S aipsniai / A icles 67
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-8679-3253 Di ec ions o
academic esea ch: Li huanian e minology, his o y o
Li huanian medical e minology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Medical e ms
In dange o ex
Medical e ms in a ic ional ex
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses medical e ms in a selec ed beau i ul ex (Noah Go don's no el The Guide,
A icenna's s uden , 2020) and hei signs and pu poses. Medical e ms a e widely used, usually
desc ibing a ious ea men - ela ed si ua ions. The wo mos dis inc g oups o e ms - eal
(li e a y) medical e ms and ake medical e ms, o pseudo e mins, and he unc ions
pe o med by medical e ms, he meaning o hei con ex ual pa ne s (nouns, e bs, e bs) in
he ealiza ion o he s ylis ic unc ion - a e desc ibed.
While discussing he unc ioning o medical e ms in he ex , he a icle also p o ides
o he esea che s' insigh s in o he peculia i ies o he use o e ms in he spoken ex
and sugges s he classi ica ion o e ms in he ex .
ESMINIAI WORDS: medical e m, aes he ic s yle, aes he ic ex , con ex , con ex ual
pa ne s, unc ion, and de e mina ion o he meaning o he wo d.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle add esses medical e ms in a selec ed ic ional ex (Noah Go don's no el The
Physician, 2020), hei ea u es and unc ions. The ex abounds in medical e ms. They a e usually
used o desc ibe a ious medical ea men ela ed si ua ions. The a icle ocuses on wo mos
p ominen g oups o e ms: p ope (scien i ic) medical e ms and imp ope medical e ms o
pseudo- e ms. I also desc ibes he unc ions played by medical e ms, he meaning o hei
con ex ual pa ne s (adjec i es, pa iciples, e bs) in pe o ming he s ylis ic unc ion, and
add esses he opic o de e minology.
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
68 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In discussing he unc ioning o medical e ms in he ic ional ex , he a icle also p esen s
he insigh s o o he schola s ega ding he peculia i ies o he use o e ms in a gi en ex
and he p oposed classi ica ions o e ms in he ex . KEYWORDS: medical e m, ic ion s yle,
ic ional ex , con ex , con ex ual pa ne s, unc ion, and de e minology.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Cha ac e is ics o he unc ioning o e ms in a beau i ul ex . P igim inė
na ū ali e mino unkciona imo ie a y a mokslinis eks as, ku iame e minas
a lieka sa o unkciją – umpai, iksliai, iena eikšmiškai į a dy i mokslinę są-
oką, ki aip a ian – su auk i am ik ą in o macijos kiekį, i ku iame e mi-
and nas can be decoded p ecisely and unambiguously (ž . Lobano in he yea 2008: 77;
Самохина 2011: 210; Тамбиева, Текеева 2019: 236).
Func ional s yles do no cons i u e closed sys ems, hey a e a ia ions o language
ha in e ac wi h each o he (Župe ka 1983: 115). As a esul , he e m "scien i ic" is
o en used o e e o a speci ic ield o s udy, and he e m "scien i ic" is o en
used o e e o a speci ic ield o s udy (Samochyn, 2011: 169; Ponama enko, U a o a,
2016: 95; Sinele a, 2016: 193). One o hese is he ield o a is ic li e a u e […] a is ic
s yle consump ion (Pikčilingis 1971: 286; Župe ka 1983: 113). This s yle, in he wo ds o
Juozo Pikčiling, is a wide i e , sugges ing a ious s eams and b ooks and hei
eeding. Va ious o he s yles and elemen s a e o en used he e. The sea ch ield o
he w i e s exp ession ools is in ull language. I equi es bo h s ylis ically neu al
and s ylis ically ma ked, bo h bookle s, subjec ma e , and he esou ces o he
spoken language. Howe e , he elemen s o o he s yles in oduced in o ic ion a e
upda ed (Pikčilingis 1971: 302; Župe ka
1983: 115, 116).
The use o he e m " o mal" in his con ex is no limi ed o he use o he wo d " o mal" in a
sen ence, bu also o he use o he e m " o mal" in a sen ence, as in he case o he use o he
e m " o mal" in he case o he use o he e m " o mal" in he case o he use o he e m
" o mal" in he case o he use o he e m " o mal" in he case o he use o he e m " o mal". The
e m "science" is no used in he ex , and his opic is ex ensi ely s udied by Russian au ho s (see
he li e a u e lis ). Li huanian au ho s ha e w i en li le abou he unc ioning o e ms in hei
non- ypical en i onmen . Only a ew s udies we e men ioned. Kazimie Župe ka has s udied he use o
linguis ic e ms in publica ions (Župe ka 2000: 75[…]182), and As a Mi ke ičienė has w i en abou he
use o e ms in a ious ields in online media (Mi ke ičienė 2020: 108[…]127).
A icles o he 69 h
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e
In his sense, hey no only name speci ic objec s and phenomena o objec i e
eali y, bu also acqui e an emo ional shade, gi e he ex a ce ain colo
(Glazko ), hus he scien i ic accu acy o he e ms weakens, because he ex
o he speaking s yle goes beyond he bounda ies o he e minological ield
(Supe anskaya, Podolskaya, Vasilye a, 1989: 135). In an a ypical con ex , e ms
s uk ū ą, . y. pa i ia į ai aus pobūdžio ans o macijų, dėl o gali įgau i ki ą
change hei seman ic meaning o addi ional conno a ions, e en becoming
(Прокопова 2013: 169; Понамаренко, Уварова 2016: 95, 96).
No s g ožiniame eks e e minai a ojami okie pa ys kaip i moksliniame,
componen s o ph ases, bu , as al eady men ioned, he unc ions o he same
e ms in di e en s yles o ex s a e di e en . A beau i ul wo k, despi e he
use o e ms, is p ima ily ela ed o he ealm o emo ions and eelings. In such a
lik i isiškai jiems nebūdingas unkcijas (Шамсеева 2018: 116). Taigi e minas
wo k, e ms can be e lec ed in he ex , in addi ion o hei inhe en , nomina i e
unc ions, hey also pe o m cogni i e, in o ma ional, cha ac e izing,
emo ional-exp essi e, aes he ic, e alua i e, isual unc ions, and in scien i ic
discou se hey pe o m only nomina i e unc ions (c . The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Лобанов 2008: 77, 82; Самохина 2011: 207; Смирнова 2012: 158; Ланьлань
2013: 179–180; Мухамеджанова 2015: 168; Немыка, Пешков 2015: 251–252;
Ремпель 2015: 34; Эфендиева, Дзасежева, Хутова 2015: 222–223; Бобырева
2016: 123; Воскресенская 2016: 353–354, 365; Понамаренко, Уварова 2016:
96; Воскресенская 2017: 261; Рахимова 2017: 66–68; Сергеева 2018: 292;
Шамсеева 2018: 147; Якунина 2018: 577–579; Маджаева 2020: 37; Синелева
2020: 194 […] 198 and he like. In addi ion, he e ms in he ex can be used only in hei li e al,
e minological, meaning, o name he same concep s as in he special ex and no o ha e any
addi ional shades (see Popo a, Gamo 2019: 97). Howe e , despi e his, any wo d, when placed in
an unusual con ex , changes i s meaning somewha . The e m "na u e" in he beau i ul ex is
a double meaning. The e m "spi i ual" is used in bo h he au ho 's and he cha ac e 's
language (see Nemica, Peshko , 2015: 250) in i s di ec , special, meaning, as in he scien i ic ex ,
i.e. i con eys in o ma ion, bu , unlike he a o emen ioned, in he beau i ul ex hey ha e
a ious epi he s, which a e no possible in he special ex , which gi e an emo ional, e alua i e
meaning. The e m is used o desc ibe a pa icula s a e o mind, o s a e o mind, in which a
pe son o hing is pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed,
pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed,
pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed, pe cei ed. This is conside ed o be he
essen ial unc ion o he e m.
3 Also called he menine- aizdine unc ion (Nemyka, Peshko 2015: 252).
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
70 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he Uni ed S a es, o example, he numbe o people li ing in po e y has
doubled in he pas decade. Te ms in a beau i ul ex lose he cha ac e is ics
o a special lexicon and acqui e he cha ac e is ics o a gene al lexicon wo d (ž . This is a e y impo an poin , and I would like o make i clea o he House.
Тамбиева, Текеева 2019: 238).
The e m is inhe en ly non-emo ional, i.e., i is s ylis ically neu al, bu in he
beau i ul ex he e m loses i s s ylis ic neu ali y. I becomes a p ism o pic o ial
i įgyja emocinį-eksp esinį a spal į (Самохина 2011: 206; Бобырева 2016: 123;
hinking, which is he basis o he aes he ic s yle (Lаньлань 2013: 179180; Синелева
2020: 198). The add essees o he academic and he a is ic ex a e di e en . I is
belie ed ha he ho o , oks is simpli ied (Samokhina 2011: 170, 171). The eade may
p iešingai nei mokslinio, eks o skai y ojas ą pa į e miną neiš engiamai su-
no be amilia wi h he e m in he g aphic ex , so deciphe ing i helps o ob ain
new in o ma ion. In his case, he e m pe o ms a cogni i e unc ion (ž . Lobano
and
2008: 77; Самохина 2011: 207; Смирнова 2012: 158; Немыка, Пешков 2015:
251; Бобырева 2016: 123; Воскресенская 2016: 355; Рахимова 2017: 66, 68;
Шамсеева 2018: 117).
When a e m en e s a hema ic ex , i no only changes i sel , bu o en changes he ex as well
(Alexand o na, Hali o na, Ruslano na 2015: 218). Wha is he pu pose o using e ms in a beau i ul
ex ? I is claimed ha he e ms a e used o c ea e a scien i ic backg ound (Židko a 2007: 88;
Ma eje a 2012: 150; Šamseje a 2018: 117). Acco ding o Anas asia Sinele a, his is he main unc ion o
he e m in he beau i ul ex (Sinele a 2020: 194). W i e s use e ms in hei wo ks consciously -
o en in o de o desc ibe as accu a ely as possible he cha ac e is ics o ce ain hings, ac ions
o phenomena hey a e alking abou , o he p o ession, he ield o ac i i y o he cha ac e s
( he e a e many special ocabula ies in he language o such cha ac e s). By he end o he 20 h
cen u y, i was belie ed ha he emo ional-exp essi e conno a ion o he language and e minology
o science had disappea ed al oge he . Howe e , i was la e sugges ed ha he language o science
was no en i ely s ylis ically neu al, ha i had i s own emo ional-exp essi e conno a ions. The
conno a ion o speech is necessa y o he impac o he language o science. A scien is canno
only s a e ac s, bu mus also e alua e hem. The e m is o en used o e e o a speci ic plan o
animal, o o a speci ic cha ac e is ic o a plan o animal (e.g., a bu e ly (D yop e is c is a a), a
bu e ly (O chis mili a is), a bu e ly (Dian hus supe bus), o a bu e ly (E iopho us g acile). Such
e ms a e igu a i e, and hei igu a i e meaning is speci ically c ea ed in he language o science.
In o he cases, he image y is ans e ed o he language o science om he language o he
people (by e minologizing he p onuncia ion o names), e.g. pe kūn opė (Sempe i um), kiškio
aša ėlės (B iza media). In his way, some e ms acqui e an emo ional-exp essi e conno a ion along
wi h he e minology, while o he s do no lose i due o he e minology, because only hei lexical
meaning changes, acqui ing he e minology o i , he w i e uses he e m and so ha he eade
can be e unde s and and imagine he e en s, ci cums ances and ime, e alua e and eel he e en s
abou which he w i es. This is a g ea oppo uni y o a w i e o demons a e his e udi ion, his
(Gai enis 2002: 44 […] 46) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
A icles by A icles 71
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e
knowledge o he ield, o show how deeply he knows wha he is w i ing abou (Samokhin's appea ance
in he ex o a ho o wo k is usually p edic ed, because he e y heme o he wo k and he plo
a e somehow ela ed o he scien i ic, echnical ield o human ac i i y (Samokhin, 2011: 171;
Bobi ye a, 2016: 123; Te mini helps o e eal he idea o he wo k) They a e a ool o sol ing a is ic
2011: 173; Тамбиева, Текеева 2019: 238). Apsk i ai daugeliu a ejų e minų
au ho 's p oblems (Boby e a 2016: 123). The e ms complemen he a senal o isual language ools o
he wo k o a (Muhamejano a, 2014; Nemyka, Peshko , 2015). As isual and exp essi e elemen s o
he language o a wo k o a , hey help o c ea e he language and po ai cha ac e is ics o he
Якунина 2018: 579).
Te minų a ojimas g ožinėje li e a ū oje y a s ilis iškai pa eisinamas, nes
cha ac e s and hei en i onmen , he comic e ec , gi e he na a i e exp essi eness and
o iginali y (Židko a 2007: 88;
Мухамеджанова 2015: 175; Немыка 2015: 180–181; Немыка, Пешков 2015:
251). The e m also enhances he cogni i e signi icance o he wo k, as i allows he
w i e o accu a ely ec ea e he p o essional li es o he cha ac e s h ough
he wo d, cha ac e izes hem as p o essionals in hei ield (Nemyko , Pesko ,
2015), and gi es ealism o he e en s desc ibed (Vosk esenskaya, 2015).
When alking abou he unc ioning o he e m in he beau i ul ex , he phenomenon o
de e minology should no be o e looked. Is a e m s ill a e m when i en e s he common law?
Does i no lose i s mos impo an ea u es when i is used in common pa lance? Acco ding o
Vale ija Danilenko, his is a om an unques ionable ques ion (Danilenko 1977: 56).
De e minologiza ion is ela ed o quali a i e e m changes. I is a g adual, slow, long p ocess,
in which he e m goes beyond he bounda ies o he e minological sys em, loses i s
connec ion wi h he concep (i becomes simple , i becomes unde s andable o
non-specialis s), he singula i y, he accu acy, loses i s special meaning and acqui es new
ea u es (Supe anskaya, Podolskaya, Vasilye a, 1989: 133, 5), he Gai nis, he Gai nis, he Gai nis,
he Gai nis, he Gai nis, he Gai nis, he Gai nis, he Gai nis, he Gai nis, he Gai nis, he
135–136; Собянина 2011: 22).
Gai nis. Fo mo e in o ma ion on de e minology, see Ta a ino 2006: 47; Средюк 2013: 150[…]155;
Salamakha 2017: 70[…]71; Mincu 2018: 32[…]33; Humbe -D oz, Pic ion, Candamines 2019: 2[…]5;
Kons an ino a 2019: 83[…]88). This is he i s ime ha he ilm has been shown in hea e s.
The au ho o his a icle uses he e m de e minology in he wo k.

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
De e minologiza ion can ake place in wo s ages. In he i s s age, he e m is
in oduced in o he common language in he o m o a wo d wi h a e minological
meaning. In he second s age, which is al eady common in speech, he e is a
ans e o he meaning o he wo d and he eme gence o a simple wo d (o en
a me apho ). A e m ha has gone beyond i s unc ional scope does no
necessa ily go h ough bo h s ages. The i s s age, when he e m c osses he men ioned a ea wi hou changing i s meaning, can be he only
(Синелева 2020: 198).
Valen ina Sobianina dis inguishes wo main di ec ions o de e minology. In he i s
case, he e m is called special deno a ion, bu he sphe e o use o his e m is
expanding, i is ound in non-specialis language, used in p o e bial language,
jou nalism, ic ion, e c., so he e is a simpli ica ion o he seman ic s uc u e o he
e m (pa ial de e minology). In he la e case, he special deno a ion is eplaced by
he non-special, and a new, ansposed, meaning o associa ions and analogies is
c ea ed (Bychko a 2011: 45; Sobyanina 2011: 24). De e minism is based on he
me apho ical ans o ma ion o a e m, bu he la e does no always indica e ha
he e m i sel acqui es a me apho ical meaning, which in u n leads o de e minism,
because he e m in he a o emen ioned sense can be used a andom (au ho ial
de e minism) (Bychko 2011: 461). Classi ica ion o e ms in he beau y ex . Fou
e ms could be dis inguished in he classi ica ion in he beau i ul ex . In he i s
classi ica ion, e ms a e di ided in o wo g oups acco ding o he meaning in which
hey a e used in he ex , i.e. e ms o di ec meaning and e ms o pe e ed
meaning. In he second classi ica ion, h ee g oups o e ms a e dis inguished, i.e.
e ms a e classi ied acco ding o he ex en o hei use: widely used e ms, special
e ms and highly specialised e ms (Jidko 2007: 84; Jidko 2008: 4).
The hi d and ou h classi ica ions a e e y simila . He e, e ms a e classi ied
acco ding o whe he hey can be unde s ood by he eade o no and whe he
he au ho explains he e ms o no . Thus, ou g oups o e ms can be
dis inguished in he hi d: 1. Do no use e ms whose meaning is unde s andable o
he eade . 2. Te ms whose meaning is unclea o he eade and unexplained o he au ho .
3. Te minai, ku ie skai y ojui nesup an ami i ku iuos au o ius paaiškina.
4. Te ms ha a e clea o he eade , bu he au ho explains hei meaning
(Эфендиева, Джасежева, Хутова 2015: 220–222).
The ou h classi ica ion also dis inguishes ou g oups o e ms:
1. Clea unexplained e ms […] e ms ha he eade does no unde s and
and he au ho does no explain.
6 Olga Byčko a e e s o pa ial de e minology as despecializa ion (Bychko a 2011: 460). The
de e minism o a e m is only possible a e i s despecializa ion, i.e. he ansi ion o o he s yles
(Bychko , 2011: 459).
S aipsniai / A icles 73
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e
2. Neskaid ūs nepaaiškin i e minai – e minai, ku ie skai y ojui nesup an-
I 's no clea o me o he au ho .
3. Unclea e ms explained […] e ms ha he eade does no unde s and
and he au ho explains.
4. Te ms explained clea ly […] e ms ha he eade unde s ands bu he
au ho explains (Samokhina 2011: 174).
I should be no ed ha he a icle does no classi y medical e ms, bu uses
hese classi ica ions o explain he ea u es o he unc ioning o medical
e ms in he beau i ul ex .
The subjec o he a icle […] medical e ms used in he beau y ex . The chosen sou ce is he no el
The Guide by Noah Go don. The app en ice o A icenna. This is a ansla ion om English in o
Li huanian by he Ame ican w i e Leona Judele ičius, published by […]Alma li e a[…] in 2020. The book
akes he eade back o he ele en h cen u y. I 's he s o y o a young boy, Robe Cole, who inds
a calling o heal people a an ea ly age, se s himsel he goal o becoming a doc o , and pe se e es o
achie e i . Ou o he medie al da kness and he p ehis o ic wo ld o England, R. Koulas akes a s oll
wi h he ba bed-wi e su geon who's a ached o him and lea es o he beginning o ea men .
A e hea ing abou he mi acle-wo king Pe sian physician Ibn Sina (A icenna), he emba ks on a long
jou ney o a land whe e Muslims a e expe iencing a golden age o science and cul u e. The no el no
only ells he s o y and ad en u es o he main cha ac e 's becoming a doc o , depic ing coun ies
and places, poo housing and he luxu y o ule s, bu also p esen s a lo o medical his o y and
knowledge p ac ice, which is cle e ly wo en in o he no el's plo (Riaubai ė 2016). The aim o he
a icle is o cla i y he peculia i ies o he unc ioning o medical e ms in hei non- ypical
en i onmen in he g aphic ex . To achie e his goal, he ollowing asks a e p oposed: o selec
sen ences in which medical e ms a e used, paying a en ion o which Roman mic ocon ex s medical
e ms occu and wha hei lexical co e age is, o es ablish hema ic g oups o medical e ms and
which medical e ms ha e en e ed he hesis ex . The a icle uses desc ip i e analy ical,
con ex ual in e p e a i e analysis and calcula ion me hods. Roman p o e bs illus a ing claims a e
abundan ly p esen ed. The e m "medical unc ioning en i onmen " is a scien i ic ex
jas suda ančių e minų a ojimo dažnumą, išsiaiškin i, kokias unkcijas a lie-
cha ac e ized by s ylis ic ea u es such as logicali y, subjec accu acy, and de ini ion.
objek y umas, glaus umas, aiškumas (ž . Pikčilingis 1971: 314–323; Župe ka 1983: 102–103).
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
74 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(mos ly) w i en in a new line, he Roman page is indica ed a he end o he
sen ence in he acing b acke s. Te ms in sen ences a e dis inguished by i alics (i necessa y)
pab aukiami) s aipsnio au o ės.
The medical e m is NOAH GORDONO
This is Roman Gydy ojas. The AVICENOS
Paymen s
The Roman alphabe was used o compile 1556 sen ences con aining medical e ms,
i.e. hey we e conside ed in a b oade con ex . I should be no ed ha he la e is
no necessa y o de ine and unde s and he meaning o he e ms in he scien i ic
ex , as he e m is used he e in such a way ha no unnecessa y associa ions a e
aised and no dis inc ions a e made, bu he beau y plays an impo an ole in he
con ex o he ex . In he con ex , he mos a ied shades o meaning and
addi ional conno a ions o wo ds (as well as e ms) eme ge. Pikčilingis 1971: 315; Župe ka is loca ed in he dis ic o Pikčilingis.
1983: 103).
The need o e ms in a beau i ul ex is de e mined by he subjec ma e
o he wo k. Fo example, Liubo ė Vosk esenskaja, analyzing he de ini ions
o e ms ha go along wi h he i les o wo ks o a and de e mining he
ole o hese e ms in e ealing he heme o he wo ks, a gues ha he i le o he wo k can be conside ed loose in i s con ex .
(Воскресенская 2012: 141).
The name o he chosen no el i sel is The Guide. A s uden om A icenna is
signaling abou he subjec . This is medicine. This oji implies he necessi y o
medical e ms. Wi hou hem, i would be impossible o imagine how o w i e abou
medicine wi hou he e ms o he ield. The e m "medicine no el" is mos o en
used o desc ibe a ious medical si ua ions, i.e. mainly he au ho 's (o
na a o 's), al hough, o cou se, he e is a leas some o hem in he di ec
speech o he ac o s. A ew main mic o-con ex s in which medical e ms a e used
could be dis inguished. The i s is ha i is impossible o ge by wi hou hem by
elling abou he daily wo k o he people who ea (in he no el i is ba bed wi e
su geons, doc o s, medical s uden s), i.e. isi ing he pa ien s and assessing hei
Ba zdasku ys palie ė suodinus iešus i pi š us, s iuku pi š u baks elėjo į iš inu-
physical condi ion, e.g. he elbow (88);
Looking a he le -handed smiley ace, al eady badly damaged by gang ene, Rob jus
didn' si down (139);
[…]...looked a he shephe d, his skin was w inkled, his muscles s i and s i
(402);
He omi ed and omi ed, and his omi was cold and his omi was ho .
A icles o he 75 h
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e
I was so ho and c owded in he ches ha a la ge, hin lump appea ed in he
back (612).
Medical e ms a e o en used o human diseases, diseased s a es, and
jų požymiams apibūdin i, p z.:
The illness s a s in uncom o able hea , wi h headaches, some imes se e e. When
he e e ises sha ply, changes occu in he lungs, lungs, o behind he ea s,
commonly called bubbles (408);
The e e s a ed a long ime ago […] he a he s a ed omi ing, he was
su e ing om pain in he igh side o his s omach (458);
The i s clea sign o he disease is sudden abdominal pain. The pain is usually s ong,
some imes i is weake . Ra ely shaking, mo e o en nausea and omi ing. Fe e is he
second mos common symp om (630). Medical e ms a e undoub edly needed o desc ibe
su ge ies and o he medical manipula ions and in e en ions, e.g. Ba zdasku ys pulled
he dead issue om he wound, hen ca e ully examined i , gen ly and p ecisely pulling
he spines and he smalles o he scales wi h i on claws (90);
Cu ing he skin a ound he inge wi h a kni e, b ea hing, d aining he blood wi h a
scalpel, hen cu ing he heal hy pa o he inge on bo h sides and ca e ully
ex ending he skin owa ds he po a o, lea ing wo openings (140);
The o he pa ien s came one by one: Rob had o e u n o he place whe e he had cu
he colla , o ix he wound he had made in he child's hand (140[…]141); A e inju ing
his leg om a sp ain and a b uise, he doc o in e ened and began o wis he
inju ed leg, ying o s aigh en i ou (178); Then pull he needle sha ply in o he
ou e co ne o he eye sligh ly highe , bu pa allel o he lens. Then he d umme will
come down, unde him. I you a e ope a ing on you igh eye, place he needle on you
le hand, and ice e sa (363).
Medical e ms a e necessa y o impa knowledge o human ana omy o
medical s uden s, e.g. :
Pay a en ion o he high, said Jalal, his is he la ges and s onges bone in
he body (425);
Do you see how he se en pai s o uppe ibs a e a ached o he s e num by lexible
co ds? The o he h ee a e held oge he by a connec i e issue, […] (425). F om he
medical mic o-con ex s examined, i can be seen ha he w i e , using he main
a senal o medical e minology, d aws a p o essional pic u e o medicine.
specialis o kasdienio gy enimo pa eikslą.
Since he ac ion in he no el akes place in he Middle Ages, i is no limi ed o
his o ical medical e ms, which a e used o e e o people who a e cu en ly
unde going ea men and o he people ela ed o medicine, such as a ba bed-wi e
su geon, a housekeepe , a jani o , e c. :
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
82 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Bu he hea ga he ed o ces again and a acked (412); And hen he abdominal
pain came back o haun me. I'll ake a u ine es wi h you, and we'll see i he
disease p og esses. We' e going o c ea e a compa ison. He e he e m plays a
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e medicinos ema ika a ojami aiz-
double ole i is ei he a ma king o a ma king elemen o compa ison. Thus,
wo ypes o compa isons can be dis inguished. In he i s ype o
compa isons, he scien i ic concep is desc ibed by he household; he e he
speci ici y o he scien i ic concep is as i pushed o he second plan, he
second ype, on he con a y, […] he domes ic concep is desc ibed by he scien i ic
(Жидкова 2007: 87).
In he Romanian language, medical e ms, usually o gans o hei pa s, a e no included
in he i s ype o compa ison composi ion, e.g. A bi h, she always p ayed o he
sain o he name, and S . Agnes p ayed o he , bu his ime he whole wo ld was in
cons an pain, and he baby in he womb was in g ea dis ess.
A e him, Rob b ough in a man behind he cu ain wi h eyes like milk. The in es ines
we e pink like pain ed Eas e eggs, he blood was b igh ed (133); A e a good hou
h ough he abdominal muscles, he el a la ge, as i a small so u e us con ac ing
in o a small s anding ball (170); Rob was again g ee ed by a sailo as i he we e an old
iend (307); […] The wings o a bi d caugh in a ne , weak and la ened, pulsa ed,
weak and la ened (412);
The e was a s i band on he igh side o he abdomen (459); He clea ly saw se e al
ed milk d ops joining a he spine, as i hey we e b anches o a i e joining a he
oo s (511); When he beas died, his ges u e sounded like a jackal, […]... (518); The obe
wo ked pa ien ly, s e ching he muscles, d awing hem like h eads o ope ibe s
(631);
Tha nigh he wande ed h ough he old man's emains, wan ing o ind ou wha had
caused such a peace ul dea h, and he saw ha he a e y ha supplied he hea
and he lowe pa o he body had d ied up and con ac ed like a s aga (632);
[…]...bu ied in a swollen belly like an in e ed bull, p o ec ing he li e g owing in i (632);
His jaws we e chained, his mou h ull o supp essed sali a, his ee h almos unb eakable,
and his body s e ched ou like a ense bow. His belly was aised high, and only his ankles
and head es ed on he bed. Medical e ms, unning ph ases, e.g. […]... e en wi h an example,
was b ough in h ough he den is , he king's cou physician D ai ild, […]... (667),

S aipsniai / A icles 83
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e
O o he pa s o illus a ed s o ies, like, "Ma , ha en' you been in own o
he las couple o yea s when he plague hi ?" (124); They wen o he mano on
he hill, whe e he smell o he disease was aging, and he e Os e ik's wi e,
A dis, was dying (704).
Thus, a e discussing he las i e cases o use o medical e ms, he ques ion
a ises […] can i be said ha all he e ms men ioned he e a e de e minologized?
Fo example, do he adjec i es ash us (sha p), kaulė as (sha p-headed), k ū inė,
e c., he e bs ash si (ma as ėda), pul i (liga puolė), e c. elimina e he e ms dieglys,
k ū inė, ma as, liga deno a us? He e i would mos likely be possible o speak o
pa ial de e minology, o despecializa ion, in o he wo ds, medical e ms, al hough
used in a di e en , non-language, sphe e, he e m specia lius deno a us, bu unde
he con ex o pa ne s a e unde s ood mo e easily han in hei usual unc ioning
en i onmen . In a scien i ic ex , he e m medicine canno be eplaced by ano he
wo d, excep in cases o absolu e synonymy, such as ca ies and edema, epilepsy and
epilepsy, scabies and skele on, pe ica d and hea a ack. Wha a beau i ul ex .
He e he e m gains mo e eedom, becomes seman ically smoo he . In Romanian,
medical e ms a e some imes eplaced by o he common language wo ds o
combina ions o wo ds. Fo example, ins ead o he e m e ile wa e s, he e m
ma ine wa e s is used, e.g. :
Agnes pu he hand o he belly and el like a baby loa ing in he own wa e among he
s eams (13). Al hough he e m wa e also occu s, e.g. Be o e and a e she ga e bi h
o Ma y, she misca ied se e al imes, bu bo h Jona han and he gi l, as soon as he
wa e s eceded, he body lowed easily, and he glo al nodes we e no el be ween
he inge s (15). A man's penis is called a penis, a hing, o example, will emembe how
he ho and magical penis o he husband uni es he wo o hem when she le s him in o
he dep hs o he body. Alos hings, ins ead o being s aigh like a ladde , we e qui e
ben , […] (581),
a ba eu emizmu, p z.:
I was p obably ela ed o he ca cass o his penis (256). Pimpal looked smalle
han Robo and da ke (580). The e m "su gical su geon" is some imes used o
e e o a specialis in su ge y, bu i is some imes eplaced by such igu a i e
sayings as bone expe , bone and limb ailo , o example. :
Rob again wen h ough he whole hospi al, only his ime a e he hakimu
Jalal al-Din, he skele on and limb ailo , his pa ien s we e lying on opes, ...
(364); Rob didn' ge i , bu he skele on knew he was joking (616). aised a eal
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
84 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
Dėl okios gausybės ana omijos i gydymo klaidų kaulų žino as Džalalas bū ų su-
s o m (674).
The use o small p eposi ions in a beau i ul ex is conside ed one o he s ylis ic
ools. The e ms used in his ex may no only desc ibe concep s, in o he
wo ds, hey do no con ey any e alua ion, bu also exp ess ce ain emo ional
conno a ions. Howe e , such a p e ix has no in luence on he meaning ul con en
o he e m (Židko 2007: 8687). The wo d "diminished" is o en used o e e o
he same objec as i s oo , bu he objec being named is usually smalle han
he objec o he same ype, ma ked by he oo wo d (Keynes, 2005: 65).
The e a e medical e ms wi h mino p eposi ions in he no el unde conside a ion.
Such e ms do no ha e any addi ional conno a ions, e.g. William S ua los his
appe i e, his ace looked hinne and his eyes bigge (210);
Pulins angina, Fe a on said a he end, showing a da k ed ma k on his a he s h oa
(26); This ime he showed new umo s ha had g own in he chu ch (243); Acco ding o
he chie physician, he ini ial ash u ns in o a small hea ; hen a second ube
de elops, om which he li e de elops; he hi d le el comp ises all he o he main
bodies (508);
He had o ea a man who had been bi en in he neck by a donkey, who had ea en
mo e han one donkey, who had ea en a nu om his nose, who had pu his b oken
inge bones back in place (673). As al eady w i en, mos medical e ms a e used in
Romanian wi h a di ec e minological meaning, and only a couple o medical e ms
ha e me apho s. In ec ious disease pes is omane, in addi ion o he li e al
meaning o he e m plague, is also called he ansli e a ed meaning o he e m
black dea h, which gi es he ex image y and i idness, e.g. :
<...> y iausiasis gydy ojas paskelbė siunčiąs juos į Anšaną ko o i su juodąja mi -
and <...> (397);
Since black dea h can be caused by ai bo ne and decomposing umes, I hink you
should ea bo h he sick and he heal hy wi h as much ag an ee sap as
possible (397);
"We had o ake he bodies ou o he ci y as soon as possible and bu n hem,
ojų ke u i pa ys užsik ė ė i mi ė (401);
bu i was oo la e, he black dea h came o us oo. I 's an animis ic me apho ,
o example. :
Tas pa s pasaky ina i apie e miną mi is, ku į keliais a ejais pakeičia aiz-
T ying o cu se he cu sed Black Knigh (582);
A icles o he 85 h
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e
And he ealized ha by igh ing he accu sed Black Knigh , he was igh ing o his
own su i al (665).
In he scien i ic medical ex , i is common o gi e he La in equi alen s o he g e a
e ms. In he no el, he e was also such a scien i ic in e lude, when he name o he
Li huanian o gan was w i en nex o i s La in equi alen , o example. E e y
bu che knows his, because he sees e e y day whe e he kidneys a e, he sees he
u e h a (called he u e e ) ha leads om each kidney o he bladde , and by
examining such an ana omy he unde s ands hei pu pose and he wo k hey do (385).
Mos o he medical e ms used in he no els a e clea o a eade who has no
medical educa ion. Thei au ho is usually unclea . And i he e m is explained, i 's
usually simply, casually, al hough i 's also exp essi e, like. The hea is a
blood- apo izing pump (566). One o he ways in which he au ho explains o he
eade an unclea e m in a poe ic ex is by explaining he meaning o an unclea
e m, based on o he e ms ha a e simila , which in u n a e mo e o less clea (c .
Самохина 2011: 165).
In Romanian, some medical e ms a e in e p e ed as synonyms, i.e. hei
Li huanian equi alen s, e.g. :
The e o e, he old Pe sian doc o s called his disease nazul-i-ab, o he wise […]
[…] andenų nuo ėkiu[…]. This name was la e simpli ied o "wa e sickness" o ca a ac s.
(362–363);
Rob was emba assed, emembe ing he dead ho se om he opis ho onus, […]...>
(674);
<...>; I was an opis ho onus, a e e se mollusk (674). Se e al medical e ms o
compound medical e ms ha e been used o gi e he s o y a mys e y, e.g. […]
nų, ku ie eiliniam skai y ojui gali bū i neaiškūs, ačiau au o ius jų neaiškina, i
Tempo a y sup a i e in lamma ion (26); Išeidamas le a small bo le wi h a
mix u e o liquid lime and cha coal o gi e a e e (99);
<...> (26);
Ba zdaskučiui eikėjo po ulakų, užpil os Ypa inguoju jos s abdyda o i slopin-
I can cu o a swollen inge o make he big one look decen (184);
Baigian is jo mokslo laikui, kiek ienas mokės a lik i lebo omiją, p idegin i,
A e ial incision and ampu a ion o he eyelids (193); The middle one
has a bubon.
13 The o iginal in i alics.
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
he hea ; I wo ks like a cons an ly squeezing is , expelling blood h ough sys ole,
hen elaxing and eplenishing blood h ough dias ole (495). He isi ed hem o h ee
days, and he ga e hem my h, and aloes, and ankincense, and my h o Ibn Sina,
bu he saw no e ec . He d ank he ed wine o Cassius, smoked opium and an o he
hospi al (618); Pe o a ed abdominal pain was obse ed in six cases, all pa ien s died
(630); I was jus he ime when he c amps s a ed, and Rob would now need he
Pe sian medicines […] (669).
The e m "Cen al Roman Medicine" can be conside ed a physician. By he way, he
goes by he name o Romano. This e m is mos o en used […] coun ed ou o 300
cases o i s use (see able 1 o he numbe o o he medical e ms used in he
no el). The con ex pa ne s o he doc o […] d ejopos […] wo ds wi h posi i e
(mos ly) and nega i e […] conno a ions, e.g. […] hen a he momen o weakness
called he eal doc o […] (25); "The only bad hing", he said, "is ha such a cle e
doc o can' help me ge id o he pain in my bones and join s". Rob emembe ed
Ba zdasku when he alked abou he amous doc o Adoilesen ol
<...> (191);
Maybe he e's a g ea doc o ou he e who can help him (238); Bu he's a
wonde ul doc o . A espec ed and success ul physician (423); You a e an
excellen doc o , Jesse, […] (446); Bu you' e hones and decen , and you' e an
ex ao dina y doc o (490); […] he bes way o become a well-known doc o […] o
win a cha (495); Ibn Sina was he mos p ominen physician in he Eas e n and
Wes e n calipha es, […] (513); The g ea es and mos wonde ul physician, whose
equal is no ound in all he wo ld (637); E en ually, hey bo h ealized ha he
ule would no ake any hing, e en hough he P ince o Physicians […] s ood up
as a man, and Ka im […] as a chess playe (590); […]... he chie o he ga es Ibn Sinai
showed he usual espec o he physicians o he p ince, who was a nobleman,
because he was as hi s y as anyone else (66); E e yone says ha his is a
<...> (590);
<...> Vi š ši ų apgailė inų žmogelių – audonsk uosčiai pasipū ę gydy ojai, besi ū-
science ha no one belie es in, and he doc o s who ha e g adua ed om i do
no belie e in i (109); O cou se, among he Jews he e we e some eal scound els
who la e became bad doc o s, […] (514);
Gi dėjau kalban , kad gydy ojas aganius gali aip pa eik i ligonį, kad iš bu nos
I s a s o oam and i 's like i 's dead. In he con ex o such pa ne ships,
con lic ing iews o he medical p o ession in hose dis an imes eme ge.
A icles o he 87 h
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e
This is LEN ELė. The numbe o medical e ms used in he
no el numbe o medical e ms used in he no el numbe o
doc o s 384 pa ien s 202 hospi als 64 illnesses, co pses,
sca s su geon 61 medicine 56 pain 50 medicines 42 hand 38
blood 37 s omach 36 wound 33 eyes 32 measles 31 su geon 30
bones 25 legs 24 ea men
... less han 20
In he end, i is possible o ag ee ha he a is ic medical discou se canno be
su ounded wi hou e ms ha e eal a mo e in e es ing and p o ound iew
o he p o essional and linguis ic wo ld o he medical specialis (Madjae a
2020: 39), as well as mo e accu a e, ealis ic, and con incing.
Al hough he s udy was based on a single sou ce, he endency o a ce ain main
medical e m o unc ion was highligh ed in he beau i ul ex . They may be
con i med o denied, supplemen ed o co ec ed in subsequen s udies in his
ield.
The name o he Appendices
1. The need o medical e ms, he eme gence and he ine i able necessi y in a
beau i ul wo k is de e mined by he subjec ma e o he wo k. Medical e ms in
he no el The Guide. A icenna's lessons a e mos o en used o desc ibe a ious
medical si ua ions ha e eal he daily ou ine and speci ics o a doc o 's wo k. Medical e ms

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
88 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
I gi es he s o y a scien i ic appeal and a sense o ealism. They c ea e a
p o essional, medical en i onmen and cha ac e ize i , hus becoming a means
o implemen ing he w i e 's idea, a e lec ion o he s a e o heal h and
medical a ai s in he na a i e his o ical epoch […] he Middle Ages.
The ou main Roman mic ocon ex s in which medical e ms a e used a e:
examina ion o pa ien s and desc ip ion o hei physical condi ion, desc ip ion o
diseases, diseased s a es and hei symp oms, desc ip ion o ope a ions and
o he medical manipula ions and in e en ions, ansmission o knowledge o
ana omy. 3. Two g oups o medical e ms used in he no el a e dis inguished: eal
(li e a y) medical e ms, mainly naming ana omical and clinical concep s, and
non- eal medical e ms, o pseudo e mins, which only oughly deno e medical
concep s. The la e no el also plays a signi ican ole, because i co esponds o
he imaging pe iod when mos diseases ha e no ye been iden i ied, so hey a e
desc ibed in a desc ip i e way, o example, blind in es inal in lamma ion
(apendici is) in he no el is called colon nega ion, colon nega ion, colon nega ion,
colon league, colon nega ion in he colon, colon league, colon league.
The e m "medicine" is used in he no el o e e o he se en mos impo an
g oups o medical e ms: human body pa s, o gans and hei pa s, diseases,
diseased s a es and hei symp oms, medicines, pha maceu ical subs ances and
p epa a ions, medical de ices, ools and equipmen , pe sons in ol ed in he
ea men p ocess, medical ins i u ions and acili ies, medical p ocedu es,
in e en ions and manipula ions. Thus, i can be said ha he w i e p o ides he eade wi h he en i e a senal o medical e minology.
5. Unlike he scien i ic ex , in which he e m is mono unc ional, in he g aphic
ex i is mul i unc ional. The main unc ion o medical e ms in no els is
nomina i e (naming), i.e. hey a e mos o en used in hei di ec , e minic,
meaning as in a scien i ic ex and do no ha e any addi ional emo ional,
e alua i e, e c. shades, in o he wo ds, hey a e s ylis ically neu al.
Ano he impo an unc ion o medical e minology no els is isual. Mos medical
. y. e minai padeda ku i ik o iškus gydy ojo kasdienio da bo pa eikslus.
e ms a e clea and unde s andable o a eade who does no ha e a medical
educa ion. Only a ew unclea medical e ms occu ed. In his case, such e ms
se e a cogni i e unc ion, as he in e p e a ion o hei meaning helps o ob ain
new medical in o ma ion. In he no el, he e a e ela i ely ew medical e ms
ha ul ill he emo ional-exp essi e, i.e. mos impo an , unc ion o he ex s
o he he oic s yle. Howe e , i mus be said ha his unc ion is unique o hem
only when he e ms a e used in he ex no alone, bu wi h hei con ex ual
pa ne s […] a ious desc ip i e e ms, e alua i e e bs, which in u n ha e hei
siais būd a džiais, daly iais. Ypač medicinos e minus suasmenina, sugy ina
S aipsniai / A icles 89
Medicinos e minai g ožiniame eks e
own con ex ual pa ne s (mos o en p e ixes). The e a e medical e ms, mos
o en e e ing o o gans o pa s o o gans, which a e included in such
seman ic-s yle ins umen s as compa a i e composi ion.
5.5. Ano he unc ion o medical e ms is educa ional. Medical e ms, ca e ully
inse ed in o a beau i ul ex and becoming an in eg al pa o he wo ld o
images and emo ions, also gi e he eade knowledge o medical his o y o
deepen i and cla i y i in some way.
6. The in es iga ion ca ied ou essen ially e u ed he claim ha he e m had
en e ed a non-exis en en i onmen ( he ex o he a icle) and was subjec o
de e minism. This phenomenon is a ely mani es ed in he esea ch no el, excep in
cases o me apho ical conjec u e, because mos medical e ms accu a ely name
concep s wi hou losing hei e minological meaning, i.e. e ain a clea seman ic
s uc u e. Medical e ms ha a e pa ially de e minologized o despecialized a e mo e common.
F esh o chilled
This is Noah Go don. The doc o . The app en ice o A icenna. T ansla ed om English
by Leonas Judele ičius, Vilnius: Alma li e a, 2020.
LITERATŪRA
Gai enis Kazimie as 1997: Te minizacija i de e minizacija. – Te minologija 4, 4–7.
P ieiga in e ne e: h p://jou nals.lki.l / e minologija/a icle/ iew/804/895.
Gai enis Kazimie as 2002: Lie u ių e minologija: eo ijos i a kybos me menys,
Vilnius: LKI leidykla.
Humbe -D oz Julie, Pic ion Au élie, Condamines Anne 2019: How o
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