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Dvikalbystės tyrinėjimai Latvijos TSR

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Dvikalbystės tyrinėjimai Latvijos TSR

Author: Angelė Kaulakienė
Year: 1989
Source: https://journals.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/article/download/1603/1699
LITHUANI-
AN
LINGUISTI-
CAL
QUESTION-
S, XXVIII
(1989)
LINGUISTI-
CAL
RELATIO-
NS AND
THE
STUDY OF
BILINGUAL-
ITY BY
ANGELE
KAULAKIE-
NE
Bilinguali-
sm in he
La ian
SSR is
usually
de e min-
ed by he
his o ical
ci cums -
ances o
he
con ac i-
ng
peoples,
he
gene ic
and
ypologic-
al
ela ions-
hip
be ween
languages.
The
scien i ic
analysis
o
bilinguali-
sm can
he e o e
include
his o ical,
social,
e hnoling-
uis ic,
linguis ic
and many
o he
aspec s.
In his
ega d,
he s udy
o he
con ac
language
has
yielded
aluable
sociolingu-
is ic
esul s o
heo e ic-
al and
p ac ical
signi ican-
ce, some
o which
ha e been
published
in he
publica i-
on
»Con ac s
o he
Russian
language
wi h he
Bal ic
languages-
«,
published
by he A.
Upy is
Ins i u e
o
Language
and
Li e a u-
e o he
La ian
SSR MA. §j
The
collec ion
o
a icles
consis s
o ou
chap e s:
1) Russian
and
La ian; 2)
Russian
and
Li huania-
n; 3)
Russian
and
Es onian;
4) Russian
and
Bela usian
language
con ac s.
Pe haps
he
la ges
sec ion o
his
collec ion
o
a icles
is,,Russian
and
La ian
Language
Con ac s-
”.
Discussing
he main
asks o
La ian
and
Russian
bilinguali-
sm
educa ion,
A. Blinkena
poin s ou
ha all
s udies o
La ian
and
Russian
bilinguali-
sm co e
a ious
a eas o
he
language:
phone ics,
g amma ,
lexis.
Gene ally,
hese
s udies
should be
based on
linguis ic
me hods,
helping o
sol e he
p oblem
o
language
in e e e-
nce, aise
he
cul u e o
La ian
and
Russian.
The
e alua ion
o
no ma i e
in e e e-
nce is one
o he
main
p oblems
o
linguis ic
bilingualis-
m. Only
a e i
has been
esol ed
can we
alk abou
he
ha monio-
us
unc ioni-
ng o wo
languages
— La ian
and
Russian.
These
gene al
guidelines
indica ed
by A.
Blinken
can
undoub e-
dly be
used o
sol e he
p oblems
o
bilinguali-
sm no
only in
La ia and
Russia,
bu also in
o he
coun ies.
The
in luence
o
language
con ac
on
e minolo-
gy is
discussed
by V.
Skujinia
and I.
Edelmané.
The e a e
many
p oblems
ela ed o
he
con ac
ac s o
he
language,
V. Skujinia
in es iga-
es
bo owin-
g. I
analyses
lexical,
mo pholo-
gical,
cons uc-
i e and
seman ic
bo owin-
gs o he
cu en
La ian
e minolo-
gy. In he
opinion,
when
e alua ing
language
con ac s
and
p epa ing
language
p ac ice
ecomme-
nda ions,
each
speci ic
issue
mus be
sol ed in a
complex
way,
aking
in o
accoun
he whole
language
sys em. In
his a icle
I.
Edelmané
discusses
e minolo-
gical and
popula
plan
names,
hei
ela ions-
hips,
simila i i-
es and
di e enc-
es. The
main
ocus is
on he
naming o
hese wo
g oups o
plan s,
because
du ing he
in oduc -
ion and
acclima i-
za ion o
a ious
plan
species,
many new
plan s
appea ,
which
equi e
new
e ms o
be named.
The
a icles
o J.
Baldun ik-
as and A.
Banka as
deal wi h
he
in luence
o
language
media ion
in he loan
o ZodZius
i8 in
English
and
F ench.
This is
analyzed
om a
his o ical
pe spec i-
e. The
g ea es
ole in he
de elopm-
en o he
language
is played
by
Russian. a
Kon ak s
pyccxo o
ABbIKA C ASIKAMI Haponos Tipn6an ixn, Pu a: 3una ne, 1984. 185 e
207
O.
BuSas
discusses
ba ba izmy,
as
ki a albiy
slengizmy,
c i e ia o
no ma i e
e alua ion,
T.
Jakubai e
i
V.
D yzulé p ope
—
nouns in he
si ua ion o
bilingualism,
Lagzdinia he
S.
ac ion o he
—
geni i e does no
i
sa is y he
communica ion
needs,
Pa lo skaja
L.
la iy s uden y
—
accen
minimiza ion in
he Russian
language.
The
second
sky iy, en i led
,,Rusy
i
lie u iy
kalby
kon ak ai“
consis s o
4
a icles.
L.
G umadiene,
analysing he
in luence o
i
Li huanian-Ru-
ssian
bilingualism on
Li huanian
li e a u e and
language,
p esen s a
quali a i e
analysis o
o
Li huanian-Ru-
ssian
bilingualism.
i
Based on he
esul s o he
Vilnius su ey,
she concludes
ha h ee
cha ac e is i-
cs o Vilnius
Li huanian
ji
p onuncia ion
a e ele an in
g amma ical
e ms, i e
cha ac e is i-
cs a e no
ele an .
o
Discussing
he concep
o hyb ids,
jy
hei
classi ica io-
i
n, and
hyb idiza ion
S.
in gene al,
Keinys poin s
ou he
h ee old
in luence o
he hyb id
e m on
Li huanian e minology.
Fi s ,
hyb ids
expand he
language's
mo i a ion
base.
An a,
a p au iniy
The wo d
a ixes
inc ease
he
a ixial
mo pheme in en o y.
Thi dly, dél
a p au iniy
e miny
elemen y
uses a new
way o
o ming
e ms.
Be
he e o e,
hyb ids, as
in e na ion-
i
al e ms,
help o uni y
e minology
on a union,
in e na ion-
al scale.
i
i
S.
K inickai e
in he
a icle,,Com-
pa a i e
i
lexicology o language
Ziniy minimali
sis ema"
iden i y he
compa a i e
lexicology
ea u es o
ac i e
su
g amma
wi h he
i
ea u es o
a ional use
o language.
The
impo ance
o a ional
use o
language is
pa icula ly
e iden in
he con ex
i
o language
con ac bilingualism.
To his day, he
basics o
compa a i e
lexicology ha e
al eady been
in oduced in
su
schools. Ha ing
become
acquain ed wi h
hem, i is
possible o
su
dis inguish mo e
accu a ely
be ween o m
and con en ,
be e lea n
ano he
language and
emembe
language cul u e
ecommenda io-
ns.
Thus, in
e ms o
language
i
con ac and
bilingualism,
he basis o
compa a i e
lexicology
should
become
language
Ziniy he
co e o
he
minimal
sys em.
V.
Biida,
discussing
some aspec s
o
Li huanian-Ru-
i
ssian language
cul u e,
e eals he
g ea
in luence o
he Russian
language in
Li huania,
encompassing
all sphe es o
Li huanian
language
unc ioning.
Jo
in my opinion, he
&
low should no be
spon aneous and
uncon olled,
because he
i
languages
con aining hei
o igins ha e
o med, ixed,
p ecisely de ined
sys ems. Chap e
3
i
,,Rusy es u
i
kalby
kon ak ai*
begins wi h
he Zymaus
es y
e minolog-
us
R.
The Bulle
A icle
"Es y
e mininés
leksikos aida
indoeu opie iy
kalby one".
The di ec and
i
indi ec
ollow-up in
Indo-Eu opean
languages
(lexical
bo owings,
alues,
analogi’ki
de i a i es)
has a wo old
e ec on he
es y
e mining
ocabula y.
Fi s , he
e minological
ocabula y
becomes
mul i ace ed,
iS aisking
plas ic.
i
On he o he hand,
ollowing he
Indo-Eu opean
languages
educes he
s abili y o he
Es onian
e minological
ocabula y, he e
appea s mo e
a iabili y,
he e ogenei y.
R.
Acco ding o
Kulis, he
quali a i e
de elopmen o
Es onian
e minology will
depend on
eliable
c i e ia,
a ionally
combining he
possibili ies o
he language
wi h he
in e e ence
o
Indo-Eu opean
su
languages.
H.
Leme s
discusses usy
es y
i
in e e ence
sys ema iza i-
on poin s ou
ha undesi able
i
in e e ence
ekomendacijos
ha e!
based on
he esul s
i
o he
compa a i-
e s udy o
he
Es onian
and Russian
language.
Only such
ecommenda ions
can be used in
language lea ning.
ma
T.
Laglés
opinion,
a p au iniy
The o m
o he
i
wo d
equi es
h ee
cha ac e-
is ics o
he language: language
o he
in e media e
language, in
i
which he
in e -
208
na ional
Wo ds.
Todél
a p au iniy
P oblems
o meaning
inconsis e-
ncy in
di e en
languages
canno be
sol ed by
ansla ion
alone
Zodynas.
Usually he
siq
p oblem is
i
pa ly
sol ed by
he
wo king
ansla o s
Zodynas.
L.
Sim
indica es
ha
Russian
bo owed
wo ds
o m a
dis inc ,
abundan
g oup o
es y
slengizmy,
wi h a
endency
o didé i.
Some o
he slengs
a e
de i ed
i§
om he
Russian
language,
and ha e
main ain-
ed hei
o iginal o m.
Such
deb s
came
in o
o ce
i
much
ea lie ,
only la e
acqui ed
he s a us o slang.
The
i
sec ion
»Rusy
bal a usiy
kalby
kon ak y«
con ains
one a icle.
P.
Kopane as
i
A.
Michne ié
discusses
bilingualism
as he
in e nal
i
and
ex e nal
o ms o
language.
Jy
In my opinion,
o achie e
equal
bilingualism in a
bilingual
socie y, i is
necessa y o
ha e a
heo e ical
jus i ica ion, a
p ecise
de ini ion and a
scien i ic
o mula ion o
p ac ical
ecommenda i-
ons. The
bibliog aphy
lis s books and
he mos
impo an
a icles in
pe iodicals,
i
which analyze
he issues o
con ac in
La ian,
Li huanian,
Es onian and
Russian
languages. The
index shows
i
publica ions in
alphabe ical
o de , s a ing
wi h na ional,
i8
0
po
o
in usy
language.
Bibliog aphic
index, as a
whole
i
collec ion,
di ided in o
chap e s
(1
—
La iy
i
usy
kalby
ySiai
|
Suda é
D.
Ba ba é
(p.
165-172);
2
—
Lie u iy
i
usy
kalby
ySiai
|
Suda é
R.
Vensai é
(172-180);
3
—
Es onian-
i
s,
Russians,
Li huanians
|
Suda é
T.
Laglé
i
R.
Kulis
(180—185).
Si
odyklé
ela ed
su
o o he
La ian
TSR
MA
A.
Ins i u e
o Upésian
i
Language
and
Li e a u e
1987
m.
iSleis a
la iy usy
i
d ikalbys és
bibliog aphi-
cal odykle*.
Acco ding o
he au ho s,
he aim o
he index is
o p esen as
—
many
publica ions
as possible on
La ian and
Russian
bilingualism
and i s
i
linguis ic
aspec s.
The index
con ains
9
sec ions:
1)
bal y
i
sla y
kalby
kon ak ai
(p.
7—16);
2)
la iy usy
i
biling isms
cu en
s age o
de elopmen
(17—27);
3)
compa a i-
e s udies
(27—34);
4)
la iešu
i
usy
li e a ii y
ySiai,
g oZinés
li e a i os
e imas
(35—38);
5)
e minology
(38-41);
6)
onomas ics,
ansc ip ion
(42—47);
7)
pedagogy
( usy
k.
dés ymas)
(47-52);
8)
lexicog aphy,
Dic iona y
(52-54);
9)
supplemen s
(55—60).
The i s
h ee
chap e s
ha e
subsec ions:
e ymology
(1
c .); dialec s,
Snek os sk.);
mo phology,
(2
syn ax,
a)
phone ics,
cons uc io-
b)
n, seman ics,
lexis,
ph aseology
incl. ).
(3
A he
beginning o
each
chap e he
mos
o
impo an
scien i ic
p oblems a e discussed.
The i les
o he
a
publica io-
ns
published in
o he
languages
a e gi en in
Russian.
Fi s
published in
usy
language,
o
po
o
—
la iy in
a
ano he
language.
The
bibliog aphy
is a anged
in
alphabe ical
o de ,
excep
La ian
TSR
MA
Te minology
Commission
bulle in lis ,
which is
p esen ed in
ch onological
o de .
All index
publica ions
a e numbe ed.
i8
I8
he o al
bibliog aphy
index includes
o e
posi ions.
450
To make
i easie
o use,
ja
he end
o he
a ows
has an
alphabe -
ic
au ho y
sa a8as
(61—68).
I is
eg e able
ha
j
jg
one o he
monog aph,
e.g. :
Passu ue
HalMOHAbHO-pyccko o
ABysA3bIIHa.
M.,
1976.
Rodykléje
pasigendama
i
lie u iy si s
Apusyne
B.
e
Tepen osna
B.
B.
Jia smmcKxo-pyccxoe
apyass iue: Kpa xui
06-
30p
4
We' e no going o
le you down.
Pu e:
3una ne,
1987,
69
c.
209
Calbinine
(S.
Ka aliiino,
A.
Sabaliausko,
A.
Vanago,
A.
Vidugi io
i
e c.)
kai ku iy
publikacijy,
lie ian iy
bal y sla y
e hnogenesi-
s.
i
Appa en ly,
he
e minology
sec ion had
j
o be
i
V.
Skujinio
a icles
published
in,,Kalbos
kul i oje“
(Usage o
in e na ional
elemen s in
La ian
e minology.
1979.
Sas.
37.
P.
57—
63;
The e m
in con ex .
1983.
Sas.
44.
P.
19-26).
The eason
o
i
selec ing
he
publica ions
by yea is
no e y
clea . A
single
sec ion
p esen s
publica ions om
1950-ujy,
nex
om
1960s
a
1970. pp.
70.
i
The abo e
does no
de ac om
he
ansla ion
o he
bibliog aphy.
i
La iy usy
bilingbys és
bibliog aphy
is e y
aluable
necessa y.
i
Be
I will
ji
undoub edly
ne
become a
a o i e book
no only o
i
La ians, bu
also o
Li huanian
linguis s,
because he
index
con ains a
numbe o
wo ks on
phone ics,
mo phology,
lexicon and
o he
aspec s o
Li huanian
language.
i
On he o he
hand, e en
one sec ion is
de o ed o
con ac s
wi h Bal y
Sla y
i
language,
whe e we
ind a icles
and
monog aphs
on Bal y
e hnogenesi-
s, subs a e,
Bal y Sla y
language
ypology,
e ymology
i
and o he
issues.
La ian
language
i
con ac
pe i ions/A -
b.
ed.
A.
Blinken.
Riga:
,,Zina ne",
1987,
276
p.
La ian
TSR
MA
And éjo
Upy io
Linguis s o
i
he Ins i u e
o Linguis ics
and Li e a u e
de o e
conside able
a en ion o
he p oblems
o language
con ac . I is
possible o
ecall aluable
publica ions o
he
ins i u e:,,B3a-
umocssa3n
Ga op
H
upHoan Hiickux
dbunHos*
(Pu e,
1970;
p epa ed
join ly
su
MA
His o y
Ins i u e),,,-
Kon ax s
PYCCKOTO
S#3bIKa
C
a3bIKa-
MH
Hapozos
IIpuOan uxu’
In he la e ,
1984).
a lo o space
is de o ed o
con ac s
be ween
i
Li huanian
and
Li huanian
( he au ho s
o he
—
a icles a e
Li huanian
linguis s).
Recen ly
appea ed new
The book
o his
p oblem
,,La iy
language
con ac
s udies“.
I is a
collec ion
o La ian
a icles
on a wide
ange o
opics.
Nemaza
This a icle
is abou he
Li huanian
language.
su
Fi s o all
his can be
said o he
i s , ku iy
au ho s
a e
du
i
Vilnius, Riga
i
Uni e si y
pupils who
ha e equal
i
access o
Si dies is
la iy,
i
lie u iy
i
language
p oblems.
L.
Baluodé
(Balode) in he
a icle,,Bend -
os kilmés
P ieSdéliniy
daik a a dziy
eiksmaZodZiy
i
seman ic
ela ions in
he
p esen -day
lie u iy la iy
i
language“
(Kopcilmes
p e iksalo
lie a du
da bibas a du
seman ikas
un
a ieksmes
miisdienu
lie u ieSu
la ieSu
aloda,
un
p.
7—38)
iSnag inéja
115
abiejy kalby
os pa ios
kilmés
p iSdéliniy
daik a a dziy
p iSdéliniy
ac ionaZodziy.
i
880
They a e
di ided in o
i
h ee
g oups: o
he i s a e
assigned
de i a i es,
o e lapping
i
o m,
i
seman ics
(li .
apy anké:
la .
ap oce,
li .
pa é is:
la .
pa e nal;
le .
apai i:
la .
apau ),
he
—
second
de i a i -
es, whose
o m
coincides,
bu he
ix
seman ics
o he pa di e s
(li .
ankis
:
la .
weapon
‘weapon;
p k.
j ankis’,
li .
a adéjas
:
la .
a adayse
‘ adéjas’,
lie .
apgiedd-
i
:
la .
apdzieda
‘ o sing;
sing
alalines
(songs)’, he
hi d
—
de i a i es,
whose o m
coincides,
bu he
seman ics
a e
comple ely
di e en
(li .
nesdmoné
:
la .
nesamana
‘loss o
conscious-
ness,
ain ing’, li .
pé alkas
:
la .
pa alks
‘u ilkalas,
apdangalas-
’; le .
ci cle la .
:
apsk ie
‘ o be
ci cled
(a ound), o be s oked’).
As one migh
i
expec , he
hi d g oup is
he smalles : i
accoun s o a
pe cen age o
he examined
noun-pe cen a-
ge o e bs.
21
i
15
210