Different IPA Equivalents for Some Lithuanian and Latvian vowels

196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language Fields o esea ch: expe imen al phone ics, phonology, dialec ology, geolinguis ics. DIFFERENT IPA EQUIVALENTS FOR SOME LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN VOWELS Kodėl ski iasi kai ku ių lie u ių i la ių kalbų balsių a p au iniai one inės abėcėlės a i ikmenys? ANNOTATION Despi e he common Bal ic o igin, he in en o ies o owel and consonan phonemes in con empo a y S anda d Li huanian and S anda d La ian ha e di e ences, i s ly, be- cause o unc ional signi icance which is no uni e sal: wha is phonologically ele an in Li huanian, canno be so in La ian o some o he language, because he impo ance o owels and consonan s in dis inguishing one wo d om ano he a ies om language o language; all languages use a limi ed numbe o owels and consonan s ha a e able o dis inguish wo d meanings. Also, he analysis o acous ic and a icula o y phenomena and p ocesses in ol es he s udy and compa ison o sounds ( o example, hei dis inc i e ea- u es) o di e en languages on he basis o simila p inciples and simila me hods by also p o iding some uni e sal (in e na ional) ansc ip ion. Nowadays Li huanian and La ian owels (as well as consonan s) can be ansc ibed using no only na ional ( adi ional) phone ic symbols bu also in e na ional phone ic al- phabe (s) (uni e sally ag eed sys em(s) o no a ion o he sounds o languages). In he p esen a icle he choice o non-iden ical equi alen s o he In e na ional Pho- ne ic Alphabe (IPA) o he long and sho monoph hongs o con empo a y Bal ic lan- guages is mainly discussed by highligh ing e minology and o he nuances o classi ying sounds on he basis o di e en c i e ia since he e can be a ious ( adi ional acous ic, a icula o y, unc ional, in e na ional a icula o y and he like) classi ica ions p o ided o Li huanian and La ian owel sys ems. Fo a compa a i e esea ch s udy on Li h- uanian and La ian owels i was necessa y o es ablish a common synch onous owel S aipsniai / A icles 197 Di e en IPA Equi alen s o Some Li huanian and La ian owels classi ica ion ( adi ional o in e na ional). T adi ional (acous ic o a icula o y) owel classi ica ions o bo h Bal ic languages ollow a simila pa e n. The analysis o he compa a i e expe imen al esea ch o Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs showed ha di e en IPA symbol equi alen s o some owels o con em- po a y Bal ic languages ha e been chosen due o he closely ela ed bu qui e di e en acous ic quali ies and no iden ical p oduc ion as well as audi o y ea u es. KEYWORDS: con empo a y Bal ic languages, S anda d Li huanian, S anda d La ian, owel, ansc ip ion, in e na ional phone ic alphabe . ANOTACIJA No s lie u ių i la ių kalbos giminiškos, jų balsinių i p iebalsinių onemų in en o iai u i ski umų, pi miausia dėl unkcinio ele an iškumo, ku is nė a isuo inis dalykas: kas lie u ių kalboje eikšminga, gali bū i ne eikšminga la ių a ki oje kalboje, odėl į ai a - siž elg ina i ian i lyginan ski ingų kalbų ga syną (i jų di e encinius požymius). Taip pa a siž elg ina į lyginamąją ski ingų kalbų ga sų akus inių i a ikuliacinių ypa ybių analizę, ku ią s a bu a lik i pagal panašius p incipus i ą pačią a panašią me odologi- ją. Lyginamuosius kalbų ga sus ap ašy i pa ogiau naudojan bend ą ( a p au inę) one inę ansk ipciją. Lie u ių i la ių kalbų balsyno (kaip i p iebalsyno) ansk ipcija galima i naciona- liniais ( adiciniais) ašmenimis, i aikan ienos a ki os a p au inės one inės abėcė- lės a i ikmenis (s anda izuo ą uni e salią ga sų one inių ašmenų žymėjimo sis emą a sis emas). Šiame s aipsnyje ap a iami lyginamų umpųjų i kai ku ių ilgųjų daba inių lie u ių i la ių bend inių kalbų balsių ne ienodi (nesu ampan ys) a p au iniai one inės abėcė- lės (an. IPA) a i ikmenys. Taip pa a k eipiamas dėmesys į e minijos į ai o ę, ku i p i- klauso nuo o, kokiu pag indu i pagal kokius k i e ijus lyginamųjų kalbų balsiai ski s omi (galimos adicinės akus inės, a ikuliacinės, unkcinės, a p au inės a ikuliacinės i pan. klasi ikacijos), i nuo ki ų dalykų. Lyginamieji bal ų kalbų ga sų y imai padeda iš yškin i, kodėl lyginan s a bu p i aiky i bend ą sinch oninę klasi ikaciją i kokie galimi adicinių one inių i onologinių klasi ikacijų i a p au inės klasi ikacijos niuansai. Pagal adicinę (akus inę a a ikuliacinę) klasi ikaciją bal ų kalbų balsiai ski s omi pagal panašų modelį. Lyginamoji ins umen inio lie u ių i la ių kalbų mono ongų y imo analizė pa o- dė, kad kai ku ie ne ienodi ų pačių šių giminiškų kalbų onemų a p au inės one inės ansk ipcijos simboliai pasi ink ini dėl am ik ų akus inių, a ikuliacinių i psicho izinių požymių ski umų. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: daba inės bal ų kalbos, bend inė lie u ių kalba, bend inė la ių kalba, balsis, ansk ipcija, a p au inė one inė abėcėlė. JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ 198 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII INTRODUCTION The use o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (o IPA) is guided by some p inciples, one o which says ha “when wo sounds a e e y simila and no known o be employed in any language o dis inguishing meanings o u e- ances, hey should, as a ule, be ep esen ed by he same symbol. Sepa a e symbols o diac i ics may, howe e , be used o dis inguish such sounds when necessa y” (HIPA 2007: 159–160). Since Li huanian and La ian languages belong o he Bal ic b anch o he Indo-Eu opean language amily, he g oup o Eas e n Bal ic languages, he wo languages a e o en placed nex o each o he as pa icula ly close languages; phonological sys ems o owel phone- mes a e qui e simila in bo h languages. Howe e , some p e ious expe imen- al s udies show ha despi e he common Bal ic o igin, di e en IPA symbols o some co esponding ( e y simila ) Li huanian and La ian owels a e o be used. Could such e y simila owel phonemes o di e en languages sha ing a common Bal ic o igin be so di e en in acous ic quali ies and a icula ion? A ques ion may be answe ed by e iewing he spec al cha ac e is ics and a ious dis inc i e ea u es based on he esul s o he ins umen al esea ch1 o he so- unds o con empo a y Bal ic languages in o de o choose as accu a e symbols (equi alen s) o he IPA o all he Li huanian and La ian owel phonemes as possible, conside ing ha he quali y and quan i y o he Bal ic sounds ha e been s udied using he same me hods, sound p ocessing and analysis so wa e and ha dwa e, so ha a eliable compa ison o phone ic in en o ies o bo h languages would be a ailable ( o some in e media e esul s, see some p e io- us s udies: G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015a; 2015b; Ja osla ienė 2014; 2015)2. A eliable compa ison highligh ed he di e ences o he phonemic in en o ies 1 The esea ch p ojec Acous ic cha ac e is ics o he sounds o he con empo a y Bal ic languages (expe imen al s udy) was unded by he Resea ch Council o Li huania in 2013–2015 (MIP- 081/2013). As na i e speake s a e bes capable o iden i ying he unc ionally ele an elemen s o he language h ough hea ing and pe cep ion in case o any language, including he Bal ic languages, he ask o in es iga ing and compa ing he sound sys ems o con empo a y Bal ic languages was aken on by a g oup o compe en Li huanian and La ian na i e speaking e- sea che s specializing in expe imen al phone ics: Ju gi a Ja osla ienė and Joli a U bana ičienė (Li huanian), Ju is G igo je s and Inese Ind ičāne (La ian). 2 A comple e se o IPA symbols adap ed o he La ian language was p esen ed in he academic G amma o he La ian Language published in 2013 (see LVG 2013: 23–26). Un il hen, hey we e used in indi idual publica ions and wo ks dealing wi h he compa ison o English and o he languages. Fo example, o choose he IPA symbol equi alen s o La ian monoph hongs, he acous ic da a o La ian monoph hongs p oduced in isola ion we e compa ed wi h he da a o he ca dinal owels, because he sys em o ca dinal owels o ms a base o he IPA owel S aipsniai / A icles 199 Di e en IPA Equi alen s o Some Li huanian and La ian owels o di e en languages, nuances o possible phone ic and phonological classi i- ca ions, uni e sal dis inc i e ea u es o sounds, e en he peculia i ies o he empi ical ma e ial and me hods in use, he possible aims o he ins umen al analysis, and o he ma e s. THE AIM AND OBJECT OF THIS PAPER Since he IPA sys em is e y handy o compa a i e linguis ics, he main aim o his pape is o explain he choice o he IPA equi alen s (see Table 1) o he monoph hongs o con empo a y Bal ic s anda d languages by highligh ing e minology ela ed nuances when classi ying owels on he basis o di e en classi ica ion c i e ia, since he use o symbols and acous ic, a icula o y o so- me o he classi ica ions in ep esen ing he sounds o a pa icula language a e usually guided by pa icula me hodological backg ounds and p inciples. As i is known, he IPA is a s anda dized In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe – an in e na ionally ecognized and bes -known se o phone ic symbols and di- ac i ics designed o ep esen , desc ibe and analyse sounds o any spoken lan- guages o he wo ld h ough he a icula o y ea u es (acco ding o a ongue heigh , ongue backness and lip ounding) o he sounds hey ep esen (HIPA 2007: 159–160, 194–196, Appendix 1; IPA 2015a; 2015b; 2017; also c . Jones D. 1949; Olson 2015; Jones T. 2016). The Associa ion ecommends ha a phone ic ansc ip ion should be enclosed in he ollowing b acke s: “[ ]”. A ansc ip i- on ha no es phonological con as s should be enclosed in slan ed lines “/ /”. The sounds ha he IPA symbols ep esen a e a ailable unde he In e ac i e IPA Cha (h p://www.ipacha .com/), bu i should be emembe ed ha he e may be lo s o a ia ion in how hese sounds a e p onounced depending on he language (o con ex ), and con empo a y Bal ic languages would no make an excep ion. sys em (G igo je s 2012: 178; also c . Jassem 1973: 190; Lade oged 1975: 194–199; Roca, Joh- nson 1999: 114–140). In Li huanian linguis ics, one o he i s a emp s o use he IPA as a comple e se in ep esen ing Li huanian sounds was he academic g amma o he Li huanian language Li huanian G amma (ed. by Vy au as Amb azas, 1997). Some o he IPA equi alen s ep esen ed he e di e om hose p o ided in his s udy. In ea lie imes, he e we e some mo e a emp s o use he IPA in some indi idual publica ions and wo ks (c . Ekblom 1922; S ece ičius 1960; Mikalauskai ė 1975; also see S undžia 1990). JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ 200 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII Table 1. Symbols o pu e (simple) owels o S anda d Li huanian and S anda d La- ian acco ding o he adi ional (na ional) 3 and in e na ional (IPA) phone ic alphabe s 3 In he Li huanian phonological sys em, /ie/ and /uo/ also unc ion as long owels o non-uni- o m a icula ion (DLKG 2005; Gi denis 2014). Possible IPA equi alen s a e /iɛ/, /ɪɛ/ and /uɔ/, /ʊɔ/ due o he ollowing easons: in Con empo a y G amma o he Li huanian Language (DLKG 2005: 23–26) and in Theo e ical Founda ions o Li huanian Phonology (Gi denis 2014: 223, Table 23) Li huanian sounds o non-uni o m a icula ion /ie/, /uo/ a e classi ied as non-high owels; on he basis o he la es expe imen al in es iga ions (see Gi denis 2009: 213–242 and he e e- ences) and he esul s o he men ioned esea ch (see oo no e 1), Li huanian /ie/, /uo/ a e o be conside ed as independen long, high phonemes o non-uni o m a icula ion (Ja osla ienė 2015: 3, Table 1). In he La ian g amma ical adi ion /ie/, /uo/ a e s ill classi ied as diph hongs, hough he e is ac ually no single app oach o he phonological in e p e a ion (Laua 1997: 12; LVG 2013: 46; Ma kus, Bonda 2014: 68–72; G igo je s 2016: 151). Also, i appea ed ha na i e speake s o S anda d Li huanian do no ega d he sho [e] ( he a ian o he ‘Janus’ phoneme /e/) as a sepa a e sound and he e o e canno p onounce i in iso- la ion. I mus be ag eed ha he non-high (mid-high) owel [e] ails o ind a s ong posi ion in he sys em o S anda d Li huanian because o i s peculia usage, i s op ional s a us, and he lack o dis inc i e unc ion; besides, in w i en language i is ep esen ed wi h he same cha ac e as S aipsniai / A icles 201 Di e en IPA Equi alen s o Some Li huanian and La ian owels The objec o his s udy is long and sho pu e owels (o uni o m a icu- la ion) (see Table 1) p onounced in a ze o con ex o isola ion4 by 24 in o - man s (aged 20–50 yea s) ha ing aul less a icula ion o S anda d Li huanian o S anda d La ian, 6 males and 6 emales o each language5. Table 1 p esen s he equi alen s o he g aphemes o bo h con empo a y Bal ic languages in bo h adi ional (na ional)6 sys ems o phone ic ansc ip ion and he In e na i- onal Phone ic Alphabe (IPA). The sounds ha a e ep esen ed by he na ional and in e na ional symbols in Table 1 a e p ima ily hose ha se e o dis inguish one wo d om ano he in a language. As one can see, he e a e di e ences be ween he adi ional (na- ional) and in e na ional phone ic alphabe s since na ional ansc ip ions a y om language o language, he same as w i en languages look alike he wo ld o e . Despi e he common Bal ic o igin, he e a e di e ences be ween Li hu- anian and La ian IPA equi alen s oo. I will be u he explained ha he choice o hese equi alen s was no andom (compa e simila o co esponding owel phonemes in Fig. 12–13 and 14–15); also, i will become ob ious why knowing he IPA sys em and using i o di e en languages, i.e. using pa i- cula IPA symbols o ansc ibe Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs on he basis o acous ic and a icula o y cha ac e is ics in his case, is like seeing he ma ix (pa e n) when lea ning, s udying o compa ing sounds o wo (o mo- e) languages. he low sho [e] (c . Pake ys 2003: 29, Diag am 2; 32–34 and he e e ences; Gi denis, Pupkis 1978: 61–62; Gi denis 2014: 201–202; Ja osla ienė 2015: 2–3). In con as o Li huanian, he La ian sho [e] is used and can be p onounced as a sepa a e sound. 4 This na u al hype -a icula ion di e s om he p oduc ion o he ca dinal owels ( o mo e de- ails, see G igo je s, Ja osla iene 2015a: 58–59 and he e e ences). 5 I is impo an ha almos all in o man s no only speak he s anda d language bu also one o mo e dialec s and o eign languages. The s anda d language was conside ed as a s anda dized a ie y o language used o he needs o public li e and cul u e (LKE 2008: 87–91). 6 Li huanian and La ian adi ional ansc ip ions a e di e en (bo h o s anda d languages and dialec s). Fea u es o he adi ional ansc ip ion o he Li huanian and La ian dialec s and sui abili y o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe o ep esen sounds o he Li huanian and La- ian dialec s a e no discussed in he p esen a icle. Fo example, since he 20 h cen u y, he e has been a adi ion in Li huanian linguis ics o use a Copenhagen ansc ip ion which was adop ed by Geo g Ge ullis (1930); nowadays, symbols o he on Polemonas a e a ailable o a adi ional (na ional) ansc ip ion o Li huanian sounds (see Ski man as, Gi denis 2001; Ale- kna ičienė, G umadienė, Gu skas, Ski man as, S ockis, Tumasonis 2005 and o he s). Fo he oppo uni ies o he In e na ional Phone ics Alphabe applica ion o he sounds o Li huanian dialec s, see Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017a; 2017b. JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ 202 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (IPA) As i was al eady men ioned, o o e a cen u y he IPA has been widely used as a s anda dized sys em by linguis s (as well as o he s conce ned wi h langua- ges), making he IPA qui e well sui ed o use in all disciplines in which he e- p esen a ion o speech sounds is equi ed (HIPA 2007). Di e en quali y o o- wel sounds can be adequa ely desc ibed acco ding o he ollowing pa ame e s: he posi ion o he ongue – heigh and backness as well as mou h openness, as he e is a co ela ion be ween mou h openness and ongue ele a ion when p o- ducing owels – and he shape o he lips (lip ounding) (HIPA 2007: 10–13). Tongue heigh . In Figu e 1 (also see Fig. 2), he e ical axis o he cha is de e mined by owel heigh . Heigh e e s o how high he body o a ongue is in one’s mou h; a ying deg ees o mou h (jaw) openness co espond o di e- en deg ees o ongue heigh . Vowels p onounced wi h he ongue lowe ed a e a he bo om, whe eas owels p onounced wi h he ongue aised a e a he op: close owels (wi h he mou h ela i ely closed) a e a icula ed wi h a ela i ely high ongue posi ion; open owels a e p oduced wi h a ela i ely low ongue posi ion; close-mid and open-mid owels a e p oduced wi h he ongue ele a- ion in a mid-posi ion. As we will see in u he sec ions, a ying deg ees o mou h openness al- so co espond o di e en deg ees o ongue heigh in Li huanian and La ian (c . Fig. 2, 14, and 15): high owels a e made wi h he on o he mou h less open because he body o he ongue is aised, o high; mid owels a e p odu- ced wi h an in e media e ongue heigh ; low owels a e p onounced wi h he on o he mou h open and he ongue lowe ed. Tongue backness. In Figu e 1 (also see Fig. 2), he ho izon al axis o he cha is de e mined by owel backness. Tongue backness e e s o how a on o back he highes poin o one’s ongue is: owels wi h he ongue mo ed o- wa ds he on o he mou h a e o he le in he cha , while hose in which i is mo ed o he back a e placed o he igh in he cha . Lip ounding. In places whe e owels a e pai ed (see Fig. 1), he igh e- p esen s a ounded owel (in which he lips a e ounded) while he le is i s un ounded coun e pa . Roundedness is named a e he ounding o he lips in some owels. In mos languages, oundedness is a ein o cing ea u e o mid o high back owels a he han a dis inc i e ea u e as i is in con empo a y Bal ic languages. Usually, he highe a back owel, he mo e in ense he ounding is. S aipsniai / A icles 203 Di e en IPA Equi alen s o Some Li huanian and La ian owels FIGURE 1. Vowels. The In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe ( e ised o 2015)7 FIGURE 2. Co ela ion be ween he ongue and he openness o he mou h8: he ele a- ion o he ongue desc ibes he posi ion o he ongue on he e ical axis (high, mid, low), he ‘posi ion o ongue ele a ion’ e e s o whe e his ele a ion akes place on he ho izon al ax is ( on , cen al, back). 7 Illus a ion is a ailable om IPA 2015a. 8 The cha ep esen s he shape o he mou h based on he e ical axis o he heigh o ongue ele a ion and he ho izon al axis o he posi ion o ongue ele a ion. Fo an illus a ion, see he e-book English Speech Sounds 101 (Williamson 2015). JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ 204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII Also, he e can be some mo e a icula o y pa ame e s a ailable when classi- ying owels o any pa icula language o he wo ld: compa e se en deg ees o owel heigh and i e deg ees o owel on ness s. backness in Figu e 3. FIGURE 3. Se en deg ees o owel heigh and i e deg ees o owel backness9 The e can be many owel sys ems o languages ha con o m o he p inci- ples o he IPA. As one will see u he in he a icle, Li huanian and La ian adi ional (na ional) classi ica ions do no coincide wi h he one sugges ed by he In e na ional Phone ic Associa ion. The acous ics o owels. I is well known ha he quali y o owels can be ealized in acous ic analyses o owels by ela i e o man alues: by he aco- us ic esonances o he ocal ac showing up as da k bands on dynamic spec- og ams, which display he acous ic ene gy a each equency, and how his changes o e ime (c . Fig. 4–11, also see Fig. 12–15). The spec al cha ac e is ics o owels a e closely associa ed wi h po en ial a icula o y p ope ies; he ocal ac ac s as a esonan ca i y, and he posi ion o he ongue, jaw (mou h), and lips a ec s he pa ame e s o he esonan ca i y, esul ing in di e en o man alues: o example, he i s o man (F1) co esponds o owel openness ( owel heigh ), he second o man , F2, co esponds o owel on ness. Open owels ha e high F1 equencies, while close owels ha e low F1 equencies, and back owels ha e low F2 equencies, while on owels ha e high F2 equencies. Also, an al e na i e measu emen , F1 agains F2–F1, o ep esen owel quali y 9 Illus a ion is a ailable om <h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/File:IPA_ owel_cha _2005.png>. Also see IPA 2015b. S aipsniai / A icles 211 Di e en IPA Equi alen s o Some Li huanian and La ian owels owels o e lap o a g ea ex en , while he dis ances be ween he cen es o he long and he co esponding sho Li huanian owels exceed 1 z, hus signali- zing abou he di e ence o hei pe cep ual quali y17 (also c . in e media e e- sul s G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015a; 2015b). Obse a ions on du a ion (see Table 2) show ha he dis inc ion be ween long and sho La ian owels p oduced in a ze o con ex is mos ly based on he ela i e du a ion, bu be ween long and sho Li huanian owels bo h on combined cues o he o man s uc u e (see Fig. 12) and he ela i e du a ion (also c . G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015b: 79, Table 1). Finally, i can be concluded ha he main di e ences in acous ic quali- y appea due o di e en p oduc ion o he sho (and some long) Li huanian and co esponding La ian owels. To cha ac e ise he owel sys ems o bo h con empo a y Bal ic languages in o de o choose (o explain he choice) as accu a e IPA symbol equi alen s as possible, ono opic dis ances be ween he undamen al equency and he i s o man (F1- 0) and be ween he i s and he second o man (F2-F1) we e also calcula ed (c . Fig. 14 and 15). I is well known ha he i s o hese dis ances is closely ela ed o sound openness s. closeness, and he second o i s on ness s. backness (Mille 1989: 2119; La- de oged, Maddieson 2002: 284–286; G igo je s 2012: 163–165). Since he quali y o Li huanian sho owels signi ican ly di e s om hei long coun e pa s (displaying he e ec o he acous ic cen aliza ion i com- pa ed wi h he co esponding long ones) and co esponding sho and some long Li huanian and La ian owels a y, di e en (non-iden ical) IPA sym- bols ha e been chosen o co esponding Li huanian and La ian sho mo- noph hongs (excep [ɔ]) as well as o long [oː] and [ɔː]. Also, Li huanian [eː] and La ian [eː] a e sounds o qui e di e en quali ies; hough he IPA equi a- len o hese sounds coincides in bo h languages i s ly because o consis ency ( he p inciples o he use o he IPA), he e a e no o he IPA symbols o cho- ose o hese simila sounds; secondly, he p oduc ion o simila sounds may a y om language o language (see Fig. 14–15 and 16–17; also c . Fig. 4–11). Also, i should be no ed ha he IPA does no p o ide a phonological analysis o a pa icula language (HIPA 2007: 30); i is jus a esou ce o exp ess any analysis so ha i is widely unde s ood. Acco dingly, a e e iewing adi io- nal unc ional and a icula o y owel classi ica ions and compa ing he owel shows con adic o y esul s, he spec al s uc u e o long and co esponding sho coun e pa s may be pe cei ed di e en ly (see G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015a: 85). 17 I could be caused by he need o inco po a e he possible on ed allophones o back owels e aining hei dis inc ion om he on owels in o he Li huanian owel sys em (G igo je s, Ja osla ienė 2015b: 90). JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ 212 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII quali ies, ela i e du a ion and audi o y cha ac e is ics (Fig. 12–15, Table 2) o bo h con empo a y Bal ic languages, he ollowing IPA symbol equi alen s a e o be chosen o co esponding Li huanian and La ian pu e owels (see Fig. 16 and 17). As one can see, acco ding o he p inciples o he IPA sys em, a iable aco- us ic quali ies and audi o y ea u es o he Li huanian and La ian pu e owels, adi ional (na ional) classi ica ions di e om he a icula o y in e na ional sys em: acco dingly, a ou -dimensional (c . Fig. 1 and 14, 15) dis inc ion ins- ead o a adi ional a icula o y h ee- old dis inc ion by owel heigh ( ongue ele a ion and mou h openness) and a h ee-dimensional (c . ig. 1, 3 and 14, 15) dis inc ion ins ead o a adi ional wo- old dis inc ion by owel on ness o backness a e also a ailable o highligh he di e ences and peculia i y o owel p oduc ion o simila Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs, especially he sho ones ( ha is why sho owels ha e di e en IPA symbols, excep o FIGURE 14. The mean da a o he Li hu- anian pu e owels plo ed in he psy- cho-physical plane (in ba k uni s, z) o no maliza ion using ono opic dis ances be ween F2 and F1 and be ween F1 and undamen al equency 0: black ci cles ep esen long owels p oduced by male speake s; whi e ci cles ep esen long owels p oduced by emale speake s; da k g ey ci - cles ep esen sho owels p oduced by male speake s; ligh g ey ci cles ep esen sho owels p oduced by emale speake s. Female da a a e no malized by k=17%. FIGURE 15. The mean da a o he La ian pu e owels plo ed in he psycho-phy- sical plane (in ba k uni s, z) o no mali- za ion using ono opic dis ances be ween F2 and F1 and be ween F1 and unda- men al equency 0: black ci cles ep e- sen long owels p oduced by male speake s; whi e ci cles ep esen long owels p oduced by emale speake s; da k g ey ci cles ep e- sen sho owels p oduced by male spea- ke s; ligh g ey ci cles ep esen sho owels p oduced by emale speake s. Female da a a e no malized by k=21%. S aipsniai / A icles 213 Di e en IPA Equi alen s o Some Li huanian and La ian owels [ɔ]), also Li huanian [eː], [æː], [oː] and co esponding La ian [eː], [æː], [ɔː] di e in hei p oduc ion s. acous ic and audi o y ea u es, hough he ela ionship be ween he sys ems o long Li huanian and co esponding long La ian owels as well as he sys ems o sho Li huanian and sho La ian owels ollows a simila pa e n. CONCLUSIONS The analysis o he compa a i e expe imen al esea ch o Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs shows ha di e en IPA symbol equi alen s o some simila pu e owels o con empo a y Bal ic languages ha e been chosen be- cause o closely ela ed bu qui e di e en acous ic quali ies and no iden ical p oduc ion as well as audi o y ea u es (Table 1, Fig. 14–15 and 16–17) o he ollowing owels: compa e Li huanian [oː ɪ ɛ ɐ ʊ] and co esponding La ian [ɔː i æ ɑ u] (also [eː] and [æː] a e p oduced qui e di e en ly in bo h languages). The e can be a ious ( adi ional acous ic, a icula o y, unc ional, in e - na ional a icula o y and he like) classi ica ions p o ided o Li huanian and La ian owel sys ems. Fo a compa a i e esea ch s udy o he Li huanian and La ian owels i was necessa y o es ablish a common synch onous owel classi ica ion ( adi ional o in e na ional). Acco dingly, di e en e minology (as well as p inciples) a e used when classi ying Li huanian and La ian sounds on di e en me hodological backg ounds. T adi ional (acous ic o a icula o y) owel classi ica ions o bo h Bal ic languages ollow a simila pa e n. FIGURE 16. The IPA symbols used o he pu e owels o S anda d Li huanian FIGURE 17. The IPA symbols used o he pu e owels o S anda d La ian JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ 214 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII Based on he p inciples o he IPA sys em (in e na ional classi ica ion), he posi ion o ongue ele a ion (o backness which e e s o how a on o back he highes poin o one’s ongue is) and by e e ing o he concise analysis o dynamic spec og ams (c . Fig. 4–11), acous ic, a icula o y and audi o y cha- ac e is ics (c . Fig. 12–15) o he Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs p o- duced in isola ion, long and co esponding sho on (Li huanian [iː eː æː ɪ ɛ], La ian [iː eː æː i e æ]), cen al (Li huanian sho [ɐ]) and back (Li huanian [ɑː oː uː ɔ ʊ], La ian [ɑː ɔː uː ɑ ɔ u]) owels could be dis inguished, while adi ionally (based on pa icula unc ional and a icula o y ea u es and p inciples) Li hua- nian [iː eː æː ɪ ɛ] and La ian [iː eː æː i e æ] a e ega ded as on and Li huanian [ɑː oː uː ɐ ɔ ʊ] as well as co esponding La ian [ɑː ɔː uː ɑ ɔ u] a e ega ded as back owels. Vowels wi h he ongue mo ed owa ds he on o he mou h a e o he le in Fig. 1, 14–15 and 16–17; hose in which he ongue is mo ed o he back o he mou h a e placed o he igh in he men ioned igu es. By he ongue heigh (and a ying deg ees o mou h openness), owels p o- nounced wi h he ongue lowe ed a e a he bo om in Fig. 1, 14–15 and 16–17, and owels p onounced wi h he ongue aised a e a he op in he same igu- es: acco ding o he in e na ional a icula o y classi ica ion, La ian [iː uː i u] and Li huanian [iː uː] should be ega ded as close owels, and Li huanian [ɪ, ʊ] a e ega ded as nea -close owels i compa ed wi h he co esponding La ian coun e pa s. Li huanian [eː oː] and La ian [eː ɔː] di e (in acous ic, a icula o- y and pe cep ual cha ac e is ics), hough hese owels, excep o La ian [ɔː], should be ea ed as close-mid owels, while La ian [ɔː ɔ] as well as Li huanian [ɔ ɛ] should be ea ed as open-mid sounds. Li huanian low [æː] and [ɐ] and La- ian [æː æ] could be ega ded as nea -open o open owels like Li huanian [ɑː] and La ian [ɑː ɑ]. Acco ding o adi ional classi ica ions, in ela ion o equ- ency o he i s o man and i s p oximi y o highe o man s Li huanian and La ian ha e high ([iː uː ɪ ʊ] and [iː uː i u]), mid ([eː oː ɔ] and [eː ɔː e ɔ]) and low ([ɑː æː ɐ ɛ] and [ɑː æː ɑ æ]) owels acco dingly. By he posi ion o he lips, Li huanian [oː], [uː], [ɔ], [ʊ] and La ian [ɔː], [uː], [ɔ], [u] a e ounded sounds, and all he emaining owels a e un ounded, he same as i is acco ding o adi ional classi ica ions. LITERATURE AND BASIC REFERENCE SOURCES Alekna ičienė Ona, Laima G umadienė, Albe as Gu skas, Pe as Ski man as, Mindaugas S ockis, Vladas Tumasonis 2005: Li uanis inis š i as „Palemonas“. Vilnius: Tau inių bend ijų namai. S aipsniai / A icles 215 Di e en IPA Equi alen s o Some Li huanian and La ian owels Bakšienė Rima, Agnė Čepai ienė 2017a: Lie u ių a mių ansk ipcija: adicija i IPA. – Linguis ica Le ica 25, 203–229. Bakšienė Rima, Agnė Čepai ienė 2017b: Ta p au inės one inės abėcėlės aiky- mo lie u ių a mių ga sams galimybės. – Bal is ica 52(1), 105–135. Bladon R. An hony W., Gunna Fan 1978: A wo- o man model and he ca - dinal owels. – Speech T ansmission Labo a o y – Qua e ly P og ess and S a us Repo , 1/1978. S ockholm: KTH, 1–8. DLKG 2005: Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, ed. Vy au as Amb azas, au o iai Vy- au as Amb azas i k ., 4-as pa ais. leidimas. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as. Ekblom Richa d 1922: Manuel phoné ique de la langue li uanienne. – A chi es dʼé- udes o ien ales 19. S ockholm: No s ed . Ge ullis Geo g 1930: Li auische Dialek s udien. Leipzig: Ma ke & Pe e s Ve lag. Fan Gunna 1983: Fea u e analysis o Swedish owels – a e isi . – Speech T ans- mission Labo a o y – Qa e ly P og ess and S a us Repo , 2–3/1983. S ockholm: KTH, 1–18. Gi denis Aleksas 2009: Vadinamųjų su ap inių d ibalsių [ie uo] ga sinė i onolo- ginė sudė is. – Bal is ica 44(2). Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e as, 213–242. Gi denis Aleksas 2014: Theo e ical Founda ions o Li huanian Phonology (English ansla ion by S e en Young). Vilnius: Eug imas. Gi denis Aleksas, Aldonas Pupkis 1978: Bend inės kalbos no minimo i kodi- ika imo p incipai. – Bal ų kalbos i jų y inėjimo me odai. Vilnius, 53–66. G igo je s Ju is 2012: Acous ic and Audi o y Cha ac e is ics o he La ian Mo- noph hong Sys em. – Linguis ische Be ich e 230/2012. F ank u am Main: Ins i u ü Linguis ik, 155–182. G igo je s Ju is 2013: P oblems using he adi ional acous ic cues o he pho- nological in e p e a ion o owels. – Bal is ica 48(2). Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e as, 301–312. G igo je s Ju is 2016: Acous ic cha ac e is ics o he La ian diph hongs p oduced by male and emale in o man s. – Bal is ica 51(1), 149–168. G igo je s Ju is, Ju gi a Ja osla ienė 2015a: Compa a i e s udy o he quali- a i e ea u es o he Li huanian and La ian monoph hongs. – Bal is ica 50(1), 57–89. JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ 216 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII G igo je s Ju is, Ju gi a Ja osla ienė 2015b: Spec al s uc u e and du a ion o he monoph hongs in bo h con empo a y Bal ic languages. – Linguis ica Le ica 23, 68–92. HIPA 2007: Handbook o he In e na ional Phone ic Associa ion: A Guide o he Use o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe . The In e na ional Phone ic Associa ion, Eigh h p in- ing, P in ed in he Uni ed Kingdom a he Uni e si y P ess, Camb idge. Ii onen An i 1987: The c i ical band in he explana ion o he numbe o possible owels and psychoacous ical owel dis ances (Summa y). – Helsingin yliopis on one ii- kan lai oksen monis ei a 12. Helsinki: Uni e si y o Helsinki. In e ac i e IPA Cha : <h p://www.ipacha .com/> (žiū ė a 2017 10 02). IPA 2015a: The In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe . P ieiga in e ne e: <h ps://www.in e - na ionalphone icassocia ion.o g/con en / ull-ipa-cha > (žiū ė a 2017 10 02), IPA 2015b: The In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe . Ipa cha wi h sounds. P ieiga in e ne e: <h p://www.in e na ionalphone icalphabe .o g/ipa-sounds/ipa-cha -wi h-sounds/> (žiū ė a 2017 10 02). IPA 2017: The In e na ional Phone ic Associa ion. P ieiga in e ne e: <h ps://www.in- e na ionalphone icassocia ion.o g/> (žiū ė a 2017 10 02). Ja osla ienė Ju gi a 2014: Spec al cha ac e is ics o he Li huanian owels: some p elimina y esul s o a new expe imen al esea ch. – Linguis ica Le ica 22. Rīga: LU La iešu alodas ins i ū s, 68–84. Ja osla ienė Ju gi a 2015: Lie u ių kalbos umpųjų i ilgųjų balsių kiekybės i kokybės e alonai. – Bend inė kalba 88, 1–17. P ieiga in e ne e: <h p://www.bend ine- kalba.l /H ml/88/Ja osla iene_BK_88_s aipsnis.pd >. Jassem Wik o 1973: Pods awy one yki akus ycznej. Wa szawa: Pańs wowe wydaw- nic wo naukowe. Jones Daniel 1949: The p inciples o he In e na ional Phone ic Associa ion: Being a desc ip ion o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe and he manne o using i , illus a ed by ex s in 51 languages. London: In e na ional Phone ic Associa ion. Jones Taylo 2016: Why he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA) is he bes hing e e . P ieiga in e ne e: <h p://www.languagejones.com/blog-1/2016/12/24/why- he-in- e na ional-phone ic-alphabe -ipa-is- he-bes - hing-e e > (žiū ė a 2017 11 15). Lade oged Pe e 1975: A cou se in phone ics. New Yo k, Chicago, e c.: Ha cou B ace Jo ano ich, Inc. S aipsniai / A icles 217 Di e en IPA Equi alen s o Some Li huanian and La ian owels Lade oged Pe e , Ian Maddieson 2002: The Sounds o he Wo ld’s Languages. Malden: Blackwell Publishe s. Laua Alise 1997: La iešu li e ā ās alodas onē ika. Rīga: Z aigzne ABC. LG 1997: Li huanian G amma , ed. by Vy au as Amb azas. Vilnius: Bal os lankos. LKE 2008: Lie u ių kalbos enciklopedija, sud. Kazys Mo kūnas, ed. Vy au as Amb azas. 2-as pa iksl. i papild. leidimas. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as. LVG 2013: La iešu alodas g ama ika. Au o i: Auziņa I. e al., Rīga: La iešu alodas ins i ū s. Ma kus Dace, Dzin a Bonda 2014: Ie ads onoloģijā [In oduc ion o Phonology]. Rīga: Zinā ne. Mikalauskai ė Elžbie a 1975: Lie u ių kalbos one ikos da bai. Vilnius: Mokslas. Mille James 1989: Audi o y pe cep ual in e p e a ion o he owel. – Jou nal o he Acous ic Socie y o Ame ica 85, 2114–2134. P ieiga in e ne e: < h p://asa.sci a ion.o g/ doi/10.1121/1.397862> Olson Kenne h S. 2015: Illus a ions o he IPA. P ieiga in e ne e: <h p://www-01. sil.o g/~olsonk/ipa.h ml> (žiū ė a 2017 10 02). Pake ys An anas 2003: Lie u ių bend inės kalbos one ika. Vilnius: Enciklopedija. Ski man as Pe as, Aleksas Gi denis 2001: Naujesni a mių one inės ansk ip- cijos ašmenys. – Aleksas Gi denis. Kalbo y os da bai 3. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedi- jų leidybos ins i u as, 335–351. S undžia Boni acas 1990: Kazimie as Šaulys, Juodžiūnų a mė ( ec.). – Bal is ica 26(2), 191–192. S ece ičius B onius 1960: Lie u ių i anglų kalbų balsių lyginimo klausimu. – Mokslo da bai: Užsienio kalbos 9. Vilnius: Vilniaus als ybinis pedagoginis ins i u as, 29–48. T aunmülle Ha mu 1988: Analy ical exp essions o he ono opic senso y sca- le. – Pe ilus 8. S ockholm: Uni e si y o S ockholm, 93–102. Williamson G aham 2015: English Speech Sounds 101. P ieiga in e ne e: <h ps:// www.sl in o.com/ess101- owel-pa ame e s/> (žiū ė a 2017 10 02). Wikipedia: <h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/File:IPA_ owel_cha _2005.png> (žiū ė a 2017 10 02). JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ 218 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII Kodėl ski iasi kai ku ių lie u ių i la ių kalbų balsių a p au iniai one inės abėcėlės a i ikmenys? SANTRAUKA Pas a aisiais me ais ap ašan daba inių bal ų kalbų ga syną, balsiai i p iebalsiai ne ik i iami, klasi ikuojami i lyginami aikan ienodus a panašius me odologinius p incipus, be i ienodinami šių kalbų ga sų ansk ipcijos ašmenys. Vienokie a ki okie a p au i- nės one inės abėcėlės (TFA, an. In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe , IPA) ašmenys daba inių bend inių bal ų kalbų balsiams pa enkami nea si ik inai. Šio s aipsnio pag indinis iks- las – glaus ai paanalizuo i, ku ie lie u ių i la ių umpųjų i ilgųjų balsių a p au inės one inės abėcėlės simbolių a i ikmenys nesu ampa i kodėl. S aipsnyje a k eipiamas dė- mesys, kokios galimos įp as os ( adicinės) daba inių bal ų kalbų pas o ios a ikuliacijos balsių klasi ikacijos i kuo ski iasi a p au inis (pagal TFA p incipus s anda izuo as) ga sų ski s ymas. Kaip žinoma, a p au inė balsių klasi ikacija i in pa anki pagal ienodus a ikuliaci- nius p incipus i ian i lyginan ski ingų kalbų ga syną, odėl siekian objek y umo i p eciziškumo, TFA ansk ipcijos ašmenys lie u ių i la ių kalbų balsiams pa ink i, pi - miausia a siž elgian į ins umen inio y imo ezul a us (spek ines balsių cha ak e is i- kas, audicinį įspūdį, a imą i pan.). S aipsnyje klasi ikuojan lie u ių i la ių kalbų balsius pagal ski ingą me odologiją, pab ėžiama i ski inga e minų a osena, ku i iki šiol nė a nusis o ėjusi, lie u ių i la- ių kalbomis klasi ikuojan i lyginan ga syną pagal a p au inę one inę abėcėlę. Į eik a 2017 m. lapk ičio 28 d. JURGITA JAROSLAVIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a ju gi a.ja osla [email protected]