S aipsniai / A icles 101
OJAS BUSS is he name o he game.
Ins i u e o La ian Language o he Uni e si y
o La ia
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: La ian onomas ics, gene al
heo e ical onomas ics and lexicology.
RENĀTE SILIŅA-PIŅĶE
Ins i u e o La ian Language o he Uni e si y
o La ia
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: La ian his o ical onomas ics,
his o ical lexicog aphy, La ian his o ical dic iona y,
Ge man-La ian language con ac .
The Land Map o he
SCHLOSSGEBIETES BĒRZAUNE This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o his esolu ion.
The 17 h. One hund ed and one
The Bal ic Hyd onymy 1
XVII a. Be zaunės pilies apylinkės žemėlapis
and bal ų hid onimija (Be sunė piles apylinkės žemėlapis and bal ų hid onimija) is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he island.
The anno a ion
The i s ex ensi e collec ion o La ian oponyms is wi h economic ac i i ies o Sweden ( he
no he n pa o La ia belonged o i ) in he 17 h cen u y. Connec ed cen u y. The esul s o hese
ac i i ies a e (1) coun y e ision p o ocols, which con ain a la ge numbe o La ian se lemen
names, and (2) he su ey maps, which con ain qui e a lo o La ian wa e and i e names. This
a icle is pa o he p ojec "S udies o he La ian language in he con ex o 21s cen u y
Die Ka e des Schlossgebie s Bē zaune (en s anden um 1680–1685) zeig meh als
70 Hyd onyme. Die e ymologische Analyse zeig : die meis en on ihnen sind Namen bal-
science" in he S a e Resea ch P og amme "Le onics: his o y o La ia, languages, cul u e and
alues".
OJĀRS BUŠS, RENĀTE SILIŅA-PIŅĶE
102 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII ups (= *Robežupe) which was published in Li huanian. The
name Plaxen Siö (now Plaksis o Plaksnis) could be unde s ood as a name o onoma opoe ic
o igin. The i e name Plising Ri us can b eak om he La ian oo plīs-/plēš-; be de i ed
om ea ing. The hyd onyms de i ed om he Sa ab ibe (Sa ins ups, Sawi z Lacus, now
Sa ī e, Sa ī es eze s) a e simila o he Indo-Eu opean hyd onyms and he Indo-Eu opean
oo *sh2e[…]- […]schü en, egnen[…], bu a he he names a e o Eas Sea Finnish o igin, c .
Es onian sau, sa i […]Ton, Lehm[…]. The simila -sounding names in Sā - (now Sā ī e, Sā ienas
eze s) p obably ha e he La ian dialec wo d sā a […] he sca […] as hei e ymology.
Onomas ics and hyd onymics, 17. Cen u y, maps o he cas le dis ic , Li land.
The anno a ion
The i s ample collec ion o ancien oponyms o La ia had been connec ed wi h economic
ac i i ies in Sweden in he 17 h cen u y when he no he n pa o La ia belonged o his
coun y. Resul s o hese ac i i ies a e he ma e ials o land e ision, which ep esen a
la ge numbe o La ian oikonyms as well as su eying maps o he educ ion o he es a es
ha con ain qui e a lo o La ian hyd onyms and mic o oponyms. The map o he Bē zaune
cas le dis ic (Ap il 1680[…]1685) con ains mo e han 70 hyd onyms. Thei e ymological
esea ch shows ha mos o hem a e names o Bal ic (La The lake name Plaxen Siö (now
ian) o igin, e.g., he i e names Ackman ups (=*Akmeņupe), Roabesche ups (=*Robežupe).
Plaksis o Plaksnis) is mos likely o be ea ed as a name o onoma opoe ic o igin. The i e
name Plising Ri us could be de i ed om he La ian s em plīs-/plēš- ‘ o b eak, o ea . The
hyd onyms de i ed om he s em Sa - (Sa ins ups, Sawi z Lacus, now Sa ī e, Sa ī es
eze s), al hough seemingly compa e wi h he Indo-Eu opean hyd onyms o igina ing om he
oo ide. *sh2e- ‘ o pou , o ain, a e mos likely he names o Finno-Ug ic o igin, c . Es onian
sau, sa i is clay. Simila names wi h -ā- (now Sā ī e, Sā ienas eze s) a e p obably an e ymology
o he La ian dialec wo d sā a ‘sca . KEYWORDS: onomas ics, hyd onymy, 17 h cen u y,
maps o cas le dis ic s, Li onia.
The s udy o Bal ic hyd onyms has no been exhaus i e o a long ime. Many Bal ic
hyd onyms do no ye ha e accep able o igins and do no ha e a clea
e hnolinguis ic con ex . Especially many un esol ed puzzles ha e emained in he
a ea o he e ymologies o La ian hyd onyms. These un esol ed e ymological
p oblems a e also one o he easons why an e ymological dic iona y o he
S aipsniai A icles 103 and ollowing
Die Landka e des Schlossgebie es Bē zaune om 17.
Jah hunde und die bal ische Hyd onymie
hyd onyms o La ia has no ye appea ed, and p obably will no appea in he
o eseeable u u e. One o he asks o he esea ch is s ill he expansion o he
hyd onymic co pus. This ask is nei he easy no manageable, as unknown i e and
sea names a e hidden in unpublished documen s, especially in he His o ical S a e
A chi e o La ia (La ian S a e A chi es). This a icle pu sues wo objec i es: (1)
he inclusion o indi idual old, now o go en hyd onyms in he linguis ic and
onomas ic discussion, (2) he analysis o he o igin o some bo h well-known and
lesse -known hyd onyms.
The i s pe iod o in ensi e eco ding o oponyms in La ia is associa ed wi h he economic
in e es s o he Kingdom o Sweden (see Fig. 1). Towa ds he end o he 17 h cen u y The
so-called goods educ ion was ca ied ou in no he n La ia (Vidzeme), which had o icially
belonged o Sweden since 1629. Al eady in olde his o ical sou ces, especially wi h he 13 h
cen u y. Beginning in he 17 h cen u y, nume ous se lemen , lou and wa e names a e
eco ded. Howe e , in he 19 h cen u y, hese eco ds eached a new quan i a i e and
quali a i e le el. In o ma ion on he lands and inhabi an s was needed o egula e he
paymen o axes in he newly acqui ed e i o ies. Fo his eason, a na ional e ision, he
so-called Swedish hook e ision, was ca ied ou , in whose p o ocols nume ous se lemen
names a e eco ded. The mos comp ehensi e e isions we e made in 1638 (published by
Dunsdo in 1940, 1938, 1941), as well as again in 1688. Howe e , he planned educ ion o goods
equi ed accu a e maps o a ious egions o Li onia. The Swedish ca og aphe s belonged
den meh mals o ganisie , die e s e schon wäh end des polnisch-schwedischen
K ieges im Jah 1601 ( e ö en lich bei Š ābe 1933), dann 1617, 1624, 1630, die
o he 17 h cen u y. cen u y o he leading in Eu ope. Fo y-nine Swedish su eyo s su eyed
all o Swedish Li land in he yea s 1681 o 1684 and 1687 o 1696 (Vidzemes ka es 1996: 7). As a
esul , nume ous maps o indi idual goods we e c ea ed, which we e hen combined in he
so-called i h-pa maps as cas le a ea maps in he scale 1:48.000 o 1:57.600. The e a e mo e
han wen y such cas le a ea maps o p esen -day La ia, e.g. om he cas le a eas o
Cēsis (Wenden), Koknese (Kokenhusen), Mālpils (Lembu g), Rauna (Runa). 2 Also called La ian
Li land o Sou he n Li land in Ge man, in con as o he no he n Es onian Li land.
OJĀRS BUŠS, RENĀTE SILIŅA-PIŅĶE
104 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Ronnebu g), Sun aži (also known as Sunzel) and Madliena (also known as Sissegall) and
o he s. These maps a e o g ea impo ance o oponyms, especially because o he
egis e ed hyd onyms, as well as some mic o onyms. These maps o he cas le a ea
a e loca ed in he His o ical S a e A chi e o La ia (La ian S a e A chi es, LVVA
Fund 7404, desc ip ion 3, iles 1[…]30). Some ha e been published and analyzed by he
exiled his o ian Edga s Dunsdo s in Aus alia (Dunsdo s 1974). Al eady his one,
hough ABB. Eas e n Bal ic in he 17 h cen u y The cen u y. No linguis has ecognized
he impo ance o hese maps o hyd onymic esea ch: "Fo name esea che s, he
This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, so ed by loca ion.
S aipsniai A icles 105 and 105
Die Landka e des Schlossgebie es Bē zaune om 17.
Jah hunde und die bal ische Hyd onymie
hyd onym on he maps should be o in e es , which o en di e s om oday's
names" (Dunsdo s 1974: 8). Mo e han o y yea s ha e passed since his s a emen ,
and i is only in ecen yea s ha […] o he ime being qui e modes […] linguis ic
analysis o hese maps has begun. These maps also include he map o he
app oxima ely 1500 km2 cas le a ea o Bē zaune. The cas le a ea is loca ed in eas e n
Li onia and co e s he a ea o he secula dialec s in Vidzeme3 (see Fig. 2). I is, as can
be seen om he map, e y i e ine and ich in seawa e . A o al o 70 hyd onyms a e
eco ded.4 […] Sea names a e insigni ican ly mo e han i e names. known om
his o ical sou ces. I seems impossible, o a leas hypo he ically possible, o
de e mine he co esponding hyd og aphic objec s oday. Cu en ly unknown i e
names a e Ackman ups, an ing ou , Baben ups, mellone z, Monke uppe, Mudsa Ri us,
E wa 15 de beleg en Hyd onyme sind wede aus den heu igen noch aus ande-
Plising Ri us, Roabesche ups, unknown sea names a e Ines Siö, In Siö, Ka ps Siö, Ka i Siö,
Loda z, Paslois, Siogos. Ten o he lakes on his map ha e di e en names om hei
cu en (o a leas om oday's o icial) names, such as Asening (now Pudulu eze s),
Be en Siö (now Salu eze s, also known as Siö (G ī u eze s), Plaxen Siö (Rāceonu eze s,
also known as Plaksis), Sawi z Lacus (Kaņepēnu eze s, also known as Sa ī es eze s),
Syles Siö (S i neze s), Wi z Siö (Kalsna as eze s).
Bē zaunes eze s), Damis Siö (je z Šūmānu eze s), Nygas Siö (Lau e es eze s), Malz
Some o he hyd onyms men ioned (as well as se e al o he s on he map) appea o be o Eas
Sea Finnish, possibly Li onian o Es onian o igin, e.g. Kuja (see Laansalu 2014), Mudsa Ri us.
Howe e , he majo i y o hyd onyms a e o Bal ic, p ima ily La ian o igin. Some imes he
connec ion o he La ian appella i es is ob ious o almos ob ious, e.g. B., Ackman ups =
*Akmeņupe (see also akmens ‘s one), Roabesche ups = *Robežupe (see also obeža ‘bo de ),
Ka ps Siö = *Ka pas eze s (o Ka pis?; see also ka pa ‘Ka p en‘). The las name, o cou se, does
no belong o he old hyd onyms o Bal ic o igin, since i s e ymology, he ish name ka pa, is a
bo owing om Ge man (ME II 197 s. . kã pa I; The a ea o Sehwe s 3 includes app oxima ely he
municipali ies o Bē zaune, G os ona, Kalsna a, Lazdona, Lubāna, Lubeja, Ļaudona, Mā ciena,
Mei āni, Mē iena, P auliena, Saika a, Sā iena, Vēja a, Viesiena, as well as he eas e n pa o
he municipali y o Ves iena (no ma ked on he map). On he Abb. 2 he bounda ies o he
municipali y o 1939 a e shown. 4 The e a e also i e s and lakes ha a e ma ked on he map
wi hou names.

OJĀRS BUŠS, RENĀTE SILIŅA-PIŅĶE
106 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
1936: 47; Laumane 1973: 105[…]106), possibly pa ially bo owed om he Russian
(Ka ulis 1992: I 384). Tha 's in he 17 h. The cen u y-old hyd onym allows he
bo owing pe iod o he appella i e a he la es wi h he 16 h. Cen u y, e y
likely bu e en ea lie , o da e. The oldes o Laumane (1973: masculine a ian
105) egis ie en sch i lichen Belege en s ammen dem 18. Jah hunde , die
Ka pis is howe e al eady ixed in he dic iona y by Geo g Elge (1683) (Ka ulis
1992: I 384).
Among he e ymologically anspa en hyd onyms, he peculia i e name an ing
can s ill be named (see Fig. 3). Un il now, i is only known om his map o he cas le
a ea. The en y e e s o a ai ly sho s eam (o jus a pa o a i e ) and can
mos likely be ead as An iņa auss (‘An iņš ́ Oh ‘). I his eading is co ec , his
name en iches he many known cases in which human body pa s se e as he basis
o oponymic in e p e a ions. He illus a es his uni e sal endency in he
o ma ion o ononyms wi h a less ypical example […] he appella i e o […]ea […]
has been used only a ely in he o ma ion o La ian oponyms and is no one o
he ana omical e ms cha ac e is ic o oponymy (Rapa 2014: 63). In he i s
olume o he O snamenbuchs Le lands by Jānis Endzelīns he e is no (!)
oponym whose o igin is clea ly ABB. 2. The app oxima e bounda ies o he cas le
a ea (d awn by Liene on he appella i e auss would be a ibu able (see Endzelīns
1956: 55[…]56, Lemma a on aus-). Only he second componen o he oponym is o
This is Ma kus-Na ila.
S aipsniai A icles 107 and 107
Die Landka e des Schlossgebie es Bē zaune om 17.
Jah hunde und die bal ische Hyd onymie
Bal ic o igin. The i s componen […] he La ian an h oponym An iņš (< An on) […]
is o G eek o La in o igin (HdV I, 177; Siliņš 1990: 62) and d onyms in he en i e
La ian oponomas ic con ex leads o a ce ain unce ain y as o whe he he
name does no ha e o be ead and/o in e p e ed di e en ly.
ha nu einen indi ek en Bezug zu Hyd onymie. Die Einmaligkei dieses Hy-
O cou se, he e a e e y ew e ymologically clea hyd onyms bo h in La ia in gene al and on
his map. In mos cases, an e ymological analysis is equi ed. As an example, wo hyd onyms
ollow Pl: he i e Plising Ri us and he lake Plaxen Siö. Fo he lake he e a e also p esen
synonymous names such as Plaksis // Plaksnis // Plakšeze s // Plakšņu eze s, as well as se e al
names o med om o he oo s (see LVV 177). As ea ly as 1638, he Swedish Haken e ision
ixed he o m Plaxen (Dunsdo 1941: 1159), i.e. iden ical o he name on he map only wi hou
he oo wo d Siö (c . Swedish sjö ‘See‘). Since he e a e no consonan accumula ions a
he beginning o wo ds in he Eas Sea Finnish languages, Bal ic o igin is clea ly p e e able.
Al hough he e a e also oponyms o Ge manic and Sla ic o igin on he e i o y o La ia, in
his case Sla ic o igin is unlikely o a eal easons, 5 such accumula ions a e a e in he
la es bo owings om he 20 h and 21s cen u ies. I is no possible o de e mine he age
o he languages, and hey a e usually only ound in common pa lance. I 's called ABB. 3. an ing
ou on he cas le a ea map Bē zaune (a e Dunsdo s 1974)
OJĀRS BUŠS, RENĀTE SILIŅA-PIŅĶE
108 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII while names o Ge manic o igin a e
occasionally ound unde La ian se lemen names, bu no […] wi h e y ew
excep ions […] unde he olde wa e names. When sea ching o he e ymology o
he sea name Plaksis, he onoma opoeic o igin mus i s be conside ed. F om a
phone ic poin o iew, his a ian seems e y c edible, since in he La ian
language (bo h in he s anda d language and in he dialec s) onoma opoe ic e bs
plakšē , plakšķē occu , especially o he desc ip ion o quie wa e noises, e.g.
Ai i klakšķēja duļļos, ūdens plakšēja [lai ai] abās malās... (And ejs Upī s; LLVV9).
The possible onoma opoeic o igin o he oponym on Plakš is also men ioned in he
La ian Vie namese dic iona y (LVV 177 s. . Plakši), al hough wi hou de ailed
analysis. On he o he hand, in he egion unde conside a ion he e a e some
plan names (swamp and ield names) wi h he oo Plak- (Plok-, Plôk-), he o igin o
which is mo e closely ela ed o he egionalism plôka ‘low-lying, la ield‘, plaka
Ebe ‘ung seems o be qui e c edible as a mo i a ion o a sea name. In compa ison,
he name o he lake in Russia, Uk aine and Kazakhs an, Ploskoye oze o (li e ally
ne, Niede ung‘ (LVV 175 s. . Plaka) und dem s anda dsp achlichen Adjek i
plakans ‘eben, lach‘ e klä en läss . Die Seman ik ‘eben, lach; Ebene, Niede -
he la plain)
See ‘) e e ed o. Se e al such lakes a e loca ed no a om La ia, in he a ea
o Psko , a egion wi h Bal ic subs a e in hyd onymics. The hyd onym Ploskoye
oze o, o cou se, does no belong o his subs a e, i only se es as an occasion
o conside a ion o possible mu ual […] Bal ic and Sla ic […] seman ic in luences in
hyd onymy. F om a seman ic poin o iew, he compa ison wi h ano he La ian
egionalism […] plasa […]Hochwasse au de Wiese[…] (ME III 320) could be e en mo e
c edible. Bu he phone ic and a eal aspec s speak agains i . The
di icul - o-explain hypo he ical de elopmen -s- > -could s ill be jus i ied by he
con amina ion o he plaza + plaza. Howe e , he bigges obs acle o his
in e p e a ion o he o igin is he a ea o dis ibu ion o he egionalism plasa and
he oponym o med om i […] i includes he cul u al-his o ical egions o
Zemgale and La gale6, bu no Vidzeme and emains a om he municipali y o
Lazdona and om he lake Plaksis // Plaxen Siö (c . LVV 182 […] 183). So he e a e a
leas h ee hypo heses o he e ymology o his sea name. The mos c edible o
hese seems o be he onoma opoeic hypo hesis. 6 So cen al, sou heas e n and
eas e n La ia.
S aipsniai A icles 109 and 109
Die Landka e des Schlossgebie es Bē zaune om 17.
Jah hunde und die bal ische Hyd onymie
The i e name Plising Ri us, which can be ead as *Plīsiņ o *Plisiņ, in u n e okes
clea associa ions wi h he La ian e b plīs ‘ o ea , o spli , o b eak. In he
Lexicon o Toponyms o La ia, he La ian Vie namese Dic iona y, he e a e abou
15 oponyms wi h he oo Plīs- (LVV 244[…]245) ha mos likely de i e om he
e b in ques ion. Bu hese a e names o lowe s (e.g. Plīsa […] a ield in he
municipali y o D abeši, a o es in Kā ļi, a meadow in Kūdums, a meadow in Rāmuļi),
he e is no hyd onym unde hese names. Since ou Plising Ri us, as can be seen
om he map, is a ai ly small i e , i s name may possibly be de i ed om a
long- o go en i e name. I should be added ha he appella i e plēsums […]die
Rodung[…], which occu s qui e o en as an elemen in La ian oponyms, is o med
om plēs, ano he ablau s age o his oo (see LVV[…] 22326). A di ec connec ion
be ween his appella i e and he hyd onym is o b ing his hyd onym in o a b oade
Indo-Eu opean con ex and o compa e i wi h se e al oponyms in Eu ope. Fo
Plising Ri us is abe nich es zus ellen. Es bes eh jedoch die Möglichkei , die-
example, he e a e wo i e s named Plisa in Bela us and he Old P ussian place
name Plissinges om 1284 (Ge ullis 1922: 125), which has an almos iden ical spelling
wi h ou hyd onym. Many La ian and Li huanian oponyms on Ples, Plešund and Plēš
(Plėš) a e also e ymologically ela ed o Plising Ri us and Plissinges. The common
o igin o hese names leads o he Indo-Eu opean oo *pleh1k- ‘b eaking o (see
LIV 483), bu he eason o he names o he oponyms can be di e en :
1) he Roden, 2) he appa en di ision o he a ea by he
cou se o he i e ,
3) das „Reißen“ de Felsen, de Landscha bei de En s ehung des Flussbe es,
wie auch ande e noch meh hypo he ische ode nu ekons uie ba e
The ac o s.
Ano he p oblema ic g oup om an e ymological poin o iew o his egion a e he hyd onyms
(and an oikonym) on Sa und Sā -. On he map hese a e he i e s Sa ins ups and Sawe ups and he
lakes Sawi z Lacus and Sawen Lacus ( oday: Sa ī e, Sā ī e and Sa ī es eze s, Sā ienas eze s
wi h many name a ian s), and he mano Sa wenho ( oday he illage Sā iena), be e known
om o he sou ces and li e a u e as Sawensee (BHO II 550), which poin s o he o igin o he
se lemen name om he hyd onym (see Fig. 4). 7 Whe he he names o small i e s and lakes
hemsel es should no be included in he names o i e s (mic o oponyms) is a long-discussed
ques ion o which no clea answe can be gi en.
OJĀRS BUŠS, RENĀTE SILIŅA-PIŅĶE
116 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Fi s o all, i 's he same as wha happened o me. Fi s o all, i 's he same as wha
happened o me.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
OJAS BUSS is he name o he game.
LU La ian Language Ins i u e
Academician's o ice 1, LV-1050 Riga, La ia
oja[email p o ec ed]m
RENĀTE SILIŅA-PIŅĶE
LU La ian Language Ins i u e
Academician o he Uni e si y o Riga,
LV-1050 Rīga, La ia [email protected]