Dvikalbystės tyrinėjimai Latvijos TSR

LITHUANI- AN LINGUISTI- CAL QUESTION- S, XXVIII (1989) LINGUISTI- CAL RELATIO- NS AND THE STUDY OF BILINGUAL- ITY BY ANGELE KAULAKIE- NE Bilinguali- sm in he La ian SSR is usually de e min- ed by he his o ical ci cums - ances o he con ac i- ng peoples, he gene ic and ypologic- al ela ions- hip be ween languages. The scien i ic analysis o bilinguali- sm can he e o e include his o ical, social, e hnoling- uis ic, linguis ic and many o he aspec s. In his ega d, he s udy o he con ac language has yielded aluable sociolingu- is ic esul s o heo e ic- al and p ac ical signi ican- ce, some o which ha e been published in he publica i- on »Con ac s o he Russian language wi h he Bal ic languages- «, published by he A. Upy is Ins i u e o Language and Li e a u- e o he La ian SSR MA. §j The collec ion o a icles consis s o ou chap e s: 1) Russian and La ian; 2) Russian and Li huania- n; 3) Russian and Es onian; 4) Russian and Bela usian language con ac s. Pe haps he la ges sec ion o his collec ion o a icles is,,Russian and La ian Language Con ac s- ”. Discussing he main asks o La ian and Russian bilinguali- sm educa ion, A. Blinkena poin s ou ha all s udies o La ian and Russian bilinguali- sm co e a ious a eas o he language: phone ics, g amma , lexis. Gene ally, hese s udies should be based on linguis ic me hods, helping o sol e he p oblem o language in e e e- nce, aise he cul u e o La ian and Russian. The e alua ion o no ma i e in e e e- nce is one o he main p oblems o linguis ic bilingualis- m. Only a e i has been esol ed can we alk abou he ha monio- us unc ioni- ng o wo languages — La ian and Russian. These gene al guidelines indica ed by A. Blinken can undoub e- dly be used o sol e he p oblems o bilinguali- sm no only in La ia and Russia, bu also in o he coun ies. The in luence o language con ac on e minolo- gy is discussed by V. Skujinia and I. Edelmané. The e a e many p oblems ela ed o he con ac ac s o he language, V. Skujinia in es iga- es bo owin- g. I analyses lexical, mo pholo- gical, cons uc- i e and seman ic bo owin- gs o he cu en La ian e minolo- gy. In he opinion, when e alua ing language con ac s and p epa ing language p ac ice ecomme- nda ions, each speci ic issue mus be sol ed in a complex way, aking in o accoun he whole language sys em. In his a icle I. Edelmané discusses e minolo- gical and popula plan names, hei ela ions- hips, simila i i- es and di e enc- es. The main ocus is on he naming o hese wo g oups o plan s, because du ing he in oduc - ion and acclima i- za ion o a ious plan species, many new plan s appea , which equi e new e ms o be named. The a icles o J. Baldun ik- as and A. Banka as deal wi h he in luence o language media ion in he loan o ZodZius i8 in English and F ench. This is analyzed om a his o ical pe spec i- e. The g ea es ole in he de elopm- en o he language is played by Russian. a Kon ak s pyccxo o ABbIKA C ASIKAMI Haponos Tipn6an ixn, Pu a: 3una ne, 1984. 185 e 207 O. BuSas discusses ba ba izmy, as ki a albiy slengizmy, c i e ia o no ma i e e alua ion, T. Jakubai e i V. D yzulé p ope — nouns in he si ua ion o bilingualism, Lagzdinia he S. ac ion o he — geni i e does no i sa is y he communica ion needs, Pa lo skaja L. la iy s uden y — accen minimiza ion in he Russian language. The second sky iy, en i led ,,Rusy i lie u iy kalby kon ak ai“ consis s o 4 a icles. L. G umadiene, analysing he in luence o i Li huanian-Ru- ssian bilingualism on Li huanian li e a u e and language, p esen s a quali a i e analysis o o Li huanian-Ru- ssian bilingualism. i Based on he esul s o he Vilnius su ey, she concludes ha h ee cha ac e is i- cs o Vilnius Li huanian ji p onuncia ion a e ele an in g amma ical e ms, i e cha ac e is i- cs a e no ele an . o Discussing he concep o hyb ids, jy hei classi ica io- i n, and hyb idiza ion S. in gene al, Keinys poin s ou he h ee old in luence o he hyb id e m on Li huanian e minology. Fi s , hyb ids expand he language's mo i a ion base. An a, a p au iniy The wo d a ixes inc ease he a ixial mo pheme in en o y. Thi dly, dél a p au iniy e miny elemen y uses a new way o o ming e ms. Be he e o e, hyb ids, as in e na ion- i al e ms, help o uni y e minology on a union, in e na ion- al scale. i i S. K inickai e in he a icle,,Com- pa a i e i lexicology o language Ziniy minimali sis ema" iden i y he compa a i e lexicology ea u es o ac i e su g amma wi h he i ea u es o a ional use o language. The impo ance o a ional use o language is pa icula ly e iden in he con ex i o language con ac bilingualism. To his day, he basics o compa a i e lexicology ha e al eady been in oduced in su schools. Ha ing become acquain ed wi h hem, i is possible o su dis inguish mo e accu a ely be ween o m and con en , be e lea n ano he language and emembe language cul u e ecommenda io- ns. Thus, in e ms o language i con ac and bilingualism, he basis o compa a i e lexicology should become language Ziniy he co e o he minimal sys em. V. Biida, discussing some aspec s o Li huanian-Ru- i ssian language cul u e, e eals he g ea in luence o he Russian language in Li huania, encompassing all sphe es o Li huanian language unc ioning. Jo in my opinion, he & low should no be spon aneous and uncon olled, because he i languages con aining hei o igins ha e o med, ixed, p ecisely de ined sys ems. Chap e 3 i ,,Rusy es u i kalby kon ak ai* begins wi h he Zymaus es y e minolog- us R. The Bulle A icle "Es y e mininés leksikos aida indoeu opie iy kalby one". The di ec and i indi ec ollow-up in Indo-Eu opean languages (lexical bo owings, alues, analogi’ki de i a i es) has a wo old e ec on he es y e mining ocabula y. Fi s , he e minological ocabula y becomes mul i ace ed, iS aisking plas ic. i On he o he hand, ollowing he Indo-Eu opean languages educes he s abili y o he Es onian e minological ocabula y, he e appea s mo e a iabili y, he e ogenei y. R. Acco ding o Kulis, he quali a i e de elopmen o Es onian e minology will depend on eliable c i e ia, a ionally combining he possibili ies o he language wi h he in e e ence o Indo-Eu opean su languages. H. Leme s discusses usy es y i in e e ence sys ema iza i- on poin s ou ha undesi able i in e e ence ekomendacijos ha e! based on he esul s i o he compa a i- e s udy o he Es onian and Russian language. Only such ecommenda ions can be used in language lea ning. ma T. Laglés opinion, a p au iniy The o m o he i wo d equi es h ee cha ac e- is ics o he language: language o he in e media e language, in i which he in e - 208 na ional Wo ds. Todél a p au iniy P oblems o meaning inconsis e- ncy in di e en languages canno be sol ed by ansla ion alone Zodynas. Usually he siq p oblem is i pa ly sol ed by he wo king ansla o s Zodynas. L. Sim indica es ha Russian bo owed wo ds o m a dis inc , abundan g oup o es y slengizmy, wi h a endency o didé i. Some o he slengs a e de i ed i§ om he Russian language, and ha e main ain- ed hei o iginal o m. Such deb s came in o o ce i much ea lie , only la e acqui ed he s a us o slang. The i sec ion »Rusy bal a usiy kalby kon ak y« con ains one a icle. P. Kopane as i A. Michne ié discusses bilingualism as he in e nal i and ex e nal o ms o language. Jy In my opinion, o achie e equal bilingualism in a bilingual socie y, i is necessa y o ha e a heo e ical jus i ica ion, a p ecise de ini ion and a scien i ic o mula ion o p ac ical ecommenda i- ons. The bibliog aphy lis s books and he mos impo an a icles in pe iodicals, i which analyze he issues o con ac in La ian, Li huanian, Es onian and Russian languages. The index shows i publica ions in alphabe ical o de , s a ing wi h na ional, i8 0 po o in usy language. Bibliog aphic index, as a whole i collec ion, di ided in o chap e s (1 — La iy i usy kalby ySiai | Suda é D. Ba ba é (p. 165-172); 2 — Lie u iy i usy kalby ySiai | Suda é R. Vensai é (172-180); 3 — Es onian- i s, Russians, Li huanians | Suda é T. Laglé i R. Kulis (180—185). Si odyklé ela ed su o o he La ian TSR MA A. Ins i u e o Upésian i Language and Li e a u e 1987 m. iSleis a la iy usy i d ikalbys és bibliog aphi- cal odykle*. Acco ding o he au ho s, he aim o he index is o p esen as — many publica ions as possible on La ian and Russian bilingualism and i s i linguis ic aspec s. The index con ains 9 sec ions: 1) bal y i sla y kalby kon ak ai (p. 7—16); 2) la iy usy i biling isms cu en s age o de elopmen (17—27); 3) compa a i- e s udies (27—34); 4) la iešu i usy li e a ii y ySiai, g oZinés li e a i os e imas (35—38); 5) e minology (38-41); 6) onomas ics, ansc ip ion (42—47); 7) pedagogy ( usy k. dés ymas) (47-52); 8) lexicog aphy, Dic iona y (52-54); 9) supplemen s (55—60). The i s h ee chap e s ha e subsec ions: e ymology (1 c .); dialec s, Snek os sk.); mo phology, (2 syn ax, a) phone ics, cons uc io- b) n, seman ics, lexis, ph aseology incl. ). (3 A he beginning o each chap e he mos o impo an scien i ic p oblems a e discussed. The i les o he a publica io- ns published in o he languages a e gi en in Russian. Fi s published in usy language, o po o — la iy in a ano he language. The bibliog aphy is a anged in alphabe ical o de , excep La ian TSR MA Te minology Commission bulle in lis , which is p esen ed in ch onological o de . All index publica ions a e numbe ed. i8 I8 he o al bibliog aphy index includes o e posi ions. 450 To make i easie o use, ja he end o he a ows has an alphabe - ic au ho y sa a8as (61—68). I is eg e able ha j jg one o he monog aph, e.g. : Passu ue HalMOHAbHO-pyccko o ABysA3bIIHa. M., 1976. Rodykléje pasigendama i lie u iy si s Apusyne B. e Tepen osna B. B. Jia smmcKxo-pyccxoe apyass iue: Kpa xui 06- 30p 4 We' e no going o le you down. Pu e: 3una ne, 1987, 69 c. 209 Calbinine (S. Ka aliiino, A. Sabaliausko, A. Vanago, A. Vidugi io i e c.) kai ku iy publikacijy, lie ian iy bal y sla y e hnogenesi- s. i Appa en ly, he e minology sec ion had j o be i V. Skujinio a icles published in,,Kalbos kul i oje“ (Usage o in e na ional elemen s in La ian e minology. 1979. Sas. 37. P. 57— 63; The e m in con ex . 1983. Sas. 44. P. 19-26). The eason o i selec ing he publica ions by yea is no e y clea . A single sec ion p esen s publica ions om 1950-ujy, nex om 1960s a 1970. pp. 70. i The abo e does no de ac om he ansla ion o he bibliog aphy. i La iy usy bilingbys és bibliog aphy is e y aluable necessa y. i Be I will ji undoub edly ne become a a o i e book no only o i La ians, bu also o Li huanian linguis s, because he index con ains a numbe o wo ks on phone ics, mo phology, lexicon and o he aspec s o Li huanian language. i On he o he hand, e en one sec ion is de o ed o con ac s wi h Bal y Sla y i language, whe e we ind a icles and monog aphs on Bal y e hnogenesi- s, subs a e, Bal y Sla y language ypology, e ymology i and o he issues. La ian language i con ac pe i ions/A - b. ed. A. Blinken. Riga: ,,Zina ne", 1987, 276 p. La ian TSR MA And éjo Upy io Linguis s o i he Ins i u e o Linguis ics and Li e a u e de o e conside able a en ion o he p oblems o language con ac . I is possible o ecall aluable publica ions o he ins i u e:,,B3a- umocssa3n Ga op H upHoan Hiickux dbunHos* (Pu e, 1970; p epa ed join ly su MA His o y Ins i u e),,,- Kon ax s PYCCKOTO S#3bIKa C a3bIKa- MH Hapozos IIpuOan uxu’ In he la e , 1984). a lo o space is de o ed o con ac s be ween i Li huanian and Li huanian ( he au ho s o he — a icles a e Li huanian linguis s). Recen ly appea ed new The book o his p oblem ,,La iy language con ac s udies“. I is a collec ion o La ian a icles on a wide ange o opics. Nemaza This a icle is abou he Li huanian language. su Fi s o all his can be said o he i s , ku iy au ho s a e du i Vilnius, Riga i Uni e si y pupils who ha e equal i access o Si dies is la iy, i lie u iy i language p oblems. L. Baluodé (Balode) in he a icle,,Bend - os kilmés P ieSdéliniy daik a a dziy eiksmaZodZiy i seman ic ela ions in he p esen -day lie u iy la iy i language“ (Kopcilmes p e iksalo lie a du da bibas a du seman ikas un a ieksmes miisdienu lie u ieSu la ieSu aloda, un p. 7—38) iSnag inéja 115 abiejy kalby os pa ios kilmés p iSdéliniy daik a a dziy p iSdéliniy ac ionaZodziy. i 880 They a e di ided in o i h ee g oups: o he i s a e assigned de i a i es, o e lapping i o m, i seman ics (li . apy anké: la . ap oce, li . pa é is: la . pa e nal; le . apai i: la . apau ), he — second de i a i - es, whose o m coincides, bu he ix seman ics o he pa di e s (li . ankis : la . weapon ‘weapon; p k. j ankis’, li . a adéjas : la . a adayse ‘ adéjas’, lie . apgiedd- i : la . apdzieda ‘ o sing; sing alalines (songs)’, he hi d — de i a i es, whose o m coincides, bu he seman ics a e comple ely di e en (li . nesdmoné : la . nesamana ‘loss o conscious- ness, ain ing’, li . pé alkas : la . pa alks ‘u ilkalas, apdangalas- ’; le . ci cle la . : apsk ie ‘ o be ci cled (a ound), o be s oked’). As one migh i expec , he hi d g oup is he smalles : i accoun s o a pe cen age o he examined noun-pe cen a- ge o e bs. 21 i 15 210