11 pages o a icles
iLja LeMeŠkin
P ahos ka olio uni e si e as
The di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch a e: old Bal ic li e a u e
and w i ing, compa a i e olklo e, lexicog aphy, his o y o he Bal ic.
I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
PaVyZdys1 is he
Qua ain / couple o basel:
example o a Plea o gi s
The anno a ion o he a icle can be conside ed he con inua ion o Diego A doin's 2012 s udy,
because he connec ion be ween he colophon and he P ussian ex is expanded he e. In P ussian,
he insc ip ion is unde s ood as a hymn, o eci a ion, o a olklo e piece (ke u eilis), closely ela ed
o Ch is mas ca ols (and o he calenda pieces o house-going i ual). The igu e o a ben man
(wi h an ou s e ched hand) and he Ge man no e, which oge he wi h he p ose insc ip ion o m
a colloquial one, can also be associa ed wi h he con ex o he Ch is mas gi eques . This
suppo s he p e iously s a ed assump ion ha he ansc ibe o Nicola O esme's shop was a
P ussian. a sligh ly di e en linguis ic in e p e a ion o he P ussian ex is o e ed.
In he academic yea 2013-2014, a new cou se o he mas e 's p og am in Bal ic s udies was launched a
Ka olinska Uni e si y: he basics o he Old P ussian language and eading ex s. Ea lie , he au ho o his
a icle s udied he Whi e Diaspo a in P ague, which may ha e con ibu ed o he eme gence o he Basel
ex ile, so du ing he i s semes e , he spen much longe analyzing his monumen . The g oup o lis ene s
consis ed o Le a I ano a and Jan Bičo ský. In wo king wi h hem, a common concep o his a icle eme ged,
which has acqui ed i s p esen o m a he ins iga ion o P o . G asildos Blažienė. The commen s and
e e ences o he e iewe , P o . Pie o umbe o dini and D . olando k egz, we e pa icula ly impo an .
aspec s o olklo e we e u he discussed wi h P o . B onisla a Ke bely e and P o . Ju ijumi No iko a. Bu
he wo k we' e announcing he e can' be conside ed a comple e s udy. he popula ion ma e ial is gi en in a
minimal way, only in o de o e eal he common s uc u al ea u es o he wo ks being compa ed. Acco ding
o he p o isions o his o ical geog aphical olklo e, he mos eliable ma e ial is whi e (li huanian) and Sla ic
(Eas e n Sla ic; due o possible gen e di usion also Czech). I would be use ul o expand he collec ion o
adjacen ex s, as he e is a high p obabili y o inding o he ex ual, ypological and genesis iden i ies.
The e's no enough de ail, and he e's some g amma ical issues ha a e aised he e. The wo ds a e: he p ose o he basil, he wo qua ains, he Ch is mas ca ols, he eques o gi s.
Keywo ds: P ussian couple qua ain o basel, ch is mas ca ols, plea o gi s.
The a icle can be conside ed a con inua ion o esea ch ini ia ed by Diego A doino in 2012 as i
expands he ela ionship be ween a Colophon and a P ussian ex in ye a di e en espec . The
insc ip ion in he P ussian language is unde s ood as a piece o singing o eci a i e olklo e
(qua ain), which is e y simila o Ch is mas ca ols (and o he calenda pieces o he
house- o-house isi ing i ual). Bo h a igu e o a bowing man (wi h an ou s e ched hand) and a
Ge man no e, which, oge he wi h he P ussian insc ip ion, make a peculia con inui y o he
colophon, can be associa ed wi h he con ex o Ch is mas ca oling and pleading o gi s. I
suppo s he p e ious assump ion ha he ew i e who ansc ibed he wo k by nicola o esme
was P ussian. The au ho p oposes a sligh ly di e en linguis ic in e p e a ion o he P ussian
ex .
Не пора ли да вам, хозяин, дарить-жаловать?
Не рублем-ти вам, хозяин, не полтиною,
Хоть одною золотою, сударь, гривною,
Хоть по рюмочке винца да по стаканчику пивца.
(Обрядовая поэзия 1989: 84)
The decoding, eading o he P ussian manusc ip is closely ela ed o he in e p e a ion o he
pu pose o he eco ding, he ci cums ances o he ex 's appea ance. he linguis ic pe cep ion o
he ex also depends on he a i ude o he pe son making he eco ding. The longes -conside ed
s uden au ho ship: […][...] bP is a humo ous-i onic exp ession ha was said (while d inking) pe haps
by one s udioz o ano he s udioz ( iend) […] (Mažiulis 1975: 130). This assump ion allowed he addi ion
o he le e -e o he hexame e ne obulum o jus i y " he ja gon and punc ua ion o he language
o young people who do no lea n" (Mažiulis 1975: 125). The image o he "s udio", which p o ed o be
e y use ul o in e p e ing he ex , legi imized i s own "collec ion o e o s". he numbe o
g aphical co ec ions seems disp opo iona ely high in iew o he small size o he ex . In he case
o he i s wo, he au ho s o he i s wo books (Bammesbe ge , 1998; Dini, 2000b, 397-400) and o
he second wo (Schmid , 1992), he au ho s o he i s wo books (Pu ga o y, 1983), he au ho s o
he i s wo books (Pu ga o y, 2012), he au ho s o he i s wo books (Pu ga o y, 2012), and he
au ho s o he i s wo books (Pu ga o y, 2012). I is s ill unclea whe he P ussian came up wi h
he whole sen ence himsel o used some eady-made o mula. Wha i you we e o ely on someone
galiau p o esionalus pe ašinė ojas (schaeken 2006; Lemeškin 2013).
al e na y ų bazelio eks o pe skai ymą, okio pe skai ymo pag indimą, ko ge o,
o li e ally imi a e ha olde example? I would be ha d o belie e ha a sen ence ead somewhe e
by a P ussian would be accu a ely ansc ibed, ha is, ew i en, and wi h many e o s o he
o iginal. The ex o he psalm, i.e. he psalmis , is, on he con a y, in e ed, so ha i does no
con ain he psalm in ques ion; i seems o be possible o make good sense o i in he con ex o
asking o alms and gi ing gi s. I doesn' mean ha he pe son who le he eco d e e pu ou his
hand on he Cha les B idge o anywhe e else. The mos s iking gi s a e ound in Ch is mas ca ols.
The 13 h a icle is abou he subjec o unce ain y. Pe haps i is p ecisely o his
eason ha he au ho s a e mos likely o be seen in he pe son o he ansc ibe ,
al hough he e is a lack o se ious a gumen s o suppo his possibili y. As i he e
we e no signs o a hexame e ound in he basal duc o esea che s. The i s ,
hough e y cau ious, was o mula ed by Vy au as Mažiulis: "These wo lines seem o
be w i en in hexame e , al hough his ypew i e s and spellings a e qui e a i icial"
(Mažiulis 1975: 125). A cu ious connec ion wi h he hexame e o he colophon Omnibus
omnia non mea sompnia dice e possum was e ealed by Diego A doino (A doino 2012a:
350[…]354). I is na u al ha acco ding o he hegzame o sanda and he
p esen a ion o he P ussian ex , he sen ences we e in e p e ed synch onously
as dis ichas: kayle ekyse · honeaw labonache hewelyse · eg · koy e · poy e · nykoy e ·
pēnega doy e · howe e , aking in o accoun he hy hmic consonan 2, he in e nal
hyme (kayle […] labonache; ekyse […] hewelyse; poy e […] doy e; eg ny e […]), i would
be possible o di ide he o m in o ou lines. All you ha e o do is emo e he dea h
ow, which leng hens he line and appea s in he op ional: ? […] […] labonache
hewelyse? […] Wha a e you doing? ? ? ? […] […] […] eg […] koy e […] poy e […] […] […] […]
nykoy e […] pēnega doy e […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] So he dea h could be
conside ed an in ege , which, by gi ing a new me ic o m (due o he in luence o he
colophon's hegzome e ), ei he changes he o iginal sequence o he w i ing om […]
o […] o pe o ms ano he unc ion (see below). In o he wo ds, in he Basel ex i
migh make sense o sepa a e wo laye s: he p ima y, he sen en ial, and he
au ho . The no el y, he au ho ial wo k, can be seen in he inclusion o dea h and he
addi ion o he elemen -e, which gi es ise o he i s s anza, which esembles a
hexame e , a i e- oo s ing.
wi h hem basil ke u eilis g e in inas i s o all, and no only because o simila i y in con en o
s yle. And e en he ansla ion o he Supe Qua uo Lib os Me ho o um allows he comple ion o
he ansc ip ion o be linked p ecisely o he Ch is mas pe iod […] in igilia epiphanie: 2 wi hou
asonance […]oy> in he lines, i seems, i is possible o see he signs o alignmen : kayle ekyse […]
labona[ ]he hewelyse […] eg · koy e […] poy e […] nykoy e […] doy e […].
da y i pa s kolo onas, p ie ku io šliejasi i lo yniškas hegzame as, i žmogaus i-
gū ėlė su iš ies a anka, i p ūsų eks elis, ma jame nicola o esme’s eikalo Qu-
14 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX 1 PaV. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. .V.2. o
he pu poses o his Regula ion: pho og aphed and used in his publica ion g aciously
allowed by diego a doino anno domini millesimo c ̊c ̊c ̊ sexagesimo nono ini e sun que
s iones me heo o um pe manus illius qui sc ipsi eas e c in igilia epiphanie pe manus
illius qui sc ipsi eas omnibus omnia non mea sompnia dice e possum amen eilu ine
kolo onas did no ake he nex ep o ma o he ex . Bu be ween he colophon and
he P ussian eco ding ha ollows, he e's p obably ano he close connec ion. The
human igu e and he P ussian insc ip ion co espond o he ime o he
ansc ip ion o he sou ce de ined by he colophon on he mo ning o he Th ee
Kings. The ime o he yea and he songs ha we e played a ha ime p obably p omp ed he eco ding o he ele an con en .
The wo d "Kayle" can be in e p e ed as a g ee ing add ess ha add esses he
same add ess as he p onoun. (In a po ho hoaw) and he wo ds o he second ow
labonache hewelyse. This explana ion can be accep ed, bu ano he solu ion can be
sugges ed ha would jus i y he ending o -e in he wo d Kayle and he lexeme p .
The use o Viešpa s will be e iewed.
The combina ion o wo ds in his posi ion can unc ion no as a g ee ing, bu as a g ee ing, so o say
no "hello, si ", bu uni e sal "good day, hello". g ee ings based on he e b and he e b […]die e o
he sen ence being spoken; The e a e a numbe o gods, e.g. Deiwa is going o lie down. Thank God,
please God, la. Oh, my God, my God, my God. G ee ings Go , i you please. God bless you, God bless you,
God bless you, God bless you, God bless you, God bless you. he impe a i e could be used in he ekyse
god. The e b wi h he oo kailp ussian is no ound in he language's monumen s. We ind he closes
pa allel in he Sla ic languages: s. s. cl i o heal, o heal, o lie. he n.c.l.i, he c.l.i. ; o which: o heal, o
heal, uk. Hi, b o he . How a e you? The goal, Se bian. Slow down, slow down. Keep going, check. The
illage, he illage. celić and . . based on su i ing P ussian lexicog aphic ma e ial and adj. The
e ymology o kails 'heal hy' (PeŽ ii 71[…]73), i would be possible o es o e he in ini y denomina ion o
he *kail-ē ei […]be heal hy, s ong; o do heal hy, s ong hings (plg. adj. See also "I 's ho , i 's ho ,
i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho ,
i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho ,
i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's wha is his is his is his. I'm going o kill you. I'm going o kill you. Since you' e
adi ionally close o he god, you'd ask he ns. 2 a. he empi e. ♪ Kail-ei-s ♪ ♪ You be heal hy and s ong
♪ Make i heal hy, make i s ong. In he case o he seconda y o m o he e b " o ha e" (endzelin
1982: 129), we can assume ha he sho o m was " o ha e," which co esponds o " o ha e." The
ashes, he old w i ings, he pami-akai ak, he i-chlausai Mž, he a adâ ai dP. The abb e ia ion can also
be explained by a simple con ac ion o he in e jec i e o he label (e.g. labdien, lab y , padėkdie, če.
Bóh ebe posd aw > salu ě bůh > ěbůh; dob o ju o > dob oj o, dob oy o > dob ý o, dob ej o).
The e o e, he p onoun "kailei īkīs […] "kailei[s] īkīs ʻlaba diena" o iginally mean " a he o he
whole, heal h, god". he lack o da a makes i impossible o p o ide i e u able g amma ical e idence
o jus i y such a gende . The p oposed me hod o in e p e a ion is use ul because i mo i a es he
use o he lexeme * īkīs ʻViešpa s (which seems somewha unusual when alking abou a speci ic
human add ess) and he le e -e a he end o he wo d Kayle. wi hou he pa allels men ioned in
o he languages ( he whole seman ic equi alen would be g ee ing God), he label in e jec ed in his
posi ion would also suppo olklo e poe y, since such a g ee ing beginning pe ec ly co esponds o
he Slo ak Ch is mas song, which begins wi h he g ee ing eleison (g . Κύριε ελέησον 'Vie pa ie,
pasigail'), abb e ia ed o m: ky ije, good jeje, ky ije, ky ie je zl'e, ky ije, učiňme, namy po as p išiu
ene pod dob oe kemu, a kemu kemu budeska, a na s e zi. Goa , he sheep a e in he pas u es. I don'
know wha I'm alking abou .
(Slo enian colleagues... 1992: 117)

16 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
dinių dainelių inicialines o muluo es. a ėjimo į ki us namus si uacija, sa aime sup an-
ama, eikala o, siekian gau i gė ybių, jų da ėjus mandagiai palabin i:
Good e ening, M . Rende , M .
Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende ,
M . Rende , M . Rende , M .
Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende , M . Rende . Wha is wha is i ? Wha is i ? Wha is i ? Wha is i ?
o a home, Ch is mas,
Mūs ponas ando ius, kalėda?
(n . 390, kl 359 – dainynas XX 632)
Добрый вечер вам,
Ище добрым людям!
Мы не сами идем,
Мы козу ведем!
(Calenda ce emony o he yea 1981, no. 5).
Good heal h, M . Boss,
Шось у вашем дворе
good luck o you.
Светы вечэр!
(Голас... 1995: 336–337)
2. econs uc ed label in e j. *The oos e began he monologue o he ca pen e .
I welcomed e e yone o he new place, and hen had o make eques s di ec ed o
indi idual Ch is mas-gi ing indi iduals ( he mo e he me ie ). And hose speci ic
eques s, o cou se, we e based on he app op ia e e e ences: o he owne , his
wi e, he child en (depending on he speci ic si ua ion). The dis ibu ion o
add esses is well e ealed, o example, by his Li huanian song: in kų aisium kalėdos
giedoce?
The g ass, he g ass, he g ass, he g ass.
in Pūcius aisium he g ass o he
g ass, he g ass o he g ass, he g ass o he g ass, he g ass o he g ass.
The g ass, he g ass, he
g ass, he g ass, he g ass.
The g ass, he g ass, he
g ass, he g ass, he g ass.
The ox gi es he snake a
bonk, he g ass, he g ass, he g ass, he g ass.
(no. 375 a1, cl 356 […] song XX 614[…]615)
The 17 h-cen u y
a icles gi e us
b alalis […] ugių
ei kaleda ei kaleda
i s ime I' e seen
...
gi e o my mo he , gi e o my sis e
sis e , gi e o my sis e , gi e o my
calcium.
...
a oos […]da mum
bačkełį, quie bačkełį,
kaledzyca. This is he
his in a long ime. I 's called calcium.
...
[…] gi e, gi e o my sis e , gi e o my
sis e , gi e o my sis e . I 's called
...
(no. 377a, cl 357, 345 […] song XX 614[…]615) so he nex one a e he in e j. Kayle in he
ekyse (1) posi ion, i.e. he labonache hewelyse (2) place, we would wai o he
oka y o o he nomina i e ha goes wi h i (seman ic model: 1. […]skalsink die e![…]; 2.
[…][...] šeimininke[…]). al hough subs . hewelyse is he same as he owel in he i s
line o he ekyse, which is usually ea ed as a no acco ding o he adi ional ex
deciphe men . he ollowing able is added: (you a e no longe ou a he o you a e no
longe a good uncle). and as in he i s case, he su ix -e can be explained by me o
sume imais. Howe e , i seems ha we do no ha e o mal and seman ic easons
ha would p e en hewelyse (analogical ekyse, whose oca i e unc ion is equally
and uni e sally ecognized) om being in e p e ed as a oca i e ealiza ion. The
wo d can be unde s ood as a lexical gono a i e, which e e s o an elde ly pe son, no
a ela i e. The speci ici y o he noun also well jus i ies he use o he lexeme
[…] e elis, because o he wise (in dealing wi h he noun […] […] u nesi kas[…]), we a e o ced o assume he seman ic ha m: […] ė as[…] >
"Fa he 's b o he " o "g and a he ".
such a owel-p onounced add ess as i o a a he cha ac e is ic o home-going
cus oms and he olklo e wo ks accompanying hem. The oo s undoub edly lead o a
kaimo san a ką i gy enimo ealijas, ku ių pėdsakų andama iki šiol (pa yzdžiui,
bend aujan su seny o amžiaus in o man ais ekspedicijų me u). kaip lie u ių ka-
adi ional slow example, as can be seen in he abo e song: […]dai mum a ucis ugių
bačkełį...[…] (No. 377a, cl 357, 345 […] song XX 614[…]615) This is he i s ime ha his has
happened. no mo e cases ha e been de ec ed due o he poo ly su i ing Li huanian
Ch is mas gen e, bu i is possible o compile a numbe o Sla ic and o he
co espondences. They ask o gi s om he a he s and mo he s o he gen lemen
hey mee on he way o Ch is mas. Fo example: Ou pan he is happy, Lis en o us
o a while, we will sing o you, chee ully speak.
(See also 1910: 10)
18 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX Panímámo ze
sousedů, […]Ponia mo he in he neighbo hood, I came
o you o a iend; I came o Ch is mas; I you don'
ha e wo duca s, i you don' ha e wo duca s, a
leas gi e me a gold nu , you can bo ow om he
pawnshop. bo ow om you a he -in-law; I'm going
o b ing him o he Jez eel, I'm going o b ing him o
he Jez eel o he poo man. I 's ha d o a child.
(See also Zeb h 1910:11)
Хозяюшка, наш батюшка,
Подари гостей колядовщиков:
Парой яецек,
Пирожка конецек,
Пирог с локаць,
Чтоб было лопаць;
А не хошь дариць,
Пойдзим собак дразниць,
Грязь месиць,
Людзей смешиць.
(Новиков 2002: 196)
In he case o he wo d labonache, he g aphic amendmen p oposed by Wol gang P.
Schmido is con incing: […]s-> ins ead o […]ch->. In he con ex o asking o Ch is mas
gi s, his p oposed eading labo(n)naxse . y. good o us (schmid 1982: 288) would also be
app op ia e. The combina ion o wo ds na[s]e hewelyse ʻmūsų ė eli would i well, o
example, he a o emen ioned k eipinį šejajuška, ou a he -in-law, which is cons an ly
eco ded in he songs o he bal a usi and Li huanian pa ibio sen ikių lala imo. Howe e ,
he alidi y o Schmido's in e p e a ion is ques ioned by ko land (ko land 1998: 127),
because ins ead o *naxse we would wai o nuson. In o mal e ms, he con ex
ʻlabanak ’ (bammesbe ge 1998: 125). ko land ’o k i inę pas abą, kad šio žodžių
junginio negalima sude in i su eks o seman ika, iš dalies sumenkina kalėdmečio
o e ed by Bammesbe ge would be accep able. A good example is he beginning o he
Li huanian song quo ed ea lie Good e ening, Ch is mas..., bu in his case we would be
limi ed o he assump ion ha Ch is mas s a ed in he e ening and could las un il he
nigh and o ha he subway, wi h alli e a ions new o he wo o hem, was p ecisely his leksema (plg.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
Acco ding o he poe ic pa adigm o Ch is mas ca ols he e, be o e he g ee ing
hewelyse, he su name epi e on cons ans, deno ing he owne o a isi o 's a m, a
house, a ya d (in he pa able, […]ge adėjau labns labin ojau o ė eli[…]), o an
impe a i e ([…]gėbes nešk, ė eli[…]) would also i well. o could no he componen -nase be seen as a e b.
The 19 h-cen u y a icles o he p . *nesʻneš i, gaben i pėdsakas (p . nassu e ʻk o ininis lai as;
acco ding o Mažiulį om he p . *nesu īs PeŽ iii 170)? In he case o a compound wo d, we would hen
ha e made i[…] kam om he e b. The agen p . nomen is no going o, he ca ie . In he i s
sen ence, in ha case, go o adj. The laby in h (pl. labbasegīsnan, labbapodingausnan,
labbaiquo īsnan), o he subs . he acc. he ollowing able is added: He spoke in a whispe . wi h su .
Mažiulis 2004: 26), o example, p . boadis ʻdū is, bedimas (PŽe i 150), bu ha ing in mind he olklo ic
speci ici y o he ex , i migh be possible o conside he e ec o Sla ic languages (e.g. Sla ic
ex s wi h he second sound -nešys: žinianešys, junganešys, ainiknešys, e c.). The li le labonache
kildin om he adj. The wo d "good" e en ually became "bad" o "bad". The oo o he wo d is
adi ionally associa ed wi h labʻge as: p . labs, lie. Hi, he e. Tha 's good. Howe e , gi en he
con ex o Ch is mas, pe haps ano he possibili y should be conside ed. Couldn' he e be a wo d
he e ha means "husband, a m, head o he household": plg. lie. The head, he uppe lip, he mou h,
he ongue. he o ehead; he mind, lie. he labnė ʻkak a; head, s. s. adj. The Republic o he Congo; The
back sea , anyway. The head, he head, he head. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: "I'm going o kill
you", he said. a lobs e , a animal wi h a la ge p o uding cac us, s.-k . he skull, he skull, he skull.
lub ica ing, ha is. Le i go. p. and le. The head and he ail. I is also known as he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". he seman ic basis is
ob ious: […]head[…] → […]head o he amily; he head o he household, he head o he household, he
head o he household. A ha ime, he ** could ha e been a ached o he su ix. (plu al deiwu s
[…]blessed, sa ed[…] < adj. The goddess, he goddess, he blessed, he sa ed, Pje i 193; p onounced
nago is, he i on po , om naga is, he i on po wi h ee . "I'm no going o ell you wha I'm going o
ell you". * - (a) he See also This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I 's a lo o wo k. The head, he
head. F om he Ch is mas ca ols al eady quo ed, he wo d labona[ ]he would co espond o: M .
Rando ius; he owne ; M . Boss, and he wo d combina ion labona[ ]he hewelyse […] boss, ou a he ;
pan á o... he las wo explana ions, when he epi e on cons ans pe o ms he unc ion (be o e he
owel hewelyse) o he noun, could help he owel. (?) he end o he -e in e p e a ion4. Finally, in he
con ex o he p aye eques in ques ion, he co espondence o Ch is ian S ango wi h William R.
Schmals ieg can be e u ned o he game (Mccluskey, schmals ieg, Zeps dea h 1975: 162; dini 2000a: 201)
an opinion acco ding o which a speci ic pe son is known by he name o (aw) An onia: "Good day,
An onia, good a he ". The possibili y o conside ing a bammesbe ge (bammesbe ge 1998, 125[…]126),
a dinis (dini 4 i migh be possible o choose ano he pa h and see he labonache diach onially in he
ches acc. he ollowing able is added: he ongue
and (by analogy wi h he i s line o *kail-ei-s) 2 sg. he empi e. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing.
His o ically, i may be possible o econs uc he p imi i e o m o a olklo ic ex ha could ha e been
used as a e b. I was no pushed ou . I was pushed ou . I was pushed ou . I was pushed ou . Since his
econs uc ion is made om ano he econs uc ion, we' e pu ing ou conside a ion in o con ex .
26 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX le e s (kolední lís ky řík álo é) wi h which he
Ch is mas celeb an s awa ded he mos digni ied hos s and o which hey ecei ed a
mo e luc a i e Ch is mas. In ancien imes, o cou se, p in ed and uni ied, his was
accompanied by a handw i en Ch is mas ca ol o a Ch is mas poem o one's own
c ea ion. The sha ing o Ch is mas le e s be ween he h ee kings was common in he
Czech Republic as a back as he 15 h cen u y (Zíb 2006: 6263, 199; Zíb 1905: 199). So
he jux aposi ion o he Basel ex wi h Ch is mas ca ols can be suppo ed on se e al
le els a once. I 's basically a combina ion o s yle and con en . As in he examples o
Ch is mas wishes, i can be di ided in o se e al componen s: g ee ings (al hough no
necessa ily)
7
I 's a cou esy, an impe a i e o encou agemen . The eques ed i ems, i.e. d inks o
money, add essed o he hos hewelyse, inally he ime o he Ch is mas e e s o he
au ho s-a likėja om he lowe cle gy e pė, a leas his can be assumed gi en he
Czech eali ies o he XV-XV cen u y. no less impo an is he con ex in which he
P ussian insc ip ion is gi en in he manusc ip i sel . The Ch is mas pe iod, speci ically
he e e o he Th ee Kings, is di ec ly indica ed by he colophon, o which is added a La in
hexame e , a human image, a Ge man no e, and a P ussian ex . As a esul , bo h he
human igu e, he lag, and he ex in P ussian can be in e p e ed as in eg al pa s o
he colophon. This would suppo he p e iously s a ed idea ha he cle k who w o e
Nicola O esme's wo k was a P ussian. The combina ion o image and ex in e ms o
gen e ecalled he dis an subjec o he d inking ce emony (T inksp üche) he
Ch is mas le e o he h ee kings ( řík álo é lís ky). Taking in o accoun he possible
o igins o he P ussian ex , which lead o household cus oms and calenda olklo e, i is
p obably possible o illumina e he genesis o he P ussian cu y. In he case o he
second pa o he wo k, whe e i is necessa y o be guided p ima ily by he o mal
c i e ion, he in e p e a ion o he ci cums ances o he eme gence o he p ose ex
p omo es a somewha di e en linguis ic analysis, and especially in he case o he
second pa o he wo k, whe e i is necessa y o be guided p ima ily by he o mal
c i e ion. he adi ional pe cep ion o he ex is based on he model: add ess […]
nega i e desc ip ion o he add essee […] jus i ica ion o his desc ip ion. I 's like,
"Hello, landlo d, you' e no ou good uncle; i you wan o d ink, bu don' wan o gi e
money. As an al e na i e, he ollowing is o e ed: g ee ing mandagus g ee ing ( o he
hos o he eas ) in ini ely p onounced g ee ing-sp aying. ha is: Good day, hos
a he ; I you wan o ( isi o s, Jesus) […] lis en, i you don' wan o […] gi e he money […]
o […] hello, si , good ou a he ; I you wan ( isi o s, Jesus) […] lis en, i you don' wan
[…] gi e he money. […]
6 A couple o hem we e published by Zíb (1905).
In e jec ions can be used o modi y ex , bu hey a e no necessa y. You can also use he adi ional
"hello, si ". In his case, we would ha e wo in a ow, and ha 's no mal. The e a e many au ologies in
olklo e: "Hello, si , goodbye, a he "...

27 pages o a icles in he ch onog aph o 1262 yea s. om he So ie language, i
siūlomas eks o pe skai ymas p ūsų kū inėlį iškel ų į ga bingą ašy inių pamink-
lų g e ą, ku i p asideda Gilgamešu, o a imai giminingoje aplinkoje baigiasi lie u-
will essen ially di e in language. Thus, he oldes Bela usian ex a he same
ime may be he oldes wo k o Bela usian olklo e w i en in he o iginal language.
A doino-Diego, on he p esen loca ion o he old P ussian ace o Basel. […]
codicological, paleog aphic and philological […] Indo-Eu opean linguis ics and classical
Bal is ica 47(2), 349–358.
a doino diego 2012b: La accia di basilea nel suo con es o edesco-la ino: aspe i
philology - XVI ( eading he memo y o I. M. T onski), ed. Nikolai N. Kazansky was bo n in
Moscow, Russia. S . Bammesbe ge al ed 1998: anme kungen zum basele epig amm. This
Петербург: Наука, 19–33.
is he i s ime I' e seen his. […] Bal is ik: asks and me hods. Heidelbe g: c. Win e , 121
o 126. Heidelbe g is loca ed in he ci y o Heidelbe g, Ge many. song XX […] Li huanian olk
song 20. The songs o Ad en o-Kalėdų. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Li e a u e and
E hnog aphy, 2007. dini Pie o umbe o 2000a: on he ammen o he basilica and o he s
unpublished in he ca og aphy om ch . I 's called he W.R. Schmals ieg. This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal
o he Eu opean Union. P.S. I'm no su e i his is he same as he "Bal ese" e sion. A
compa a i e his o y. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
En h oned in he 1980s, he ilm was eleased in hea e s in he U.S. and Canada.
Husky song (1952) P ague: Czech w i e . Ku Lindne , Who is Who in he Old P ussian
Epig am […] Bal is ik: asks and me hods. Heidelbe g: c. Win e , 127, 128. This is he
i s ime I' e seen i . Lemech's Illusion 2013: The P ussian Gloss o Basel and he
Whi e o P ague. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mccluskey s ephen c., schmals ieg william ., zeps aldis j. 1975: he basel epig am: a
new mino ex in old p ussian. […] Gene al Linguis ics 15, 159 and 165. The Mausoleum
o Vy au as in 1975 is he oldes monumen o he Bal ic sc ip . This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Małgoszczyk, The His o y o he P ussian Language and G amma Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house.
Pe iŽiV […] Mažiulis V. Dic iona y o he e ymology o he P ussian language 1[…]4. Vilnius: Science, 1988 […] This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his subjec .
1997.
Joseph Pu ka h (1983): The Old P ussian Basile Epig am: An In e p e a ion o he Bible and he Bible Gene al
Linguis ics 23, 29 and 36.
Linguis ica Li uaniana, LXXIX, 2006: Obse a ions on he Old P ussian Basilian Epig am, published by
he Li huanian Academy o Linguis ics. […] In e na ional Jou nal o Sla ic Linguis ics and Poe ics
44 […] 45, 331 […] 342. This is he i s ime ha he In e na ional Jou nal o Sla ic Linguis ics and
Poe ics has been published. Wol gang Schmid P. 1982: Jesus, I'm going o le you go. […] Innsb ucke
Bei age zu Kul u wissenscha , sonde he 50. innsb uck: ins i u e o language science o
205–208.
he uni e si y o innsb uck, Slo ak colleges 1992: Slo ak colleges: om he e ening o he eas o T och o he king. he ollowing able is inse ed:
I 's wo k.
Zíb Čeněk 1889: Old Czech anni e sa y objec s, legends, celeb i ies and en e ainmen a e
p omo ed i hey a e p omo ed in w i en monumen s un il a e ou age. Con ibu ion o cul u al e en s in Czech.
P ague: he ca go o J.R. Vilímka.
Zíb Čeněk 1905: Lis , dis ibu ed du ing he college ials. This Decision shall en e
in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Zíb Čeněk 1910: Hoj, you a e he Ch is mas dinne ... (F om he Vánoc College o he
New Yea ). P ague: publishing house o F. Šimáčka.
Zibe Čeněk 2006: Happy momen s in he li e o he Czech people. P ague: he Višeh ad.
Афанасьевский сборник 2005: Афанасьевский сборник. Материалы и исследования.
Release h ee. Calenda i es and ce emonial poe y o he Vo onezh egion. o a kind used in he manu ac u e o goods o Chap e 87
Издательство Воронежского государственного университета.
The Voice... 1995: The Voice om he Abyss and he Li ing Foun ain. Minsk: Science and echnology.
Заленский Эдуард 1912: Что поет современная деревня Псковского уезда. Псков:
Электрическая типо-литография губернского земства.
Календарно-обрядовая... 1981: Календарно-обрядовая поэзия сибиряков. Новосибирск:
Наука.
Корепова Клара 2009: Русские календарные обряды и праздники Нижегородского
Поволжья. Санкт-Петербург: Тропа Троянова.
Новиков Юрий 2002: Волочебный обряд у старообрядцев Литвы и Беларуси
( ex s) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Обрядовая поэзия. Москва: Современник, 1989.
Qua ain / couple o basel:
example o a Plea o gi s
The amous P ussian insc ip ion, ound in 1975 in one o he codices o he Public and Uni e si y
Lib a y o Basel, is s ill conside ed he oldes Bal ic ex , which is o en in e p e ed in he
con ex o a s uden 's joke, no e y success ul in g amma ical e ms. a con en ional
The unde s anding o hese a icles is al eady in need o e i ica ion, which is ac i ely d i en by a
di e en unde s anding o he ex con en and o he candida es o he au ho ship o he
P ussian couple . an al e na i e eading s a s wi h he e iology o he ex . The elemen o
au ho ship is b ie ly conside ed: whe he a P ussian de ised he whole sen ence by himsel o he
used some eady-made wo ding. I enables us o sepa a e be ween he laye o o al, i.e., olklo e,
ex ea u es, and an au ho 's laye in he P ussian insc ip ion. By emo ing inse s, a emp s a e
made o econs uc he p ima y o m, i.e., he singing o eci a i e qua ain ac ually used. The
au ho u he ocuses on he ela ionship be ween a P ussian piece o ex and a La in colophon,
which de ines he ime when he sou ce was ansc ibed, i.e., he e e o he Epiphany. The season
and he songs pe aining o ha ime o yea enables and e en o ces us o y o ace he
iden i y o Ch is mas ca ols con aining explici mo i s o pleading o gi s. The analysis o
indi idual wo ds begins wi h he ph ase "Kayle," which is no in e p e ed as a g ee ing add ess,
"Hello, si ," bu as a g ee ing, "Good day," which is eminiscen o e.g. Li huanian Skalsink die e,
czech Cong a ula ions o he Lo d by i s composi ion. he impe a i e would mo i a e he use o an
addi i e -e in he wo d Kayle and he lexeme ekyse god. The in e jec ion in his posi ion would also
be suppo ed by he poe ics o Ch is mas ca ols because he coming o one's home was closely
linked o he p ope g ee ing o he hos and hos ess. by he composi ion o ch is mas ca ols, he
add ess(es) o he people me could ake up he ollowing posi ion. I is exp essed by a oca i e
o m hewelyse in he P ussian ex . a wo d labonache p eceding i is in e p e ed acco ding o
schmid as ou good. Epi e on cons ans good-doe , impe a i e o m b ing weal h, subs . oc. hos ,
which would also suppo he begging adi ion, a e in e p e ed as well. a possibili y is conside ed
ha he wo d honeaw indica es a speci ic pe son named (An) onio. Examples a e gi en showing
ha he use o pe sonal names in Ch is mas ca ols is a commonplace phenomenon, which, in u n,
subs an ia es he acul a i e cha ac e o dea h. The in e p e a ion o he end o he P ussian
ex is based on a o mal c i e ion which enables us o econs uc he elemen o o de in he plea
o Ch is mas ca ols, exp essed in he impe a i e: "I ( he ca ol-w i e ) wishes so, gi e him o d ink;
i no , b ing him a penny." esemblance can be seen a he le el o syn ax. Whe eas he hings asked
by Ch is mas ca olle s desc ibe hei social belonging, he Czech cus oms o he 14 h-15 h cen u y
ge in o he cen e o a en ion. i is concluded ha he ex o such wo ding would be mo e
sui able o he cle gymen o lowe ank.
Deli e ed on 20 Decembe 2013
iLja LeMeŠkin
P ahos Ka olio uni e si e as
Jan Palach, P ague,
Czech Republic
[Email p o ec ed]