Dimensions of Terminology Work

6Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k Dimensions o Te minology Wo k Ani A nuopponen Uni e si y o Vaasa Keywo ds: e minology wo k, no ma i e e minology wo k, desc ip i e e minology wo k, dicho omies, ansla ion-o ien ed e minology wo k, e minog aphy, e minology man- agemen , s anda diza ion, concep -o ien a ion, e m-o ien a ion 1. InT oDucTIon no ma i e/desc ip i e, sys ema ic/ad hoc, mono-/bi-/mul ilingual, con- cep -/ e m-o ien ed a e some o he dicho omies o icho omies in he li e a u e on e minological ac i i ies. In his pape Dicho omies: impossible and indispensable? Johan Myking (2007: 265) discusses in dep h he mos common di-/ icho omies conce ning he heo e ical basis o e min ology ield. He ega ds hem as “impo an ea u es o he me adiscou se o his discipline,” a guing ha s udying hem migh “con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o he s a e-o - he-a wi hin he ield o e minology as well as cu en ensions and de elopmen ends”. These dicho omies a e aken equen ly also as depa u e poin s when mo i a ing new heo e ical app oaches (see mo e e.g. in Myking 2001, 2007; Budin 2001; An ia 2001; cab é 1999, 2003; Temme man 2000). In his pape , dicho omies and icho omies ela ed o p ac ical e minology wo k a e aken as exp essions o dimensions o e minology wo k. This pape is a con ibu ion o he esea ch in o he s a e-o - he-a o e minology wo k. Ten a i e, mul idimensional ypology (concep sys em) o e minology wo k is ou lined co e ing hi een c i e ia o di ision, o “dimensions,” which a e g ouped in o hose ela ed o a ge g oup, pu pose, compile , p oduc , o me hod. In addi ion o some es ablished di-/ icho o- mies in he li e a u e, I ha e also looked o some new ones ha can be de ec ed when sc u inizing di e en ways o wo king wi h e minologies. They e eal c i e ia o di ision o di e en ypes o e minology wo k and bo de lines be ween wha could be ega ded as e minology wo k and wha belongs, o ins ance, o lexicog aphy. In addi ion, some es ablished dicho omies we e eshu led. 7Te minologija | 2018 | 25 The sou ces include li e a u e on he heo y and p ac ice o he ield o e minology: jou nals, con e ence epo s, ield o e iews, handbooks (e.g. W igh & Budin 1997a, b; S eu s & Kockae 2014; Felbe 1984), ex books (e.g. cab é 1999; Pich & D askau 1985; Sage 1990), guidelines and s anda ds (ISo 1087; ISo 704). In he ollowing, he concep o e minology wo k and he designa ions u ilized o i a e discussed, and a amewo k o he analysis o he a ious dimensions and cha ac e is ics o e minology wo k is es ablished. A e ha , each o hem is explo ed mo e ho oughly. 2. Te MInology Wo K The ISo s anda d 1087-1 (2000) de ines e minology wo k as “wo k conce ned wi h he sys ema ic collec ion, desc ip ion, p ocessing and p esen a ion o concep s and hei designa ions”. The ISo 704 (2009: ) includes he ollowing as he main ac i i ies o e minology wo k: – “iden i ying concep s and concep ela ions; – analysing and modelling concep sys ems on he basis o iden i ied concep s and concep ela ions; – es ablishing ep esen a ions o concep sys ems h ough concep diag ams; – de ining concep s; – a ibu ing designa ions (p edominan ly e ms) o each concep in one o mo e languages; – eco ding and p esen ing e minological da a, p incipally in p in and elec onic media ( e minog aphy).” I gene ally subsc ibe o he ISo 1087 (2000) de ini ion o e min ology wo k, bu o he pu poses o his s udy I would p e e o s e ch i o some ex en in o de o be able o add ess, among o he hings, also “non-sys- ema ic” e minology ela ed wo k and o explo e a mo e a ied p ac ices. In he li e a u e o he ield, we ind a leas ollowing al e na i e des- igna ions o e minology wo k: e minog aphy, e minology managemen , e minology p ocessing and e minology. The las one ( e minology) appea s equen ly in he li e a u e. Fo ins ance, Vesna lušicky and Tanja Wis- sik (2015: 8) de ine he ac i i y as ollows: “The goal o e minology is o eco d and o ganize he meaning and usage o specialised e ms and o make hose a ailable in a ious e minological e- sou ces like (online) e mbases, dic iona ies, glossa ies, and e minology s and- a ds, in o de o use hem in ex s, ansla ion, and specialised discou se.” 8Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k Howe e , I would a he a oid his polysemous usage o he e m e - minology since i is no always clea om he con ex which “ e min ology” he au ho s a e alking abou ( esea ch ield, discipline, e minology wo k, se o e ms, glossa y o e ms e c.). The e m e minog aphy, coined in analogy wi h lexicog aphy, was sugges ed by Alain ey o “applied de- sc ip i e e minology” in he se en ies ( ey 1995: 23, 129). Te minog aphy has ound i s way in o in e na ional english usage alongside e minology wo k. I appea s, o ins ance, in ISo 704 (2009) as seen abo e and in ISo 1087 (2000), bu e e ing o a “pa o e minology wo k conce ned wi h he eco ding and p esen a ion o e minological da a”, which “may be p esen ed in he o m o e m banks, glossa ies, hesau i o o he pub- lica ions”. Ins ead o e minology wo k o e minog aphy, Sue ellen W igh and ge ha d Budin (1997a) use he e m e minology managemen wi h he mo i a ion ha i would i be e in he english language usage and would be analogical wi h “in o ma ion managemen ” (ibid. 1997a: 2). Acco ding o hem, e minology managemen consis s o “s uc u ing, s o ing, exchang- ing, dissemina ing and using e minological in o ma ion o ex p oduc ion (including dic iona ies, e c.)”. Also o hem, e minog aphy is he ac i i y o eco ding e minological in o ma ion, and no he wide ac i i y. Klaus- Di k Schmi z (2009), in his u n, p e e s he ISo 704 usage o e minology wo k bu wan s o use he e m e minology managemen ins ead o e mi- nog aphy (see also lušicky & Wissik 2015: 8). Juan Sage (1990) uses he e m e minology p ocessing, which howe e has no sp ead as much as he o he s ha e. In his a icle, he e m e minology wo k will be u ilized o he wide ac i i y ela ed wi h e minologies while e minology managemen is – as K.-D. Schmi z (2009) sees i – he “pa o e minology wo k con- ce ned wi h he eco ding and p esen a ion o e minological da a”. In he e minological li e a u e, a ious ypes o e minology wo k a e desc ibed qui e di e en ly. The e a e many synonymous e ms and cases o polysemy. In his s udy, howe e , I ha e been mo e in e es ed in hei elemen s o di e en ypes o e minology wo k and concen a e mos ly on hei cha ac e is ics. Va ious ypes o e minology wo k ha a e de- sc ibed in he li e a u e a e aken he e as complemen s o each o he . (Figu e 1). The ocus on cha ac e is ics o e minology wo k is also a heo e ical e o owa ds a mul i ace ed and mul idimensional heo y o e minology ha g. Budin (2001: 20) men ions. The classi ica ion is en- a i e and open o u he discussion and de elopmen . In he ollowing, 9Te minologija | 2018 | 25 a ious cha ac e is ics o he di e en app oaches will be sepa a ed and examined mo e o less as elemen s ha could be pu oge he in many di e en ways. Among se e al al e na i es o g ouping he di e en c i- e ia o di ision I chose i e main g oups guided by he basic ques ions: o whom, why, by whom, which p oduc , and how? (See Figu e 1). Figu e 1. dimensions o e minology wo k 1 0 Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k 3. Te MInology Wo K To WHoM? Ta ge g oup. Te minology wo k has a ious a ge g oups ha ha e somewha di e en needs. In addi ion, he ques ions “ o whom” and “by whom” a e in e wined and canno always be sepa a ed om each o he . no ma i e e minology wo k and e minological s anda diza ion we e in- oduced o add ess communica ion hinde s among he domain expe s and o mee hei e minology needs. Ano he la ge e minology use g oup a e ansla o s, and i has been equen ly emphasized ha hei needs di e om hose o he subjec specialis s (see W igh & W igh 1997: 148). Mo eo e , hey also do e minology wo k hemsel es (mo e in chap- e 5). Indeed, special a en ion has been paid o how o in eg a e e mi- nology wo k as a pa o ansla ion wo k ( ansla ion-o ien ed e min ology; e.g. Hohnhold 1990; W igh & W igh 1997). In addi ion o hese wo g oups, e minology wo k can be a ge ed e.g. o in e nal (e.g. echnical w i e s), o ex e nal use s in o ganiza ions o companies (e.g. cus ome s), s uden s, laype sons, and gene al audience. Fu he mo e, no all use s a e humans bu e minology wo k is done also o machine ansla ion, ma- chine- eadable on ologies, and o he needs o a ious ypes o in o ma- ion sys ems. 4. WHy Te MInology Wo K? The e is a my iad o easons why e minology wo k is needed. How- e e , I shall ake up only wo basic dicho omies ha lie behind e min- ology wo k. The i s one is he immediacy o he needs he use has: e minology wo k ei he an icipa es he needs o he use o is pe o med a eques . The second one has o do wi h he pu pose o he wo k: e - minology wo k has as i s pu pose ei he o in luence o o desc ibe he usage o e ms and concep s on a ield. Immediacy. F om he poin o iew o immediacy o use needs, e - minology wo k can be ei he p oac i e and jus -in- ime e minology wo k (lISe guidelines 2013: 21–23), o some hing in be ween. Fo V. lušicky and T. Wissik (2015: 9), who a e ocusing on ansla ion-o ien ed e min- ology wo k, p oac i e e minology wo k is “ ex -based e minology wo k ha is conce ned wi h he collec ion, desc ip ion, p ocession and p esen- a ion o concep s and hei designa ions be o e he ansla ion p ocess.” Howe e , lISe guidelines (2013) use he e m o a wide ac i i y co e - ing all ypes o e minology wo k ha a e “done by assessing p obable 1 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25 u u e needs conce ning domains o be discussed, ex s o be ansla ed, legisla ion o be passed, e c. Te minologis s y o an icipa e u u e needs by wo king on en i e domains and ex -speci ic e minology ha is no al eady p esen in he e minological esou ce o e e ence.” (lISe guide- lines 2013: 23) In his sense, p oac i e e minology wo k co e s he ac i i ies equi ed by e minology planning, such as assessing he p esen and u u e needs o o ganiza ion, en e p ise, subjec ield, language, coun y, e c. Fo in- s ance, he eu has made a - eaching e minology planning s a egies ha de ine he e minology wo k o be done (see e.g. Fische 2010). In addi- ion, s anda diza ion o e minology is p oac i e as well as he e min ology wo k a companies. Ka a Wa bu on (1997: 677) emphasizes ha compa- nies need “ o iden i y hei e minology needs and plan a cou se o ac ion o mee hose needs ea ly in o de o educe wo k in he u u e”. While p oac i e e minology wo k an icipa es he needs well ahead, a he o he end o he con inuum lies e minology wo k ha is done a he momen o he need. I is o en called ad-hoc e minology (wo k) bu also he e ms jus -in ime, on demand, exp ess, o occasional e minology (wo k) could desc ibe well i s cha ac e (see e.g. ghallchobhai 2008; lISe epo 2013). The e m ad-hoc e minology (wo k) is u ilized by di e en au ho s o di e en concep s, o example, as opposi e o “sys ema ic e min ology wo k” ha I will e u n la e on o. Ad-hoc o jus -in ime e minology wo k is done ei he by he use (“DIy e minology wo k”) o by a ious ypes o e minology se ices and cen es, o in-house e minologis s (“ e minology on demand”). claudia Dob ina (2010: 82) desc ibes he la e case as “ e minological eme gency wa d”, which “has eme ged o mee u gen and no oo as e minological needs”. I is needed when single o a se o e minological p oblems mus be sol ed in a sho ime (lISe guidelines 2013: 23; cab é 1999: 152). Needs. Fu he mo e, a dis inc ion be ween domain-o ien ed and ex - o ien ed e minology wo k can be done (e.g. Schmi z 2009). The need o he i s one comes om he ield, and i s knowledge is aken as i s poin o depa u e. comp ehensi e ma e ial is collec ed including a ious ypes o ele an documen s as well as ield expe s in e iewed and con- sul ed (W igh & W igh 1997: 148). An example o ex -o ien ed e min- ology wo k is he p epa a o y wo k ha ansla o s do when sol ing e - minological p oblems ound in ex s hey ansla e. They do his by con- 1 2 Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k sul ing o he ex s o ansla ion equi alen s and o he e minological da a p io ansla ing he ex . Ins ead o sys ema ic subjec ield s udy, he ansla o s a he c ea e hei own e minology esou ces “p esen ed wi h andom ex ac s om a domain” (W igh & W igh 1997: 148). Sys- ema ic e minology wo k (managemen ) has been desc ibed also as “sub- jec - ield-d i en” while ansla o -o ien ed ad-hoc e minology as “ ex - d i en” (W igh & W igh 1997: 147; Fabe 1999: 98). Pu pose. The main pu pose and ask o e minology wo k om he e y beginning has been o acili a e he mu ual unde s anding inside he special ields and o e he language and o he bounda ies. In o de o do his, wo app oaches can be aken: desc ip i e o no ma i e (p esc ip- i e) e minology wo k. Desc ip i e e minology wo k ideally would esul in e minological p oduc s ( ocabula ies, e m bases, e c.) ha co e all he e minological and concep ual a ia ion o he a ge ield and com- men he ela ionships be ween he a ian s lea ing he selec ion o he mos sui able one o he use . The pu pose o he no ma i e o p esc ip- i e e minology wo k is o make “ he a ge audience o adop he p e- e ed e m and a oid ejec ed ones” (Ka sch 2014: 294), such as e min- ology conce ning a p oduc o se ice o a company, legal sys em, e c. Same me hods can be u ilized o mos o he wo k p ocesses because desc ip i e wo k cons i u es he i s pa o he no ma i e wo k p ocess (see cab é 1999: 132). In addi ion o hese wo ypes o e minology wo k, Helmu Felbe (1984: 189) eminds us ha he e is also he ype o e minog aphy “used by scien i ic communi ies which is based on he idea ha scien i ic con- cep s a e in a cons an lux. Fo hem scien i ic e minology can only be ecommended bu no p esc ibed.” 5. By WHoM? Expe ise. Those who wo k wi h e minologies in one way o ano he , could be oughly di ided in o h ee o e lapping ca ego ies: “c ea o s,” “compile s & media o s” and “use s”. The i s ones a e domain expe s (syn. subjec specialis s, subjec ma e expe s, SME) who c ea e and use concep s and e ms o hei ield in he i s place (Sage 1990: 197; cab é 1999: 121). They c ea e concep sys ems, de ine concep s and ag ee on sha ed e minology – o p omo e hei own. The esul s o his kind o e minology wo k a e documen ed ei he explici ly o implici ly in s and- 1 3Te minologija | 2018 | 25 a ds, handbooks, a icles, ex books, echnical documen s, e c. Te mino- logical me hods, ISo s anda ds and guidebooks ha e been a ge ed o his g oup. The wo k o hese e minology “c ea o s” could be ea ed as “p ima y” when opposed o wha e minologis s and o he s in ol ed do when collec ing and analyzing e minological da a, and p oducing and dissemina ing e minological p oduc s (“seconda y”). The hi d g oup, “use s,” a e hose who need e ms and concep s in hei wo k, such as ansla o s, echnical w i e s, eache s, in o ma ion and documen a ion specialis s, laymen and s uden s as well as hose who wo k in he ield. The e minology ela ed wo k he “use s” do consis s e.g. o sea ching o ele an e ms, concep s, de ini ions, and equi alen s (“ e ia y”). The di e ence be ween he g oups ha do e minology ela ed job could be said o lie in hei ela ionship o he objec o e minology wo k and hei deg ee o expe ise in he subjec ma e . A one end o he con- inuum, he e a e he domain expe s who “own” he e minology, i.e. hey know he e minology o hei ield and ha e a say in, which e ms o selec and how o de ine concep s. They ha e a decisi e ole in e min- ology p ojec g oups, and e minologis s need o consul hem (see e.g. Pich & D askau 1985: 167; cab é 1999: 121) and documen s w i en by hem. A he o he end o he con inuum, he e a e hose, who do e - minology wo k o sea ch e minology wi hou being ield specialis s. In be ween hese wo ends is he ype o e minology wo k ha is done as coope a ion be ween e minologis s and domain expe s (see below). I mus be no ed ha an expe is also a “use ” and, o ins ance, a e mi- nologis o ansla o could be also an expe and a “c ea o ” (mo e on expe ise e.g. in Ka sch 2014: 295–296). Collabo a ion. As o he o ganiza ion o he wo k, we could iden i y a di e ence be ween e minology wo k acco ding o he deg ee o collab- o a ion, whe he i is an indi idual, in a- o in e o ganiza ional e o . In addi ion, he dimension o na ional and in e na ional coope a ion has been p esen om he e y beginning. A i s bes , e minology wo k is a collabo a i e e o , and di e en ypes o collabo a i e models ha e been sugges ed in he li e a u e (Felbe 1984: 29; Pich & D askau 1985; Ka sch 2014) he basic model equi ing collabo a ion a leas be ween a e mi- nologis and a domain expe . He ibe Pich & Jenni e D askau (1985: 167) e en poin ou ha “Te minologis s [–] who imagine ha hei wo k can succeed wi hou expe ad ice [–] ha e misunde s ood some o he 1 4 Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k basic p inciples o hei p o ession”. The la es de elopmen s a e c owd- sou cing e o s enabled by web-based pla o ms and cloud se ices (Ka sch 2014). Con inui y. Te minology wo k can be a ees anding one ime o ecu - en e o , o i can be con inuous p ac ice in eg a ed in he p ocesses o an o ganiza ion o e.g. in he wo k o a ansla o . Some p ojec s a e ca - ied ou only once bu some imes p ojec s a e epea ed – as i is done e.g. in s anda diza ion. This is because subjec ields a e no s a ic bu changes occu , which also in luence concep s, concep sys ems and e ms. Te minology p ojec s can each om ex ensi e o mo e es ic ed unde - akings s a ing wi h es ablishing a p ojec g oup, planning and budge making, e c. and inally ending e.g. wi h a inished p oduc in a o m o a ocabula y o a se o en ies in a e minological da abase. Te mino- logical li e a u e qui e o en desc ibes e minology wo k as a p ojec , e en hough i is no always possible o e en necessa y o go o such leng hs. In many cases, a small-scale e minology wo k would do, such as o ad- hoc wo k, que y answe ing, o e minology da abase main enance in o - de o esea ch o missing en ies, equi alen s o sub ield e minologies. As men ioned abo e, e minology wo k is also done as a con inuous p ocess, e.g. in a company o an o ganiza ion. This kind o e minology wo k is some hing o which he e m e minology managemen would be sui ed o , especially when a e minology managemen sys em is u ilized. Fo ins ance, c is ina Valen ini (2016: 35) desc ibes he e minology man- agemen o Pa en coope a ion T ea y Te mbase (PcT) in he ollowing way: “concep s and e ms a e con ibu ed daily by PcT s a e minolo- gis s, ansla o s, and sho - e m e minology ainees. con ibu ions may in ol e c ea ion o new eco ds o concep s no exis ing in he PcT Te mbase o comple ion o exis ing eco ds by adding missing languages.” 6. WHIcH P oDucT? P oduc . Depending on he p oduc , e minology wo k p ocesses di e om each o he – a leas in he inal s eps, when he esul s a e compiled and p esen ed. one end o he “p oduc con inuum” consis s o a single e m, de ini ion, o equi alen s, e.g. when p ocessing e minology que ies, o adding en ies in a e m bank. A he o he end lies an ex ensi e e minological ocabula y in a o m o e.g. p in , e-book, pd , web- pages, a se o en ies in a e m bank o a whole e m bank. Ano he 2 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25 ISo 1087-1 2000 Te minology wo k – Vocabula y – Pa 1. Theo y and applica ion, gene a: In e na ional o ganiza ion o S anda diza ion. ISo 704 2009 Te minology wo k – P inciples and me hods, gene a: In e na ional o ganiza ion o S anda diza ion. Ka sch B. 2014: Te minology wo k and c owdsou cing. coming o e ms wi h he c owd. – Handbook o Te minology. F. S eu s, H. Kockae (eds.), Ams e dam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing company, 291–303. Kuhmonen K. 1999: Ku kis us e mipal elun kulissien aakse. – Toimikunnis a e mi alkoisiin. K. Kuhmonen (ed.), Helsinki: Tekniikan Sanas okeskus, 154–158. lau én c., Myking J., Pich H. 1997: Te minologi som e enskapsg en, lund: S uden li e a u . lISe guidelines 2013: chiocche i e., Heinisch-obe mose B., löckinge g., lušicky V., alli n., S anizzi I. & Wissik T. 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D. 1997: Te minology Managemen o Technical T ansla ion. – Handbook o Te - minology Managemen 1: Basic aspec s o e minology. compiled by S. e. W igh , g. Budin, Ams e dam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing company, 147–159. Wüs e e. 1969: Die ie Dimensionen de Te minologiea bei . – Mi eilungsbla ü Dol me sche und Übe se ze 2/15 (Mä z), 1–6. 2 2 Ani a Nuopponen | Dimensions o Te minology Wo k Te MINoLoGIJos dA Bo AsPeKTAI S aipsnyje ap a iami į ai ūs e minologijos da bo aspek ai. Nag inėjama e minolo- gijos li e a ū a, ieškan aiškių i numanomų dicho omijų i icho omijų, susijusių su iksline g upe, po eikio enkinimo skuba, į ai iais po eikiais, ikslu, ekspe ize, bend ada - bia imu, ęs inumu, p oduk u, kalba, medžiaga, p iemone, o ien acija i sis emiškumu. Kaip y imo ezul a as pa eik a daugiaaspek ė e minologijos da bo ipologija (są okų sis ema), ku ios ka ego ijos gali bū i į ai iai de inamos. Pa yzdžiui, e minologijos da bas gali bū i sa a ankiška ienka inė a pasika ojan i eikla, ku ios p oduk as – spausdin as, el. knygos a pd o ma u pa eng as, inklalapyje pa eik as a kaip e minų s aipsnių inkinys e minų banke įdė as e minų žodynas. Be o, e minologijos da - bas gali bū i o ganizuo a, bend ada bia imu pa em a eikla, ku ios imasi p ojek o g u- pė, o ganizacijos padalinys a p o esionalus e minologas, jis gali bū i e ėjo a spe cia liųjų eks ų engėjo da bo dalis, a liekama nuola a pagal po eikį. Šiuolaikinis e - minologijos da bas labai į ai us. Jam eikia okių me odų i p incipų, žinynų i ado- ėlių, ku ie galė ų ap ėp i į ai ius po eikius i su eik ų inkamą pag indą ski ingų ipų e minologijos da bui: e minologijos plana imui, g ei ai a lik inam e minologi- jos da bui, į ai ioms ikslinėms g upėms numa y ai eiklai, įskai an kompiu e ijos sp endimus, p ojek us, ęs inę e minologijos a kybą i k . gau a 2018-07-03 Ani a nuopponen uni e si y o Vaasa P.o. Box 700 65101 Vaasa Finland