex sign) was most often written above the letter, whereas at the end of a word a straight one was used; JE₄₇ often ended a line with such a character (15x), or a word following an abbreviated letter was carried over to the next line (7x)⁵. Such abbreviated letters were also written in other old texts, for example, Wol-

JE₄₇ maʃgot 56₁₂ (1x) → JE₇₄ máʒgot 61₆₋₇.

⁵In the word Evangelija, the abbreviated ā is not written in JE₄₇; from the second edition onward (most often in titles), this character appears 3x (Ewāgelia), and the word is abbreviated as Ewā 9x.

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fenbüttelio postilėje (1573), kada tekstą reikėdavo sutalpinti riboto formato stačiakampyje (Gelumbekaitė 2000: 184).

Thus, this kind of abbreviated letter with a diacritic represented two sounds. This marking tradition originated in handwritten texts, where, in order to save time and write quickly, words and individual syllables were shortened (Birkenmajer 1971: 2–3).

(i) un, um → ū (16x): JE₄₇ dungaus 86₆ → JE₇₄ dūgaus 91₁₉; JE₄₇ athunkie 116₈–₉ → JE₇₄ atūkė 122₆; JE₄₇ mums 71₂₀ → JE₇₄ mūs 77₁₃; JE₄₇ pardaveiump 154₁₇ → JE₇₄ párdaveiūp 159₁₃; am, an → ā (11x): JE₄₇ mokitiniams 127₁₅ → JE₇₄ mokitinās 133₁₃; JE₄₇ iam 86₁₈–₁₉ → JE₇₄ iā 92₂,₁₃–₁₄; JE₄₇ oran 189₂₂ → JE₇₄ orā 196₁; JE₄₇ Ewangelia 6₁₈–₁₉ → JE₇₄ Ewāgelia 7₉–₁₀; im → ī (3x): JE₄₇ fawimp 121₁₂–₁₃ → JE₇₄ fāwip 127₁₄; JE₄₇ pagimde 143₈ → JE₇₄ pagīde 148₇–₈; om → ō (2x): JE₄₇ dienoms 146₂₂ → JE₇₄ dienōs 151₂₀; en → ē (1x): JE₄₇ talentu 127₁₉ → JE₇₄ talētu 133₁₆–₁₇; (ii) ā → am (10x): JE₄₇ pałkūciaulijā 34₁₀ → JE₇₄ páłkūciauljam 37₁₇–₁₈; JE₄₇ vntrā 58₆ → JE₇₄ vntram 63₅–₆; JE₄₇ iā 25₁ → JE₇₄ iam 27₁₃; JE₄₇ kuriā 61₁ → JE₇₄ kuriam 66₇; JE₄₇ mokitiniams 86₁₈–₁₉ → JE₇₄ mokitinās 92₁₃–₁₄; ū → um, un (4x): JE₄₇ kayčiū 49₃ → JE₇₄ kayčium 53₁₀; JE₄₇ mūs 155₁ → JE₇₄ mums 159₂₄; JE₄₇ dūgui 209₁₃ → JE₇₄ dungui 216₁₀.

A straight or slightly curved line above the letters a, e, i, u, and o indicated the omission of the letters m or n. In the Middle Ages, this was especially often used to mark the omitted letter m in the combinations am, em, um (Cappelli 1967: xxiii–xxiv).

Only nasal sounds were graphically marked by these abbreviated letters, although nasalization is generally not graphically marked in these Gospels editions. Analysis of the spelling in texts of that period shows that in many cases forms of various kinds of “nasal” and digraph letters were still used to represent actual nasal vowels, following the phonetic principle (Palionis 1967: 45). In the Gospels, as in Sirvydas’s writings, am, an, em, en are used consistently in a few cases: em, en occur in infinitives and their derivatives of verbs whose present or simple past tense has these diphthongs; an occurs in the conjunction idant; am, an, em, en are retained in proper and common nouns of non-Lithuanian origin (Morkūnas 1967: 140–142).

The examples given show the JE₇₄ editor’s tendency to replace the combinations am, an, um, un, en, im and om with the abbreviations ā, ū, ī, ē, ō (33x), although examples of the reverse change have also been recorded (14x). Thus, starting with JE₇₄, the abbreviated letters ē, ī, and ō also began to be used to represent the combinations en, im, and om; they are most often written at the end of a line or when a word is carried over to the next line. It cannot be ruled out that, when setting a line of text, the printer shortened it at his discretion and thus set an abbreviation.

2.4. Spelling of the diphthongs [au], [uo]

In Sirvydas’s alphabet, the letter u represented the sounds u and ū; v was written to represent short u at the beginning of a word, while doubled w represented the sound v (Palionis 1967: 36, 40). Although JE₄₇ and JE₇₄ were based on Sirvydas’s alphabet, the examples already given show that these letters were sometimes confused.

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At the beginning of a word, the sound [u] in JE₄₇ is most often represented by the letter v (JE₄₇ vbagay 197₁₃; JE₄₇ všveyzdetoias 23₁₅–₁₆; JE₄₇ vlėčiu 89₂₄), and only once at the end (JE₄₇ ſakaw 183₁₀)⁶; sometimes it is represented by the letter u (4x) (JE₄₇ uſ/wiro 119₂₀; JE₄₇ unt (2x) 50₁₄, 131₂₃; JE₄₇ uuždangoi 209₄–₅). In JE₄₇, the letter w represents the sound [u] at the end of a word, except in taw and ſaw⁷, and occurs only once (JE₄₇ ſakaw 208*₁₉); this was already edited in JE₇₄. In both Gospel editions, the grapheme w is used quite consistently for the sound [v] at the beginning of a word.

(i) w, v, and u at the end of a word (less often—in the middle of a word): w → u (31x): JE₄₇ taw 43₂ → JE₇₄ tau 46₂₃ (20x); JE₄₇ ſakaw 208₁₉ → JE₇₄ ſakáu 215₁₆; u → w (2x): JE₄₇ aukščiáufiei 61₁₉–₂₀ → JE₇₄ áukščiáwſiei 66₂₂; JE₄₇ bitaw 90₉–₁₀ → JE₇₄ bitaw 96₅.

(ii) w, v, and u at the beginning of a word: u → v (13x): JE₄₇ unt 50₁₄ → JE₇₄ vnt 54₂₁ (4x); JE₄₇ ANuo 24₁₃ → JE₇₄ ANVO 26₂₁; v → u (8x): JE₄₇ vnt 37₁₀ → JE₇₄ unt 40₂₂ (3x); JE₄₇ vſždeta 106₁₃ → JE₇₄ uždėtu 112₅–₆; v → w (3x): JE₄₇ Vnt 31₁₇ → JE₇₄ Wnt 34₁₆; JE₄₇ vołakti 113₂₁ → JE₇₄ wotakti 119₁₅; JE₄₇ vogas 99₁₀ → JE₇₄ wuogas 104₂₄.

Some of the JE₇₄ editor’s spelling principles can be identified from the differences presented: 1) there is an effort to eliminate the letter w representing the short vowel [u] in the diphthong [au], most often in the monosyllabic words taw and saw (JE₄₇ taw 42x; JE₄₇ ſaw 3x). In JE₇₄, taw is requested 22x less often and ſaw only 1x⁸; thus, there is an effort to move toward more consistent and simpler spelling, although the spelling of these words has not been fully standardized; 2) in JE₄₇ and JE₇₄, except for the pronouns mentioned, the combination aw is not written in a single syllable, with one exception in a section not attributed to Jaknavičius (JE₄₇ ſakaw 208₁₉), which, however, is also absent from JE₇₄; 3) the variants unt, vnt, and wnt of the preposition ant were edited, but these corrections are not substantial, since the variant vnt predominates in both editions (JE₇₄ 266x), while the other two can be regarded as “occasional” forms—unt (JE₇₄ 3x), wnt (JE₇₄ 2x); 4) in JE₄₇, v is added before the letter o, which represents the diphthong uo, in all cases (8x; 1x—w). JE₇₄ retains this spelling, although in a few cases the editor changes the added v to w. It is unclear whether this reflects dialect (the addition of v has also been preserved to this day in the southern and larger part of the eastern Aukštaitian dialect area (Zinkevičius 1966: 188), or is merely a matter of spelling.

2.5. Spelling of diphthongs [ai], [ei], [ui]

In JE₄₇ and JE₇₄, the combinations [a, e, u + i] are represented in two ways: with i or y as the second component. Analysis of the changes, together with data from the reverse concordance of word forms in JE₄₇, established that in the diphthongs ai, ei, ui the grapheme y is written six times more often than the grapheme i in JE₄₇.

6 Not a single instance was found in JE₄₇ of the letter v being used to represent the sound [u] in the middle of a word.

7 The spelling of taw and ſaw in the Gospels may have been influenced by the forms of these pronouns in other cases, which are written with w (fawi, ſawis, tawi, tawam, etc.).

8 This form is recorded once in the pericope added later (JE₇₄ 166–167).

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ai → ay (98x): JE₄₇ vbagai 3₁₉ → JE₇₄ vbagay 4₄; JE₄₇ kurgai 4₁₇ → JE₇₄ kurłay 5₆; JE₄₇ kaip 7₁₈, 64, 105, → JE₇₄ kayp 8₁₂, 69₁₉, 110₁₇; JE₄₇ pálnikais 15₂₃ → JE₇₄ pálnikays 17₁₂; ay → ai (8x): JE₄₇ kurlay 47₇ → JE₇₄ kurlai 51₇; JE₄₇ kieterwiopay 201₉–₁₀ → JE₇₄ kieterwio-pai 207₁₆–₁₇; JE₄₇ priefinikay 205₂₂–₂₃ → JE₇₄ priefinikai 212₈; ei → ey (28x): JE₄₇ funkiei 25₁₇ → JE₇₄ funkiey 28₅; JE₄₇ erškiečiei 35₁₈–₁₉ → JE₇₄ erškiečiey 39₂; JE₄₇ wagiei 209₁₆ → JE₇₄ wagiey 216₁₂; ey → ei (10x): JE₄₇ ištleydis 84₁₅–₁₆ → JE₇₄ ištleidis 90₆; JE₄₇ reykia 187₈ → JE₇₄ reikia 193₁₆; ui → uy (3x): JE₄₇ Diewui 15₂₅ → JE₇₄ Diewuy 17₁₄; uy → ui (1x): JE₄₇ pałkuy 201₂₄ → JE₇₄ páłkui 208₅–₆.

The editor of JE₇₄ also sought to represent the second component of these diphthongs with the grapheme y. Examples of the opposite change (JE₄₇ a, e, u + y → JE₇₄ a, e, u + i) are six times fewer; thus, one may infer that, although the spelling of these graphemes was not standardized, a principle was emerging of writing these diphthongs with the grapheme y. The words most often edited were: kai(y)p (22x), kursai(y) (20x), tai(y) (8x), tei(y)p (13x). In general, short i is replaced by long y (ygreku) as many as 140 times (89 instances corrected at the end of a word, 51 in the middle), whereas reverse editing occurs in only 19 instances. Polish orthography influenced the spelling of these words: at the beginning of a word, Polish most often used i (iako A 9), at the end of a word y (smutney J 3), and before consonants the grapheme y was also used consistently (bogoboyney P 12) (Książek-Bryłowa 1976: 341). Thus, the combinations occurring within one syllable (with y) were represented both in JE₄₇ and in JE₇₄.

2.6. Representation of /š/⁹

In K. Sirvydas’s system of graphemes, the sound [š] was represented by the letter ʃ (in texts printed in Roman type—ſz and ʃ) and ś (this letter also represented soft s).

ʃ → ſz (22x): JE₄₇ aufztunt 11₂ → JE₇₄ aufztunt 12₅; JE₄₇ Wieʃpaties 14₁₃–₁₄ → JE₇₄ Wieſzpaties 16₂–₃; JE₄₇ śiefʃtos 30₁ → JE₇₄ Siaſztos 32₂₄; JE₄₇ ʃwëtes 208₂–₃ → JE₇₄ ſzwëtes 215₁; ś → ʃ (7x): JE₄₇ duśios 202₂ → JE₇₄ duʃios 208₁₀–₁₁ (5x); JE₄₇ paraśinetus 8₂₁ → JE₇₄ paraſynetus 9₉; JE₄₇ śiewennis 31₂₈ → JE₇₄ ſiewminos 35₁–₂; ʃ → ś (7x): JE₄₇ ʃwintos 55₁₀ → JE₇₄ śwen tos 60₇ (2x); JE₄₇ ʃvjmuf 95₂₆ → JE₇₄ vʃimuś 101₁₇; JE₄₇ ʃfyrdis 209₁₉ → JE₇₄ śirdis 216₁₅.

When discussing the change from ʃ to ſz, we should pay attention to the typefaces used in JE₄₇ and JE₇₄. The Polish and Lithuanian texts in JE₄₇ were set in Gothic Schwabacher¹⁰, the Polish headings in Roman type, while the Lithuanian headings and the text of the pericopes were set in—

⁹ The following corrections were also noted: ʃ → sʃ (1x: JE₄₇ wieʃpaties 41₁₃ → JE₇₄ Wiesſpáties 45₅–₆); ſz → ʃ (1x: JE₄₇ Sjitai 4₁₄–₁₅ → JE₇₄ Sſjitai 5₄); ſz → ʃ (1x: JE₄₇ Szwętes 209₂₁ → JE₇₄ śwętes 216₁₇).

¹⁰ Gothic Schwabacher spread rapidly and was used in many countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Interestingly, Schwabacher was most often used for texts printed in vernacular languages (Polish, Lithuanian, etc.), while texts in Latin were usually set in Roman type (Kawecka-Gryczowa 1982: 220). In this article, the term Schwabacher is used in accordance with the encyclopedic dictionary of book studies (Kaunas 1997: 360).

58 |

MILDA LUČINSKIENĖ

Adjacent lexical variants are presented in italic Latin antiqua¹¹. In JE₇₄, the Polish text has already been reset in Latin antiqua, while the Lithuanian text is still set in Gothic type, and the pericope headings in both texts are distinguished by italic Latin antiqua. Analysis of the differences revealed that the ligature ſ was replaced by the digraph ſz (22x) in JE₇₄ only in the pericope titles. It emerged that the ligature ſ in JE₄₇ was typeset only in Gothic Schwabacher and italic Latin antiqua (there was no z character (ſz), only 3), and thus only in Lithuanian headings. Four cases should also be mentioned in which, in the adjacent variants set in italic Latin antiqua, the grapheme ž is written in JE₄₇, replacing ž in JE₇₄, since the selected variant was already set in Gothic Schwabacher, which has no ž sort (JE₄₇ vžleios₂₇₁₉ → JE₇₄ vžleios₃₀₁₂; JE₄₇ ažurawgie₃₀₂₈ → JE₇₄ ažuraugie₃₄₁).

Thus, 27 years after the first edition, not only was the typeface of the Polish text and the pericope titles changed, but the type assortment of the Vilnius Academy printing house was apparently changed as well¹². It is likely that, for this reason, the italic roman type cases no longer contained the ligature ſ, and it was therefore replaced by the two letters ſz.

3. CONCLUSIONS

Although inconsistencies and variations are still noticeable in both the alphabet and orthography, efforts are already being made to standardize the text and move toward more consistent spelling conventions and principles.

Quite consistently, following the tradition of works printed in Polish, the diacritic character “a pochylone” began to be used; the printing-house proofreader may already have regarded it as the normative form. The application of certain established rules is also indicated by the revision of the word iuſu, the letter w denoting the short vowel [u] in the diphthong au, and the orthography of certain proper names. These corrections were not directly influenced by their specific Polish original.

Thus, in the Gospels of JE₇₄, the abbreviation letters ē, ī, and ō also began to be used to denote the combinations en, im and om. Corrections related to typefaces indicate that the printing-house proofreader, or even the printer himself, contributed to the editing of the text.

Since the Gospels reissued in 1679 and 1690 differed little from the 1674 edition (Lučinskienė 2001: 117–128), we may assume that these corrections remained in place until the 1705 edition, when these Gospels were rewritten in the western variant of the written language.

¹¹ Roman type with a slight slant to the right was called cursive or italic. This type of italic was used to distinguish individual words in the text or passages set in roman type (Kawecka-Gryczowa 1982: 221).

¹² I. Petrauskienė notes that 1633–1652 was the most productive period in the history of the Vilnius Academy printing house. “The situation improved considerably from 1666, apparently after new printing presses and typefaces had been purchased” (Petrauskienė 1976: 41). Evidence that the Jesuits of the Vilnius Academy were concerned about the quality of type is also provided by the decree issued after August 28, 1634, by M. Lenčickis, Provincial of the Lithuanian Jesuits, concerning the printing of publications at the Vilnius Academy printing house and their distribution. One of its provisions states that part of the payment received for printing should be set aside “for the restoration and renewal of type, which wears out easily, and whose repair requires considerable funds” (Petrauskienė 1992: 251).

EWANGELIE POLSKIE Y LITEWSKIE RAŠYBOS NORMINIMAS | 59

ABBREVIATIONS

JE₄₇ – [Jonas Jaknavičius] EWANGELIE POLSKIE Y LITEWSKIE TÁK NIEddielne láko y wſzytkich Świąt, które w Kościele Katholickim, według Rzymskiego porządku przez cały rok czytają. Wydáne za dozwoleniem ſtárbych w WILNIE. W Drukárniey Akademiey soc. Iesv Roku / 1647.

JE₄ – [Jonas Jaknavičius] POLISH AND LITHUANIAN GOSPELS. For Sundays and all the feasts read throughout the year in the Catholic Church according to the Roman order. WILNAE. Printed at the Jesuit Academy, 1674.

PS – [Konstantinas Sirvydas,] Points for the Lenten Fast, composed in the Lithuanian language by the Reverend Father Konstantinas Širvydas, theologian of the Society of Jesus, and translated into Polish and published in both languages. with the permission of the elders. In Vilnius / At the printing house of the Academy of the Society of Jesus. In the Year of Our Lord, 1644.

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Milda Lučinskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, 10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected]

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