179 ecenzijos / e iews
WiLLy Van Langendonck
ka holieke uni e si ei Leu en
Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: žymė umas i ikoniškumas, e e en-
cija i seman ika (ypač ik inių a dų), g ama inės ka ego ijos, okios
kaip apib ėž umas, gene iškumas, skaičius, g ama iniai yšiai, p epo-
zicijos, p iklausomybių sin aksė i žodžių a ka.
eu oPäische
Pe sonennaMensys eMe:
ein handbuch Von abasisch
bis zen aLLadinisch
anlässlich de 65. gebu s age on osa kohlheim und Volke kohl-
heim. he ausgegeben on and ea b endle und sil io b endle .
hambu g: baa , 2007, 863 p.
issn 1610-7012
isbn 978-3-935536-65-3
in w i ing his e iew in english, i do no only wan o make his oluminous
and impo an handbook o eu opean an h oponymic sys ems known o he eng-
lish-speaking wo ld, bu also o indica e ha ge man emains a language ha one
canno possibly igno e o science, su ely no o onomas ics and linguis ics. his
book o 861 pages is dedica ed o he kohlheims, osa and Volke , wo onomas s
well known in he ge man onomas ic wo ld and beyond, on he occasion o hei
65 h bi hdays. he edi o s, he b endle s, and ea and sil io, a e ano he couple,
much younge bu p omising esea che s o ge man and e en english names, bo h
on he diach onic and he synch onic le el. V. kohlheim and s. b endle a e pio-
nee s o he new app oach o names, which hey call nomema ics (kohlheim 2005;
kohlheim & hengs 2011; b endle 2008; see o a e iew o he la e Van Lan-
gendonck 2010).
b endle & b endle ealized a pains aking wo k in supe ising his gigan ic
p ojec , coo dina ing all hese a icles, which deal wi h 77 eu opean languages
p esen ed in alphabe ical o de , pe aining o se en linguis ic amilies (indo-eu-
opean, basque, u alic, u kic, caucasian, a abic, and Mongolian). he sys ems
desc ibed a e mean o be ep esen a i e o he eu opean a ea, which is o be
unde s ood as a poli ical and cul u al cons uc ion oo ed in he ancien g eek
adi ion, a he han as a geog aphical uni . he con ibu ions a e s uc u ed ac-
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co ding o he p esen s a e o he a , p esen ing speci ic co e in o ma ion. by he
e m sys em, he edi o s mean a s uc u ed and unc ional complex o pe sonal
names. in gene al, he au ho s use mo e o less he same model, beginning wi h
he sys em con aining one name, bu quickly u ning o a wo-name sys em wi h
i s names and su names, which s a ed as bynames and g adually became amily
names. h ee-name sys ems also occu . he pe spec i e is diach onic, going om
he o igin o he sys em un il he p esen day si ua ion. some imes, he con em-
po a y sys em is discussed i s , and hen one goes back o he o igin. in addi ion,
i seems clea ha he pape s a e o unequal leng h and quali y.
in iew o he con ines o his e iew, i will limi mysel o a ew ge manic
languages, and also ench, La ian and Li huanian, ussian, and one non-indo-
eu opean language, basque. i will begin wi h he h ee main ge manic languages:
english, ge man, and my na i e language du ch. i could be expec ed ha hese
h ee pe sonal name sys ems ha e a lo in common, also in hei his o ical de el-
opmen . howe e , his is no so well deducible om he a icles in ques ion since
he espec i e au ho s ocus on di e en aspec s o he an h oponymic sys em deal
wi h. as he eading p oceeds, he e is a g owing imp ession ha he h ee pape s
a e la gely complemen a y in ha , all in all, concu en de elopmen s ha e aken
place (see also Van Langendonck 2007, chap e 4).
he English pe sonal name sys em is desc ibed by john insley. his au ho
clea ly akes he ch onological app oach, s a ing wi h indi idual names in old
english. in his ini ial s age, he sys em is clea ly ge manic. as in o he lan-
guages o his g oup, he p ima y o ma ions a e di hem(a )ic men’s names consis -
ing o wo appella i e s ems, which oge he o m a seman ic uni , a leas in he
beginning, e.g., AEl -weald ‘el -king’. Women’s names a e o med in he same way,
e.g., AEdel-hild ‘noble- igh ’. Many i s and second elemen s a e discussed. When
he sense o he compound disappea s, his is in he i s place due o he so-called
p inciple o a ia ion o ge manic name-gi ing (see below, unde ge man). he
au ho should ha e explained wha his is abou , since he w o e o a manual. as
o he ge manic languages, old english had se e al ca ego ies o mono hema ic
names. i s , he e we e nicknames like Ceo l ‘ a me ’. seconda y a e sho o ms
(Tida) and hypoco isms (To el < To h -). om he end o he 9 h up o he 13 h
cen u y, scandina ian conque o s b ough along hei own onomas ic in en o y,
ypically names beginning wi h As-, as well as nume ous danish hypoco isms.
Many o ms we e anglicized. o majo impo ance was he yea 1066, in which
he no man conques ook place. he o iginal sys ems died ou , excep ha e-
lexes o hem a e o be ound in amily names. in he Middle english e a, a
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181 ecenzijos / e iews
numbe o no he n ench, especially omanized ankish names, pushed aside
he au och honous name easu e. o he ge manic names came om lande s and
no he n ge many. hese we e supplemen ed by a se ies o biblical names, such
as he s ill well known John, Pe e , Simon, and Thomas. new hypoco isms we e
coined, wi h new su ixes, such as -kin ( om du ch), yielding Thomkin, as well as
omance o ma ions wi h -in, -o , and so on. o hese ancien pe iods, we do no
know much abou sociological and his o ical ac o s in name gi ing. his is o
cou se di e en in he new english e a. some la e medie al names ha e su i ed,
e.g., Geo ey, John, Ma ga e , Pe e , Thomas, and William. he enaissance had
also gi en ise o g eek and La in names like Ale hea, Amb ose, Caesa , Diana,
Julia, La inia, Penelope, and Vi gil. he e o ma ion led o old es amen names,
such as Ab aham, Da id, Es he , Ru h, e c. dynas ies and li e a y wo ks a e a u -
he sou ce o new names. some i s names ha e come om amily names e e
since he elizabe han pe iod, e.g., Ashley, Cli o d. all he ime, new names a e
being coined, om cel ic o o he a eas. Middle class names (Hugh, Simon) seem
o di e om lowe class names (Wayne, Lee).
insley does no go so much in o he o igin o amily names. as e e ywhe e,
om he Middle ages, li le by li le, o enames we e supplemen ed by pa onym-
ics and nicknames, especially because o he ini ial pauci y o ch is ian names, and
he inc ease o bu eauc acy.
as elsewhe e, he de elopmen o ixed amily names was a long p ocess, going
om sou h o no h in his case. he usual ypes a e men ioned he e, oo: pa o-
nymics, geog aphical (appella i e and p op ial), occupa ional, and nicknames. in
he las ca ego y, we encoun e su names like Shakespea e, o Lo ejoy, wi h he
o iginal meaning ‘womanize ’. coinciden ally, he las wo a e ‘sa znamen’, com-
pounds consis ing o a e bal s em plus an objec o subjec noun.
dama is nübling and an je dammel desc ibe he Ge man pe sonal name
sys em, s a ing wi h he con empo a y si ua ion. he wo-name sys em con ains
a o ename and a amily name, as in all Wes e n eu ope. al hough he law allows
a couple o choose he amily name ei he o he husband o o he wi e, in mos
cases he husband’s name is chosen o wi e and child en. up o he Middle ages,
he ge manic one-name sys em was in use. he e oo, he g adual de elopmen o
he ac ual wo-name sys em goes om sou h o no h. he ea ly ge manic names,
such as Be n-ha d, o Hilde-gund (see below) almos died ou in a ou o ch is ian
names, such as Johannes o Ka ha ina. su names came in o use o he same easons
as elsewhe e (see unde english). Likewise, he numbe o i s names has been
g owing o cen u ies. de i a ion and diminu i iza ion played a pa he e. eligious
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
o ac o s o adi ion played a g ea e pa in Wes han in eas ge many. nowa-
days, secula izing and in e na ionalizing ac o s play an e e -inc easing ole, so he
numbe o names has expanded especially om he second hal o he 20 h cen-
u y. as in o he eu opean coun ies, he choice o a o ename is now la gely
de e mined by he subjec i e, oman ic c i e ion o euphony: does he name sound
‘good’ o no ? o enames ha e o be ‘ ashionable’, wha e e ha may mean. hey
a e no longe gi en he names o sain s, ances o s, o ule s. addi ional o enames,
howe e , con inue o e e o adi ion o eligion, whe e a di e ence may s ill
occu be ween e angelical and ca holic names. acco ding o mode n law, i s
names mus di e en ia e be ween boys and gi ls. as e e ywhe e, women’s names
a e longe , and a e mo e subjec o ashion, inno a ion, and o eign in luences.
hen, he au ho s u n o he his o y o he name sys em. as in old english,
ini ially, many di hema ic names we e coined, which showed a wishing cha ac e
in he beginning. as such, hey we e ‘p og amma ic’ names. in la e s ages, when
coining such names became mechanic and los he mo i a ion, new sys ems we e
c ea ed. o ins ance, he genealogical p inciple o a ia ion was in oduced, whe e-
by he names o he child en we e composed o he ou o ename s ems o he
pa en s, e.g., Hildegund and F iedge we e econs uc ed as F iedhild, Ge hild, Hildg-
e , Gund ied. child en’s names could also be o med on he basis o alli e a ion,
e.g., G imhil , Gun he , Ge no , Giselhe . howe e , hese wo s a egies did no
squa e wi h he p inciple ha he second membe o he compound had o indica e
sex: he gende was masculine o men’s names, eminine o women’s names. sex
and gende we e s ill mo e ela ed han nowadays. as elsewhe e, a numbe o sho
o ms saw he ligh .
in amily names, we see mo e o less he same ypes o ini ial mo i a ion: pa -
onymics ending in -mann, -sen (< son), an -s geni i e, o simply no hing. he
main mo i e appea s o be occupa ional names, wi h o wi hou me onymy (e.g.,
Mülle ‘Mille ’, he mos equen ge man su name). he hi d ca ego y conce ns
nicknames poin ing o physical o psychological p ope ies o he name-bea e . as
a ou h subclass, he au ho s men ion names de i ed om wo ds o dwelling
places (Busch ‘bush’). ela ed o his a e names o places and coun ies, e.g.,
Baye ‘ba a ian’; simply Wien ‘Vienna’. o aus ia and swi ze land, names de i ed
om appella i es o dwelling-places appea o be ypical, e.g., names in -e , such
as Ho e ‘ a me ’; Zumbach ‘a he b ook’. s ong and weak geni i es a e ypical o
a eas neighbou ing he Low coun ies (e.g., Pe e -s, Hein-en). in he es o he
ge man a ea, so-called nomina i e o ms domina e (e.g., Schmi ‘smi h’).
he Du ch pe sonal name sys em in he Low coun ies, i.e. he ne he lands
and lande s (belgium) is co e ed by do een ge i zen. in con as wi h he pape s
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183 ecenzijos / e iews
on english and ge man, no much is said abou he ge manic oo s o he sys em.
he au ho s a es ha he p e-medie al one-name sys em was g adually eplaced
by a wo-name pa adigm consis ing o a ch is ian name and a su name, mos ly a
pa onymic, a geog aphical name, an occupa ional name o a nickname. in hol-
land’s golden age, a h ee-name sys em was ashionable, o ins ance in he ol-
lowing example wi h wo i s names and wo su names: Di ck Ghijsb ech Pellenzoon
an Wae selae . in he las example, a pa onymic wi h -zoon ‘son’ and a geo-
g aphical su name wi h an ‘ om’ a e combined. We can also men ion such com-
bina ions as Pie e Co neliszoon Hoo (wi h a pa onymic and a byname, e e ing
in his case o a amous poe ). he byname is called an alias name, which is e y
clea in such explici ins ances as Willem Pie e sz, alias Schij gel , a ‘sa zname’
meaning ‘shi -money’. he su ix -zoon was abb e ia ed as -z, and disappea ed in
la e gene a ions, lea ing jus he geni i e -s. as elsewhe e, he e we e se e al ac-
o s in he de elopmen o he su name sys em: ch is ianiza ion, which eplaced
he bulk o he old ge manic di hema ic names, i.e. names wi h wo s ems o he
ype Hilde-b and, by ch is ian names such as Johannes and Elisabe h, which in he
beginning we e o cou se oo ew in numbe . ano he cause o he in oduc ion
o su names was he g ow h o he popula ion, hen beginning o be concen a ed
in owns and ci ies. Ma onymics we e a e and always had special mo i a ions, as
elsewhe e. in 1796, napoleon’s ci il code imposed he adop ion o an o icial
amily name in lande s. in he ne he lands, his occu ed a ound 1811, a leas
heo e ically, as only in 1934 we e amily names es ablished o icially: i had o be
he a he ’s name un il 1998, when pa en s we e allowed o decide hemsel es
whe he hei child en would bea he a he ’s o he mo he ’s su name. in belgium,
his change o law is s ill unde discussion. in he Low coun ies, he e is a con-
side able eedom conce ning he choice o he i s name. in con as wi h he
ge man si ua ion, in hese wo coun ies, a dis inc ion be ween boys’ and gi ls’
names has no been imposed. on he o he hand, o enames should be decen and
no iden ical o amily names. ne e heless, belgium is s ill somewha s ic e
ega ding he choice o a i s name han he ne he lands, especially o he o -
hog aphy. a phone ic spelling like Ansjeliek o Angélique is accep ed in he ne h-
e lands, no in belgium. as in mos o he a eas, he i s name p ecedes he am-
ily name, excep in o icial enume a ions and he like. as elsewhe e, in he dialec s,
mode n nicknames ha e come in o use since amily names became ixed, and los
hei ini ial sense. in ce ain lemish a eas, we s ill encoun e he o de [byname +
o ename], bu his sys em is on he decline in a ou o he e e se o de , which
is he no mal o de o i s name and su name anyway.
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he F ench pe sonal name sys em was deal wi h in de ail by he la e Ma ina
Pi z. somewha la e han in he ne he lands (2005), ench pa en s acqui ed he
igh o decide hemsel es whe he hei child en would bea he a he ’s o he
mo he ’s su name.
he o igin o ench o enames is mainly o be ound in he gallo- oman e a.
some cel ic names like B ice ha e been main ained hanks o ch is ian suppo .
un il he p esen day, he ench o ename sys em has been domina ed by adi-
ional ch is ian name lo e con aining heb ew, g eek, La in, cel ic, and ge -
manic elemen s. ye , om he Me o ingian e a, he e has been a conside able
ge manic, especially ankish in luence. howe e , he ge manic di hema ic names
we e no unde s ood, and omanized, e.g., Wal -ha i > Gau ie , Willi-helm > Guil-
laume, Be n-ha d > Be na d, Hlu hu-wīgaz (Ludwig) > Clo is > Louis. om he
10 h cen u y, he numbe o hese o enames dec eased apidly, whe eby i is
unce ain whe he his p ocess is due o o a consequence o he ad en o by- and
su names. Whils in he 12 h cen u y, a ou i e men’s names we e s ill o ge -
manic o igin (Guillaume, Gau ie , Robe , Renaud, Raoul…), in he 13 h cen u y,
we see a conside able inc ease o ch is ian names due o an inc ease in popula
pie y (Jean, Pie e, Simon, Nichole, E ienne, Jeanne, Ma ie, Isabel…). conce ning he
o ma ion o o enames, i is well-known ha in he 7 h cen u y, La in endings
aded away, also in names, so i s names o en became ambiguous be ween mas-
culine and eminine (Claude, Dominique, Camille…). o a oid his, he de ini e
a icle was o en added, which is s ill isible in su names de i ed om hem (Le-
ma in s. Lama ine). o he same eason, many su ixed hypoco isms we e o med
(Paul-in, Claud-el, Paul-e , Paul-a , Paul-o , Paul-in-e …). old ge manic second
s ems became su ixes as well (Mich-a d, Mich-aud, Jak-ie ). apocope and edu-
plica ion ha e been applied un il he p esen day (Coco < Cole e). compounds
ha e been coined (Jean-Paul, Ma ie-Louise…). Women’s names we e de i ed om
men’s names, ending in -e (Albe -e, Paul-e…), -ie, -ine, -e e; hese a e no longe
ashionable. o men, o enames o ge manic o igin ha e become popula (Gilbe ,
Hube ; Thie y, Be and, Richa d). a e Wo ld Wa ii, anglo-ame ican in luence
can be obse ed (Dany, F eddy, Ha y, Johnny). as in all eu ope, a numbe o new
o enames ha e been in oduced om 1968, coming om any a ea in he wo ld.
as elsewhe e, he e is an e olu ion om he one-name o he wo-name sys em,
s a ing wi h nicknames and o he bynames, and ending in he es ablishmen o
amily names. he i s people o bea su names we e o noble o igin. om he
11 h/12 h cen u y, pa onymics o he ype X ilius y we e o med, geog aphical
names o nicknames could be added o his pa e n, e.g., Pie e [li ilz] Guillaume
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d’A as, Jehan [di ] la Chie e du Hamel. because o he g ow h o he popula ion,
and he o ma ion o owns and ci ies, he use o su names sp ead o o he class-
es. in 1539, he egula ion o Ville s-co e e s ga e ise o a ci il code, which
u he ed he adop ion o su names. his was co obo a ed by he in oduc ion
o chu ch egis e s a he council o en in 1547. bo h e en s u he ed he
p ocess o su names becoming he edi a y. in he o ma ion o amily name ypes,
pa onymics played a majo pa . in his p ocess, ge manic su ixes we e o en
used: (Acc-a d, Be n-a d, Be n-ie , Mich-aud…). as elsewhe e, ma onymics we e
a e. howe e , hese so-called pa onymics can be seen as o dina y bynames ac-
co ding o he au ho . his moo ques ion pops up epea edly. he high e-
quency o su names like Ma in (wi h i s de i a ions: Ma ine , Ma inon…), Michel
(wi h Michele , Michelin…), and so on, is ou o all p opo ion o he equency
o he ela ed o enames in he la e Middle ages. by con as , i squa es well wi h
he high equency o he ela ed pa on sain s. his i s in wi h he nume ous
su names o he ype Sain -Ma in, Sain -Michel, Sain -Paul, Sain -Remi, Sain -
E ienne, which appa en ly a e mos ly no bes owed a e a place, bu a e he
pa on o he bap ismal chu ch in ques ion. he e o e, i we wan o classi y su -
names, we should bea in mind ha he e exis s a ca ego y o su names ha a e
no a he ’s names. in my iew o call hem ‘bynames’ does no sol e he p oblem.
he ca ego y o ‘bynames’ is o en used as a was e-baske o unclassi iable names.
as elsewhe e, ench su names may ha e o igina ed as geog aphical names, wi h
a p eposi ion (e.g., Da as, Deme z) o wi hou (A ambou g, B e e ille, Espagne),
o in he o m o inhabi an names, wi h an a icle (e.g., Leb e on, Lallemand) o
wi hou (Pica d). especially in he coun yside, e ms o dwelling-places occu :
Du al ‘ om he alley’, Dupon ‘ om he b idge’. occupa ional names a e, o
ins ance: Boulange ‘bake ’, Co donnie ‘shoemake ’, Fè e o Le è e ‘blacksmi h’,
e c. Me onymy is some imes ound he e: Ma eau ‘hamme ’. he las ca ego y
comp ises nicknames o all kinds: Pe i /Lepe i ‘small’, Noi /Lenoi ‘black’, e c.
names such as Lé êque ‘bishop’, Le oi ‘king’ a e classi ied among he nicknames.
Likewise kinship e ms (Le ils ‘son’, Lepè e ‘ a he ’) as well as animal names (Le-
loup ‘wol ’, Lecha ‘ca ’), which gene ally seem o e e o pe sonali y ea u es. as
elsewhe e, ‘sa znamen’ ( aken in a a he wide sense) play a conside able pa :
Boileau ‘d ink-wa e ’, Quinemen ‘who does no lie’, G osjean ‘ a john’. as o he
equency o all hese name classes, i should be poin ed ou ha no names o
dwelling-places like Dupon a e as nume ous as people seem o hink, bu a he
pa onymics (Ma in, Be na d, Richa d).
Laimu e balode and ojā s bušs deal wi h he La ian pe sonal name sys em.
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P e-ch is ian o enames a e no well a es ed. in 12 h and 13 h cen u y ch on-
icles, we encoun e some old La ian pe sonal names, especially o ibal chie s.
in ha ime, La ians bo e mainly di hema ic names, e.g., Tali-baldus ‘wide+ eign’
(s ill a con empo a y i s name: Tāli aldis), Wa i-g ibbe ‘powe +wan ’. Mono he-
ma ic names also occu ed: Gaile. om he 12 h o he 15 h cen u y, ge man
missiona ies ied o e adica e hese ‘pagan’ o ma ions and o eplace hem by
(Low ge man) ch is ian names. hus, biblical names we e in oduced. a ew o
hem ha e emained un il now (Ind iķis < Hind ik). La ian o enames o he 15 h
and 16 h cen u ies a e: And es, Hin ick, Hansz, Pauwel, Jacobus; Ma g e he, Ilske,
Magdalene, Anna, Ka he ine, e c. om he 17 h cen u y, La ian o ma ions ha e
been on he inc ease: Ansis, Jānis (< Johannes). in he 17 h cen u y, La ia was
unde swedish ule, which ga e ise o scandina ian based names like I a s,
Gunā s, Gus a s, Ing īda, u he ed by he popula i y o scandina ian li e a u e
in he 20 h cen u y. an onse o uly La ian i s names came a he end o he
18 h cen u y. a ha ime, he in en o y o o ms was s ill limi ed. in he las
qua e o he 19 h cen u y, na ionalism b ough abou mo e uly La ian names,
such as Gun is, Dainis o men, and Vel a, Aina o women. nowadays, a numbe
o Wes e n eu opean, especially anglo-saxon names ha e come in: Robe s, Ral s;
Lau a, Saman a .
he making o he con empo a y La ian amily name sys em goes back o he
i s hal o he 19 h cen u y. an impo an ac o was he libe a ion o se a m-
e s by sa alexande i, which called o he in oduc ion o su names o all
a me s. on he o he hand, in big ci ies, he need o a su name had al eady
a isen. as e e ywhe e, amily names de eloped ou o nicknames and o he by-
names. he main mo i a ion appea s o be he occupa ion o he pe son o be
named, e.g., Kalējs ‘blacksmi h’. su names like Beķe is ‘bake ’, B ū e is ‘b ewe ’,
o Melde is ‘mille ’ a e ge man bo owings. a geog aphical sou ce is o be ound
in Lībie is ‘Li onian’, Lei is ‘Li huanian’, P ūsis ‘P ussian’, e c. o he su names we e
de i ed om nicknames, e.g., Ga ais ‘long’, Mazais ‘sho ’, Lielgal is ‘big-headed’.
a numbe o o he su names go back o denomina ions o animals and plan s,
e.g., Balodis ‘pigeon’, Vilks ‘wol ’, Ozols ‘oak- ee’. su names a e o en o med by
su ixes like -iņ(š), o -ī (is), which in appella i es a e diminu i e su ixes. a g am-
ma ical peculia i y o La ian su names is he dis inc ion be ween masculine and
eminine o ms acco ding o he sex o he name-bea e . Masculine nomina i e
su ixes a e (as in appella i es) -s,-š, -is, -us, -a, -e. he las wo can be eminine
as well, excep i unc ioning in con as : Balodis s. Balode. a numbe o su names
we e bo owed om o he linguis ic a eas, e.g., scandina ian (Ka lsons), so much
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Eu opäische Pe sonennamensys eme:
Ein Handbuch on Abasisch bis Zen alladinisch
187 ecenzijos / e iews
ha -sons became a su name su ix. s ill mo e a e o ge man o igin: G īnbe gs (<
G ünbe g), F eimanis (< F eimann), Bušs (< Busch); o Polish o igin a e, e.g., Dom-
b o skis, Janko skis .
some a e ussian: Pe o s, Ma ko s. a ew a e i alian, bu emained unin-
lec ed: Rosini, Ma ini. in he so ie e a, he ussian h ee-name sys em (see
below) was in oduced. colloquially, o ename and pa onymic we e used as one
uni . a e his e a, he wo-name sys em was es o ed. inally, nowadays, wo i s
names can be gi en, and e en wo su names combined.
he Li huanian pe sonal name sys em is deal wi h by Vi alija Maciejauskienė.
he au ho s a s om con empo a y name gi ing, and dis inguishes be ween
o icial and uno icial uses. o icially, he e oo, he e is a wo-name sys em o [ i s
name + amily name]. as almos e e ywhe e, amily names a e inhe i ed om he
a he ’s amily name. eminine o ms a e de i ed om he a he ’s name by means
o he su ixes -ai ė, -y ė, -u ė, and ū ė, which a e added acco ding o he ending
o he a he ’s name, e.g., Rimšai ė < Rimša, Skinky ė < Skinkis, Ži ku ė < Ži kus.
in case o ma iage, he wi e can ake he husband’s su name, whe eby, as a ule,
he su ix -ienė is added: Dausienė < Dausa. since 2003, i is also possible o add
he su ix -ė, as in: Agilbė < Agilba. in a colloquial con ex , he o icial model
unde goes a ious changes, on linguis ic and ex alinguis ic g ounds. ei he he
o ename, he su name, o a nickname can be used on hei own. o ename and
nickname can be combined, se e al su ixes added o women’s names. as elsewhe e,
he de elopmen o he pa e n [ o ename + amily name] wen slowly and ook
se e al cen u ies o i s comple ion. in he an h oponymy o he 15 h o he 17 h
cen u y, h ee ypes in he naming o pe sons p e ail in his o ical sou ces. he
i s is he one-name sys em. La e on, we ind i s names plus bynames de i ed
om appella i es, e.g., Czepu is doilida ‘ca pen e ’, Ba lomiej, boja zin ‘boja ’, o
nea -pa onymics as in Zygmun , Pawlow zięc ‘Paulius’ son-in-law’. eal pa onym-
ics can ake Li huanian su ixes such as -ai is, -onis, -ūnas, -ėnas (Mykolay Pe u-
ay is, Michno Daw o onis), sla ic su ixes (Adam S uogiewicz), o no su ix a all
(Jan Alksnis). a he same ime, h ee componen s show up: S e anus And uszko-
wicz Ja olgowicz .
he p e alen pa e n is [ o ename + pa onymic]. Li le by li le, he su name
becomes inhe i able, and hence, a eal amily name. as elsewhe e, he nobili y
s a ed his pa e n om he 15 h cen u y. he i s amily names o people in
ci ies we e a es ed in he beginning o he 16 h cen u y; hose o a me s by he
end o i . he sys em sp ead apidly in he 17 h cen u y. in he 18 h cen u y, he
p ocess ended. howe e , a e he inco po a ion o Li huania in he ussian em-
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