Names of Persons in Computer Science Dictionaries

ALVYDAS UMBRASAS

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

KEYWORDS: computer science, terminology dictionary, terms denoting persons, derivative, borrowing, term

The field of terminology research encompasses various concepts, but names of persons can be counted among the topics very rarely discussed in the context of terminology. Names of persons seem not to be very relevant in the natural sciences; they are sometimes needed in technical sciences, but it is likely that the most developed systems of names of persons are found in the social sciences, since these sciences study human relations in society. In Lithuanian terminology, names of persons have received little attention; in general, it has been thought problematic to regard agent names as terms and, for example, names of occupations do not denote the people practising those occupations as concepts of the science under study (Gaivenis 2002: 31). Nevertheless, research shows that names of persons make up a significant part of terminology, at least in the social sciences. For instance, a study of Lithuanian legal terminology from 1918–1940 established that terms denoting persons accounted for almost one-seventh of the legal terms then used in codes (Umbrasas 2005: 107). The considerable number was certainly partly due to the synonymy of the terminology of that period, although synonymy exists today as well. Contemporary Lithuanian legal terminology has not been studied with respect to names of persons. Furthermore, it cannot be ruled out that research into texts and terminography in a given field might produce different results; that is, some names of persons relevant to the field may not be included in terminography.

Kazimieras Gaivenis sakė, kad kalbininkas nėra kalbotyros terminas (Gaivenis 2002: 31), todėl nekeista, kad Kalbotyros terminų žodyne (KTŽ 1990) nei kalbininko, nei terminologo nėra. Nėra terminologo ir Mokomajame terminologijos žodynėlyje (MTŽ 2005), bet ar tikrai pagrįstai? Kur tokiam terminui būti? Bene pirmasis ir vienintelis terminų žodynas, kuriame

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apibrėžtas terminas terminologas, yra Vertimo studijų žodynas (VŠŽ 2014). Jame teikiama: terminologas (angl. terminologist, it. terminologo, pranc. terminologue, vok. Terminologe, rus. терминолог) – „asmuo, sistemingai tiriantis tam tikros srities sąvokų pavadinimus (terminus). Jis turi išmanyti tam tikrą mokslo ar technikos sritį ir turėti lingvistinių žinių“. Žodyne kartu apibrėžta nemažai vertimo kontekste aktualių asmenis įvardijančių terminų, tik kiek keista, kad neįdėta gimininė sąvoka vertėjas, tačiau gerai, kad apibrėžti įvairūs rūšiniai terminai: gestų kalbos vertėjas, prisiekusysis vertėjas, teisės srities vertėjas, teismų vertėjas, vertėjas raštu, vertėjas vedlys, vertėjas žodžiu ir kt.

What is the situation with names of persons in computer science? The aim of this article is to contribute, at least to some extent, to answering this question. The objective is to establish which names of persons are included in computer science terminography and, using the descriptive method, to examine their forms with regard to word formation and origin (considering the novelty and uniqueness of terms in comparison with other fields). The meanings of the terms are given where possible¹ (although the terms are not explained in all the dictionaries), but conceptual aspects receive little attention; consequently, questions of synonymy are addressed only occasionally, with greater attention paid to the form of terms. Subordinate terms are examined according to their head constituent (and grouped into nests). In total, about 120 distinct words denoting persons have been collected, presented in computer science dictionaries either as generic (single-word) terms or as the head constituents of multiword terms.

The research material was collected from several more significant (often sizeable) dictionaries of computer science and the closely related field of informatics, published at different times (see the list of sources examined at the end of the article); a telecommunications terminology dictionary (ATTŽ) was also included, since computer science and telecommunications are technologically related and share many terms.

There are few simple Lithuanian words naming persons in computer science, i.e. words that are morphologically unanalyzable; only a handful were found in the dictionaries. A discussion of persons might begin with the word person. As a one-word term, it does not seem very relevant in computer science, but it occurs in compounds, for example, registering person (English registrant) ŠKPTŽ; cf. also instructed person (English instructed person) ATTŽ, qualified person (English skilled person) ATTŽ. The word is terminologized and acquires a specific meaning in computer science.

¹ The abbreviation of the source from which the explanation of the meaning (definition) is taken is underlined.

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guest “a computer system user who does not have an account (is not registered)” (English guest) ŠKPTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ. Dictionaries in the field under consideration also include, one might say, words naming persons that do not have a specialised meaning, for example, member² (English member) ŠKPTŽ; cf. group members (English membership) LŽ; kinship or similar terms, for example: woman (English female) ŠKPTŽ, children (English children) ŠKPTŽ, man (English male) ŠKPTŽ. Describing a concept may also require the word person; the term person as a system element (English human element) is provided in ALKTŽ.

Most terms naming persons included in computer science dictionaries are derivatives. The most characteristic suffix -tojas. Most are terminologized or transterminologized (borrowed from other fields) derivatives, for example:

consultant (English customer [field] engineer) IŽ;

manufacturer (English manufacturer, producer) IŽ, ALKTŽ, computer equipment manufacturer (English computer manufacturer) IŽ, software manufacturer (English software manufacturer) IŽ;

wizard “a computer-magic specialist, a talented programmer” (English wizard) ALKTŽ;

flamer (English flamer) ŠKPTŽ;

teacher (English tutor) ALKTŽ;

finder (English finder) ALKTŽ;

moderator “a person who moderates a newsgroup, email group or forum and regulates the information disseminated in the group” (English moderator) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ, mailing-list moderator (English mailing list moderator) ŠKPTŽ;

lurker “a passive participant in an email, newsgroup or chat channel who receives emails or messages but does not send any” (English lurker) AKTŽ;

employee (English employee) ŠKPTŽ;

reviewers (English reviewers) ŠKPTŽ;

owner “a person with unrestricted rights to resources” (English owner) AKTŽ.

Some derivatives, especially those with a more general meaning, are not listed separately but are included in compounds, for example:

employee – information service employee (English documentalist) ALKTŽ, junior research employee (English junior scientist) ALKTŽ, senior research employee (English senior scientist) ALKTŽ (in current usage, science employee is already the usual form, rather than scientific);

reader – media-library reader (English media librarian) ŠKPTŽ;

² This word is also used in a non-personal sense, cf. arithmetic term (Lith. arithmetic term) IŽ.

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sudarytojas – programų s u d a r y t o j a s (angl. program writer) ALKTŽ, taikomo-sios programinės įrangos s u d a r y t o j a s (angl. application developer) ALKTŽ; tyrinėtojas – nekvalifikuotas t y r i n ė t o j a s (angl. low-rated analyst) ALKTŽ.

A neologism of computer science³ could perhaps be considered only the term browser, which was not previously recorded in general lexicography; the word is spreading mainly in the context of the internet and is included in LKND (defined as “someone who spends a lot of time⁴ browsing the internet”). ŠKPTŽ gives network b r o w s e r (Eng. nethead, network surfer, surfer, cyber surfer, cybernaut), web b r o w s e r (Eng. Web surfer); in both cases, infonaut is given as a synonym.

Some of the names of persons listed in computer-science dictionaries and formed with the suffix under consideration are hybrids. They, too, are often borrowed from other fields, i.e. not specially coined for the needs of computer science, e.g.:

modeler (English modeler, simulationist) ALKTŽ; designer (English designer) ALKTŽ, software designer (English software designer) ALKTŽ, systems designer (English system designer) ALKTŽ; encoder (English coder) ALKTŽ; broadcaster (English broadcaster) ŠKPTŽ.

Hybrids encoder, “a person who performs encoding” (Eng. coder, encoder) IŽ, ALKTŽ, AKTŽ, and programmer, “a person who creates, tests, improves, and maintains programs” (Eng. programmer, coder) IŽ, ALKTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ, could be considered computer-science neologisms. A number of compounds are formed in dictionaries with the latter term, e.g.:

junior programmer (Eng. junior programmer) IŽ, ALKTŽ; conservative programmer (Eng. traditionbound programmer, tradition-bound programmer) IŽ, ALKTŽ; programmer analyst (Eng. programmer analyst) IŽ; backup programmer (Eng. backup programmer) ALKTŽ; systems programmer, “a programmer who writes system programs” (Eng. system programmer) IŽ, AKTŽ; system programmer (Eng. system programmer, analyst-programmer, toolsmith) ALKTŽ; talented programmer (Eng. programmer of ability) ALKTŽ; average-skilled programmer (Eng. average programmer) ALKTŽ; on-site programmer (Eng. on-site programmer) ALKTŽ;

³ The criteria for neologism are fairly relative; the time when a word emerged is not always clear, so a conventional threshold is needed. A word’s absence from the principal general dictionaries—LKŽe and DLKŽ₇—may be taken as a criterion of novelty (although these sources do not disprove novelty if the word was included in them from the computer-science context, for example, programuotojas ‘programmer’); dictionaries from other fields should also be considered.

⁴ It has been noted that, in usage, the feature “a lot of time” may be redundant (Murmulaitytė 2016: 7), and this seems quite reasonable.

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senior programmer (English senior programmer) ALKTŽ;

chief programmer (English chief programmer) IŽ, ALKTŽ.

When dictionaries provide no definitions or even brief explanations, it is not always clear whether a person is meant. Since the English equivalents can also refer to something other than a person (and often do in the context under consideration), one may question whether Lithuanian equivalents that explicitly denote a person always capture the essence and are appropriately chosen, for example:

builder (English builder) ALKTŽ, program builder (English program builder) ALKTŽ, system builder (English system builder) ALKTŽ;

profiler (English profiler) ALKTŽ, main program execution profiler (English execution profiler) ALKTŽ;

browser – web browser (English Web spider, Web crawler, Web worm) ŠKPTŽ;

navigator (English navigator) ŠKPTŽ.

The term user should be mentioned separately: “a natural person, legal entity or group of such persons using a computer, its software, data and any other information resources” (English user, consumer, subscriber) IŽ, ALKTŽ, ŠKPTŽ, LŽ, ATTŽ, AKTŽ. It stands out for having the greatest variety of specific terms. Compounds often indicate the user's experience, status, type of behaviour, possession of certain functions, membership in one group or another, and so on, for example:

anonymous user (English anonymous user) ŠKPTŽ;

casual user (English casual user) ALKTŽ;

interactive-mode user (English interactive user) IŽ;

occasional user (English ad hoc user) ALKTŽ;

end user (English end user, ultimate user) ALKTŽ;

interactive user “working in interactive mode” (English interactive user) ALKTŽ;

commercial user “paying for computer time” (English real user) ALKTŽ;

new user “a user not registered in the system before the first access” (English first-time user) ALKTŽ, ATTŽ;

undisciplined (rule-breaking) user (English tough user) ALKTŽ;

unscheduled user (English nonscheduled user) IŽ;

computer-naive user (English computer-naive) ALKTŽ;

remote user “a user working with a remote terminal” (English remote user) IŽ, ATTŽ;

root user (English root user) LŽ;

trained user (English trained user) IŽ;

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last u s e r (English last user) ŠKPTŽ;

experienced u s e r “a user of a computer or its software who has experience working with such equipment or its individual components” (English advanced user) AKTŽ;

single u s e r (English single user) LŽ;

novice u s e r (English novice user) ALKTŽ;

connected u s e r (English connected user) ŠKPTŽ;

privileged u s e r “a user with more rights, e.g. higher priority” (English privileged user, privileged operator, superuser) IŽ, ALKTŽ, ATTŽ;

direct u s e r “a user who participates in processing messages by directly using a messaging system” (English direct user) ATTŽ;

remote u s e r (English telecommuter, remote user) ALKTŽ;

closed u s e r (English closed user) IŽ;

controlling u s e r (English superuser) LŽ;

local u s e r (English local user) ALKTŽ.

Less commonly, the object⁵ with which the user works and towards which their actions are directed is specified, e.g.:

computer u s e r (English liveware) ALKTŽ;

“Netscape” u s e r (English Netscape user) ŠKPTŽ;

service u s e r “an end user who uses network services” (English service user) ATTŽ;

terminal u s e r (English terminal user, terminal operator) IŽ, ALKTŽ;

videotex u s e r “a person who uses the services provided by a videotex service via a videotex terminal” (English videotex user) ATTŽ.

Some terms have positive and negative oppositional members (formed using the prefix non–), e.g.:

roaming u s e r (English roaming user) ŠKPTŽ – non-roaming u s e r (English non-roamed subscriber) ŠKPTŽ;

qualified u s e r (English advanced user, computer-literate user, expert user, skilled user, trained user) ALKTŽ – unqualified u s e r (English lay user, naive user, unskilled user) ALKTŽ;

priority u s e r (English high-priority user) IŽ, ALKTŽ – non-priority u s e r (English low-priority user) ALKTŽ.

Sometimes prefixed and unprefixed forms, as well as definite and indefinite forms, vary; compare:

registered u s e r “a person, firm, company, or other institution authorized to use the services provided by a service provider” (English authorised user, scheduled user) ATTŽ;

⁵ None of the dictionaries consulted contains the current term internet user.

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registered user (English scheduled user, real user) ALKTŽ;

registered user (English authorized user) IŽ;

legitimized (registered) user (English authorised user) ALKTŽ;

unregistered user “a user of a service or services who is not registered at the service provider’s establishment” (English nonauthorised user, non-scheduled user) ATTŽ;

unregistered (unauthorised) user (English unauthorised user) ALKTŽ;

unregistered user (English nonauthorized [unauthorized] user) IŽ.

In essence, both the definite and indefinite forms can be justified here. The definite form increases definiteness and emphasizes the classificatory nature. It should be noted that although most computer science dictionaries, including the most recent ones, give the term user, EKŽ₂ used user (English user). Accordingly, the specific terms also differ (EKŽ₂ included few of them); compare end user (English end user) in EKŽ₂ and end user (English end user, ultimate user) in IŽ, ATTŽ, AKTŽ; default user (English default user) in EKŽ₂ and default user (English default user) in AKTŽ. The definitions indicate that the concepts are identical, for example:

end user “a person who uses a computer or its software for their intended purpose, making use of the results of its operation, and not as a component in assembling, developing, or manufacturing other programs or systems” EKŽ₂ – end user “a person who uses software as intended in order to obtain work results, and not as a component for assembling or developing other programs” AKTŽ; default user “a user whose profile becomes the initial value for a newly registered profile, i.e. when creating a new user profile, the default user’s profile is copied into it” EKŽ₂ – default user “a user whose profile becomes the initial value for a newly registered profile, i.e. when creating a new user profile, the default user’s profile is copied into it” AKTŽ.

As can be seen, the latest explanatory dictionary gives the term user; accordingly, the specific terms were also changed in the latest edition of EKŽ (not published in book form; available on the website www.raštija.lt). In the latter, specific terms containing the element user are included as synonyms in cross-reference entries directing readers to the corresponding terms containing the element user, whereas the generic terms user and user are both included as independent entries and defined, respectively, as “a natural or legal person, or a group of such persons, who uses something” and “a person or group of such persons who consumes something” (the wording of the first definition should be revised). Both terms are accompanied by the statement that “they are sometimes used synonymously, but from

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are in fact not synonyms, since they indicate different relations between a person and an object—consumption or use.” Even a decade ago, one of the authors of EKŽ² wrote: “It is customary to say that we consume food, medicines, and words, and use land, lakes, buildings, and machines. But what do we do with a computer and its software? It seems inappropriate to consume a computer; we make use of one. And programs are invisible, stored on disks. So perhaps we consume them much as we do air? Yet programs have one interesting feature. After acquiring them, we may use them only in accordance with the rules set out in the licenses. Most often, we are not granted the right to copy, disassemble, or modify them. Programs should be treated much like a rented or borrowed object. Therefore, here use is even more appropriate than consumption. Thus, we are users of computers and their programs (not consumers), and we use computers rather than consume them” (Grigas 2007: 4). This is more or less correctly put, but usage shows that the boundaries between use and consumption are not always as more or less clear as they are in contexts involving food, medicines, words, and the like. Both computers and programs are instruments, tools (some physical, others virtual), and they may be both used and consumed. Use is essentially a variety of consumption; DLKŽ⁷ says that to use means “to consume as a means or tool for achieving something.” The following examples can be found in LKŽ: I don’t know how to manage with other implements, but I’m used to using an axe BsP1114(Tlž). We have never had occasion to use such axes Lkv. For loosening the soil, the Balts used a wooden plough, later reinforced with an iron ploughshare. I use a blade when I go to weed the gardens Y1. I would have been using a steel scythe, a steel scythe, not a bright sabre LB98. Among the definitions of meanings in DLKŽ⁷ one can also find examples of analogous usage: grėblelis ‘a small rake used to form a sheaf when cutting with a scythe’, lęšis ‘a lens that refracts light rays, used instead of spectacles’, pincetas ‘small tongs for grasping tiny objects, used in medicine and laboratories’. Nowadays, we would apparently be inclined to say used here, but at the same time usage shows that the concept of a consumer has become universal: a consumer both consumes and uses (compared with English, it covers both user and consumer), so program user, computer user is unsurprising. Essentially, one can say either consumer or user here, but the system as a whole tends toward consumer.”

Compared with derivatives formed with the suffix -tojas, names of persons with the suffix -ėjas in computer science are somewhat less diverse, but are also quite numerous. A review of computer science dictionaries found no hybrid derivatives with this suffix—

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—none of the derivatives with this suffix were found; all are Lithuanian, and all can be considered terminologized or transterminologized, for example:

performer (English performer) ŠKPTŽ;

caller (English calling party) IŽ;

requester ‘a subscriber, user, or system element that makes a request to a directory’ (English requestor) IŽ, ŠKPTŽ, ATTŽ;

creator (English builder, creator, manufacturer) ALKTŽ, software system developer (English software programmer) ALKTŽ;

invoker ‘the person who invokes’ (English invoker) ŠKPTŽ;

player (English player) IŽ;

seller (English vendor) ŠKPTŽ;

adviser (English guru) ŠKPTŽ;

presenter (English presenter) ŠKPTŽ;

violator ‘a person attempting to penetrate a protected system’ (English violator) ALKTŽ;

successor (English successor) IŽ;

sender ‘a person who sends a consignment, whose email address details are entered in the “from” field in the email header’ (English sender) IŽ, ATTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ, sender or recipient (English originator/recipient) ŠKPTŽ, message sender ‘the original source of a message’ (English sender, message originator) ALKTŽ, ATTŽ.

Some derivatives are given only in compounds, for example:

installer – software installer (English implementor) ŠKPTŽ;

phreaker – telephone phreaker (English phreaker) ŠKPTŽ;

assistant – assistant chief programmer (English assistant chief programmer) ALKTŽ;

remailer – anonymous remailer (English anonymous remailer) ŠKPTŽ;

enhancer – e-business enhancer (English e-business enhancer) ŠKPTŽ;

instigator – spam instigator (English spammer) ŠKPTŽ.

It should be noted that, for example, the words caller, installer are found neither in DLKŽ₇ nor in LKŽe, although iškvieti, įdiegti are included. These agent nouns are systematic, so they can hardly be considered neologisms of computer science; rather, they point to gaps in general lexicography. On the other hand, these words may have been omitted from DLKŽ₇ because usage of forms without prefixes is more likely to conform to normative tendencies. For example, provider, forwarder are included in LKŽe, but not in DLKŽ₇.

The terms with the most extensively developed lexical families are those covering the aspects of receiving or providing something. One such person-denoting term is recipient, “an addressee receiving an email or other electronic message” (English recipient, receiver, acceptor) IŽ, ŠKPTŽ, ATTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ. Related to it are—

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A number of specific terms are formed (mostly in telecommunications, where message recipients are classified), for example:

recipient-assigned alternate r e c i p i e n t “a user or distribution list (if any) that may be selected by the designated recipient or by the alternate sender designated by the originator, or a distribution-list recipient to which a message is redirected” (English recipient-assigned alternate recipient) ATTŽ;

routing r e c i p i e n t (English routing recipient) ŠKPTŽ;

copy r e c i p i e n t “a recipient to whom the message is not directly addressed but who is included in the distribution list for information” (English copy recipient, secondary recipient) ATTŽ;

blind-copy r e c i p i e n t “a recipient who cannot be disclosed to the other recipients of the same message” (English blind-copy recipient) ATTŽ;

intended r e c i p i e n t “one of the users or distribution lists specified by the sender as the intended addressee of the message” (English intended recipient) ATTŽ;

alternate r e c i p i e n t “in the context of message processing, a user or distribution list that the sender may (but need not) designate to receive a message or a copy of an information object only if they cannot be delivered to a particular primary recipient” (English alternate recipient) ATTŽ;

substitute r e c i p i e n t “a user or distribution list that the preferred recipient, alternate recipient, or registered recipient may select to have messages redirected” (English substitute recipient) ATTŽ;

preferred r e c i p i e n t “one of the users or distribution lists selected by the sender as a preferred message destination” (English preferred recipient) ATTŽ;

distribution-list r e c i p i e n t “a user or distribution list to which a message is delivered when a distribution list is expanded” (English member recipient) ATTŽ;

originator-specified alternate r e c i p i e n t “a user or distribution list (if any) to which the sender requests that the message be delivered if it cannot be delivered to a particular designated recipient” (English originator-specified alternate recipient) ATTŽ.

The term provider (English provider, supplier) is generally used in ŠKPTŽ in reference to services – service p r o v i d e r “an entity (a natural person, private legal person, public legal person, or a group of such persons) that provides certain services <....>” (English service provider) ATTŽ, AKTŽ. As can be seen from the definition, the concept encompasses natural and legal persons⁶. When

⁶Perhaps European Union law has led to the recent increasingly frequent use in our law of the homonymous term person as a term encompassing both natural and legal persons. This was not customary earlier: person was generally understood to mean a natural person, while in other cases a modifier was required. Even with the modifier legal, the term, in Pranas Kniūkšta’s opinion, distorts the meaning of the word person, though it is tolerable as it does not violate the language system. In his view, better terms could have been found, for example, legal entity (Kniūkšta 1999: 18–19).

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which names of actors are suitable for referring to both, although this is not always stated in dictionary definitions (or definitions are entirely absent). The definitions found in dictionaries (mostly ATTŽ) show that often only a legal person is mentioned, but under current law these concepts could, at least theoretically, also include natural persons (although this is not necessarily the case in Lithuania), for example:

cloud service provider “a service provider that provides cloud platform, infrastructure, application, data storage, and other cloud services” (English cloud provider) AKTŽ;

information provider (English information provider) ŠKPTŽ;

internet service provider (English Internet service provider) ŠKPTŽ, internet service provider “a company that provides access to internet services such as the Web and Gopher” (English internet service provider, internet access provider) ATTŽ;

network service provider “a network services business organization or institution” (English network service provider) ATTŽ;

network provider “an organization that provides a network for the provision of telecommunications services. If the same organization offers services, it also becomes a service provider” (English network provider) ATTŽ;

content provider (English content provider) ŠKPTŽ;

videotex service provider “an organization responsible for providing videotex services to the user” (English videotex service provider) ATTŽ;

videotex communications network provider “an organization that, under an agreement with a videotex service provider, is responsible for establishing communications between users’ terminal devices, informing users and/or providing services through host videotex computers” (English videotex communications network provider) ATTŽ;

Web service provider “a company that provides access to the Internet and the Web to customers who have a telephone line and modem” (English Web service provider, Web provider) ATTŽ.

The analogous term supplier (Lith. source, supplier, provider) also covers natural and legal persons (ALKTŽ, ŠKPTŽ). The only difference is that service provider is usually used when referring to services, whereas supplier refers to specific goods. There are few specific terms in the dictionaries, for example: (computer and software supplier (Lith. vendor) ALKTŽ, turnkey systems supplier (Lith. turnkey vendor) ALKTŽ. ALKTŽ offers several terms as equivalents of English third-party supplier: independent supplier, incidental supplier, intermediary supplier. Essentially the same is denoted by intermediary supplier (English third-party vendor) ALKTŽ.

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A fairly significant group of terms consists of names of persons with the suffix -ininkas. Derivatives with the suffixes mentioned above are based on verbs and indicate the performer of an action, whereas the base of derivatives with –ininkas is most often a noun. Derivatives usually designate persons by their occupation, the nature of their activity, and so on. The computer science dictionaries mainly include derivatives that already function in other fields of the language, for example:

wizard (English wizard) ALKTŽ;

scientist (English scientist) ALKTŽ;

contributor “a natural person who contributed to the creation, production, or distribution of a computer object, but did not become a co-author or owner of the entire product” (English contributor) EKŽ², AKTŽ;

manager (English manager) ALKTŽ;

supervisor – mail supervisor (English postmaster) ŠKPTŽ, web supervisor (English webmaster) ŠKPTŽ.

Different in terms of word formation (based on a pronoun) is owner (English owner) IŽ, ALKTŽ, ŠKPTŽ, LŽ; several specific terms are given with it: data bank owner (English data bank owner) IŽ, data owner (English data owner) IŽ, ŠKPTŽ, current owner (English current owner) ŠKPTŽ, new owner (English new owner) ŠKPTŽ, default owner (English default owner) ŠKPTŽ. In AKTŽ, the term controller is preferred for this meaning.

Terminography shows that words which ordinarily designate persons in the language are sometimes used in computer science to name things other than persons as well. For example, librarian is understood not only as “a person who manages software libraries” (English librarian) IŽ, ALKTŽ, but also as “a control program for working with library programs” ALKTŽ (more commonly, library maintenance program IŽ, or similar). Also compare file librarian, “a person or process that performs the functions of adding, archiving, and copying a file, and accessing data” (English file librarian) ALKTŽ. dealer (English dealer), ordinarily used with the meaning of a person, also acquires other meanings, for example:

cloud broker “an entity⁷ that maintains relationships with various cloud service providers and helps cloud customers find suitable providers and oversee the service delivery process” (English cloud broker) AKTŽ;

user agent “a functional block that ensures data exchange” (English user agent) ALKTŽ.

⁷Entity (English entity) is defined as “an essentially independent thing, phenomenon, or other object in a particular field” AKTŽ.

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A term coined as a hybrid neologism for the needs of computer science is kompiuterininkas⁸ (English computer science expert, computer scientist) IŽ. Relatively recently, the neologisms tinklaraštininkas ‘a person who writes a blog’ (English blogger) AKTŽ and mikrotinklaraštininkas ‘a person who writes a microblog’ (English microblogger) AKTŽ appeared in computer-science terminography. The word tinklininkas, known from sports and fishing, was proposed in computer science with another meaning—‘a person who browses the web, an Internet user’ (English internaut, internette r, netizen, cybernaut, cyber surfer) ŠKPTŽ—but apparently did not become widespread in usage. The neologism internetininkas, sometimes found in less formal texts and meaning ‘someone who spends a lot of time browsing the Internet’ LKND, has not yet been included in terminography.

Other derivatives used to designate persons in computer-science dictionaries do not form any significant groups; they are mostly individual derivatives with various suffixes, adopted from other fields or from the general language, for example:

bastūnas (English lurker) ŠKPTŽ;

dalyvis (English participant, attendee) ŠKPTŽ;

pusprogramių gudručiai (English script kiddies) LŽ;

klajūnas (English wired worker, nomad, road warrior, roaming) ŠKPTŽ;

kvietiniai ‘persons invited to a meeting or web conference’ (English attendees) ŠKPTŽ;

naujokas (English luser) LŽ;

sutuoktinis (English spouse) ŠKPTŽ;

užsakovas ‘a natural or legal person who receives communication-network services from a network operator or authorized intermediary and is required to pay all charges for the services’ (English customer) ATTŽ;

konferencijos vadovas (English conference conductor) ATTŽ.

Several derivatives with the suffix -ėlis have negative connotations, for example: įsibrovėlis (English intruder) LŽ, įsilaužėlis ‘a person who, by bypassing passwords and other security measures, gains unauthorized access to someone’s hardware or software’ (English cracker, intruder) LŽ, ŠKPTŽ, EKŽ, AKTŽ, nemokėlis (English lamer) LŽ. In negative contexts, equivalents of English hacker and the negatively codified borrowing hakeris are also frequently used. An interesting neologism, programišius, was coined to designate this concept: ‘a person with an interest in programming and examining operating systems and other

⁸ Kompiuterininkas ‘computer enthusiast or specialist’ has already been included in DLKŽ⁷; earlier editions of this dictionary did not contain the word. kompiuteristas is common in usage, but, in keeping with general tendencies, the hybrid derivative has been codified.

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primary program texts, to improve them” ŠKPTŽ, LŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ (the suffix –išius was chosen because of the connotations and associations evoked by words formed according to this pattern, cf. mergišius, vag išius, etc.); the compound programavimo a i s t r u o l i s was previously proposed as a synonym ŠKPTŽ, VLKK, Leksika 2005: 56. A neologism worth mentioning is the suffixal derivative with –alius, brukalius, ‘one who sends unsolicited messages—spam’ (English spammer) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ, coined in coordination with the likewise neologistic brukalas (English junk, junk mail, spam) ‘unsolicited electronic messages’ EKŽ₂, AKTŽ. Both programišius and brukalius are still being tested in usage; it would be premature to say that they have become established.

Terms naming persons formed in other ways are almost absent from computer-science terminography. No suffixal or prefixal derivatives were found; among compounds, one may mention talkininko (English contributor) and the synonym bendradarbis given for it in EKŽ₂, AKTŽ, which, of course, is no neologism in the field under consideration.

The borrowings naming persons that appear in computer-science dictionaries are neither as numerous nor as varied as terms of native origin. One particularly interesting term is the relatively recent neologism internautas, ‘a person who spends a particularly large amount of time browsing the Internet’ (English cybercitizen, cybernaut, internaut, netizen) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ. In English, the word internaut (formed by combining Internet and astronaut) arose in the last decade of the previous century (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com), is also used in other languages. The similarly formed word cybernaut is used in English with the same meaning (‘traveler through cyberspace’), but as early as the 1960s it had been used to mean ‘robot’ or ‘cyborg’ (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com). Lithuanian Internet sources show that the borrowing kibernautas is used only occasionally; as of mid-2018, the word had not yet been included in LKND, but this corpus records the hybrid formation internetininkas, which is equivalent in meaning to internautui. As noted earlier, infonautas was included in ŠKPTŽ as a synonym for tinklo naršytojo—another competitor to internauto (cf. English infonaut; the first part of the word indicates a connection with information), but it did not become widespread in usage and is also not recorded in LKND.

Most borrowings naming persons that appear in computer-science dictionaries are not words specific to the context of computer science; they are also used in other fields (of course, their meanings may differ between fields and reflect the needs of those fields), for example:

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abonentas ‘a registered recipient of electronic services (usually paid) who has entered into a contract with the provider for those services’ (English user, subscriber, customer, abonent) IŽ, ALKTŽ, ATTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ; abonentai (English members) ŠKPTŽ; administratorius ‘a fully authorized manager of a computer, computer network, or other computer system, responsible for the daily maintenance, updating, security, and other matters related to the object being administered’ (English admin, administrator, manager) IŽ, ŠKPTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ; cf. duomenų banko administratorius (English database administrator) ALKTŽ; adresantas ‘a sender who transmits an informational message to a recipient, encoded by means of language signs and communication devices, through a channel’ (English addressar) AKTŽ; adresatas ‘a person, institution, or its division to which something is addressed’ (English contact, target, destination, addressee, called party, buddy) IŽ, ALKTŽ, ŠKPTŽ, ATTŽ, AKTŽ; analitikas (English analyst) IŽ, ALKTŽ; cf. duomenų bazės analitikas ‘a person responsible for designing the structure and schema of a database’ (English database analyst) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ; autorius ‘a natural person who has created a computer program or another computer object’ (English author) IŽ, ŠKPTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ; dešifratorius ‘a person who deciphers encrypted, presented in an unrecognizable form, or corrupted information’ (English decipherer, decryptor) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ; dizaineris (English designer) ALKTŽ; dokumentalistas (English documentalist, documentor) IŽ; ekspertas (English expert) ALKTŽ; grafikas (English designer) ALKTŽ; inžinierius (English engineer) IŽ, ALKTŽ; cf. aparatinės įrangos inžinierius ‘an engineer knowledgeable about the hardware aspects of receiving, storing, retrieving, and processing information, and responsible for the technical maintenance of computer and remote information transmission systems’ (English hardware engineer, computer hardware engineer) AKTŽ; klientas ‘a person receiving a service: a buyer, customer, subscriber, website visitor, or requester and user of other services’ (English client, customer) ATTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ; konsultantas—a content konsultantas (English content advisor) ŠKPTŽ; korespondentas ‘a person who initiates or terminates a telephone call’ (English party) ATTŽ; operatorius ‘a person who performs routine operations on a device, system, or service under their supervision’ (English operator, human-operator) IŽ, ALKTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ; redaktorius ‘the head of a publication (book, magazine, newspaper) or broadcast (radio, television), who approves its content, or a program producer or editor’ (English editor, writer) ALKTŽ, EKŽ₂, AKTŽ; sistematika analitikas (English systems analyst) ALKTŽ; specialistas (English engineer) ALKTŽ; cf. sisteminės analizės specialistas (English systems analyst) ALKTŽ; technikas (English engineer) ALKTŽ.

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Although English has a strong influence on computer terminology, borrowings adopted from other fields often do not formally conform to the expression of English terms; they are used as independent units functioning in Lithuanian, whose selection is determined by the internal system of the language and the transfer of meanings, e.g.:

electronic mail s u b s c r i b e r (English email user, e-mail user) EKŽ₂;

information system a d m i n i s t r a t o r (English sysop, system operator) ALKTŽ;

electronic mail a d m i n i s t r a t o r “a person who supervises the electronic mail service and is responsible for its operation” (English postmaster) AKTŽ;

website a d m i n i s t r a t o r “a person who supervises and updates a website and responds to visitors’ electronic messages concerning the website’s functioning” (English webmaster) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ;

modification a u t h o r “a natural person who improves and modifies a program or another computer object” (English contributor) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ;

original author “a natural person who created an original computer program or another computer object” (English initial developer) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ;

instructor (English tutor) ALKTŽ;

tutor “a person who helps a learner study by providing consultations, advice, and practical assistance” (English tutor) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ;

licensee “a copyright holder” (English copyright owner, right holder) EKŽ₂, ALKTŽ;

licensee “a user of a work that is the subject of copyright” (English copyright user) EKŽ₂, AKTŽ;

mechanic (English engineer) ALKTŽ;

testing s p e c i a l i s t (English tester) ALKTŽ.

Among the sources examined, only the “Linux” glossary (LŽ) includes borrowings denoting persons marked ntk., i.e. those considered unacceptable in terminology. All are marked as slang: hakeris (English hacker) – programmer; juseris (English user) – user; krekeris (English cracker) – intruder; lameris (English lamer) – incompetent person; luzeris (English luser) – 1. newcomer, 2. user. ALKTŽ gives the form hekeris without evaluative labels, but notes that the English word hacker itself is slang, so it may be assumed that its equivalent is likewise slang. It cannot be ruled out that the slang label resulted from a cautious attitude toward the Lithuanian equivalent. The English word is polysemous, and ALKTŽ lists as many as five meanings: “1. a fanatical programmer. 2. the pride of a programmers’ society. 3. an expert in a particular program. 4. an expert who uses their knowledge for unlawful purposes, e.g. by breaking into a protected system. 5. a talented programmer who efficiently creates excellent programs” (some of the meanings could

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(combined). It should be noted that in ALKTŽ some English words or phrases regarded as slang do not seem to have Lithuanian equivalents; they are rendered descriptively: bit twiddler (slang) – a computer fanatic, an enthusiast for programming in assembly language; code bums (slang) – an excessively meticulous programmer; luser (slang) – a user who does not know how to work with a system; an unskilled user. It is understandable that finding equivalents for slang or professional terms in other languages can be difficult. In English, such units often enter the realm of terminology (they are especially abundant in some fields⁹), whereas Lithuanian terminography generally avoids slang and professional terms.

As the material presented shows, only one or two person-denoting derivatives can be considered to have been coined specifically for the needs of computer science; most names of persons presented in computer science dictionaries have been taken ready-made from the general language, where they are used in other fields (one might say that they are more often transterminologized than terminologized). Essentially, the same can be said of borrowings: most of them are not unique to computer science. Only the addition of specifying modifiers sometimes makes a term more closely associated with computer science and its realities. It should be noted that computer science dictionaries often include, for translation purposes, not only computer science terminology but also vocabulary and phrases from various software programs or from computer-related contexts in general. Consequently, not all the names of persons included are true computer science terms. They have entered the dictionaries alongside certain terminological microsystems, which they supplement. Of course, the need for some of them, especially the most general and least specialized ones (such as, for example, man, woman, children, spouse), may be questioned in computer science terminography. At the same time, the opposite question may also be raised: are the names of persons found in the dictionaries examined sufficient? These dictionaries contain quite a large number of verbs and their abstract nouns, and it is usually very easy to form from verbs a word denoting the performer of an action (especially with the productive suffixes -tojas, -ėjas). Such words are possible in a particular situation, but are not necessarily needed to name a specialized concept (as terms), e.g.: naujinti (English update) – naujintojas, formatuoti (English format) – formuotojas, tinkinti (English cus-

⁹ It is claimed that, for example, in economics and business dictionaries, person-denoting slang and professional terms account for about 20% of English names of persons and about 6% of Russian names of persons (Trypфанова 2006: 8).

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tomize) – tinkintojas, įdiegti (English install) – įdiegėjas, and so on. Some words are not even found in actual usage, but if needed they could name a domain concept, e.g. kompiuterizuotojas. A similar word, skaitmenintojas, has already emerged in usage (libraries and museums have positions designated by this term), and so it could justifiably be included in computer science dictionaries alongside the related term skaitmeninimas ‘digitization’.

Of course, there are cases in which the concept of an agent is not exclusively a computer science concept. For example, some computer science dictionaries include the terms spausdinimas ‘printing’ (IŽ, ŠKPTŽ, AKTŽ) and maketavimas ‘layout’ (IŽ, ALKTŽ), but not spausdintojas ‘printer’ or maketuotojas ‘layout designer’. Such terms are used (including as job titles), but it might be more appropriate to include them in printing-industry dictionaries. There are certainly names of agents in computer science contexts that merit inclusion in computer science dictionaries. For instance, dictionaries include žaidimas, kompiuterinis žaidimas ‘game, computer game’ (IŽ, AKTŽ) and piratavimas ‘piracy’ (ALKTŽ, EKŽ, AKTŽ), but omit the currently relevant žaidėjas, piratautojas ‘player, pirate’ (apparently, the computer science context distinguishes the lexicographically unrecorded piratautoją from the maritime pirato). Gaps in systematic coverage are sometimes evident. For example, AKTŽ gives the neologisms mentioned above, tinklaraštininkas, mikrotinklaraštininkas ‘blogger, microblogger’, alongside tinklaraštis, mikrotinklaraštis ‘blog, microblog’, but lists garso tinklaraštis (English audioblog) ‘audio blog’ and vaizdo tinklaraštis (English video blog, vlog) ‘video blog’ separately. Garso tinklaraštis ‘audio blog’ seems of limited relevance, but vaizdo tinklaraščių ‘video blogs’ are becoming increasingly relevant, as is vaizdo tinklaraštininkas ‘video blogger’ (competing with videotinklaraštininku). Many neologisms are now formed with the root tinkl-, sometimes only for particular situations, for example tinklažmogis, tinklinėtojas, tinkli šius (Girčienė 2011: 174), which need not be included in terminography.

It should be added that in the terminology dictionaries examined, names of persons are given only in the masculine form. This is now an almost established tradition in terminography. The vast majority of names (except for forms such as asmuo, moteris, vyras, vaikas ‘person, woman, man, child’) are expressed by so-called mobile nouns (substantiva mobilia) and their combinations; that is, they have, or can at least theoretically have, corresponding feminine forms, which may be used in domain texts when needed. However, dictionary readers are expected to form these themselves according to the general rules of the language. Names of persons restricted to one gender for reasons of social roles or other factors are generally uncommon (Džežulskienė 2001: 67). Nowadays, missing members of such pairs are sometimes added; for example, alongside the masculine form licenciaras, the feminine licenciarė may also be used.

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CONCLUSIONS

Although the status of names of persons as terms is sometimes questioned, they are included in terminology dictionaries, and this should not be considered a shortcoming of such dictionaries. Rather, it is worth considering whether names of persons that are relevant in certain fields are indeed justifiably excluded from terminography.

Computer science dictionaries contain a relatively large number of names of persons. Some denote concepts that are not exclusive to computer science, but have apparently been included in these dictionaries because they are relevant to the field or related to other dictionary concepts, as well as for translation purposes. The necessity of some of these entries in computer science dictionaries may be questioned, but at the same time it is evident that some names are missing.

Names of persons are most often expressed by mobile nouns, which can be either masculine or feminine, but a tradition has developed of including only generalized masculine forms in terminology dictionaries.

Computer science terminography shows that most terms denoting persons in the field are suffix derivatives. Lithuanian-derived forms predominate, though hybrids are also found. The most productive patterns are those with the suffixes -tojas and -ėjas; derivatives with the suffix -ininkas are less common. There are only a few derivatives that could be regarded as computer science neologisms; most are terminologized or transterminologized, that is, taken from the general language or adopted from other fields.

Borrowings denoting persons that have been incorporated into Lithuanian terminography solely to name computer science concepts are very rare. Most borrowings are also used in other fields; that is, they are not unique to the computer science context. Some borrowings are regarded in terminography as unacceptable or slang, and there is a reluctance to admit them into the general language. Overall, borrowings are not numerous; Lithuanian-derived forms outnumber them by at least three to one.

MAIN SOURCES

AKTŽ – Dagienė V., Jevsikova T. Explanatory Dictionary of Computer Science Terms, Vilnius: Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of Vilnius University, 2016.

ALKTŽ – Explanatory English–Lithuanian Dictionary of Computer Science Terms. Edited by A. Kirejevas, Kaunas: Smaltija, 1997.

ATTŽ – Explanatory Dictionary of Telecommunications Terms. Compiled by V. Valiukėnas, R. Sabaliauskaitė, J. Gabijūnienė, Vilnius: Lietuvos telekomas, 2004.

EKŽ – Dagienė V., Grigas G., Jevsikova T. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Computer Science. 2nd expanded ed., Vilnius: TEV, 2008.

IŽ – Informatics: Lithuanian–English–Russian–German Dictionary of Terms. Compiled by Z. Kudirka, A. Mačernius, K. Paulauskas, J. Riabūnas, B. Stulpinas, D. Šveikauskienė, R. Valatkaitė, Vilnius: Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, 1997.

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LŽ – “Linux” Glossary: A Short Glossary of the Most Commonly Used Terms in English and Lithuanian. Edited by V. Žalkauskas, Kaunas: Smaltija Publishing House, 2004.

SKPTŽ – Žalkauskas V. Dictionary of Modern Computer Programs and Networks, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing, 2003.

LITERATURE AND ADDITIONAL SOURCES

DLKŽ₇ – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian. Editor-in-chief S. Keinys, 7th revised and supplemented edition, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2012, electronic version, 2015 (updated version, 2017). Available online: http://lkiis.lki.lt/dabartinis.

Džežulskienė J. 2001: Asmenų pavadinimai, reiškiami veiksmažodiniais mobiliaisiais daiktavardžiais (substantiva mobilia). – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 44, 55–69.

Gaivenis K. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius: LKI leidykla.

Girčienė J. 2011: Naujažodžiai su dėmeniu (–)tinkl-. – Kalbos kultūra 84, 165–177.

Grigas G. 2007: Keletas panašių, bet skirtingas reikšmes turinčių žodžių porų kompiuterijoje. – Gimtoji kalba 2, 3–5.

Kniūkšta P. 1999: Ypatingesni kanceliarinės kalbos atvejai. – Kalbos kultūra 72, 16–28.

KTŽ 1990: Gaivenis K., Keinys S. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Kaunas: Šviesa.

Leksika 2005: Kalbos patarimai 4. Leksika: skolinių vartojimas. Autorė ir sudarytoja D. Mikulėnienė, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

LKND – Database of New Words of the Lithuanian Language. Compiled and administered by R. Miliūnaitė. Available online: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt.

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), elektroninis variantas. Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lkz.lt.

MTŽ 2005: Kvašytė R. Mokomasis terminologijos žodynėlis, Šiauliai: VŠĮ Šiaulių universiteto leidykla.

Murmulaitytė D. 2016: Naujieji asmenų pavadinimai darbovės ir semantiniu aspektu. – Lietuvių kalba 10. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lietuviukalba.lt/index.php/lietuviu-kalba/article/view/200.

Umbrasas A. 2005: Asmenis įvardijantys teisės terminai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose. – Terminologija 12, 107–136.

VLKK – Recommendation No. 1 of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language of 5 June 2003 “On Lithuanian Equivalents for Certain Foreign Words in Computer Science” (Inf. pran., 2003, No. 42).

VSŽ 2014: Pažūsis L., Maskaliūnienė N., Darbutaitė R., Klioštoraitytė R., Mankauskienė D., Miškinienė I., Paura M. Vertimo studijų žodynas, Vilnius: Lodvila.

Труфанова Н. О. 2006: Проблема номинации лиц в финансово-экономической терминологии (на материале русского и английского языков). Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук, Москва.

NAMES OF PERSONS IN DICTIONARIES OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

The field of terminology research covers various concepts, but names of persons are among things which are rarely discussed in the context of terminology. It has been noted in works of Lithuanian terminologists that in general it is problematic to attribute names of persons to terminology. However, in some fields such names comprise a significant part of terminology. The assumption can be made that systems of terms naming persons are more developed in social sciences. The article deals with terms naming persons which were collected from dictionaries of computer science. An attempt is made to establish what names are covered by terminology of computer science, to analyse their form in respect of word-formation and origin (the novelty and uniqueness of terms are taken into consideration when comparing with other fields). The research shows that the majority of names of persons presented in the dictionaries of computer science are suffix derivatives, though very few of them are neologisms which have been specially created for the nominations needs of com-

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puter science. Most often derivatives are taken from other fields, i.e. tranterminologized. Derivatives of Lithuanian origin prevail, but hybrids are also found. Borrowings which name persons and are included in Lithuanian terminological dictionaries as terms of computer science are also rather rare. The majority of borrowings are also used in other fields, i.e. they are not unique in the context of computer science. For the purposes of translation not only terms of computer science are included in dictionaries of this field but also words and phrases from various software and other computer related contexts. As a result, not all names of persons presented in such dictionaries are true terms of computer science. The necessity to include some names of a more general nature in the dictionaries of computer science seems quite doubtful. At the same time there are names of persons which are important in the context of computer science, but they have not been included in such dictionaries and that can be treated as their shortcoming.

Received 2018-06-04

Alvydas Umbrasas Institute of the Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius Email: [email protected]

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