ANŽELIKA METONIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Research area: the lexicon of old writings.

M. PETKEVIČIAUS KATEKIZMO (1598) ABSOLIUTIEJI SINONIMAI KITŲ XVI–XVII A. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS RAŠTŲ FONE

Absolute Synonyms in the Catechism of Petkevičius in the Context of Other Lithuanian Writings of the 16^th–17^th Centuries

ABSTRACT

This article examines the absolute synonyms (doublets) in Merkelis Petkevičius’s catechism, published in 1598 (hereafter PK), one of which is of foreign origin and the other an indigenous Lithuanian word. It is generally believed that the language of this catechism is rather poor and that its translation is mostly literal; therefore, the article seeks to determine whether the absolute synonyms recorded in PK were a regular part of the 16th–17th-century lexicon and what may have led to the less frequent use of doublets found only in PK. To this end, all systematic synonym pairs are extracted from M. Petkevičius’s catechism, and the absolute synonyms are selected from among them. The Lithuanian text of PK is compared with its Polish source text. The meanings of the synonyms are checked in the electronic edition of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, but are presented primarily on the basis of M. Petkevičius’s catechism.

KEYWORDS: M. Petkevičius, synonym, Slavicism, hybrid, loanword.

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the absolute synonyms (doublets) used in the Catechism of Merkelis Petkevičius of 1598 (CP), where one element is of foreign origin, whereas the other word is an indigenous one. The language of this Catechism is thought to be rather poor and its translation is regarded mainly as literal one. Therefore, an attempt is made to identify whether the absolute synonyms used in the Catechism constituted a typical part of lexis in

Straipsniai / Articles

235

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

the 16^th–17^th centuries and what could have determined the use of rarer dublets found in the CP only. In pursuit of this goal, all the pairs of systemic synonyms were picked out from the text and absolute synonyms were singled out from them afterwards. Then the Lithuanian text of CP was compared to the Polish source of translation. The meanings of the synonyms were looked up in the electronic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, but they are first presented following the Catechism of Petkevičius.

KEYWORDS: M. Petkevičius, synonym, Slavism, hybrid, loanword.

INTRODUCTION

Merkelis Petkevičius’s catechism (hereafter PK) is the second book published in Lithuanian in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It appeared just three years after the first book in Lithuanian was printed, but its language has received little study to date. This catechism is a typical 16th–17th-century work of the Reformed tradition: it contains prayers and hymns, sets out the order for conducting church rites, and discusses the foundations of faith (see Kuzmina 2002: 17–18). PK has been studied mainly as a literary work (Meller 1984; Pociūtė 2000; Pociūtė-Abukevičienė 2005; Niedźwiedź 2008), while few articles have been written about its language (Zinkevičius 1970; Maskulinas 2009). General observations on the lexicon of this catechism have appeared in chrestomathies (Palionis 1967; Zinkevičius 1988). Jonas Kruopas (1970) conducted an in-depth study of the lexicon of M. Petkevičius’s catechism. He not only compiled a glossary of words used in the catechism but also offered observations on the composition of the PK lexicon.

The subject of this article is the absolute synonyms (also called doublets) in M. Petkevičius’s catechism, one of which is of foreign origin and the other an indigenous Lithuanian word. It is generally held that M. Petkevičius’s language is much poorer than Mikalojaus Daukša’s, and that the translation itself is literal and contains many foreignisms. Accordingly, the article seeks to determine whether the absolute synonyms used in PK were also used in other 16th–17th-century Lithuanian writings and were a common phenomenon of the period, and what may have led to the less frequent use of doublets found only in PK. To this end, systematic synonym pairs (61) are first extracted from PK, and the absolute synonyms are identified among them; the Lithuanian text of PK is then compared with its Polish source text. Only synonyms in which one item is indigenous and the other is of foreign origin are examined; that is, cases such as kornatis PK 209¹⁰, discipliną, pametone PK 28⁸, and pakuta PK 85₉ are excluded because both members of each pair are loanwords. Additional material is collected from indexes and published concordances of other 16th–17th-century writings, and is supplemented with examples from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.

236

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598) absoliutieji sinonimai kitų XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštų fone

The definition of synonyms would seem to be elementary: words with the same or similar meanings (LKE 2008: 488). Nevertheless, the question arises of how to understand similarity. Synonymy is called one of the most controversial problems in contemporary lexical semantics (Jakaitienė 2010: 119–120), and similarity is proposed to be treated as something unstable and changeable, since there is no single way to measure how one object or phenomenon is similar to another (Murphy 2003: 137). Lynne Murphy emphasizes that, when speaking about synonyms, a tension arises between identity and similarity, although one property derives from the other (Murphy 2003: 139), and that it is essential to understand that synonymy is a relationship between two words that denote the same meaning or concept, not a relationship between the meanings of two words (Murphy 2003: 145). Although much has been written about Lithuanian synonyms and their types (Župerka 1978, 2012; Jakaitienė 2010; Pikčilingis 1969, 198; Milūnaitė 2009; Vaskelienė 1999, 200, 204, 2013a, b; Vaskelienė, Kučinskienė 2012), the problem of synonymy remains relevant, since views differ on definitions and classification (Vaskelienė, Kučinskienė 2012: 154), and little attention is still paid to absolute synonyms (e.g., karelis / balandis), although they are part of lexical synonyms. Lexical synonyms also include differential synonyms (e.g., aklys / kuin). In Lithuanian, as in other Indo-European languages, these are much more common than absolute synonyms. This phenomenon is readily explained: the language system has no need for several completely identical names for the same object or phenomenon to coexist, and for some scholars, it is even impossible (Chafe 1971; Harris 1973). Yuri Apresyan has suggested that, in attempts to define synonyms, most studies focus on semantic differences rather than commonalities. In other words, words whose ranges of meaning coincide completely are called lexical doublets or variants, while only words with certain differences in meaning are considered synonyms (Апресян 1974: 217). Nevertheless, L. Murphy points out that John Lyons has emphasized that words whose meanings and properties coincide are called absolute synonyms (Murphy 2003: 151). In Lithuanian linguistics, absolute synonyms (doublets)—linguistic units with identical meanings but different forms of expression—are considered part of systemic synonyms. Calling them variants, following foreign practice, would be incorrect, since in Lithuanian linguistics variants are regarded only as forms of the same linguistic unit (Župerka 2012: 29); they are particularly characteristic of the morphological level.

In the view of some scholars, the criterion of mutual substitutability—where one word can replace another without changing the meaning of the sentence—is the most important one for establishing a synonymic relationship (Jackson, Ze Amvela 2001: 91). But if synonyms have components that distinguish their meanings, it makes no difference that their main components coincide: changes in the sentence’s meaning may still occur. For example, the sentences Palenk galvą, nes nieko nematau and Palenk maulę, nes nieko nematau are not

Straipsniai / Articles

237

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

identical. Evalda Jakaitienė points out that synonyms differ in their collocational behavior, and therefore cannot always replace one another in a sentence (Jakaitienė 2010: 122). It is clear that a necessary feature of synonyms is at least partial substitutability (Апесн 1974: 219), but only doublets can be used without any change in the meaning of an utterance. Nevertheless, their existence—that is, the existence of absolute synonyms—can be questioned. Some scholars distinguish doublets from synonyms (Апесн 1974: 217). The meanings of words may formally coincide completely, and replacing one doublet with another in a sentence does not change its meaning; nevertheless, in a particular context, it is often the case that only one of the doublets is used. For example, a person travelling without a ticket is called only zuikiu and is never called kiškiu; a person who gets up early is called vyturiu, not vieversiu. In view of this, an attempt is made to distinguish words that have similar meanings and are used in the same context (called synonyms) from variants, that is, words denoting the same phenomenon, property, or object but marked stylistically and never substituting for one another (Murphy 2003: 151). In other words, two words may hardly be semantically identical, but as lexical units they can be identical; and when word meanings are considered in isolation, the existence of doublets is undeniable, even if some scholars do not classify them as synonyms.

Although doublets are extremely rare in languages, one source of synonyms—the influence of another language—should not be forgotten. Should words of which one is native and the other a loanword from another language¹, semantically duplicating a Lithuanian word, be considered doublets? Yes, because their meanings are the same (Murphy 2003: 146). This identity is especially noticeable when the words are monosemous. In older Lithuanian writings, a loanword and a word that has acquired the same meaning are used interchangeably, and it is observable that the use of either depends on context. In his study of the lexicon of Mikalojaus Daukšos’s postil, Wolfgang Hock suggests that doublets (also called equivalent words) are not a feature unique to Lithuanian, older writings, or translated texts in general. He argues that such synonyms may be associated with the extensive use of so-called interpretation, or paraphrase—one of the essential figures of Renaissance style—and that they are grounded in the understanding and interpretation of the translated text and should be understood more broadly (Hock 2012: 28–29). Nevertheless, sentence synonymy must be distinguished from lexical synonymy (Murphy 2003: 144). In this study, doublets are considered part of both the lexicon and synonymy, since, like other synonyms, they are characterized by variability (Vaskelienė 2013b: 208): doublets can form series, and one member may disappear if its meaning changes.

¹ This does not refer to an old-word loan, which is the only way to denote a particular object, phenomenon, or property.

238

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598) absoliutieji sinonimai kitų XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštų fone

Another question also arises: which synonyms should polysemous words be classified as when they are synonymous with one word in some of their meanings and with another in others? The study of polysemy also raises the fundamental question of which meaning of a word is primary. Although it is sometimes proposed that frequency be used as the criterion—that is, that the typical, primary meaning be considered the most frequently used one (Glynn 2014: 14)—the component meanings of a polysemous word form a structure and are interconnected both diachronically and synchronically (Jakaitienė 198: 19–20). L. Murphy proposes the term sense relation in general, since synonyms usually encompass one or several meanings of a word, but not all of them at once (Murphy 2003: 143). The meanings of words used in PK are presented primarily with reference to their meanings in this catechism, setting aside the full range of meanings of a polysemous word. For example, užlėcavoti, -avoja, -avojo, as can be inferred from other old writings and the electronic version of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter LKŽ), has the meaning ‘to intercede’, but in PK this word is used only with the meaning ‘to propose’, so synonyms in PK were sought on that basis. One or more meanings of some indigenous polysemous words recorded in PK coincide completely with the meanings of Slavisms; consequently, the relationship between such native and foreign-origin words differs in no way from that between doublets, although the use of one or another of their several meanings may also depend on context, bringing these words closer to contextual synonyms.

ABSOLUTE SYNONYMS (DOUBLETS)

According to J. Kruopas, borrowings make up 25 percent of the entire vocabulary of PK, and sometimes duplicate Lithuanian vocabulary, for example, statyti and budavoti, mokytojas and minstras, kertas and pasta, praleti and musyti, sylvaras and smūkas (Kruopas 198: 164). J. Kruopas claims that “when the vocabulary of M. Daukša’s Catechism, by a lover and cultivator of the Lithuanian language, is compared with the vocabulary of PK, a major step backwards is apparent” (Kruopas 1998: 165). The language of PK is awkward in places, indicating heavy reliance on the source of the translation—the Polish language. PK contains rarer borrowings not found elsewhere (e.g., hadnas PK 132₁₄), and although the writings of Konstantinas Sirvydas also contain many borrowings and hybrids peculiar to them, Zigmas Zinkevičius calls M. Petkevičius the originator of the language of ecclesiastical jargon (Zinkevičius 198: 200).

The Slavisms in PK and their synonyms can be divided into two groups. The first consists of doublets, that is, absolute synonyms, which have no distinguishing semantic components. In PK, such synonyms—both the Slavism and the native Lithuanian word—usually have only one meaning, or the meaning of the Slavism coincides completely with several meanings of the indigenous word: budavoti, -avoja, -avojo ‘to build’ PK 64₇ / statyti, -o, -ė PK 69₂₆; blūdas ‘error, heresy’ PK 133₂₁ / klaidėjimas ‘error, heresy’ PK 73₂; cielas ‘whole; entire, intact’ PK 205₁₉ / visas PK 67₁₂; čertas ‘devil’

Straipsniai / Articles

239

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

PK 19₂₀ / velnias PK 135₁₁; čiastis ‘honor, respect’ PK 19₁₉ / garba PK 35₁₃, garbė PK 38₂; čiastauti, -auja, -aujo ‘to respect, glorify’ PK 5₈ / garbinti, -ina, -ino PK 108₂₁; dyvas ‘a marvelous thing, oddity, miracle’ PK 122₁₈ / stebuklas PK 137₄; dūia ‘spirit, ghost, soul’ PK 6₇ / duasa PK 99₁₉; griešyti, -ija, -ijo ‘to commit a crime, sin’ PK 147₂ / nusidėti, nusideda, nusidėjo PK 35₂₁; hadina ‘hour’ PK 160₂₀ / valanda PK 250₂₀; kocerystė ‘heresy’ PK 134₄ / klaidėjimas ‘error, heresy’ PK 73₂; kožnas ‘each, every’ PK 18₂₁ / kiekvienas PK 43₁₁; devas ‘lion’ PK 80₉ / liūtas PK 80₁₀; liekorius ‘physician’ PK 251₇ / gydytojas PK 31₂₇; loska ‘grace’ PK 38₂₂ / malonė PK 6₂₃; mečius ‘sword’ PK 160₁₁ / kalavijas PK 60₁₂; mylsta ‘grace’ PK 49₆ / malonė PK 6₂₃; mūka ‘suffering’ PK 36₈ / kančia PK 67₃; pakara ‘humility, submission’ PK 115₂ / nusižeminimas ‘humility’ PK 117₈; pakusa ‘temptation’ PK 20₂₄ / pagundymas PK 118₂₆; pamacia ‘help’ PK 236₁₂ / pagalba PK 175₇, pagbė PK 91₅; pamsta ‘paper’ PK 27₃ / kertas PK 74₅; păroti, -oja, -ojo ‘to agree’ PK 164₃ / pritarti, -ia, -ė PK 69₈; pomes ‘memory’ PK 247₁ / atmintis PK 96₆; ponas ‘lord’ PK 9₁₀ / viešpats PK 88₂; ponovi, -uoja, -avo ‘to rule, govern’ PK 236₁₆ / viešpatauti, -auja, -avo PK 85₁₇; valdyti, -o, -ė PK 239₁₀; pononė ‘rule, lordship’ PK 113₂₃ / viešpatavimas PK 86₆; prajėus ‘miracle’ PK 149₁₄ / stebuklas PK 137₄; pūsti, -ija, -ijo ‘to destroy’ PK 72₁₈ / naikinti, -ina, -ino PK 208₂₂; ronyti, -ija, -ijo ‘to wound’ PK 251₂₂ / žeisti, žeidžia, žeidė PK 80₈; skórbas ‘wealth’ PK 46₁₈ / turtas PK 65₂₆; slūžyti, -ija, -ijo ‘to serve’ PK 18₉ / tarnauti, -auja, -avo PK 227₅; stodas ‘herd, flock’ PK 153₂₆ / banda PK 70₂₄; strochas ‘fear, fright’ PK 160₁₈ / baimė PK 232₁₄; svietas ‘world, earth; all people’ PK 15₄ / pasaulis PK 86₆; šeforius ‘overseer, guardian, leader’ PK 201₃ / prižiūrėtojas PK 206₄; toblyčia ‘board’ PK 6₂ / lenta PK 105₁₇; viera ‘faith, religion’ PK 2₃ / tikėjimas PK 141₁₃; zokanas ‘law’ PK 43₁₄ / įstatymas PK 191₇.

Doublets can completely replace one another in a sentence without affecting its meaning. Several sentences from PK may serve as examples: Nes kadangi gi liga alankiey / teikig gi Pone / liekoriu tikras / įgbid [...] PK 251₇; Teikis but ligoniu giditu / šudrtingu linkminou / fupfutų gilbetou [...] PK 31₂₇; Ten pas vni ftwedams ftoche buwo Petras [...] PK 160₁₈; [...] ir wifokios biauribes giena baymey Dewa [...] PK 232₁₄; [...] žmones pjbnomis tokias biauries / bat Pona zokane dukfis / dieną nakti dumodamas PK 43₁₄; Idangi mes tada tikray pagal įstatima bunta Pona Cbrifufa / tą krikštimą darytum PK 191₇. Replacing the words of Slavic origin with indigenous words, or vice versa, would not change the meaning of the sentence, but often the Slavism is chosen more frequently; sometimes, conversely, the native word is used more often, or both words are used with equal frequency. Nevertheless, PK shows a tendency to use the native member of a synonym pair more often than a Slavism or a hybrid with a Slavic root (see table).

240

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598) absoliutieji sinonimai ųtų XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštuose

Slavic word more often preferred

Indigenous word more often preferred

Slavic and indigenous words used with equal frequency

raft

3

to build, builds, built

1

courtly behavior

1

wandering

1

to build, builds, built

2

wandering

1

to play, plays, played

4

whole

1

lion

1

to sin, sins, sinned

1

all

35

lion

1

each

56

time

9

healer

1

each

13

devil

19

doctor

1

monk

7

to be ashamed

12

lady

1

suffering

3

honor / glory

55 / 16

lords

1

after

6

to purify, purifies, purified

2

place

1

humiliation

1

to worship, worships, worshipped

56

band

1

become dull

3

spirit

1

fervor

1

miracle

2

half-year

2

soul

90

memory

1

spirit

97

lord

567

soul

3

Lord

28

hour

6

to blow, blows, blew

3

to bark

11

to destroy, destroys, destroyed

1

grace

37

to serve, -s, -ed

7

servants

1

to serve, -s, -ed

3

sword

3

world

67

love

2

world

3

grace

37

tabernacle

3

purgatory

2

board

2

temptation

6

faith

64

sight

1

faith

2

help / assistance

1 / 7

to possess, -s, -ed

1

to agree, -s, -ed

3

to lord it over, -s, -ed

1

to reign, -s, -ed / to rule, -s, -ed

1 / 9

wonder

1

miracle

2

to wound, -s, -ed

2

to injure, injures, injured

3

treasure

1

wealth

4

harm

2

fear

12

leader

1

promiser

3

Straipsniai / Articles

241

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

Slavism chosen more often

Indigenous word chosen more often

Slavism and indigenous word used with equal frequency

žokanas

3

law

11

PK ABSOLUTE SYNONYMS (DOUBLETS) IN OTHER WRITTEN SOURCES

It is worth first comparing the doublets used in PK with the writings of M. Daukša—the catechism published in 1595 (hereafter DK) and the postil printed in 1599 (hereafter DP). These sources are from the same period, and the vocabulary used by M. Petkevičius is often compared with that in M. Daukša’s writings; DK and DP are therefore well suited to determining whether there was, at that time, a general tendency to use such absolute synonyms. Since there are two works by M. Daukša, and DP is also a considerably larger source, only tendencies in word choice can be compared, not the number of occurrences. Some words are used hundreds of times in DP (e.g., visas, vienas, viešpatis), whereas there are only a few synonyms used as frequently in PK. Compared with M. Petkevičius, M. Daukša more often chose indigenous Lithuanian words rather than their doublets: statyti, -o, -ė DP 432₁₉, visas DK 39₇, DP 15₄₁, velnias (velinas) DK 53₁₂, DP 23₂₅, garbė DK 42₁₂, DP 38₉, garbinti, -ina, -ino DK 80₂₁, DP 59₄₂, dvasia DP 195₂₂, nusidėti, nusideda, nusidėjo DK 126₁₂, DP 223₂₈, kiekvienas DK 93₁₀, DP 108₄₅, klaidėjimas DP 99, liūtas DP 79₃₅, nužemimas (nužeminimas) DK 49₁₂, DP 290₅₁, kertas DK 107₁₇, DP 14₂₂, viešpats (viešpatis) DK 4₁₆, DP 594₄₄, viešpatauti, -auja, -avo DP 341₃₁ / valdyti, -o, -ė DP 348₄₈ / valdžioti, -ioja, -iojo DK 31₁₁, DP 58₆, stebuklas DK 161₆, DP 264₂₅, naikinti, -ina, -ino DP 255₂₂, žeisti, žeidžia, žeidė DP 619₄₇, banda DP 340₃₃, pasaulis DK 53₁₂, DP 14₄, tikėjimas DK 22₅, DP 265₄, rather than their doublets budavoti, -oja, -ojo DP 436₃₃, cielas DP 48₇, čertas DP 437₃₂, čėstis DP 321₅, čėstauti, -auja, -aujo DK 257₁₇, DP 341₇, dūšia DP 155₃₄, griežti, -ija, -ijo DP 47₉, kožnas DP 497₃₉, blūdas DP 518₁₂, levas DP 3₁₉, pakara DP 316₂₆, pamsta DP 94₁₃, ponas DP 8₉, pavadoti, -avoja, -avojo DP 577₂₅, pražvas DP 180₃₃, pūtyti, -ija, -ijo DP 572₂₉, ronyti, -ija, -ijo DP 324₃₇, rodas DP 290₄₀, svietas DP 486₂₁, vierą DP 228₇. In M. Daukša’s writings, there are only a few synonyms whose foreign-origin member is used more often than the indigenous word in the same source: hadna (adna) DP 173₁₉ (51 times) / valanda DP 234₂₆ (42 times), liekoris DP 514₃₉ (4 times) / gydytojas DP 514₃₄ (1 time), žokanas DP 31₄₈ (188 times) / įstatymas DP 75₅₂ (41 times), dūšia DK 97₂₀ (41 times) / dvasia DK 26₅ (31 times). The synonyms of the words šeinius DP 306₁₅ and tobyčia DP 461₁₃, however,

242

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598) absoliutieji sinonimai kūlių XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštu fone

priežiedas and lenta, which M. Petkevičius used, do not occur at all in M. Daukša’s writings.

M. Daukša’s writings do not contain a foreign-origin member for 13 of the synonyms used in PK. M. Daukša made extensive use of atmintis ‘memory; a thing to remember, etc.’ DK 99₁₀, DP 95₂₂ (not atmintis), baimė DK 5₁₄, DP 6₂₅, kalavijas DP 18₃₁, kančia DP 170₄₂, klaidėjimas DP 9₄, malonė DK 95₈, DP 253₂₄, pagalba DK 135₁₈, DP 82₂₃, pagundymas DK 46₉, DP 97₃₃, stebuklas DK 161₉, DP 264₂₅, tarnauti, –au, –avo DK 81₁₆, DP 546₃₂, turtas DK 88₁, DP 344₃₇, viešpatavimas DP 4₁₅, rather than their doublets used in PK: pometis PK 247₁, strochas PK 160₁₈, miečius PK 160₁₁, muka PK 36₈, kocerstė PK 134₂, loska PK 38₂₂ and mylia PK 49₆, pamacia PK 236₁₂, pakusa PK 20₂₄, dyvas PK 122₁₈, slūžti, –ija, –ijo PK 18₈, skórbas PK 46₁₈, ponavonė PK 113₂₃. Furthermore, neither DP nor DK contains the Slavism patūroti PK 164₁₃, nor its indigenous synonym pritarti PK 69₈.

M. Petkevičius’s choice to use the Slavisms dyvas, loska, miečius, mylia, muka, pakusa, pamacia, pometis, ponavonė, skorbas, slūžti, –ija, –ijo, strochas and the hybrid kocerstė, rather than the indigenous Lithuanian words used by M. Daukša, seems strange, since these foreign-origin words are either not used or are used very rarely in other old Lithuanian sources², compared with their indigenous synonyms: dyvas also occurs in BP I 57, KN SE 237, ChNT 286 (cf. stebuklas Mž 211, VlnE 121, BB 2Met 32, BP II 265, SD¹ 30, SD³ 37, SG1 39, ChNT 4), pakusa—in Q 33 (cf. pagundymas Mž 138, SP II 57), kocerstė—only in PK (cf. klaidėjimas MP 382, KN SE 261), ponėts—in SD¹ 118, Q 214 (cf. atmintis MP 70, SD¹ 118, SD³ 283, KN G 67), ponavonė—in KN G 98 (cf. viešpatavimas SD¹ 119, ChNT 3). This means that although M. Daukša was a champion of the Lithuanian language, his choice to use the indigenous members of doublets such as dyvas / stebuklas, pakusa / pagundymas, pometis / atmintis, ponavonė / viešpatavimas, kocerstė / klaidėjimas was not solely a matter of deliberate choice: such Slavisms were not as widespread. On the basis of the Polish-language source text translated in PK and its Lithuanian translation, it can be concluded that the Slavisms pakusa, pometis, ponavonė (except for dyvas) were used in PK with reference to the Polish text: Polish […] iżes nas tey nocy przeźbę pokufy chtręy batṅkijey […] // Lithuanian lie. iuog fią naktį perieufią / pakufos welnio kitro […] PK 20₂₄; Polish […] od ćžarta y od pokus chroń […] // Lithuanian lie. […] nuog welnia ir pakufų dengia […] PK 112₁₃; Polish […] aby sobie na pamięć przywiódł wbýtkie życia swego na tym swiecie […] // Lithuanian lie. […] id saw ant pomietes przywtu wifą giwenimą fawa ant swieta […] PK 247₁; Polish A nie odwlączay daley tego Panowania […] // Lithuanian lie. O ne attolink tolaus fawos ponawonios […] PK 113₂₃. The hybrid kocerstė arose through a somewhat freer translation of the text, but it is evident that in the Polish text

² Abbreviations of some sources (BP, VlnE, Q, MP, C) are taken from LKŽ.

Straipsniai / Articles

243

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

a word of the same root is used in the language: Polish [...] boć niemąb ktoby ciebly / a kaerfka moc zburzył [...] // East Slavic [...] nes nera kas tiebytų / o bocerifte futrintu [...] PK 134₂. These Slavicisms, which did not enter broader usage, and the hybrid form are used in PK solely under the influence of the Polish source, but Polish panowanie is translated into Lithuanian both as ponavone and as viešpatavimas (Polish A nie odwłaczay daley tego Panowania [...] // Lithuanian O ne atotink tolus fawos ponawonios [...] PK 113₂₃; Polish W każdam miejscu świata tego / wьego Panowania jego // Lithuanian Kożnoy wietoy jo pafulo wifa wiešpatwama io [...] PK 86₉), so it may be more appropriate to speak not so much of a particular system of PK doublets as of the author’s personal interpretation and paraphrasing of the text, an attempt to render it as accurately or vividly as possible in Lithuanian. This is also indicated by other word pairs: in Polish too, cud and dziw, pokusa and pokuszenie are synonyms: Polish [...] czynić tu cuda z Diabelkiem moc [...] // Lithuanian [...] rodis dwus iżgi čerto mačes [...] PK 122₁₈; Polish [...] žeš przez dziw okazać raczył [...] // Lithuanian [...] kad per stebuklą tat rodey [...] PK 137₄; Polish Za takowmi dziwy ludzie się uznali [...] // Lithuanian Vž tokiu stebuklu žmones pažino [...] PK 162₁₃; Polish [...] iżés nas tey nocy przezle pokusy chytrey bałankiey [...] // Lithuanian uog ją naktį pereiwą / pakufos welnio kitro [...] PK 20₄; Polish [...] od czarta y od pokus chroni [...] // Lithuanian [...] nug welnia ir pakufų dengia [...] PK 112₁₃; Polish Nie wódź nas na pokuszenie [...] // Lithuanian Ne wek mus ing pagundimą [...] PK 118₂₆; Polish y nie wódź nas na pokuszenie ale nas zbaw ode złego. // Lithuanian [...] newek mufu ing pagundimą: batai giabek mus, nug wifo pikto [...] PK 10₂₄; Polish Pokufenia petny tak žimie jak lecie // Lithuanian [...] per wifoki ciefą pagundimą pilną [...] PK 138₁₃; Polish [...] aby fołie na pamieć przywiódł wźytkie žycia swego na tym swiecie [...] // Lithuanian [...] id saw ant pomies prwefu wifą giwenimą fawa ant swieta [...] PK 247₁; Polish Będzeli miał na baczności / Nabe wbelakie krewkości [...] // Lithuanian Jay turei ant aminties mufų wifokias pikibes [...] PK 96₁₆. As the sentences show, Polish cud is rendered in PK as Lithuanian dyvas, Polish dziw as Lithuanian stebuklas, Polish pokusa as Lithuanian pakusa, Polish pokuszenie as Lithuanian pagundimas, Polish pamięć as Lithuanian potis, and Polish baczność as Lithuanian amintis.

Other PK doublets whose foreign-origin member is not used in M. Daukša’s writings are used in much the same way in other old Lithuanian writings; moreover, they sometimes occur even in the same source, and thus synonymy is also found in other writings: łoska Mž 45, JĖ⁵ 213 / malonė Mž 52, BB Dan 2, BP II 92; mėčius MP 217, SD¹ 79, KN G 271 / kalavijas BP I 114, SP II 7, SD¹ 79, SD³ 70; mylėsta Mž 309, AK 3₈, SD¹ 70, SD³ 8₈, JĖ¹ 14, JĖ² 15, JĖ³ 15, JĖ⁴ 15, JĖ⁵ 14 / malonė Mž 52, BB Dan 2, BP II 92, SD¹ 70, SD³ 149; mūka Mž 158, KN SE 243, JĖ² 20, JĖ³ 20, JĖ⁴ 25, JĖ⁵ 212 / kančia Mž 229, SD¹ 78, SD³ 38; pamacia (pamacė, pamacis) WP 58, MP 66, KN SE 185, ChNT 245 / pagalba (pagalbė) Mž 342, BP II 97, MP 237, SD³ 324, KN G 3; slūžyti, -ija, -ijo Mž 503, WP 9, VlnE 19, BB 2Met 33, BP II 320, MP 135, SD¹ 169, JĖ¹ 112, ChNT 10 / tarnauti, -auja, -avo Mž 115, VlnE 111, BB 2Met 13, MP 114, SP I 201, SD¹

244

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598) absoliutieji sinonimai kitų XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštų fone

85, SD³ 196, SG1 22, ChNT 4, Q 51; stochas KN G 213, Q 351, C II 80 / baimė BB 2Met 20, SD¹ 95, SD³ 11. The Slavicism skambas occurs in old Lithuanian writings BB Iz 23, WP 111, VlnE 186, MP 63, SP I 172, SD¹ 166, JE¹ 19, JE² 21, JE³ 21, JE⁴ 21, JE⁵ 20, ChNT 13, C II 396 much more frequently than its synonym turtas BB 2Met 31, SD¹ 21, SD³ 20, ChNT 6.

In some passages M. Petkevičius does not translate the Polish text literally but seeks more vivid expressions; he aimed to make the text rhyme, and therefore the translation in these passages is quite free: Polish [...] a nam wieczny pokoy prawil / raczyb miłosierny Panie / wypłuchał nasze wołanie // Lithuanian [...] mums didį pakaiu dawei / teikis maloningas Pone / saugot mus fawo maloney PK 36₁₂; Polish [...] począł Piotr Pana mścić / Malchowi ucho uciął / chcąc go mocnie bronić // Lithuanian [...] Petras Poną gindamas / mečium kurį turėjo / atkirtą aufi Malchaus PK 160₁₂; Polish Chrye dla umęczenia żywota twoie / racz nas przyjąć po śmierci do krolefwa fwego // Lithuanian Christe dėl tawo kancios / kuną fawo mukus / mus wifus teikis priimt karalifen dangus PK 163₁₉; Polish [...] hoynie moie wszerzyć mie tak tęknice / gdy ręce fwe podniosę do imienia twego [...] // Lithuanian Gierais gali nuramint mano kančias wifas / kad rankas fawo kelfiu tawo weidop Pone [...] PK 67₃, etc. In such cases, it is difficult to draw any more precise conclusions about the use of doublets.

In some places, PK’s Slavicisms systematically reproduce the Polish source, while in others they systematically reproduce words whose donor language is certainly not Polish; the word is merely cognate with the East Slavic word that supplied the Slavicism: Polish [...] acz nas do tego fama łaska y dobroć Boża godnymi czyni [...] // Lithuanian [...] kaciebÿ mus top pati łofka ir gieribe Diewu hadnys daro [...] PK 205₁₆; Polish [...] będzie zażywał mąk piekielnych // Lithuanian [...] turės mukas neįkaltas PK 248₂; Polish [...] abyś była ochędożeniem / pomocą y pociechą żywotowi y domowi jego // Lithuanian [...] idant butumey grožibe / pamacia ir džiaukfmu żywata jo PK 236₁₂; Polish [...] a iżbymu też mogli flużyć we wſzytkim dobrym bliźnim naszym // Lithuanian [...] o idant topag galėtum flužit wifame gerame artiemus muſu PK 18₁₀; Polish Potym Piotr frachem wielkim / gdy w ognia ftoiał [...] // Lithuanian Ten pas ugnieswedamas froche buwo Petras [...] PK 160₁₉. Nevertheless, M. Petkevičius does not always rely on the Polish text, even when translating literally rather than freely. For example, the same words, Polish łaska and Polish służyć, are rendered not only as Lithuanian łoska and Lithuanian słūžyti, -ija, -ijo, but also as Lithuanian malonė and Lithuanian tarnauti, -auja, -avo (Polish Przez łaskę a miłosierdzie Boże [...] // Lithuanian Per malonę ir mielaširdę Diewu PK 6₂₃; Polish [...] A tobie wiernie służyli // Lithuanian [...] o taw wiernay tarnautumbim PK 22₂₁), although these are doublets and the identical word could completely replace the Slavicism in the sentence. Furthermore, even when using Slavicisms, M. Petkevičius does not always rely on the Polish text—East Slavic words that are not cognate with the translated Polish words were also chosen, for example: Polish [...] ty mnie chciey wſpomoc w moiey doległości / Boże łutości // Lithuanian [...] tu pats

Straipsniai / Articles

245

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

help me, help my functions / God, be merciful PK 49₆; i.e. Nabe zloši nepravoši / 3 fame bčėrey takavōsči […] // i.e. Mufu griekus neteibes i₆ fawo tikros milites […] PK 84₁₉.

The claim that M. Petkevičius always gave preference to loanwords is contradicted by sentences in which he not only translates freely but also uses an indigenous Lithuanian word, even though a Slavism that could replace it is used in the same catechism, for example: Polish Bobych fnac latwie wytrwał od miecza zranienie […] // Lithuanian Nes piguis įkėčia kalaviją kirtim […] PK 60₁₂ (cf. […] meciu kuri tureio […] PK 160₁₂); Polish […] porśmy Boga o pomo[…] // Lithuanian prabom paglabes wiepati […] PK 36₃ (cf. […] pamacia ir džiaukmu žiwata io PK 236₁₂). In addition, synonyms were sought where the Polish text also used synonyms. For example, Polish łaska is translated into Lithuanian as łoka, while Polish miłosierdzie is translated as Lithuanian malonė (Polish Nadzieje w miłosierdziu twoim pokładamy […] // Lithuanian Nodiej malonea tawo dei guldzem […] PK 114₁₄), Polish strach is translated as Lithuanian stochas, while Polish pobożność, bojaźń is translated as Lithuanian baimė (Polish […] y przypra wie ku Panu Bogu / y miłość / y wβelaką pobożność w nas po-budą y sprawie / […] and prigatwia wiera Ponop Diewop / ir meylę / ir wifokią baymę Diewa muj prikielą ir reda PK 17₁₄; Polish […] y wβelaką plugfwa / ży-wie w boiazni Boży […] // Lithuanian […] ir wifokios biauribes givena baymę Diewa […] PK 32₃₄).

POLYSEMOUS WORDS

The meanings of all the doublets discussed are identical; that is, a Slavism or hybrid and its absolute synonym, an indigenous word, can completely replace one another—the meaning of the sentence does not change as a result. However, PK contains polysemous words that are synonymous only in certain senses. For example, zaria PK 49₂₁ ‘the brightening of the sky in the morning or evening’ (LKŽe) and aušra PK 67₉ 1. ‘the time when day and morning begin to dawn, to grow light’; 2. ‘the beginning of better, happier times’; 3. ‘the morning, the east’ (LKŽe) are synonyms only in the first sense. In M. Petkevičius’s catechism, aušra is used not only in the first sense, ‘the time when day and morning begin to dawn, to grow light’, but also in the third, ‘the morning, the east’; therefore, even in PK these words are not absolute synonyms. Among other possible synonyms in PK, no synonymic relationship arises. For example, in a given context the Slavism biednas PK 45₁₄ ‘poor, destitute’ (LKŽe) could be synonymous with vargingas PK 82₁₆, but the latter is used only in the sense ‘causing much trouble or worry, difficult, burdensome’ (LKŽe), and not in the second sense, ‘poor, impoverished’ (LKŽe). PK also contains converse cases, that is, when polysemous words are used, no difference in meaning arises, so in PK they are doublets (the PK senses are underlined): apãtalas PK 150₁₆ 1. ‘eccl. each of Christ’s twelve disciples’; 2. ‘a follower of an idea or doctrine, devoted to promoting it (LKŽ) / mokytinis PK 13₂₀ 1. ‘one who studies, a pupil’; 2. ‘a follower of a particular science, theory, or someone’s views’; 3. ‘an educated, learned person who has received schooling; an intellectual’ (LKŽ); blūdyti, -ija, -ijo PK 24₂₁ 1. ‘to err, to wander’; 2. ‘to rave, talk nonsense’ (LKŽ) / klaidėti, -ėja, -ėjo PK 8₂ 1. ‘to make mistakes, to err’; 2. ‘to wander’; 3. ‘to rave’ (LKŽ); dabi, -oja, -ojo PK 16₁₉ 1. ‘to guard’; 2. ‘to look upon with trust, to love’; 3. ‘to look at, to take into account, to heed’ (LKŽ) / atsivydėti, -i, -ėjo PK 136₂₀ 1. ‘to take into account, to heed’; 2. ‘to take pity’ (LKŽ); pana PK 8₁₀ 1. ‘girl’; 2. ‘a small board on a spinning wheel to which the distaff is attached’; 3. ‘a playing card bearing a woman’s image, queen’ (LKŽ) / merga PK 7₈ 1. ‘an adult unmarried woman, a girl’; 2. ‘a farm girl hired as a worker, a maid, a servant’; 3. ‘a maiden’ (LKŽ); prakas PK 150₁₆ 1. ‘a forecaster of future events’; 2. ‘a heavenly saint, God’s helper’ (LKŽ) / pranašas PK 163₁₇ 1. ‘one who announces something, a foreteller, herald’; 2. ‘one who predicts and proclaims future, unknown things’; 3. ‘a person sent and inspired by God who explains God’s will and proclaims future events’; rėdyti, -ijo, -ijo PK 16₉ 1. ‘to clothe, dress’; 2. ‘to adorn, decorate’; 3. ‘to arrange, prepare’; 4. ‘to organize, hold’; 5. ‘to provide, give in marriage’; 6. ‘to lead, manage’; 7. ‘to prepare a loom, warp the fabric’; 8. ‘to edit’ (LKŽ); valdyti, -o, -ė PK 239₁₀ 1. ‘to hold power, reign’; 2. ‘to oversee the order of (work, affairs), to lead, manage’; 3. ‘to regulate someone’s actions, give instructions, direct’; 4. ‘to watch over, make someone ask, forbid’; 5. ‘to be able to move, bend (limbs, joints), coordinate movements’; 6. ‘to be able, know how to use’; 7. ‘to direct something along the proper course, steer’; 8. ‘to govern a particular case or word form’; 9. ‘to restrain’ (LKŽ); sỳla PK 6₉ 1. ‘strength’; 2. ‘resources’; 3. ‘power’; 4. ‘force’; 5. ‘outcome’; 6. ‘courage’ (LKŽ) / galybė PK 10₂₆ 1. ‘great capacity, strength, power’; 2. ‘authority’; 3. ‘possibility’; 4. ‘a great multitude’ (LKŽ).

246

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598) absoliutieji sinonimai kū- XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštu fone

idea, a proponent of a doctrine (LKŽ) / mokytinis PK 13₂₀ 1. ‘one who studies, a pupil’; 2. ‘a follower of a particular science, theory, or someone’s views’; 3. ‘an educated, learned person who has received schooling; an intellectual’ (LKŽ); blūdyti, -ija, -ijo PK 24₂₁ 1. ‘to err, to wander’; 2. ‘to rave, talk nonsense’ (LKŽ) / klaidėti, -ėja, -ėjo PK 8₂ 1. ‘to make mistakes, to err’; 2. ‘to wander’; 3. ‘to rave’ (LKŽ); dabi, -oja, -ojo PK 16₁₉ 1. ‘to guard’; 2. ‘to look upon with trust, to love’; 3. ‘to look at, take into account, heed’ (LKŽ) / atsivydėti, -i, -ėjo PK 136₂₀ 1. ‘to take into account, heed’; 2. ‘to take pity’ (LKŽ); pana PK 8₁₀ 1. ‘girl’; 2. ‘a small board on a spinning wheel to which the distaff is attached’; 3. ‘a playing card bearing a woman’s image, queen’ (LKŽ) / merga PK 7₈ 1. ‘an adult unmarried woman, a girl’; 2. ‘a farm girl hired as a worker, a maid, a servant’; 3. ‘a maiden’ (LKŽ); prakas PK 150₁₆ 1. ‘a forecaster of future events’; 2. ‘a heavenly saint, God’s helper’ (LKŽ) / pranašas PK 163₁₇ 1. ‘one who announces something, a foreteller, herald’; 2. ‘one who predicts and proclaims future, unknown things’; 3. ‘a person sent and inspired by God who explains God’s will and proclaims future events’; rėdyti, -ijo, -ijo PK 16₉ 1. ‘to clothe, dress’; 2. ‘to adorn, decorate’; 3. ‘to arrange, prepare’; 4. ‘to organize, hold’; 5. ‘to provide, give in marriage’; 6. ‘to lead, manage’; 7. ‘to prepare a loom, warp the fabric’; 8. ‘to edit’ (LKŽ); valdyti, -o, -ė PK 239₁₀ 1. ‘to hold power, reign’; 2. ‘to oversee the order of (work, affairs), to lead, manage’; 3. ‘to regulate someone’s actions, give instructions, direct’; 4. ‘to watch over, make someone ask, forbid’; 5. ‘to be able to move, bend (limbs, joints), coordinate movements’; 6. ‘to be able, know how to use’; 7. ‘to direct something along the proper course, steer’; 8. ‘to govern a particular case or word form’; 9. ‘to restrain’ (LKŽ); sỳla PK 6₉ 1. ‘strength’; 2. ‘resources’; 3. ‘power’; 4. ‘force’; 5. ‘outcome’; 6. ‘courage’ (LKŽ) / galybė PK 10₂₆ 1. ‘great capacity, strength, power’; 2. ‘authority’; 3. ‘possibility’; 4. ‘a great multitude’ (LKŽ).

The synonyms blūdyti, -ija, -ijo / klaidėti, -ėja, -ėjo; dabi, -oja, -ojo / atsivydėti, -i, -ėjo occur in PK with equal frequency (each appears only once), whereas the synonyms apatalas, pana, prakas, rėdyti, -ija, -ijo occur more often in PK than their indigenous equivalents mokytinis, merga and pranašas, valdyti, -o, -ė: apatalas occurs 103 times, pana 7 times, prakas 9 times, rėdyti, -ija, -ijo 29 times, mokytinis 5 times, merga 4 times, pranašas 7 times, and valdyti, -o, -ė 9 times. The Slavism syla occurs 8 times in PK, while its synonym galybė occurs 34 times. All these synonyms are also used in other old Lithuanian writings, so the choice to use a Slavism should be regarded as M. Petkevičius’s choice. This is also evident when comparing the original and Lithuanian texts. For example, apatalas is used not only instead of apostol but also instead of zwolennik: Polish [...] A zwolennicy fukali na onych ktorzy ie przynosili [...] // [...] o Apatalay bara anos / kurie atnešie PK 195₆; Polish Bo nowi Apotol Paweł s. že už žądo potępienia niemą

Straipsniai / Articles

247

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

tym [...] // Lithuanian Nes kalba Apaštalas Povilas įventas / juog jau nėra ne įokia pakandima tiemus [...] PK 245₃. The same word zwolenik is also translated as mokytinis: Lithuanian [...] tamąd y dawt źwolenikom fwóin [...] // Lithuanian [...] lauzia ir dawe mokiniems fawo [...] PK 13₂₀. Thus, as with the doublets discussed above (e.g., ponavonė / viešpatavimas), polysemous words are used synonymously inconsistently in PK: a loanword is not necessarily used in place of the corresponding Polish word, and indigenous words are not necessarily used in free translation.

CONCLUSIONS

The proportion of absolute synonyms used in PK, also called doublets, one member of which is a word of foreign origin (a Slavism or a hybrid with a Slavic root), is no different from the proportion of doublets whose two members are native Lithuanian words. Some polysemous words, theoretically not to be considered doublets, are used in PK precisely as doublets. M. Petkevičius used these words in only a few senses shared by the native and borrowed words. The interchangeability of synonyms in a sentence is their most important feature, but PK not only uses doublets of native words alongside Slavisms or hybrids; foreign-origin words also frequently occur in the position of native words. PK differs from other old Lithuanian writings, in which some absolute synonyms (duos / stebuklas, pakusa / pagundymas, nocerstė / klaidėjimas, pomėtis / atmintis, atminimas, ponavonė / viešpatavimas) are either entirely absent or there is a tendency to choose native words. It is unclear why M. Petkevičius chose those rarer words, which are not used in other sources. This was not always influenced by the Polish text, and Lithuanian already had fully equivalent native words. In other cases, PK uses doublets that are quite widespread in other old Lithuanian writings as well, with the exception of M. Daukša’s writings (which lack foreign-origin members). Thus, J. Kruopas’s claim that the vocabulary used by M. Petkevičius is much poorer than M. Daukša’s has some basis if assessed according to the ratio of borrowed and native Lithuanian words; however, in this respect, the vocabulary used by M. Petkevičius differs little from that of most old Lithuanian writings.

Nevertheless, M. Petkevičius did not follow the Polish text blindly. This is evidenced by the search for synonyms in cases where the Polish text likewise uses synonyms (Pol. cud is translated as Lith. dyvas, while Pol. dziw as Lith. stebuklas; Pol. pokusa as Lith. pakusa, while Pol. pokuszenie as Lith. pagundymas; Pol. pamięć as Lith. pomėtis, while Pol. baczność as Lith. atmintis). Thus, one can speak of M. Petkevičius’s attempt to convey the text in Lithuanian as accurately and vividly as possible. Some sentences show not only a free, non-literal translation, but also the use of native Lithuanian words,

248

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598) absoliutieji sinonimai kitu XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštų fone

although the same catechism also uses Slavisms that could replace them. Sometimes the latter are used not because of the influence of the Polish text, since the words chosen in translation were borrowed from East Slavic and do not share a root with the Polish words being translated. Perhaps this was influenced by the author’s personal vocabulary and interpretation of the text being translated.

ŠALTINIAI

AK – Anoniminis 1605 m. katekizmas. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lk.lt/seniejirastai/db.php.

BB – Jonas Bretkūnas. Biblija, 1590. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lk.lt/seniejirastai/db.php.

ChNT – Biblia Litewska Chylińskiego. Nowy Testament. Tom 3. Indeks, leid. Czesław Kudzinowski. Poznań: Wydawnictwo naukowe uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza.

DK – Mikalojaus Daukšos 1595 metų Katekizmas = Katechismus von Mikalojus Daukša vom Jahre 1595: 1595 m. katekizmo fotokopija ir jo transliteruotas tekstas, par. Vida Jakštienė, Jonas Palionis. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995.

DP – Indeks-słownik do „Daukšos postilė”, leid. Czesław Kudzinowski. Poznań: Wydawnictwo naukowe uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza.

ĮE – Jonas Jaknavičius. Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lk.lt/seniejirastai/db.php.

KN – Steponas Jaugelis Telega, Samuelis Minvydas, Jonas Božymovskis. Knyga Nobažnystės, 1653. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lk.lt/seniejirastai/db.php.

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20, 1941–2002, elektroninis variantas (antras elektroninis leidimas), red. kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Rūta Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2013. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lkz.lt.

MŽ – Martynas Mažvydas. Katekizmas ir kiti raštai = Catechismus und andere Schriften (Bibliotheca Baltica). Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 1993.

PK – 1598 metų Merkelio Petkevičiaus katekizmas. Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos leidimo komisija, 1939.

SD¹ – Senasis Konstantino Sirvydo žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1997.

SD³ – Pirmasis lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1979.

Straipsniai / Articles

249

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

SG – Saliamonas Slavocinskis. Giesmes tikeimuy katholkam pridanczas, 1646. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lk.lt/seniejirastai/db.php.

SP – Punktai sakymų, I–II, par. F. Specht. Göttingen, 1929.

WP – Wolfenbüttelio postilė, 1573. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lk.lt/seniejirastai/db.php.

LITERATŪRA

Chafe Wallace 1971: Directionality and paraphrase. – Language 47, 1–25.

Glynn Dylan 2014: Polysemy and synonymy: Cognitive theory and Corpus method. – Corpus methods for semantics. Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy, 7–39.

Harris Roy 1973: Synonymy and linguistic analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.

Hock Wolfgang 2012: Untersuchungen zu Daukšas Postille – I. Dopelungen. – Archivum Lithuanicum 14, 9–98.

Jackson Howard, Etienne Ze Amvela 2001: Words. Meaning and vocabulary: An introduction to modern english lexicology. London, New York: Continuum.

Jakaitienė E. 1988: Leksinė semantika. Vilnius: Mokslas.

Jakaitienė E. 2010: Leksikologija. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas.

Kruopas Jonas 1970: 159 m. Merkelio Petkevičiaus katekizmo leksika. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 12, 83–154.

Kruopas Jonas 1998: Rinktiniai raštai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

Kuźmina Dariusz 2002: Katechizmy w Rzeczypospolitej XVI i początku XVII wieku. Warszawa.

LKE – Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 208.

Maskuliūnas Bronius 2000: Savybiniai įvardžiai Merkelio Petkevičiaus „Katekizme“. – Baltu filologija 18, 113–120.

Meller Katarzyna 1984: O pieśniowej twórczości Jakuba Lubelczyka. – Pamiętnik Literacki 75(4), 151–175.

Miliūnaitė Rita 2009: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos vartosenos variantai. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

250

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX

M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598) absoliutieji sinonimai kūrų XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštų fone

Murphy Lynne 2003: Semantic relations and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Niedźwiedź Jakub 2008: Jan Kochanowski, poeta Litewski. – Acta historica universitatis Klaipedensis 16, 179–187.

Palionis Jonas 1967: Lietuvių literatūrinė kalba XVI–XVII a. Vilnius: Mintis.

Pikčilingis Juozas 1969: Leksinė ir gramatinė sinonimika. Kaunas: Šviesa.

Pikčilingis Juozas 1988: Sinonimika. Kalbos figūros. Kaunas: Šviesa.

Pociūtė Dainora 2000: Prigimties pančiai ar įstatymų laisvė: kai kurie Mikalojaus Daukšos Postilės „Pralobs į malonųjį skaitytoją“ aspektai protestantų minties kontekste. – Literatūra 38(1), 23–31.

Pociūtė-Abukevičienė Dainora 2005: Psalmes Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės giesmynuose. XVI a.: nuo Nesvyžiaus katekizmo iki lietuviškųjų Merkelio Petkevičiaus vertimų. – Literatūra 47(1), 29–43.

Vaskelienė Jolanta 1999: Darbinių veiksmažodžių abstraktų sinonimai. – Linguistica Lettica 4, 110–143.

Vaskelienė Jolanta 2000: Darbinių sinonimų. Šiauliai.

Vaskelienė Jolanta 2004: Darbinių sinonimų funkcionavimas tekstuose. – Filologija 9, 47–54.

Vaskelienė Jolanta 2013a: Daiktavardžio kvapas ir būdvardžio kvapūs, -i sinonimai. – Acta humanitarica universitatis Saulensis 17, 103–113.

Vaskelienė Jolanta 2013b: Darbinių sinonimų, darbinių variantų ir paronimų panašumai bei skirtumai. – Žmogus ir žodis 15(1), 206–214.

Vaskelienė Jolanta, Kučinskienė Ramunė 2012: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos būdvardžių darbiniai sinonimai. – Žmogus ir žodis 14(1), 153–161.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 1970: M. Petkevičiaus katekizmo (1598 m.) tarmė. – Baltistica 6(2), 227–243.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 1988: Senųjų raštų kalba. Vilnius: Mokslas.

Župerka Kazimieras 1978: Praktinė stilistika (sinonimai). Vilnius: Lietuvos TSR aukštojo ir specialiojo vidurinio mokslo ministerijos Leidybinių redakcinių taryba.

Župerka Kazimieras 2012: Stilistika. Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla.

Апресян Юрий Деренкович 1974: Лексическая семантика: синонимические средства языка. Москва: Наука.

Straipsniai / Articles

251

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

Absolute Synonyms in the Catechism of Petkevičius in the Context of Other Lithuanian Writings of the 16^th–17^th Centuries

SUMMARY

The Catechism of Merkelis Petkevičius (CP) was published three years after the publication of the Catechism by Mikalojus Daukša. Though the CP is the first Lithuanian book of the Reformers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, it has so far received little attention from scholars. The Catechism has been discussed mainly in the general context of Lithuanian writings of the 16^th–17^th centuries, and scholars have most frequently focused on the translations of psalms in the Catechism of Petkevičius from the Polish language. The grammatical, lexical and phonic features of the language in the CP have been analysed in several articles only. This article focuses on absolute synonyms (doublets) as a segment of lexis in the Catechism of Petkevičius, where one element is of Slavic origin or a hybrid with a Slavic stem and the other element is an indigenous word. The goal of the article is to identify whether the absolute synonyms found in the CP were typical of the lexis in the 16^th–17^th centuries and what could have determined the use of rarer doublets found in the CP only. In pursuit of this goal, all the pairs of systemic synonyms were selected from the Catechism of Petkevičius and absolute synonyms were singled out afterwards. The Lithuanian text of the Catechism was compared to the Polish source of translation to reveal the influence of the original text on the translation into the Lithuanian language. Though the absolute synonyms from this Catechism are most frequently found in other Lithuanian writings of the 16^th–17^th centuries, this Catechism is regarded differently in some cases, because rarer synonyms, which are not attested in other sources, can be found in it. The reasons for the choice of such lexis by Petkevičius are not always clear, because in some cases the text in Polish did not seem to have any influence on this.

Įteikta 2018 spalio 18 d.

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva

anzelika.smetoniene@gmail.com

252

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX