6Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k
Dimensions o Te minology Wo k
Ani A nuopponen
Uni e si y o Vaasa
Keywo ds: e minology wo k, no ma i e e minology wo k, desc ip i e e minology wo k,
dicho omies, ansla ion-o ien ed e minology wo k, e minog aphy, e minology man-
agemen , s anda diza ion, concep -o ien a ion, e m-o ien a ion
1. InT oDucTIon
no ma i e/desc ip i e, sys ema ic/ad hoc, mono-/bi-/mul ilingual, con-
cep -/ e m-o ien ed a e some o he dicho omies o icho omies in he
li e a u e on e minological ac i i ies. In his pape Dicho omies: impossible
and indispensable? Johan Myking (2007: 265) discusses in dep h he mos
common di-/ icho omies conce ning he heo e ical basis o e min ology
ield. He ega ds hem as “impo an ea u es o he me adiscou se o his
discipline,” a guing ha s udying hem migh “con ibu e o a be e
unde s anding o he s a e-o - he-a wi hin he ield o e minology as
well as cu en ensions and de elopmen ends”. These dicho omies a e
aken equen ly also as depa u e poin s when mo i a ing new heo e ical
app oaches (see mo e e.g. in Myking 2001, 2007; Budin 2001; An ia 2001;
cab é 1999, 2003; Temme man 2000). In his pape , dicho omies and
icho omies ela ed o p ac ical e minology wo k a e aken as exp essions
o dimensions o e minology wo k.
This pape is a con ibu ion o he esea ch in o he s a e-o - he-a o
e minology wo k. Ten a i e, mul idimensional ypology (concep sys em)
o e minology wo k is ou lined co e ing hi een c i e ia o di ision, o
“dimensions,” which a e g ouped in o hose ela ed o a ge g oup, pu pose,
compile , p oduc , o me hod. In addi ion o some es ablished di-/ icho o-
mies in he li e a u e, I ha e also looked o some new ones ha can be
de ec ed when sc u inizing di e en ways o wo king wi h e minologies.
They e eal c i e ia o di ision o di e en ypes o e minology wo k
and bo de lines be ween wha could be ega ded as e minology wo k and
wha belongs, o ins ance, o lexicog aphy. In addi ion, some es ablished
dicho omies we e eshu led.
7Te minologija | 2018 | 25
The sou ces include li e a u e on he heo y and p ac ice o he ield
o e minology: jou nals, con e ence epo s, ield o e iews, handbooks
(e.g. W igh & Budin 1997a, b; S eu s & Kockae 2014; Felbe 1984),
ex books (e.g. cab é 1999; Pich & D askau 1985; Sage 1990), guidelines
and s anda ds (ISo 1087; ISo 704). In he ollowing, he concep o
e minology wo k and he designa ions u ilized o i a e discussed, and
a amewo k o he analysis o he a ious dimensions and cha ac e is ics
o e minology wo k is es ablished. A e ha , each o hem is explo ed
mo e ho oughly.
2. Te MInology Wo K
The ISo s anda d 1087-1 (2000) de ines e minology wo k as “wo k
conce ned wi h he sys ema ic collec ion, desc ip ion, p ocessing and
p esen a ion o concep s and hei designa ions”. The ISo 704 (2009: )
includes he ollowing as he main ac i i ies o e minology wo k:
– “iden i ying concep s and concep ela ions;
– analysing and modelling concep sys ems on he basis o iden i ied
concep s and concep ela ions;
– es ablishing ep esen a ions o concep sys ems h ough concep
diag ams;
– de ining concep s;
– a ibu ing designa ions (p edominan ly e ms) o each concep in
one o mo e languages;
– eco ding and p esen ing e minological da a, p incipally in p in
and elec onic media ( e minog aphy).”
I gene ally subsc ibe o he ISo 1087 (2000) de ini ion o e min ology
wo k, bu o he pu poses o his s udy I would p e e o s e ch i o some
ex en in o de o be able o add ess, among o he hings, also “non-sys-
ema ic” e minology ela ed wo k and o explo e a mo e a ied p ac ices.
In he li e a u e o he ield, we ind a leas ollowing al e na i e des-
igna ions o e minology wo k: e minog aphy, e minology managemen ,
e minology p ocessing and e minology. The las one ( e minology) appea s
equen ly in he li e a u e. Fo ins ance, Vesna lušicky and Tanja Wis-
sik (2015: 8) de ine he ac i i y as ollows:
“The goal o e minology is o eco d and o ganize he meaning and usage o
specialised e ms and o make hose a ailable in a ious e minological e-
sou ces like (online) e mbases, dic iona ies, glossa ies, and e minology s and-
a ds, in o de o use hem in ex s, ansla ion, and specialised discou se.”
8Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k
Howe e , I would a he a oid his polysemous usage o he e m e -
minology since i is no always clea om he con ex which “ e min ology”
he au ho s a e alking abou ( esea ch ield, discipline, e minology wo k,
se o e ms, glossa y o e ms e c.). The e m e minog aphy, coined in
analogy wi h lexicog aphy, was sugges ed by Alain ey o “applied de-
sc ip i e e minology” in he se en ies ( ey 1995: 23, 129). Te minog aphy
has ound i s way in o in e na ional english usage alongside e minology
wo k. I appea s, o ins ance, in ISo 704 (2009) as seen abo e and in
ISo 1087 (2000), bu e e ing o a “pa o e minology wo k conce ned
wi h he eco ding and p esen a ion o e minological da a”, which “may
be p esen ed in he o m o e m banks, glossa ies, hesau i o o he pub-
lica ions”. Ins ead o e minology wo k o e minog aphy, Sue ellen W igh
and ge ha d Budin (1997a) use he e m e minology managemen wi h he
mo i a ion ha i would i be e in he english language usage and would
be analogical wi h “in o ma ion managemen ” (ibid. 1997a: 2). Acco ding
o hem, e minology managemen consis s o “s uc u ing, s o ing, exchang-
ing, dissemina ing and using e minological in o ma ion o ex p oduc ion
(including dic iona ies, e c.)”. Also o hem, e minog aphy is he ac i i y
o eco ding e minological in o ma ion, and no he wide ac i i y. Klaus-
Di k Schmi z (2009), in his u n, p e e s he ISo 704 usage o e minology
wo k bu wan s o use he e m e minology managemen ins ead o e mi-
nog aphy (see also lušicky & Wissik 2015: 8). Juan Sage (1990) uses he
e m e minology p ocessing, which howe e has no sp ead as much as he
o he s ha e. In his a icle, he e m e minology wo k will be u ilized o
he wide ac i i y ela ed wi h e minologies while e minology managemen
is – as K.-D. Schmi z (2009) sees i – he “pa o e minology wo k con-
ce ned wi h he eco ding and p esen a ion o e minological da a”.
In he e minological li e a u e, a ious ypes o e minology wo k a e
desc ibed qui e di e en ly. The e a e many synonymous e ms and cases
o polysemy. In his s udy, howe e , I ha e been mo e in e es ed in hei
elemen s o di e en ypes o e minology wo k and concen a e mos ly
on hei cha ac e is ics. Va ious ypes o e minology wo k ha a e de-
sc ibed in he li e a u e a e aken he e as complemen s o each o he .
(Figu e 1). The ocus on cha ac e is ics o e minology wo k is also a
heo e ical e o owa ds a mul i ace ed and mul idimensional heo y o
e minology ha g. Budin (2001: 20) men ions. The classi ica ion is en-
a i e and open o u he discussion and de elopmen . In he ollowing,
9Te minologija | 2018 | 25
a ious cha ac e is ics o he di e en app oaches will be sepa a ed and
examined mo e o less as elemen s ha could be pu oge he in many
di e en ways. Among se e al al e na i es o g ouping he di e en c i-
e ia o di ision I chose i e main g oups guided by he basic ques ions:
o whom, why, by whom, which p oduc , and how? (See Figu e 1).
Figu e 1. dimensions o e minology wo k
1 0 Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k
3. Te MInology Wo K To WHoM?
Ta ge g oup. Te minology wo k has a ious a ge g oups ha ha e
somewha di e en needs. In addi ion, he ques ions “ o whom” and “by
whom” a e in e wined and canno always be sepa a ed om each o he .
no ma i e e minology wo k and e minological s anda diza ion we e in-
oduced o add ess communica ion hinde s among he domain expe s
and o mee hei e minology needs. Ano he la ge e minology use g oup
a e ansla o s, and i has been equen ly emphasized ha hei needs
di e om hose o he subjec specialis s (see W igh & W igh 1997:
148). Mo eo e , hey also do e minology wo k hemsel es (mo e in chap-
e 5). Indeed, special a en ion has been paid o how o in eg a e e mi-
nology wo k as a pa o ansla ion wo k ( ansla ion-o ien ed e min ology;
e.g. Hohnhold 1990; W igh & W igh 1997). In addi ion o hese wo
g oups, e minology wo k can be a ge ed e.g. o in e nal (e.g. echnical
w i e s), o ex e nal use s in o ganiza ions o companies (e.g. cus ome s),
s uden s, laype sons, and gene al audience. Fu he mo e, no all use s a e
humans bu e minology wo k is done also o machine ansla ion, ma-
chine- eadable on ologies, and o he needs o a ious ypes o in o ma-
ion sys ems.
4. WHy Te MInology Wo K?
The e is a my iad o easons why e minology wo k is needed. How-
e e , I shall ake up only wo basic dicho omies ha lie behind e min-
ology wo k. The i s one is he immediacy o he needs he use has:
e minology wo k ei he an icipa es he needs o he use o is pe o med
a eques . The second one has o do wi h he pu pose o he wo k: e -
minology wo k has as i s pu pose ei he o in luence o o desc ibe he
usage o e ms and concep s on a ield.
Immediacy. F om he poin o iew o immediacy o use needs, e -
minology wo k can be ei he p oac i e and jus -in- ime e minology wo k
(lISe guidelines 2013: 21–23), o some hing in be ween. Fo V. lušicky
and T. Wissik (2015: 9), who a e ocusing on ansla ion-o ien ed e min-
ology wo k, p oac i e e minology wo k is “ ex -based e minology wo k
ha is conce ned wi h he collec ion, desc ip ion, p ocession and p esen-
a ion o concep s and hei designa ions be o e he ansla ion p ocess.”
Howe e , lISe guidelines (2013) use he e m o a wide ac i i y co e -
ing all ypes o e minology wo k ha a e “done by assessing p obable

1 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25
u u e needs conce ning domains o be discussed, ex s o be ansla ed,
legisla ion o be passed, e c. Te minologis s y o an icipa e u u e needs
by wo king on en i e domains and ex -speci ic e minology ha is no
al eady p esen in he e minological esou ce o e e ence.” (lISe guide-
lines 2013: 23)
In his sense, p oac i e e minology wo k co e s he ac i i ies equi ed
by e minology planning, such as assessing he p esen and u u e needs
o o ganiza ion, en e p ise, subjec ield, language, coun y, e c. Fo in-
s ance, he eu has made a - eaching e minology planning s a egies ha
de ine he e minology wo k o be done (see e.g. Fische 2010). In addi-
ion, s anda diza ion o e minology is p oac i e as well as he e min ology
wo k a companies. Ka a Wa bu on (1997: 677) emphasizes ha compa-
nies need “ o iden i y hei e minology needs and plan a cou se o ac ion
o mee hose needs ea ly in o de o educe wo k in he u u e”.
While p oac i e e minology wo k an icipa es he needs well ahead, a
he o he end o he con inuum lies e minology wo k ha is done a he
momen o he need. I is o en called ad-hoc e minology (wo k) bu also
he e ms jus -in ime, on demand, exp ess, o occasional e minology (wo k)
could desc ibe well i s cha ac e (see e.g. ghallchobhai 2008; lISe epo
2013). The e m ad-hoc e minology (wo k) is u ilized by di e en au ho s
o di e en concep s, o example, as opposi e o “sys ema ic e min ology
wo k” ha I will e u n la e on o.
Ad-hoc o jus -in ime e minology wo k is done ei he by he use (“DIy
e minology wo k”) o by a ious ypes o e minology se ices and cen es,
o in-house e minologis s (“ e minology on demand”). claudia Dob ina
(2010: 82) desc ibes he la e case as “ e minological eme gency wa d”,
which “has eme ged o mee u gen and no oo as e minological needs”.
I is needed when single o a se o e minological p oblems mus be sol ed
in a sho ime (lISe guidelines 2013: 23; cab é 1999: 152).
Needs. Fu he mo e, a dis inc ion be ween domain-o ien ed and ex -
o ien ed e minology wo k can be done (e.g. Schmi z 2009). The need
o he i s one comes om he ield, and i s knowledge is aken as i s
poin o depa u e. comp ehensi e ma e ial is collec ed including a ious
ypes o ele an documen s as well as ield expe s in e iewed and con-
sul ed (W igh & W igh 1997: 148). An example o ex -o ien ed e min-
ology wo k is he p epa a o y wo k ha ansla o s do when sol ing e -
minological p oblems ound in ex s hey ansla e. They do his by con-
1 2 Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k
sul ing o he ex s o ansla ion equi alen s and o he e minological
da a p io ansla ing he ex . Ins ead o sys ema ic subjec ield s udy,
he ansla o s a he c ea e hei own e minology esou ces “p esen ed
wi h andom ex ac s om a domain” (W igh & W igh 1997: 148). Sys-
ema ic e minology wo k (managemen ) has been desc ibed also as “sub-
jec - ield-d i en” while ansla o -o ien ed ad-hoc e minology as “ ex -
d i en” (W igh & W igh 1997: 147; Fabe 1999: 98).
Pu pose. The main pu pose and ask o e minology wo k om he
e y beginning has been o acili a e he mu ual unde s anding inside he
special ields and o e he language and o he bounda ies. In o de o do
his, wo app oaches can be aken: desc ip i e o no ma i e (p esc ip-
i e) e minology wo k. Desc ip i e e minology wo k ideally would esul
in e minological p oduc s ( ocabula ies, e m bases, e c.) ha co e all
he e minological and concep ual a ia ion o he a ge ield and com-
men he ela ionships be ween he a ian s lea ing he selec ion o he
mos sui able one o he use . The pu pose o he no ma i e o p esc ip-
i e e minology wo k is o make “ he a ge audience o adop he p e-
e ed e m and a oid ejec ed ones” (Ka sch 2014: 294), such as e min-
ology conce ning a p oduc o se ice o a company, legal sys em, e c.
Same me hods can be u ilized o mos o he wo k p ocesses because
desc ip i e wo k cons i u es he i s pa o he no ma i e wo k p ocess
(see cab é 1999: 132).
In addi ion o hese wo ypes o e minology wo k, Helmu Felbe
(1984: 189) eminds us ha he e is also he ype o e minog aphy “used
by scien i ic communi ies which is based on he idea ha scien i ic con-
cep s a e in a cons an lux. Fo hem scien i ic e minology can only be
ecommended bu no p esc ibed.”
5. By WHoM?
Expe ise. Those who wo k wi h e minologies in one way o ano he ,
could be oughly di ided in o h ee o e lapping ca ego ies: “c ea o s,”
“compile s & media o s” and “use s”. The i s ones a e domain expe s
(syn. subjec specialis s, subjec ma e expe s, SME) who c ea e and use
concep s and e ms o hei ield in he i s place (Sage 1990: 197; cab é
1999: 121). They c ea e concep sys ems, de ine concep s and ag ee on
sha ed e minology – o p omo e hei own. The esul s o his kind o
e minology wo k a e documen ed ei he explici ly o implici ly in s and-
1 3Te minologija | 2018 | 25
a ds, handbooks, a icles, ex books, echnical documen s, e c. Te mino-
logical me hods, ISo s anda ds and guidebooks ha e been a ge ed o
his g oup. The wo k o hese e minology “c ea o s” could be ea ed as
“p ima y” when opposed o wha e minologis s and o he s in ol ed do
when collec ing and analyzing e minological da a, and p oducing and
dissemina ing e minological p oduc s (“seconda y”). The hi d g oup,
“use s,” a e hose who need e ms and concep s in hei wo k, such as
ansla o s, echnical w i e s, eache s, in o ma ion and documen a ion
specialis s, laymen and s uden s as well as hose who wo k in he ield.
The e minology ela ed wo k he “use s” do consis s e.g. o sea ching
o ele an e ms, concep s, de ini ions, and equi alen s (“ e ia y”). The
di e ence be ween he g oups ha do e minology ela ed job could be
said o lie in hei ela ionship o he objec o e minology wo k and
hei deg ee o expe ise in he subjec ma e . A one end o he con-
inuum, he e a e he domain expe s who “own” he e minology, i.e.
hey know he e minology o hei ield and ha e a say in, which e ms
o selec and how o de ine concep s. They ha e a decisi e ole in e min-
ology p ojec g oups, and e minologis s need o consul hem (see e.g.
Pich & D askau 1985: 167; cab é 1999: 121) and documen s w i en by
hem. A he o he end o he con inuum, he e a e hose, who do e -
minology wo k o sea ch e minology wi hou being ield specialis s. In
be ween hese wo ends is he ype o e minology wo k ha is done as
coope a ion be ween e minologis s and domain expe s (see below). I
mus be no ed ha an expe is also a “use ” and, o ins ance, a e mi-
nologis o ansla o could be also an expe and a “c ea o ” (mo e on
expe ise e.g. in Ka sch 2014: 295–296).
Collabo a ion. As o he o ganiza ion o he wo k, we could iden i y a
di e ence be ween e minology wo k acco ding o he deg ee o collab-
o a ion, whe he i is an indi idual, in a- o in e o ganiza ional e o . In
addi ion, he dimension o na ional and in e na ional coope a ion has
been p esen om he e y beginning. A i s bes , e minology wo k is a
collabo a i e e o , and di e en ypes o collabo a i e models ha e been
sugges ed in he li e a u e (Felbe 1984: 29; Pich & D askau 1985; Ka sch
2014) he basic model equi ing collabo a ion a leas be ween a e mi-
nologis and a domain expe . He ibe Pich & Jenni e D askau (1985:
167) e en poin ou ha “Te minologis s [–] who imagine ha hei wo k
can succeed wi hou expe ad ice [–] ha e misunde s ood some o he
1 4 Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k
basic p inciples o hei p o ession”. The la es de elopmen s a e c owd-
sou cing e o s enabled by web-based pla o ms and cloud se ices (Ka sch
2014).
Con inui y. Te minology wo k can be a ees anding one ime o ecu -
en e o , o i can be con inuous p ac ice in eg a ed in he p ocesses o
an o ganiza ion o e.g. in he wo k o a ansla o . Some p ojec s a e ca -
ied ou only once bu some imes p ojec s a e epea ed – as i is done
e.g. in s anda diza ion. This is because subjec ields a e no s a ic bu
changes occu , which also in luence concep s, concep sys ems and e ms.
Te minology p ojec s can each om ex ensi e o mo e es ic ed unde -
akings s a ing wi h es ablishing a p ojec g oup, planning and budge
making, e c. and inally ending e.g. wi h a inished p oduc in a o m o
a ocabula y o a se o en ies in a e minological da abase. Te mino-
logical li e a u e qui e o en desc ibes e minology wo k as a p ojec , e en
hough i is no always possible o e en necessa y o go o such leng hs.
In many cases, a small-scale e minology wo k would do, such as o ad-
hoc wo k, que y answe ing, o e minology da abase main enance in o -
de o esea ch o missing en ies, equi alen s o sub ield e minologies.
As men ioned abo e, e minology wo k is also done as a con inuous
p ocess, e.g. in a company o an o ganiza ion. This kind o e minology
wo k is some hing o which he e m e minology managemen would be
sui ed o , especially when a e minology managemen sys em is u ilized.
Fo ins ance, c is ina Valen ini (2016: 35) desc ibes he e minology man-
agemen o Pa en coope a ion T ea y Te mbase (PcT) in he ollowing
way: “concep s and e ms a e con ibu ed daily by PcT s a e minolo-
gis s, ansla o s, and sho - e m e minology ainees. con ibu ions may
in ol e c ea ion o new eco ds o concep s no exis ing in he PcT
Te mbase o comple ion o exis ing eco ds by adding missing languages.”
6. WHIcH P oDucT?
P oduc . Depending on he p oduc , e minology wo k p ocesses di e
om each o he – a leas in he inal s eps, when he esul s a e compiled
and p esen ed. one end o he “p oduc con inuum” consis s o a single
e m, de ini ion, o equi alen s, e.g. when p ocessing e minology que ies,
o adding en ies in a e m bank. A he o he end lies an ex ensi e
e minological ocabula y in a o m o e.g. p in , e-book, pd , web-
pages, a se o en ies in a e m bank o a whole e m bank. Ano he
2 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25
ISo 1087-1 2000 Te minology wo k – Vocabula y – Pa 1. Theo y and applica ion, gene a: In e na ional
o ganiza ion o S anda diza ion.
ISo 704 2009 Te minology wo k – P inciples and me hods, gene a: In e na ional o ganiza ion o
S anda diza ion.
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lSP P oceeDIngS.pd .
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A : h p://www.compu ing.su y.ac.uk/ai/poin e / epo /in o.h ml.
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John Benjamins Publishing company.
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2 2 Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k
Te MINoLoGIJos dA Bo AsPeKTAI
S aipsnyje ap a iami į ai ūs e minologijos da bo aspek ai. Nag inėjama e minolo-
gijos li e a ū a, ieškan aiškių i numanomų dicho omijų i icho omijų, susijusių su
iksline g upe, po eikio enkinimo skuba, į ai iais po eikiais, ikslu, ekspe ize, bend ada -
bia imu, ęs inumu, p oduk u, kalba, medžiaga, p iemone, o ien acija i sis emiškumu.
Kaip y imo ezul a as pa eik a daugiaaspek ė e minologijos da bo ipologija (są okų
sis ema), ku ios ka ego ijos gali bū i į ai iai de inamos. Pa yzdžiui, e minologijos
da bas gali bū i sa a ankiška ienka inė a pasika ojan i eikla, ku ios p oduk as –
spausdin as, el. knygos a pd o ma u pa eng as, inklalapyje pa eik as a kaip e minų
s aipsnių inkinys e minų banke įdė as e minų žodynas. Be o, e minologijos da -
bas gali bū i o ganizuo a, bend ada bia imu pa em a eikla, ku ios imasi p ojek o g u-
pė, o ganizacijos padalinys a p o esionalus e minologas, jis gali bū i e ėjo a spe
cia liųjų eks ų engėjo da bo dalis, a liekama nuola a pagal po eikį. Šiuolaikinis e -
minologijos da bas labai į ai us. Jam eikia okių me odų i p incipų, žinynų i ado-
ėlių, ku ie galė ų ap ėp i į ai ius po eikius i su eik ų inkamą pag indą ski ingų
ipų e minologijos da bui: e minologijos plana imui, g ei ai a lik inam e minologi-
jos da bui, į ai ioms ikslinėms g upėms numa y ai eiklai, įskai an kompiu e ijos
sp endimus, p ojek us, ęs inę e minologijos a kybą i k .
gau a 2018-07-03
Ani a nuopponen
uni e si y o Vaasa
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65101 Vaasa
Finland