196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language
Fields o esea ch: expe imen al phone ics, phonology,
dialec ology, geolinguis ics.
DIFFERENT IPA EQUIVALENTS
FOR SOME LITHUANIAN AND
LATVIAN VOWELS
Kodėl ski iasi kai ku ių lie u ių i la ių
kalbų balsių a p au iniai one inės abėcėlės
a i ikmenys?
ANNOTATION
Despi e he common Bal ic o igin, he in en o ies o owel and consonan phonemes
in con empo a y S anda d Li huanian and S anda d La ian ha e di e ences, i s ly, be-
cause o unc ional signi icance which is no uni e sal: wha is phonologically ele an in
Li huanian, canno be so in La ian o some o he language, because he impo ance o
owels and consonan s in dis inguishing one wo d om ano he a ies om language o
language; all languages use a limi ed numbe o owels and consonan s ha a e able o
dis inguish wo d meanings. Also, he analysis o acous ic and a icula o y phenomena and
p ocesses in ol es he s udy and compa ison o sounds ( o example, hei dis inc i e ea-
u es) o di e en languages on he basis o simila p inciples and simila me hods by also
p o iding some uni e sal (in e na ional) ansc ip ion.
Nowadays Li huanian and La ian owels (as well as consonan s) can be ansc ibed
using no only na ional ( adi ional) phone ic symbols bu also in e na ional phone ic al-
phabe (s) (uni e sally ag eed sys em(s) o no a ion o he sounds o languages).
In he p esen a icle he choice o non-iden ical equi alen s o he In e na ional Pho-
ne ic Alphabe (IPA) o he long and sho monoph hongs o con empo a y Bal ic lan-
guages is mainly discussed by highligh ing e minology and o he nuances o classi ying
sounds on he basis o di e en c i e ia since he e can be a ious ( adi ional acous ic,
a icula o y, unc ional, in e na ional a icula o y and he like) classi ica ions p o ided
o Li huanian and La ian owel sys ems. Fo a compa a i e esea ch s udy on Li h-
uanian and La ian owels i was necessa y o es ablish a common synch onous owel
S aipsniai / A icles 197
Di e en IPA Equi alen s
o Some Li huanian and La ian owels
classi ica ion ( adi ional o in e na ional). T adi ional (acous ic o a icula o y) owel
classi ica ions o bo h Bal ic languages ollow a simila pa e n.
The analysis o he compa a i e expe imen al esea ch o Li huanian and La ian
monoph hongs showed ha di e en IPA symbol equi alen s o some owels o con em-
po a y Bal ic languages ha e been chosen due o he closely ela ed bu qui e di e en
acous ic quali ies and no iden ical p oduc ion as well as audi o y ea u es.
KEYWORDS: con empo a y Bal ic languages, S anda d Li huanian, S anda d
La ian, owel, ansc ip ion, in e na ional phone ic alphabe .
ANOTACIJA
No s lie u ių i la ių kalbos giminiškos, jų balsinių i p iebalsinių onemų in en o iai
u i ski umų, pi miausia dėl unkcinio ele an iškumo, ku is nė a isuo inis dalykas: kas
lie u ių kalboje eikšminga, gali bū i ne eikšminga la ių a ki oje kalboje, odėl į ai a -
siž elg ina i ian i lyginan ski ingų kalbų ga syną (i jų di e encinius požymius). Taip
pa a siž elg ina į lyginamąją ski ingų kalbų ga sų akus inių i a ikuliacinių ypa ybių
analizę, ku ią s a bu a lik i pagal panašius p incipus i ą pačią a panašią me odologi-
ją. Lyginamuosius kalbų ga sus ap ašy i pa ogiau naudojan bend ą ( a p au inę) one inę
ansk ipciją.
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų balsyno (kaip i p iebalsyno) ansk ipcija galima i naciona-
liniais ( adiciniais) ašmenimis, i aikan ienos a ki os a p au inės one inės abėcė-
lės a i ikmenis (s anda izuo ą uni e salią ga sų one inių ašmenų žymėjimo sis emą a
sis emas).
Šiame s aipsnyje ap a iami lyginamų umpųjų i kai ku ių ilgųjų daba inių lie u ių
i la ių bend inių kalbų balsių ne ienodi (nesu ampan ys) a p au iniai one inės abėcė-
lės (an. IPA) a i ikmenys. Taip pa a k eipiamas dėmesys į e minijos į ai o ę, ku i p i-
klauso nuo o, kokiu pag indu i pagal kokius k i e ijus lyginamųjų kalbų balsiai ski s omi
(galimos adicinės akus inės, a ikuliacinės, unkcinės, a p au inės a ikuliacinės i pan.
klasi ikacijos), i nuo ki ų dalykų. Lyginamieji bal ų kalbų ga sų y imai padeda iš yškin i,
kodėl lyginan s a bu p i aiky i bend ą sinch oninę klasi ikaciją i kokie galimi adicinių
one inių i onologinių klasi ikacijų i a p au inės klasi ikacijos niuansai. Pagal adicinę
(akus inę a a ikuliacinę) klasi ikaciją bal ų kalbų balsiai ski s omi pagal panašų modelį.
Lyginamoji ins umen inio lie u ių i la ių kalbų mono ongų y imo analizė pa o-
dė, kad kai ku ie ne ienodi ų pačių šių giminiškų kalbų onemų a p au inės one inės
ansk ipcijos simboliai pasi ink ini dėl am ik ų akus inių, a ikuliacinių i psicho izinių
požymių ski umų.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: daba inės bal ų kalbos, bend inė lie u ių kalba, bend inė la ių
kalba, balsis, ansk ipcija, a p au inė one inė abėcėlė.
JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
198 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
INTRODUCTION
The use o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (o IPA) is guided by some
p inciples, one o which says ha “when wo sounds a e e y simila and no
known o be employed in any language o dis inguishing meanings o u e-
ances, hey should, as a ule, be ep esen ed by he same symbol. Sepa a e
symbols o diac i ics may, howe e , be used o dis inguish such sounds when
necessa y” (HIPA 2007: 159–160). Since Li huanian and La ian languages
belong o he Bal ic b anch o he Indo-Eu opean language amily, he g oup
o Eas e n Bal ic languages, he wo languages a e o en placed nex o each
o he as pa icula ly close languages; phonological sys ems o owel phone-
mes a e qui e simila in bo h languages. Howe e , some p e ious expe imen-
al s udies show ha despi e he common Bal ic o igin, di e en IPA symbols
o some co esponding ( e y simila ) Li huanian and La ian owels a e o be
used. Could such e y simila owel phonemes o di e en languages sha ing
a common Bal ic o igin be so di e en in acous ic quali ies and a icula ion? A
ques ion may be answe ed by e iewing he spec al cha ac e is ics and a ious
dis inc i e ea u es based on he esul s o he ins umen al esea ch1 o he so-
unds o con empo a y Bal ic languages in o de o choose as accu a e symbols
(equi alen s) o he IPA o all he Li huanian and La ian owel phonemes as
possible, conside ing ha he quali y and quan i y o he Bal ic sounds ha e
been s udied using he same me hods, sound p ocessing and analysis so wa e
and ha dwa e, so ha a eliable compa ison o phone ic in en o ies o bo h
languages would be a ailable ( o some in e media e esul s, see some p e io-
us s udies: G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015a; 2015b; Ja osla ienė 2014; 2015)2. A
eliable compa ison highligh ed he di e ences o he phonemic in en o ies
1 The esea ch p ojec Acous ic cha ac e is ics o he sounds o he con empo a y Bal ic languages
(expe imen al s udy) was unded by he Resea ch Council o Li huania in 2013–2015 (MIP-
081/2013). As na i e speake s a e bes capable o iden i ying he unc ionally ele an elemen s
o he language h ough hea ing and pe cep ion in case o any language, including he Bal ic
languages, he ask o in es iga ing and compa ing he sound sys ems o con empo a y Bal ic
languages was aken on by a g oup o compe en Li huanian and La ian na i e speaking e-
sea che s specializing in expe imen al phone ics: Ju gi a Ja osla ienė and Joli a U bana ičienė
(Li huanian), Ju is G igo je s and Inese Ind ičāne (La ian).
2 A comple e se o IPA symbols adap ed o he La ian language was p esen ed in he academic
G amma o he La ian Language published in 2013 (see LVG 2013: 23–26). Un il hen, hey
we e used in indi idual publica ions and wo ks dealing wi h he compa ison o English and
o he languages. Fo example, o choose he IPA symbol equi alen s o La ian monoph hongs,
he acous ic da a o La ian monoph hongs p oduced in isola ion we e compa ed wi h he da a
o he ca dinal owels, because he sys em o ca dinal owels o ms a base o he IPA owel
S aipsniai / A icles 199
Di e en IPA Equi alen s
o Some Li huanian and La ian owels
o di e en languages, nuances o possible phone ic and phonological classi i-
ca ions, uni e sal dis inc i e ea u es o sounds, e en he peculia i ies o he
empi ical ma e ial and me hods in use, he possible aims o he ins umen al
analysis, and o he ma e s.
THE AIM AND OBJECT OF THIS PAPER
Since he IPA sys em is e y handy o compa a i e linguis ics, he main
aim o his pape is o explain he choice o he IPA equi alen s (see Table 1) o
he monoph hongs o con empo a y Bal ic s anda d languages by highligh ing
e minology ela ed nuances when classi ying owels on he basis o di e en
classi ica ion c i e ia, since he use o symbols and acous ic, a icula o y o so-
me o he classi ica ions in ep esen ing he sounds o a pa icula language a e
usually guided by pa icula me hodological backg ounds and p inciples.
As i is known, he IPA is a s anda dized In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe –
an in e na ionally ecognized and bes -known se o phone ic symbols and di-
ac i ics designed o ep esen , desc ibe and analyse sounds o any spoken lan-
guages o he wo ld h ough he a icula o y ea u es (acco ding o a ongue
heigh , ongue backness and lip ounding) o he sounds hey ep esen (HIPA
2007: 159–160, 194–196, Appendix 1; IPA 2015a; 2015b; 2017; also c . Jones D.
1949; Olson 2015; Jones T. 2016). The Associa ion ecommends ha a phone ic
ansc ip ion should be enclosed in he ollowing b acke s: “[ ]”. A ansc ip i-
on ha no es phonological con as s should be enclosed in slan ed lines “/ /”.
The sounds ha he IPA symbols ep esen a e a ailable unde he In e ac i e
IPA Cha (h p://www.ipacha .com/), bu i should be emembe ed ha he e
may be lo s o a ia ion in how hese sounds a e p onounced depending on he
language (o con ex ), and con empo a y Bal ic languages would no make an
excep ion.
sys em (G igo je s 2012: 178; also c . Jassem 1973: 190; Lade oged 1975: 194–199; Roca, Joh-
nson 1999: 114–140).
In Li huanian linguis ics, one o he i s a emp s o use he IPA as a comple e se in ep esen ing
Li huanian sounds was he academic g amma o he Li huanian language Li huanian G amma
(ed. by Vy au as Amb azas, 1997). Some o he IPA equi alen s ep esen ed he e di e om
hose p o ided in his s udy. In ea lie imes, he e we e some mo e a emp s o use he IPA
in some indi idual publica ions and wo ks (c . Ekblom 1922; S ece ičius 1960; Mikalauskai ė
1975; also see S undžia 1990).
JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
200 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
Table 1. Symbols o pu e (simple) owels o S anda d Li huanian and S anda d La-
ian acco ding o he adi ional (na ional) 3 and in e na ional (IPA)
phone ic alphabe s
3 In he Li huanian phonological sys em, /ie/ and /uo/ also unc ion as long owels o non-uni-
o m a icula ion (DLKG 2005; Gi denis 2014). Possible IPA equi alen s a e /iɛ/, /ɪɛ/ and /uɔ/,
/ʊɔ/ due o he ollowing easons: in Con empo a y G amma o he Li huanian Language (DLKG
2005: 23–26) and in Theo e ical Founda ions o Li huanian Phonology (Gi denis 2014: 223, Table
23) Li huanian sounds o non-uni o m a icula ion /ie/, /uo/ a e classi ied as non-high owels;
on he basis o he la es expe imen al in es iga ions (see Gi denis 2009: 213–242 and he e e-
ences) and he esul s o he men ioned esea ch (see oo no e 1), Li huanian /ie/, /uo/ a e o be
conside ed as independen long, high phonemes o non-uni o m a icula ion (Ja osla ienė 2015:
3, Table 1).
In he La ian g amma ical adi ion /ie/, /uo/ a e s ill classi ied as diph hongs, hough he e
is ac ually no single app oach o he phonological in e p e a ion (Laua 1997: 12; LVG 2013: 46;
Ma kus, Bonda 2014: 68–72; G igo je s 2016: 151).
Also, i appea ed ha na i e speake s o S anda d Li huanian do no ega d he sho [e] ( he
a ian o he ‘Janus’ phoneme /e/) as a sepa a e sound and he e o e canno p onounce i in iso-
la ion. I mus be ag eed ha he non-high (mid-high) owel [e] ails o ind a s ong posi ion in
he sys em o S anda d Li huanian because o i s peculia usage, i s op ional s a us, and he lack
o dis inc i e unc ion; besides, in w i en language i is ep esen ed wi h he same cha ac e as

S aipsniai / A icles 201
Di e en IPA Equi alen s
o Some Li huanian and La ian owels
The objec o his s udy is long and sho pu e owels (o uni o m a icu-
la ion) (see Table 1) p onounced in a ze o con ex o isola ion4 by 24 in o -
man s (aged 20–50 yea s) ha ing aul less a icula ion o S anda d Li huanian
o S anda d La ian, 6 males and 6 emales o each language5. Table 1 p esen s
he equi alen s o he g aphemes o bo h con empo a y Bal ic languages in
bo h adi ional (na ional)6 sys ems o phone ic ansc ip ion and he In e na i-
onal Phone ic Alphabe (IPA).
The sounds ha a e ep esen ed by he na ional and in e na ional symbols
in Table 1 a e p ima ily hose ha se e o dis inguish one wo d om ano he
in a language. As one can see, he e a e di e ences be ween he adi ional (na-
ional) and in e na ional phone ic alphabe s since na ional ansc ip ions a y
om language o language, he same as w i en languages look alike he wo ld
o e . Despi e he common Bal ic o igin, he e a e di e ences be ween Li hu-
anian and La ian IPA equi alen s oo. I will be u he explained ha he
choice o hese equi alen s was no andom (compa e simila o co esponding
owel phonemes in Fig. 12–13 and 14–15); also, i will become ob ious why
knowing he IPA sys em and using i o di e en languages, i.e. using pa i-
cula IPA symbols o ansc ibe Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs on he
basis o acous ic and a icula o y cha ac e is ics in his case, is like seeing he
ma ix (pa e n) when lea ning, s udying o compa ing sounds o wo (o mo-
e) languages.
he low sho [e] (c . Pake ys 2003: 29, Diag am 2; 32–34 and he e e ences; Gi denis, Pupkis
1978: 61–62; Gi denis 2014: 201–202; Ja osla ienė 2015: 2–3).
In con as o Li huanian, he La ian sho [e] is used and can be p onounced as a sepa a e
sound.
4 This na u al hype -a icula ion di e s om he p oduc ion o he ca dinal owels ( o mo e de-
ails, see G igo je s, Ja osla iene 2015a: 58–59 and he e e ences).
5
I is impo an ha almos all in o man s no only speak he s anda d language bu also one o
mo e dialec s and o eign languages. The s anda d language was conside ed as a s anda dized
a ie y o language used o he needs o public li e and cul u e (LKE 2008: 87–91).
6 Li huanian and La ian adi ional ansc ip ions a e di e en (bo h o s anda d languages and
dialec s). Fea u es o he adi ional ansc ip ion o he Li huanian and La ian dialec s and
sui abili y o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe o ep esen sounds o he Li huanian and La-
ian dialec s a e no discussed in he p esen a icle. Fo example, since he 20 h cen u y, he e
has been a adi ion in Li huanian linguis ics o use a Copenhagen ansc ip ion which was
adop ed by Geo g Ge ullis (1930); nowadays, symbols o he on Polemonas a e a ailable o a
adi ional (na ional) ansc ip ion o Li huanian sounds (see Ski man as, Gi denis 2001; Ale-
kna ičienė, G umadienė, Gu skas, Ski man as, S ockis, Tumasonis 2005 and o he s). Fo he
oppo uni ies o he In e na ional Phone ics Alphabe applica ion o he sounds o Li huanian
dialec s, see Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017a; 2017b.
JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
202 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC
ALPHABET (IPA)
As i was al eady men ioned, o o e a cen u y he IPA has been widely used
as a s anda dized sys em by linguis s (as well as o he s conce ned wi h langua-
ges), making he IPA qui e well sui ed o use in all disciplines in which he e-
p esen a ion o speech sounds is equi ed (HIPA 2007). Di e en quali y o o-
wel sounds can be adequa ely desc ibed acco ding o he ollowing pa ame e s:
he posi ion o he ongue – heigh and backness as well as mou h openness, as
he e is a co ela ion be ween mou h openness and ongue ele a ion when p o-
ducing owels – and he shape o he lips (lip ounding) (HIPA 2007: 10–13).
Tongue heigh . In Figu e 1 (also see Fig. 2), he e ical axis o he cha is
de e mined by owel heigh . Heigh e e s o how high he body o a ongue is
in one’s mou h; a ying deg ees o mou h (jaw) openness co espond o di e-
en deg ees o ongue heigh . Vowels p onounced wi h he ongue lowe ed a e
a he bo om, whe eas owels p onounced wi h he ongue aised a e a he op:
close owels (wi h he mou h ela i ely closed) a e a icula ed wi h a ela i ely
high ongue posi ion; open owels a e p oduced wi h a ela i ely low ongue
posi ion; close-mid and open-mid owels a e p oduced wi h he ongue ele a-
ion in a mid-posi ion.
As we will see in u he sec ions, a ying deg ees o mou h openness al-
so co espond o di e en deg ees o ongue heigh in Li huanian and La ian
(c . Fig. 2, 14, and 15): high owels a e made wi h he on o he mou h less
open because he body o he ongue is aised, o high; mid owels a e p odu-
ced wi h an in e media e ongue heigh ; low owels a e p onounced wi h he
on o he mou h open and he ongue lowe ed.
Tongue backness. In Figu e 1 (also see Fig. 2), he ho izon al axis o he
cha is de e mined by owel backness. Tongue backness e e s o how a on
o back he highes poin o one’s ongue is: owels wi h he ongue mo ed o-
wa ds he on o he mou h a e o he le in he cha , while hose in which i
is mo ed o he back a e placed o he igh in he cha .
Lip ounding. In places whe e owels a e pai ed (see Fig. 1), he igh e-
p esen s a ounded owel (in which he lips a e ounded) while he le is i s
un ounded coun e pa . Roundedness is named a e he ounding o he lips in
some owels. In mos languages, oundedness is a ein o cing ea u e o mid o
high back owels a he han a dis inc i e ea u e as i is in con empo a y Bal ic
languages. Usually, he highe a back owel, he mo e in ense he ounding is.
S aipsniai / A icles 203
Di e en IPA Equi alen s
o Some Li huanian and La ian owels
FIGURE 1. Vowels. The In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe ( e ised o 2015)7
FIGURE 2. Co ela ion be ween he ongue and he openness o he mou h8: he ele a-
ion o he ongue desc ibes he posi ion o he ongue on he e ical axis (high, mid,
low), he ‘posi ion o ongue ele a ion’ e e s o whe e his ele a ion akes place on
he ho izon al ax is ( on , cen al, back).
7 Illus a ion is a ailable om IPA 2015a.
8 The cha ep esen s he shape o he mou h based on he e ical axis o he heigh o ongue
ele a ion and he ho izon al axis o he posi ion o ongue ele a ion. Fo an illus a ion, see he
e-book English Speech Sounds 101 (Williamson 2015).
JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
Also, he e can be some mo e a icula o y pa ame e s a ailable when classi-
ying owels o any pa icula language o he wo ld: compa e se en deg ees o
owel heigh and i e deg ees o owel on ness s. backness in Figu e 3.
FIGURE 3. Se en deg ees o owel heigh and i e deg ees o owel backness9
The e can be many owel sys ems o languages ha con o m o he p inci-
ples o he IPA. As one will see u he in he a icle, Li huanian and La ian
adi ional (na ional) classi ica ions do no coincide wi h he one sugges ed by
he In e na ional Phone ic Associa ion.
The acous ics o owels. I is well known ha he quali y o owels can be
ealized in acous ic analyses o owels by ela i e o man alues: by he aco-
us ic esonances o he ocal ac showing up as da k bands on dynamic spec-
og ams, which display he acous ic ene gy a each equency, and how his
changes o e ime (c . Fig. 4–11, also see Fig. 12–15). The spec al cha ac e is ics
o owels a e closely associa ed wi h po en ial a icula o y p ope ies; he ocal
ac ac s as a esonan ca i y, and he posi ion o he ongue, jaw (mou h), and
lips a ec s he pa ame e s o he esonan ca i y, esul ing in di e en o man
alues: o example, he i s o man (F1) co esponds o owel openness ( owel
heigh ), he second o man , F2, co esponds o owel on ness. Open owels
ha e high F1 equencies, while close owels ha e low F1 equencies, and back
owels ha e low F2 equencies, while on owels ha e high F2 equencies.
Also, an al e na i e measu emen , F1 agains F2–F1, o ep esen owel quali y
9 Illus a ion is a ailable om <h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/File:IPA_ owel_cha _2005.png>.
Also see IPA 2015b.
S aipsniai / A icles 211
Di e en IPA Equi alen s
o Some Li huanian and La ian owels
owels o e lap o a g ea ex en , while he dis ances be ween he cen es o he
long and he co esponding sho Li huanian owels exceed 1 z, hus signali-
zing abou he di e ence o hei pe cep ual quali y17 (also c . in e media e e-
sul s G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015a; 2015b).
Obse a ions on du a ion (see Table 2) show ha he dis inc ion be ween
long and sho La ian owels p oduced in a ze o con ex is mos ly based on
he ela i e du a ion, bu be ween long and sho Li huanian owels bo h on
combined cues o he o man s uc u e (see Fig. 12) and he ela i e du a ion
(also c . G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015b: 79, Table 1).
Finally, i can be concluded ha he main di e ences in acous ic quali-
y appea due o di e en p oduc ion o he sho (and some long) Li huanian
and co esponding La ian owels. To cha ac e ise he owel sys ems o bo h
con empo a y Bal ic languages in o de o choose (o explain he choice) as
accu a e IPA symbol equi alen s as possible, ono opic dis ances be ween he
undamen al equency and he i s o man (F1- 0) and be ween he i s and
he second o man (F2-F1) we e also calcula ed (c . Fig. 14 and 15). I is well
known ha he i s o hese dis ances is closely ela ed o sound openness s.
closeness, and he second o i s on ness s. backness (Mille 1989: 2119; La-
de oged, Maddieson 2002: 284–286; G igo je s 2012: 163–165).
Since he quali y o Li huanian sho owels signi ican ly di e s om hei
long coun e pa s (displaying he e ec o he acous ic cen aliza ion i com-
pa ed wi h he co esponding long ones) and co esponding sho and some
long Li huanian and La ian owels a y, di e en (non-iden ical) IPA sym-
bols ha e been chosen o co esponding Li huanian and La ian sho mo-
noph hongs (excep [ɔ]) as well as o long [oː] and [ɔː]. Also, Li huanian [eː]
and La ian [eː] a e sounds o qui e di e en quali ies; hough he IPA equi a-
len o hese sounds coincides in bo h languages i s ly because o consis ency
( he p inciples o he use o he IPA), he e a e no o he IPA symbols o cho-
ose o hese simila sounds; secondly, he p oduc ion o simila sounds may
a y om language o language (see Fig. 14–15 and 16–17; also c . Fig. 4–11).
Also, i should be no ed ha he IPA does no p o ide a phonological analysis
o a pa icula language (HIPA 2007: 30); i is jus a esou ce o exp ess any
analysis so ha i is widely unde s ood. Acco dingly, a e e iewing adi io-
nal unc ional and a icula o y owel classi ica ions and compa ing he owel
shows con adic o y esul s, he spec al s uc u e o long and co esponding sho coun e pa s
may be pe cei ed di e en ly (see G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015a: 85).
17 I could be caused by he need o inco po a e he possible on ed allophones o back owels
e aining hei dis inc ion om he on owels in o he Li huanian owel sys em (G igo je s,
Ja osla ienė 2015b: 90).

JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
212 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
quali ies, ela i e du a ion and audi o y cha ac e is ics (Fig. 12–15, Table 2) o
bo h con empo a y Bal ic languages, he ollowing IPA symbol equi alen s a e
o be chosen o co esponding Li huanian and La ian pu e owels (see Fig.
16 and 17).
As one can see, acco ding o he p inciples o he IPA sys em, a iable aco-
us ic quali ies and audi o y ea u es o he Li huanian and La ian pu e owels,
adi ional (na ional) classi ica ions di e om he a icula o y in e na ional
sys em: acco dingly, a ou -dimensional (c . Fig. 1 and 14, 15) dis inc ion ins-
ead o a adi ional a icula o y h ee- old dis inc ion by owel heigh ( ongue
ele a ion and mou h openness) and a h ee-dimensional (c . ig. 1, 3 and 14,
15) dis inc ion ins ead o a adi ional wo- old dis inc ion by owel on ness
o backness a e also a ailable o highligh he di e ences and peculia i y o
owel p oduc ion o simila Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs, especially
he sho ones ( ha is why sho owels ha e di e en IPA symbols, excep o
FIGURE 14. The mean da a o he Li hu-
anian pu e owels plo ed in he psy-
cho-physical plane (in ba k uni s, z) o
no maliza ion using ono opic dis ances
be ween F2 and F1 and be ween F1 and
undamen al equency 0: black ci cles
ep esen long owels p oduced by male
speake s; whi e ci cles ep esen long owels
p oduced by emale speake s; da k g ey ci -
cles ep esen sho owels p oduced by male
speake s; ligh g ey ci cles ep esen sho
owels p oduced by emale speake s.
Female da a a e no malized by k=17%.
FIGURE 15. The mean da a o he La ian
pu e owels plo ed in he psycho-phy-
sical plane (in ba k uni s, z) o no mali-
za ion using ono opic dis ances be ween
F2 and F1 and be ween F1 and unda-
men al equency 0: black ci cles ep e-
sen long owels p oduced by male speake s;
whi e ci cles ep esen long owels p oduced
by emale speake s; da k g ey ci cles ep e-
sen sho owels p oduced by male spea-
ke s; ligh g ey ci cles ep esen sho owels
p oduced by emale speake s.
Female da a a e no malized by k=21%.
S aipsniai / A icles 213
Di e en IPA Equi alen s
o Some Li huanian and La ian owels
[ɔ]), also Li huanian [eː], [æː], [oː] and co esponding La ian [eː], [æː], [ɔː] di e
in hei p oduc ion s. acous ic and audi o y ea u es, hough he ela ionship
be ween he sys ems o long Li huanian and co esponding long La ian owels
as well as he sys ems o sho Li huanian and sho La ian owels ollows a
simila pa e n.
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis o he compa a i e expe imen al esea ch o Li huanian and
La ian monoph hongs shows ha di e en IPA symbol equi alen s o some
simila pu e owels o con empo a y Bal ic languages ha e been chosen be-
cause o closely ela ed bu qui e di e en acous ic quali ies and no iden ical
p oduc ion as well as audi o y ea u es (Table 1, Fig. 14–15 and 16–17) o he
ollowing owels: compa e Li huanian [oː ɪ ɛ ɐ ʊ] and co esponding La ian
[ɔː i æ ɑ u] (also [eː] and [æː] a e p oduced qui e di e en ly in bo h languages).
The e can be a ious ( adi ional acous ic, a icula o y, unc ional, in e -
na ional a icula o y and he like) classi ica ions p o ided o Li huanian and
La ian owel sys ems. Fo a compa a i e esea ch s udy o he Li huanian
and La ian owels i was necessa y o es ablish a common synch onous owel
classi ica ion ( adi ional o in e na ional). Acco dingly, di e en e minology
(as well as p inciples) a e used when classi ying Li huanian and La ian sounds
on di e en me hodological backg ounds. T adi ional (acous ic o a icula o y)
owel classi ica ions o bo h Bal ic languages ollow a simila pa e n.
FIGURE 16. The IPA symbols used o he
pu e owels o S anda d Li huanian
FIGURE 17. The IPA symbols used o he
pu e owels o S anda d La ian
JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
214 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
Based on he p inciples o he IPA sys em (in e na ional classi ica ion), he
posi ion o ongue ele a ion (o backness which e e s o how a on o back
he highes poin o one’s ongue is) and by e e ing o he concise analysis o
dynamic spec og ams (c . Fig. 4–11), acous ic, a icula o y and audi o y cha-
ac e is ics (c . Fig. 12–15) o he Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs p o-
duced in isola ion, long and co esponding sho on (Li huanian [iː eː æː ɪ ɛ],
La ian [iː eː æː i e æ]), cen al (Li huanian sho [ɐ]) and back (Li huanian [ɑː oː
uː ɔ ʊ], La ian [ɑː ɔː uː ɑ ɔ u]) owels could be dis inguished, while adi ionally
(based on pa icula unc ional and a icula o y ea u es and p inciples) Li hua-
nian [iː eː æː ɪ ɛ] and La ian [iː eː æː i e æ] a e ega ded as on and Li huanian
[ɑː oː uː ɐ ɔ ʊ] as well as co esponding La ian [ɑː ɔː uː ɑ ɔ u] a e ega ded as
back owels. Vowels wi h he ongue mo ed owa ds he on o he mou h a e
o he le in Fig. 1, 14–15 and 16–17; hose in which he ongue is mo ed o he
back o he mou h a e placed o he igh in he men ioned igu es.
By he ongue heigh (and a ying deg ees o mou h openness), owels p o-
nounced wi h he ongue lowe ed a e a he bo om in Fig. 1, 14–15 and 16–17,
and owels p onounced wi h he ongue aised a e a he op in he same igu-
es: acco ding o he in e na ional a icula o y classi ica ion, La ian [iː uː i u]
and Li huanian [iː uː] should be ega ded as close owels, and Li huanian [ɪ, ʊ]
a e ega ded as nea -close owels i compa ed wi h he co esponding La ian
coun e pa s. Li huanian [eː oː] and La ian [eː ɔː] di e (in acous ic, a icula o-
y and pe cep ual cha ac e is ics), hough hese owels, excep o La ian [ɔː],
should be ea ed as close-mid owels, while La ian [ɔː ɔ] as well as Li huanian
[ɔ ɛ] should be ea ed as open-mid sounds. Li huanian low [æː] and [ɐ] and La-
ian [æː æ] could be ega ded as nea -open o open owels like Li huanian [ɑː]
and La ian [ɑː ɑ]. Acco ding o adi ional classi ica ions, in ela ion o equ-
ency o he i s o man and i s p oximi y o highe o man s Li huanian and
La ian ha e high ([iː uː ɪ ʊ] and [iː uː i u]), mid ([eː oː ɔ] and [eː ɔː e ɔ]) and low
([ɑː æː ɐ ɛ] and [ɑː æː ɑ æ]) owels acco dingly.
By he posi ion o he lips, Li huanian [oː], [uː], [ɔ], [ʊ] and La ian [ɔː], [uː],
[ɔ], [u] a e ounded sounds, and all he emaining owels a e un ounded, he
same as i is acco ding o adi ional classi ica ions.
LITERATURE AND BASIC REFERENCE
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JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
218 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
Kodėl ski iasi kai ku ių lie u ių i la ių
kalbų balsių a p au iniai one inės abėcėlės
a i ikmenys?
SANTRAUKA
Pas a aisiais me ais ap ašan daba inių bal ų kalbų ga syną, balsiai i p iebalsiai ne ik
i iami, klasi ikuojami i lyginami aikan ienodus a panašius me odologinius p incipus,
be i ienodinami šių kalbų ga sų ansk ipcijos ašmenys. Vienokie a ki okie a p au i-
nės one inės abėcėlės (TFA, an. In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe , IPA) ašmenys daba inių
bend inių bal ų kalbų balsiams pa enkami nea si ik inai. Šio s aipsnio pag indinis iks-
las – glaus ai paanalizuo i, ku ie lie u ių i la ių umpųjų i ilgųjų balsių a p au inės
one inės abėcėlės simbolių a i ikmenys nesu ampa i kodėl. S aipsnyje a k eipiamas dė-
mesys, kokios galimos įp as os ( adicinės) daba inių bal ų kalbų pas o ios a ikuliacijos
balsių klasi ikacijos i kuo ski iasi a p au inis (pagal TFA p incipus s anda izuo as) ga sų
ski s ymas.
Kaip žinoma, a p au inė balsių klasi ikacija i in pa anki pagal ienodus a ikuliaci-
nius p incipus i ian i lyginan ski ingų kalbų ga syną, odėl siekian objek y umo i
p eciziškumo, TFA ansk ipcijos ašmenys lie u ių i la ių kalbų balsiams pa ink i, pi -
miausia a siž elgian į ins umen inio y imo ezul a us (spek ines balsių cha ak e is i-
kas, audicinį įspūdį, a imą i pan.).
S aipsnyje klasi ikuojan lie u ių i la ių kalbų balsius pagal ski ingą me odologiją,
pab ėžiama i ski inga e minų a osena, ku i iki šiol nė a nusis o ėjusi, lie u ių i la-
ių kalbomis klasi ikuojan i lyginan ga syną pagal a p au inę one inę abėcėlę.
Į eik a 2017 m. lapk ičio 28 d.
JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a
ju gi a.ja osla [email protected]