“Europäische Personennamensysteme: Ein Handbuch von Abasisch bis Zentralladinisch”

179 ecenzijos / e iews WiLLy Van Langendonck ka holieke uni e si ei Leu en Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: žymė umas i ikoniškumas, e e en- cija i seman ika (ypač ik inių a dų), g ama inės ka ego ijos, okios kaip apib ėž umas, gene iškumas, skaičius, g ama iniai yšiai, p epo- zicijos, p iklausomybių sin aksė i žodžių a ka. eu oPäische Pe sonennaMensys eMe: ein handbuch Von abasisch bis zen aLLadinisch anlässlich de 65. gebu s age on osa kohlheim und Volke kohl- heim. he ausgegeben on and ea b endle und sil io b endle . hambu g: baa , 2007, 863 p. issn 1610-7012 isbn 978-3-935536-65-3 in w i ing his e iew in english, i do no only wan o make his oluminous and impo an handbook o eu opean an h oponymic sys ems known o he eng- lish-speaking wo ld, bu also o indica e ha ge man emains a language ha one canno possibly igno e o science, su ely no o onomas ics and linguis ics. his book o 861 pages is dedica ed o he kohlheims, osa and Volke , wo onomas s well known in he ge man onomas ic wo ld and beyond, on he occasion o hei 65 h bi hdays. he edi o s, he b endle s, and ea and sil io, a e ano he couple, much younge bu p omising esea che s o ge man and e en english names, bo h on he diach onic and he synch onic le el. V. kohlheim and s. b endle a e pio- nee s o he new app oach o names, which hey call nomema ics (kohlheim 2005; kohlheim & hengs 2011; b endle 2008; see o a e iew o he la e Van Lan- gendonck 2010). b endle & b endle ealized a pains aking wo k in supe ising his gigan ic p ojec , coo dina ing all hese a icles, which deal wi h 77 eu opean languages p esen ed in alphabe ical o de , pe aining o se en linguis ic amilies (indo-eu- opean, basque, u alic, u kic, caucasian, a abic, and Mongolian). he sys ems desc ibed a e mean o be ep esen a i e o he eu opean a ea, which is o be unde s ood as a poli ical and cul u al cons uc ion oo ed in he ancien g eek adi ion, a he han as a geog aphical uni . he con ibu ions a e s uc u ed ac- ALL_62_63_make as.indd 179 2011.06.17 08:24:12 180 WiLLy Van Langendonck ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII co ding o he p esen s a e o he a , p esen ing speci ic co e in o ma ion. by he e m sys em, he edi o s mean a s uc u ed and unc ional complex o pe sonal names. in gene al, he au ho s use mo e o less he same model, beginning wi h he sys em con aining one name, bu quickly u ning o a wo-name sys em wi h i s names and su names, which s a ed as bynames and g adually became amily names. h ee-name sys ems also occu . he pe spec i e is diach onic, going om he o igin o he sys em un il he p esen day si ua ion. some imes, he con em- po a y sys em is discussed i s , and hen one goes back o he o igin. in addi ion, i seems clea ha he pape s a e o unequal leng h and quali y. in iew o he con ines o his e iew, i will limi mysel o a ew ge manic languages, and also ench, La ian and Li huanian, ussian, and one non-indo- eu opean language, basque. i will begin wi h he h ee main ge manic languages: english, ge man, and my na i e language du ch. i could be expec ed ha hese h ee pe sonal name sys ems ha e a lo in common, also in hei his o ical de el- opmen . howe e , his is no so well deducible om he a icles in ques ion since he espec i e au ho s ocus on di e en aspec s o he an h oponymic sys em deal wi h. as he eading p oceeds, he e is a g owing imp ession ha he h ee pape s a e la gely complemen a y in ha , all in all, concu en de elopmen s ha e aken place (see also Van Langendonck 2007, chap e 4). he English pe sonal name sys em is desc ibed by john insley. his au ho clea ly akes he ch onological app oach, s a ing wi h indi idual names in old english. in his ini ial s age, he sys em is clea ly ge manic. as in o he lan- guages o his g oup, he p ima y o ma ions a e di hem(a )ic men’s names consis - ing o wo appella i e s ems, which oge he o m a seman ic uni , a leas in he beginning, e.g., AEl -weald ‘el -king’. Women’s names a e o med in he same way, e.g., AEdel-hild ‘noble- igh ’. Many i s and second elemen s a e discussed. When he sense o he compound disappea s, his is in he i s place due o he so-called p inciple o a ia ion o ge manic name-gi ing (see below, unde ge man). he au ho should ha e explained wha his is abou , since he w o e o a manual. as o he ge manic languages, old english had se e al ca ego ies o mono hema ic names. i s , he e we e nicknames like Ceo l ‘ a me ’. seconda y a e sho o ms (Tida) and hypoco isms (To el < To h -). om he end o he 9 h up o he 13 h cen u y, scandina ian conque o s b ough along hei own onomas ic in en o y, ypically names beginning wi h As-, as well as nume ous danish hypoco isms. Many o ms we e anglicized. o majo impo ance was he yea 1066, in which he no man conques ook place. he o iginal sys ems died ou , excep ha e- lexes o hem a e o be ound in amily names. in he Middle english e a, a ALL_62_63_make as.indd 180 2011.06.17 08:24:12 Eu opäische Pe sonennamensys eme: Ein Handbuch on Abasisch bis Zen alladinisch 181 ecenzijos / e iews numbe o no he n ench, especially omanized ankish names, pushed aside he au och honous name easu e. o he ge manic names came om lande s and no he n ge many. hese we e supplemen ed by a se ies o biblical names, such as he s ill well known John, Pe e , Simon, and Thomas. new hypoco isms we e coined, wi h new su ixes, such as -kin ( om du ch), yielding Thomkin, as well as omance o ma ions wi h -in, -o , and so on. o hese ancien pe iods, we do no know much abou sociological and his o ical ac o s in name gi ing. his is o cou se di e en in he new english e a. some la e medie al names ha e su i ed, e.g., Geo ey, John, Ma ga e , Pe e , Thomas, and William. he enaissance had also gi en ise o g eek and La in names like Ale hea, Amb ose, Caesa , Diana, Julia, La inia, Penelope, and Vi gil. he e o ma ion led o old es amen names, such as Ab aham, Da id, Es he , Ru h, e c. dynas ies and li e a y wo ks a e a u - he sou ce o new names. some i s names ha e come om amily names e e since he elizabe han pe iod, e.g., Ashley, Cli o d. all he ime, new names a e being coined, om cel ic o o he a eas. Middle class names (Hugh, Simon) seem o di e om lowe class names (Wayne, Lee). insley does no go so much in o he o igin o amily names. as e e ywhe e, om he Middle ages, li le by li le, o enames we e supplemen ed by pa onym- ics and nicknames, especially because o he ini ial pauci y o ch is ian names, and he inc ease o bu eauc acy. as elsewhe e, he de elopmen o ixed amily names was a long p ocess, going om sou h o no h in his case. he usual ypes a e men ioned he e, oo: pa o- nymics, geog aphical (appella i e and p op ial), occupa ional, and nicknames. in he las ca ego y, we encoun e su names like Shakespea e, o Lo ejoy, wi h he o iginal meaning ‘womanize ’. coinciden ally, he las wo a e ‘sa znamen’, com- pounds consis ing o a e bal s em plus an objec o subjec noun. dama is nübling and an je dammel desc ibe he Ge man pe sonal name sys em, s a ing wi h he con empo a y si ua ion. he wo-name sys em con ains a o ename and a amily name, as in all Wes e n eu ope. al hough he law allows a couple o choose he amily name ei he o he husband o o he wi e, in mos cases he husband’s name is chosen o wi e and child en. up o he Middle ages, he ge manic one-name sys em was in use. he e oo, he g adual de elopmen o he ac ual wo-name sys em goes om sou h o no h. he ea ly ge manic names, such as Be n-ha d, o Hilde-gund (see below) almos died ou in a ou o ch is ian names, such as Johannes o Ka ha ina. su names came in o use o he same easons as elsewhe e (see unde english). Likewise, he numbe o i s names has been g owing o cen u ies. de i a ion and diminu i iza ion played a pa he e. eligious ALL_62_63_make as.indd 181 2011.06.17 08:24:12 182 WiLLy Van Langendonck ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII o ac o s o adi ion played a g ea e pa in Wes han in eas ge many. nowa- days, secula izing and in e na ionalizing ac o s play an e e -inc easing ole, so he numbe o names has expanded especially om he second hal o he 20 h cen- u y. as in o he eu opean coun ies, he choice o a o ename is now la gely de e mined by he subjec i e, oman ic c i e ion o euphony: does he name sound ‘good’ o no ? o enames ha e o be ‘ ashionable’, wha e e ha may mean. hey a e no longe gi en he names o sain s, ances o s, o ule s. addi ional o enames, howe e , con inue o e e o adi ion o eligion, whe e a di e ence may s ill occu be ween e angelical and ca holic names. acco ding o mode n law, i s names mus di e en ia e be ween boys and gi ls. as e e ywhe e, women’s names a e longe , and a e mo e subjec o ashion, inno a ion, and o eign in luences. hen, he au ho s u n o he his o y o he name sys em. as in old english, ini ially, many di hema ic names we e coined, which showed a wishing cha ac e in he beginning. as such, hey we e ‘p og amma ic’ names. in la e s ages, when coining such names became mechanic and los he mo i a ion, new sys ems we e c ea ed. o ins ance, he genealogical p inciple o a ia ion was in oduced, whe e- by he names o he child en we e composed o he ou o ename s ems o he pa en s, e.g., Hildegund and F iedge we e econs uc ed as F iedhild, Ge hild, Hildg- e , Gund ied. child en’s names could also be o med on he basis o alli e a ion, e.g., G imhil , Gun he , Ge no , Giselhe . howe e , hese wo s a egies did no squa e wi h he p inciple ha he second membe o he compound had o indica e sex: he gende was masculine o men’s names, eminine o women’s names. sex and gende we e s ill mo e ela ed han nowadays. as elsewhe e, a numbe o sho o ms saw he ligh . in amily names, we see mo e o less he same ypes o ini ial mo i a ion: pa - onymics ending in -mann, -sen (< son), an -s geni i e, o simply no hing. he main mo i e appea s o be occupa ional names, wi h o wi hou me onymy (e.g., Mülle ‘Mille ’, he mos equen ge man su name). he hi d ca ego y conce ns nicknames poin ing o physical o psychological p ope ies o he name-bea e . as a ou h subclass, he au ho s men ion names de i ed om wo ds o dwelling places (Busch ‘bush’). ela ed o his a e names o places and coun ies, e.g., Baye ‘ba a ian’; simply Wien ‘Vienna’. o aus ia and swi ze land, names de i ed om appella i es o dwelling-places appea o be ypical, e.g., names in -e , such as Ho e ‘ a me ’; Zumbach ‘a he b ook’. s ong and weak geni i es a e ypical o a eas neighbou ing he Low coun ies (e.g., Pe e -s, Hein-en). in he es o he ge man a ea, so-called nomina i e o ms domina e (e.g., Schmi ‘smi h’). he Du ch pe sonal name sys em in he Low coun ies, i.e. he ne he lands and lande s (belgium) is co e ed by do een ge i zen. in con as wi h he pape s ALL_62_63_make as.indd 182 2011.06.17 08:24:12 Eu opäische Pe sonennamensys eme: Ein Handbuch on Abasisch bis Zen alladinisch 183 ecenzijos / e iews on english and ge man, no much is said abou he ge manic oo s o he sys em. he au ho s a es ha he p e-medie al one-name sys em was g adually eplaced by a wo-name pa adigm consis ing o a ch is ian name and a su name, mos ly a pa onymic, a geog aphical name, an occupa ional name o a nickname. in hol- land’s golden age, a h ee-name sys em was ashionable, o ins ance in he ol- lowing example wi h wo i s names and wo su names: Di ck Ghijsb ech Pellenzoon an Wae selae . in he las example, a pa onymic wi h -zoon ‘son’ and a geo- g aphical su name wi h an ‘ om’ a e combined. We can also men ion such com- bina ions as Pie e Co neliszoon Hoo (wi h a pa onymic and a byname, e e ing in his case o a amous poe ). he byname is called an alias name, which is e y clea in such explici ins ances as Willem Pie e sz, alias Schij gel , a ‘sa zname’ meaning ‘shi -money’. he su ix -zoon was abb e ia ed as -z, and disappea ed in la e gene a ions, lea ing jus he geni i e -s. as elsewhe e, he e we e se e al ac- o s in he de elopmen o he su name sys em: ch is ianiza ion, which eplaced he bulk o he old ge manic di hema ic names, i.e. names wi h wo s ems o he ype Hilde-b and, by ch is ian names such as Johannes and Elisabe h, which in he beginning we e o cou se oo ew in numbe . ano he cause o he in oduc ion o su names was he g ow h o he popula ion, hen beginning o be concen a ed in owns and ci ies. Ma onymics we e a e and always had special mo i a ions, as elsewhe e. in 1796, napoleon’s ci il code imposed he adop ion o an o icial amily name in lande s. in he ne he lands, his occu ed a ound 1811, a leas heo e ically, as only in 1934 we e amily names es ablished o icially: i had o be he a he ’s name un il 1998, when pa en s we e allowed o decide hemsel es whe he hei child en would bea he a he ’s o he mo he ’s su name. in belgium, his change o law is s ill unde discussion. in he Low coun ies, he e is a con- side able eedom conce ning he choice o he i s name. in con as wi h he ge man si ua ion, in hese wo coun ies, a dis inc ion be ween boys’ and gi ls’ names has no been imposed. on he o he hand, o enames should be decen and no iden ical o amily names. ne e heless, belgium is s ill somewha s ic e ega ding he choice o a i s name han he ne he lands, especially o he o - hog aphy. a phone ic spelling like Ansjeliek o Angélique is accep ed in he ne h- e lands, no in belgium. as in mos o he a eas, he i s name p ecedes he am- ily name, excep in o icial enume a ions and he like. as elsewhe e, in he dialec s, mode n nicknames ha e come in o use since amily names became ixed, and los hei ini ial sense. in ce ain lemish a eas, we s ill encoun e he o de [byname + o ename], bu his sys em is on he decline in a ou o he e e se o de , which is he no mal o de o i s name and su name anyway. ALL_62_63_make as.indd 183 2011.06.17 08:24:12 184 WiLLy Van Langendonck ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII he F ench pe sonal name sys em was deal wi h in de ail by he la e Ma ina Pi z. somewha la e han in he ne he lands (2005), ench pa en s acqui ed he igh o decide hemsel es whe he hei child en would bea he a he ’s o he mo he ’s su name. he o igin o ench o enames is mainly o be ound in he gallo- oman e a. some cel ic names like B ice ha e been main ained hanks o ch is ian suppo . un il he p esen day, he ench o ename sys em has been domina ed by adi- ional ch is ian name lo e con aining heb ew, g eek, La in, cel ic, and ge - manic elemen s. ye , om he Me o ingian e a, he e has been a conside able ge manic, especially ankish in luence. howe e , he ge manic di hema ic names we e no unde s ood, and omanized, e.g., Wal -ha i > Gau ie , Willi-helm > Guil- laume, Be n-ha d > Be na d, Hlu hu-wīgaz (Ludwig) > Clo is > Louis. om he 10 h cen u y, he numbe o hese o enames dec eased apidly, whe eby i is unce ain whe he his p ocess is due o o a consequence o he ad en o by- and su names. Whils in he 12 h cen u y, a ou i e men’s names we e s ill o ge - manic o igin (Guillaume, Gau ie , Robe , Renaud, Raoul…), in he 13 h cen u y, we see a conside able inc ease o ch is ian names due o an inc ease in popula pie y (Jean, Pie e, Simon, Nichole, E ienne, Jeanne, Ma ie, Isabel…). conce ning he o ma ion o o enames, i is well-known ha in he 7 h cen u y, La in endings aded away, also in names, so i s names o en became ambiguous be ween mas- culine and eminine (Claude, Dominique, Camille…). o a oid his, he de ini e a icle was o en added, which is s ill isible in su names de i ed om hem (Le- ma in s. Lama ine). o he same eason, many su ixed hypoco isms we e o med (Paul-in, Claud-el, Paul-e , Paul-a , Paul-o , Paul-in-e …). old ge manic second s ems became su ixes as well (Mich-a d, Mich-aud, Jak-ie ). apocope and edu- plica ion ha e been applied un il he p esen day (Coco < Cole e). compounds ha e been coined (Jean-Paul, Ma ie-Louise…). Women’s names we e de i ed om men’s names, ending in -e (Albe -e, Paul-e…), -ie, -ine, -e e; hese a e no longe ashionable. o men, o enames o ge manic o igin ha e become popula (Gilbe , Hube ; Thie y, Be and, Richa d). a e Wo ld Wa ii, anglo-ame ican in luence can be obse ed (Dany, F eddy, Ha y, Johnny). as in all eu ope, a numbe o new o enames ha e been in oduced om 1968, coming om any a ea in he wo ld. as elsewhe e, he e is an e olu ion om he one-name o he wo-name sys em, s a ing wi h nicknames and o he bynames, and ending in he es ablishmen o amily names. he i s people o bea su names we e o noble o igin. om he 11 h/12 h cen u y, pa onymics o he ype X ilius y we e o med, geog aphical names o nicknames could be added o his pa e n, e.g., Pie e [li ilz] Guillaume ALL_62_63_make as.indd 184 2011.06.17 08:24:12 Eu opäische Pe sonennamensys eme: Ein Handbuch on Abasisch bis Zen alladinisch 185 ecenzijos / e iews d’A as, Jehan [di ] la Chie e du Hamel. because o he g ow h o he popula ion, and he o ma ion o owns and ci ies, he use o su names sp ead o o he class- es. in 1539, he egula ion o Ville s-co e e s ga e ise o a ci il code, which u he ed he adop ion o su names. his was co obo a ed by he in oduc ion o chu ch egis e s a he council o en in 1547. bo h e en s u he ed he p ocess o su names becoming he edi a y. in he o ma ion o amily name ypes, pa onymics played a majo pa . in his p ocess, ge manic su ixes we e o en used: (Acc-a d, Be n-a d, Be n-ie , Mich-aud…). as elsewhe e, ma onymics we e a e. howe e , hese so-called pa onymics can be seen as o dina y bynames ac- co ding o he au ho . his moo ques ion pops up epea edly. he high e- quency o su names like Ma in (wi h i s de i a ions: Ma ine , Ma inon…), Michel (wi h Michele , Michelin…), and so on, is ou o all p opo ion o he equency o he ela ed o enames in he la e Middle ages. by con as , i squa es well wi h he high equency o he ela ed pa on sain s. his i s in wi h he nume ous su names o he ype Sain -Ma in, Sain -Michel, Sain -Paul, Sain -Remi, Sain - E ienne, which appa en ly a e mos ly no bes owed a e a place, bu a e he pa on o he bap ismal chu ch in ques ion. he e o e, i we wan o classi y su - names, we should bea in mind ha he e exis s a ca ego y o su names ha a e no a he ’s names. in my iew o call hem ‘bynames’ does no sol e he p oblem. he ca ego y o ‘bynames’ is o en used as a was e-baske o unclassi iable names. as elsewhe e, ench su names may ha e o igina ed as geog aphical names, wi h a p eposi ion (e.g., Da as, Deme z) o wi hou (A ambou g, B e e ille, Espagne), o in he o m o inhabi an names, wi h an a icle (e.g., Leb e on, Lallemand) o wi hou (Pica d). especially in he coun yside, e ms o dwelling-places occu : Du al ‘ om he alley’, Dupon ‘ om he b idge’. occupa ional names a e, o ins ance: Boulange ‘bake ’, Co donnie ‘shoemake ’, Fè e o Le è e ‘blacksmi h’, e c. Me onymy is some imes ound he e: Ma eau ‘hamme ’. he las ca ego y comp ises nicknames o all kinds: Pe i /Lepe i ‘small’, Noi /Lenoi ‘black’, e c. names such as Lé êque ‘bishop’, Le oi ‘king’ a e classi ied among he nicknames. Likewise kinship e ms (Le ils ‘son’, Lepè e ‘ a he ’) as well as animal names (Le- loup ‘wol ’, Lecha ‘ca ’), which gene ally seem o e e o pe sonali y ea u es. as elsewhe e, ‘sa znamen’ ( aken in a a he wide sense) play a conside able pa : Boileau ‘d ink-wa e ’, Quinemen ‘who does no lie’, G osjean ‘ a john’. as o he equency o all hese name classes, i should be poin ed ou ha no names o dwelling-places like Dupon a e as nume ous as people seem o hink, bu a he pa onymics (Ma in, Be na d, Richa d). Laimu e balode and ojā s bušs deal wi h he La ian pe sonal name sys em. ALL_62_63_make as.indd 185 2011.06.17 08:24:13 186 WiLLy Van Langendonck ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII P e-ch is ian o enames a e no well a es ed. in 12 h and 13 h cen u y ch on- icles, we encoun e some old La ian pe sonal names, especially o ibal chie s. in ha ime, La ians bo e mainly di hema ic names, e.g., Tali-baldus ‘wide+ eign’ (s ill a con empo a y i s name: Tāli aldis), Wa i-g ibbe ‘powe +wan ’. Mono he- ma ic names also occu ed: Gaile. om he 12 h o he 15 h cen u y, ge man missiona ies ied o e adica e hese ‘pagan’ o ma ions and o eplace hem by (Low ge man) ch is ian names. hus, biblical names we e in oduced. a ew o hem ha e emained un il now (Ind iķis < Hind ik). La ian o enames o he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies a e: And es, Hin ick, Hansz, Pauwel, Jacobus; Ma g e he, Ilske, Magdalene, Anna, Ka he ine, e c. om he 17 h cen u y, La ian o ma ions ha e been on he inc ease: Ansis, Jānis (< Johannes). in he 17 h cen u y, La ia was unde swedish ule, which ga e ise o scandina ian based names like I a s, Gunā s, Gus a s, Ing īda, u he ed by he popula i y o scandina ian li e a u e in he 20 h cen u y. an onse o uly La ian i s names came a he end o he 18 h cen u y. a ha ime, he in en o y o o ms was s ill limi ed. in he las qua e o he 19 h cen u y, na ionalism b ough abou mo e uly La ian names, such as Gun is, Dainis o men, and Vel a, Aina o women. nowadays, a numbe o Wes e n eu opean, especially anglo-saxon names ha e come in: Robe s, Ral s; Lau a, Saman a . he making o he con empo a y La ian amily name sys em goes back o he i s hal o he 19 h cen u y. an impo an ac o was he libe a ion o se a m- e s by sa alexande i, which called o he in oduc ion o su names o all a me s. on he o he hand, in big ci ies, he need o a su name had al eady a isen. as e e ywhe e, amily names de eloped ou o nicknames and o he by- names. he main mo i a ion appea s o be he occupa ion o he pe son o be named, e.g., Kalējs ‘blacksmi h’. su names like Beķe is ‘bake ’, B ū e is ‘b ewe ’, o Melde is ‘mille ’ a e ge man bo owings. a geog aphical sou ce is o be ound in Lībie is ‘Li onian’, Lei is ‘Li huanian’, P ūsis ‘P ussian’, e c. o he su names we e de i ed om nicknames, e.g., Ga ais ‘long’, Mazais ‘sho ’, Lielgal is ‘big-headed’. a numbe o o he su names go back o denomina ions o animals and plan s, e.g., Balodis ‘pigeon’, Vilks ‘wol ’, Ozols ‘oak- ee’. su names a e o en o med by su ixes like -iņ(š), o -ī (is), which in appella i es a e diminu i e su ixes. a g am- ma ical peculia i y o La ian su names is he dis inc ion be ween masculine and eminine o ms acco ding o he sex o he name-bea e . Masculine nomina i e su ixes a e (as in appella i es) -s,-š, -is, -us, -a, -e. he las wo can be eminine as well, excep i unc ioning in con as : Balodis s. Balode. a numbe o su names we e bo owed om o he linguis ic a eas, e.g., scandina ian (Ka lsons), so much ALL_62_63_make as.indd 186 2011.06.17 08:24:13 Eu opäische Pe sonennamensys eme: Ein Handbuch on Abasisch bis Zen alladinisch 187 ecenzijos / e iews ha -sons became a su name su ix. s ill mo e a e o ge man o igin: G īnbe gs (< G ünbe g), F eimanis (< F eimann), Bušs (< Busch); o Polish o igin a e, e.g., Dom- b o skis, Janko skis . some a e ussian: Pe o s, Ma ko s. a ew a e i alian, bu emained unin- lec ed: Rosini, Ma ini. in he so ie e a, he ussian h ee-name sys em (see below) was in oduced. colloquially, o ename and pa onymic we e used as one uni . a e his e a, he wo-name sys em was es o ed. inally, nowadays, wo i s names can be gi en, and e en wo su names combined. he Li huanian pe sonal name sys em is deal wi h by Vi alija Maciejauskienė. he au ho s a s om con empo a y name gi ing, and dis inguishes be ween o icial and uno icial uses. o icially, he e oo, he e is a wo-name sys em o [ i s name + amily name]. as almos e e ywhe e, amily names a e inhe i ed om he a he ’s amily name. eminine o ms a e de i ed om he a he ’s name by means o he su ixes -ai ė, -y ė, -u ė, and ū ė, which a e added acco ding o he ending o he a he ’s name, e.g., Rimšai ė < Rimša, Skinky ė < Skinkis, Ži ku ė < Ži kus. in case o ma iage, he wi e can ake he husband’s su name, whe eby, as a ule, he su ix -ienė is added: Dausienė < Dausa. since 2003, i is also possible o add he su ix -ė, as in: Agilbė < Agilba. in a colloquial con ex , he o icial model unde goes a ious changes, on linguis ic and ex alinguis ic g ounds. ei he he o ename, he su name, o a nickname can be used on hei own. o ename and nickname can be combined, se e al su ixes added o women’s names. as elsewhe e, he de elopmen o he pa e n [ o ename + amily name] wen slowly and ook se e al cen u ies o i s comple ion. in he an h oponymy o he 15 h o he 17 h cen u y, h ee ypes in he naming o pe sons p e ail in his o ical sou ces. he i s is he one-name sys em. La e on, we ind i s names plus bynames de i ed om appella i es, e.g., Czepu is doilida ‘ca pen e ’, Ba lomiej, boja zin ‘boja ’, o nea -pa onymics as in Zygmun , Pawlow zięc ‘Paulius’ son-in-law’. eal pa onym- ics can ake Li huanian su ixes such as -ai is, -onis, -ūnas, -ėnas (Mykolay Pe u- ay is, Michno Daw o onis), sla ic su ixes (Adam S uogiewicz), o no su ix a all (Jan Alksnis). a he same ime, h ee componen s show up: S e anus And uszko- wicz Ja olgowicz . he p e alen pa e n is [ o ename + pa onymic]. Li le by li le, he su name becomes inhe i able, and hence, a eal amily name. as elsewhe e, he nobili y s a ed his pa e n om he 15 h cen u y. he i s amily names o people in ci ies we e a es ed in he beginning o he 16 h cen u y; hose o a me s by he end o i . he sys em sp ead apidly in he 17 h cen u y. in he 18 h cen u y, he p ocess ended. howe e , a e he inco po a ion o Li huania in he ussian em- ALL_62_63_make as.indd 187 2011.06.17 08:24:13