S aipsniai / A icles 235
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: he lexicon o ancien w i ings.
The Ca echism o S . Pe e
(1598) The Absolu e
O he names XVIXVII A.
Li huanian LANGUAGE
The FONE
Absolu e Synonyms in he Ca echism o
Pe ke ičius in he Con ex o O he Li huanian
W i ings o he 16 h–17 h Cen u ies
ANOTATION This a icle discusses he absolu e synonyms (duble ai) o Me kel's Pe ke ičius
Ca echism (PK), published in 1598, one o which is o o eign o igin and he o he is a
Li huanian wo d o i s own. I is gene ally belie ed ha he language o his ca echism is
a he poo , and he ansla ion […] is mainly dic iona y, so he aim o his a icle is o ind
ou whe he he absolu e synonyms ixed by PK we e a common pa o he 16 h-17 h
cen u y lexicon and wha could ha e led o he use o he a e duplica es ound only in PK.
To his end, all pai s o sys ema ic synonyms a e selec ed om he ca echism o M.
Pe ke ičius and absolu e synonyms a e selec ed om hem. The Li huanian PK ex is
compa ed o he Polish ansla ion sou ce. The meanings o synonyms a e checked in he
elec onic edi ion o he Li huanian dic iona y, bu a e p o ided p ima ily on he basis o he
ca echism o M. Pe ke ičius.
M. Pe ke ičius, synonym, Sla ism, hyb id, loanwo d, which is used in he English language.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
This a icle ocuses on he absolu e synonyms (double s) used in he Ca echism o S . Pe e
and S . Paul, whe e one elemen is o o eign o igin, while he o he wo d is an indigenous one.
The language o his Ca echism is hough o be a he poo , and i s ansla ion is ega ded
mainly as a li e a y one. The e o e, an a emp is made o iden i y whe he he absolu e
synonyms used in he Ca echism cons i u ed a ypical pa o he lexicon in
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica (LXXIX) o he 16 h-17 h cen u ies and wha could ha e
de e mined he use o a e double s ound in he CP only. In pu sui o his goal, all he pai s
o sys emic synonyms we e picked ou om he ex and absolu e synonyms we e singled ou
om hem a e wa ds. The Li huanian language is also included in he elec onic dic iona y o
an ex o CP was compa ed o he Polish sou ce o ansla ion. The meanings o he syno-
he Li huanian language.
i s p esen ed ollowing he Ca echism o Pe ke ičius.
KEYWORDS: M. Pe ke ičius, synonym, Sla ism, hyb id, loanwo d.
ĮVADAS
Me kel's Pe ke ičius Ca echism (la e […] PK) is he second book published in
Li huanian by he G and Duchy o Li huania. I appea ed a e he eka ekism
jiems me ams po pi mosios knygos lie u ių kalba išspausdinimo, be jos kalba
iki šiol mažai y inė a. Šis ka ekizmas y a ipiškas XVI–XVII a. e o ma ų kū-
inys – jame pa eikiama maldų, giesmių, nu odoma bažny inių apeigų a liki-
mo a ka, ap a iami ikėjimo pama ai (ž . Kuźmina 2002: 17–18). Daugiausia
PK y a i as kaip li e a ū os objek as (Melle 1984; Pociū ė 2000; Pociū ė-Abu-
ke ičienė 2005; Niedźwiedź 2008), o s aipsnių apie jo kalbą pa eng a nedaug
(Zinke ičius 1970; Maskuliūnas 2009). Bend esnio pobūdžio pas abų apie šio
lexicon was gi en in ch es oma ic publica ions (Palionis 1967; Zinke ičius 1988). The
ca echism lexicon o M. Pe ke ičius is ho oughly esea ched by Jonas K uopas
(1970). No only did he compile a dic iona y o wo ds used in his ca echism, bu he
also p o ided commen s on he composi ion o he PK lexicon. The subjec o his
a icle is he absolu e synonyms (also called duplica es) o he ca echism o M.
Pe ke ičius, one o which is […] o o eign o igin, he o he […] is a Li huanian wo d.
The p e ailing opinion is ha he language o M. Pe ke ičius is much wo se han
he language o Mikalojaus Daukšos, and he ansla ion i sel is dic iona y, i is
ich in me apho s, so he aim is o ind ou whe he he use o absolu e synonyms
PK was used in o he 16 h- and 17 h cen u y Li huanian language w i ings and is a
common phenomenon o he ime and wha could de e mine he a i y o he
duplica es ound only PK. To his end, a pai o sys ema ic synonyms (61) is i s
selec ed om he PK and absolu e synonyms a e dis inguished om hem, hen
he Li huanian ex o he PK and he sou ce o he ansla ion in o Polish a e
sa akilmis, o ki as – s e imos kilmės žodis, . y. į analizę neį aukiami okie
a ejai kaip ko nas is PK 20910 i disciplina, pame a onė PK 288 i pakū a PK 859,
compa ed. Only hose synonyms a e conside ed, one o which is because bo h
membe s o he pai a e deb o s. In addi ion, he ma e ial is collec ed om o he 16 h- and 17 h-cen u y manusc ip s and published conco dance, i is supplemen ed by examples om
Li huanian ocabula y.
A icles by A icles 237
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) absoliu ieji sinonimai ki ų
XVI–XVII a. lie u ių kalbos aš ų one
The de ini ion o synonyms, i would seem, is elemen a y […] hese a e wo ds o
he same o close meaning (LKE 2008: 488). Howe e , he ques ion a ises as o how
o unde s and in imacy. Synonymy has been called one o he mos con o e sial
p oblems in mode n lexical seman ics, and simila i y is p oposed o be ea ed as
some hing uns able and changing, because he e is no one way o jus i y how
one hing o phenomenon is simila o ano he . "In he case o synonyms, he e is
a con adic ion be ween simila i y and simila i y, al hough one quali y a ises
om he o he ," Mu phy said, adding, "I is impo an o unde s and ha
synonymy is a ela ionship be ween wo wo ds ha ha e he same meaning o
concep , no a ela ionship be ween he meanings o wo wo ds." Al hough
he e is a lo o w i ing abou Li huanian synonyms and hei species (Župe ka
1978, 2012; Jakai ienė 2010; Pikčilingis 1969, 1988; Miliūnai ė 2009; Vaskelienė 2000, 2004,
2013a, b; Vaskelienė, Kučinskienė 2012), he p oblem o synonyms is s ill ele an
oday, as he e a e di e en opinions abou de ini ions and classi ica ion
(Vaskelienė, Kučinskienė: 2012), 15 o synonyms (e.g., ka elis balandis) a e s ill gi en
li le a en ion, al hough hey a e pa o he lexicon. Di e en ial synonyms
a e also included in he lexical synonyms
(e.g. ho se cooked) They a e much mo e common han absolu e synonyms in
Li huanian, as well as in o he Indo-Eu opean languages. This phenomenon is easily
explained by he ac ha i is impossible o se e al comple ely iden ical wo ds
daik o a eiškinio pa adinimams nep asminga, o ano kai ku ių mokslinin-
o exis in he same language sys em (Cha e 1971; Ha is 1973). As no ed by J. A.
min į, jog mėginan apib ėž i sinonimus daugumoje da bų dėmesys su elkia-
mas į seman inius ski umus, o ne į bend umus. Ki aip a ian , žodžiai, ku ių
eikšmių spek as isiškai su ampa, y a adinami leksiniais duble ais, a ian ais,
o sinonimais laikomi ik okie žodžiai, ku ie u i am ik ų eikšmės ski umų
(Апресян 1974: 217). Vis dėl o L. Mu phy a k eipia dėmesį į ai, kad Johnas
Lyons, wo ds ha ha e bo h meanings and p ope ies in common a e called
absolu e synonyms. Absolu e synonyms (duble s) in Li huanian language, which
ha e he same meaning bu di e en exp essi e uni s, a e conside ed pa o
sys ema ic synonyms. Calling hem a ian s, based on o eign p ac ice, would be
misleading, because in Li huanian dialec a ian s a e conside ed only a ian s o
he same language uni (Župe ka 2012: 29), hey a e pa icula ly cha ac e is ic o
he mo phological le el.
Some schola s belie e ha he c i e ion o in e changeabili y, whe e one wo d
can eplace ano he wi hou changing he meaning o he sen ence, is he mos
impo an c i e ion o de e mining he ela ionship o synonyms. Bu i
synonyms ha e meaning-sha ing componen s, i doesn' ma e a all ha he
main componen s coincide, he e may be changes in he meaning o a sen ence.
Le 's say, Palenk's head, because I don' see any hing and Palenk's ail, because I
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
238 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX is he same. E ald Jakai ienė poin s ou ha
he conjunc ion o synonyms is di e en , so hey may no always be
in e changeable in a sen ence (Jakai ienė 2010: 122). I is unde s ood ha he
essen ial cha ac e is ic o synonyms is a leas pa ial in e changeabili y, bu only
duplica es can be used in such a way as no o unde go any change in he meaning o
he saying. Howe e , hei exis ence, i.e. he exis ence o absolu e synonyms, can
also be doub ed. Some schola s dis inguish be ween duplica es and synonyms
(Ap esyan 1974: 217). The meanings o wo ds may o mally coincide comple ely, bu
he meaning o a sen ence is no changed by eplacing one duplica e wi h ano he ,
bu o en only one duplica e is used in a ce ain con ex . Fo example, a pe son who
d i es wi hou a icke is only called a zuiki and is ne e called a kiški; An ea ly ise
is called an ea ly ise , no an ea ly ise . In his con ex , i is impo an o
dis inguish be ween wo ds ha ha e simila meanings and a e used in he same
con ex (called synonyms) and a ian s, i.e. wo ds ha e e o he same
phenomenon, ea u e o objec , bu a e s ylis ically ma ked and ne e
in e changeable. In o he wo ds, ha dly any wo wo ds can be iden ical
seman ically, bu as lexical uni s hey can be iden ical, and isola ing he meanings o
wo ds makes he p esence o duplica es undeniable, e en i some schola s do no
classi y hem as synonyms.
No s kalbose duble ai i in e i, eikia nepami š i ieno iš sinonimų šal inių –
ki os kalbos. A žodžiai, ku ių ienas y a sa akilmis, o ki as – iš ki os kalbos
don' see any hing hasn' come om a loan, seman ically comple ely duplica ing a
Li huanian wo d, o be conside ed as duplica es? Yes, because hey all ha e he
same meaning (Mu phy 2003: 146). This uni o mi y is especially no iceable when
wo ds a e synonymous. In he old Li huanian language w i ings, he wo d kolinys
and he wo d indigenis o he same meaning a e used o e e o a i s name, and
i is no no iced ha he use o any o hem depends on he con ex . Wol gang
Hock, while s udying he lexicon o Mikalojaus Daukšos pos ilės, sugges s ha
duplica es (also called equi alen wo ds) a e no only cha ac e is ic o he
Li huanian language, old w i ings o gene ally o e nacula ex s. He a gues ha
such synonyms can be associa ed wi h he widesp ead use o so-called
in e p e a ions, pa aph ases […] one o he essen ial Renaissance s yle igu es
[…], hey a e based on he pe cep ion and in e p e a ion o he ansla ed ex
and should be unde s ood mo e b oadly (Hock 2012: 28 […] 29). Ne e heless, i is
necessa y o dis inguish sen ence synonymy om lexical synonymy (Mu phy 2003:
144). In his wo k, duplica es a e conside ed pa o bo h he lexicon and he
synonymy, because hey, like o he synonyms, a e cha ac e ized by a iabili y (Vaskelienė, 2013b: 208): duplica es can o m sequences, one o he membe s can disappea i i s meaning changes.
1 The e is no men ion o old- ashioned loanwo ds, which a e he only way o name a hing, a
phenomenon, o a ea u e.
A icles by A icles 239
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) absoliu ieji sinonimai ki ų
XVI–XVII a. lie u ių kalbos aš ų one
Kyla and ano he ques ion: o which synonyms should be assigned he plu al wo ds,
acco ding o some meanings synonymous o one wo d, and acco ding o o he
meanings […] o ano he ? The s udy o polysemy also aises an essen ial ques ion,
which is he meaning o he wo d. Al hough i is some imes sugges ed o use he
p inciple o equency, i.e. o conside he mos equen ly used meaning (Glynn
2014: 14), all he cons i uen pa s o he meaning o he plu al o m a s uc u e,
a e ela ed o each o he in a diach onic and synch onous way (Jakai ienė 1988: 19).
The e m "synonymy" is gene ally used because synonyms usually encompass one
o mo e meanings o wo ds, bu no all a once (Mu phy 2003: 143). The meanings o
he wo ds used in he Ca echism a e gi en p ima ily in he ligh o he meanings o
he wo ds in his Ca echism, apa om he plu ali y o meanings o he wo d. Fo
example, he wo d " o speak", " o speak", " o speak", " o speak", as can be
deduced om o he old sc ip s and he elec onic a ian o he Li huanian
language dic iona y ( PK LKŽe), has he meaning o " o speak", bu his wo d is used
only in he sense o " o speak", so synonyms we e sough based on i . In addi ion,
he use o he wo d "duplica e" in he dic iona y o he Li huanian language is no
limi ed o he use o he wo d "duplica e," bu also o he use o he wo d
"duplica e" in he dic iona y o he Li huanian language, such as "duplica e,"
nuo kon eks o, i ai okius žodžius p ia ina p ie kon eks inių sinonimų.
"duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e,"
"duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e,"
"duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e," "duplica e." J. K uopas a gues
ha compa ing he lexicon o he Ka ekism o M. Daukšos, a lo e and gua dian o
he Li huanian language, wi h he lexicon o PK, a big s ep backwa ds is no iceable
(K uopas 1998: 165). The PK language is no Polish in some places, and his would show
ha i elies hea ily on he ansla ion sou ce […] Polish. The e a e also a numbe
o loanwo ds and hyb ids in he w i ings o Kons an in Si ydos, and M.
Pe ke ičius calls Zigmas Zinke ičius he ounde o he language o chu ch ja gon
(Zinke ičius 1988: 200). PK Sla ism and hei synonyms can be di ided in o wo
g oups. The i s is made up o duplica es, i.e. absolu e synonyms. They don' ha e
any meaning ul dis inc i e componen s. such synonyms […] and sla ism, and he
Li huanian wo d […] mos o en has only one meaning o he meaning o sla ism
comple ely coincides wi h se e al meanings o he indigenous wo d: buda o i,
-a oja, -a ojo […]s a i PK 647 s a i i, -o, -ė 6926; blūkla […]paklydimas, k ei a ikys ė
[…] PK 13321 e o […]ida, e ezija […] 732; cielas PK […]s eikas; all, whole PK 20519 all PK
6712; black ‘hell

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
240 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
PK 1920 / elnias PK 13511; čias is ‘ga bė, paga ba’ PK 1919 / ga ba PK 3513, ga -
The ollowing de ini ions apply: (1) The ollowing de ini ions apply: (1) The ollowing
de ini ions apply: (1) The ollowing de ini ions apply: (2) The ollowing de ini ions
apply: (1) The ollowing de ini ions apply: (1) The ollowing de ini ions apply: (2) The
ollowing de ini ions apply: (1) The ollowing de ini ions apply: (1) The ollowing
de ini ions apply: (2) The ollowing de ini ions apply: (1) The ollowing de ini ions
apply: (2) The ollowing de ini ions apply: (1) The ollowing de ini ions apply: (2) The
PK 809 / liū as PK 8010; lieko ius ‘gydy ojas’ PK 25117 / gydy ojas PK 3127; loska
‘malonė’ PK 3822 / malonė PK 623; mečius ‘ka das, kala ijas’ PK 16011 / kala ijas
PK 6012; mylis a ‘malonė’ PK 496 / malonė PK 623; mūka ‘kančia’ PK 368 / kan-
ollowing de ini ions apply: (2) The ollowing de ini ions apply: The ollowing
de ini ions shall apply: (a) he name o he company; (b) he name o he company; (c)
he name o he company; (d) he name o he company; (e) he name o he
company; ( ) he name o he company; (g) he name o he company; (g) he name o
he company; (h) he name o he company; (h) he name o he company; (h) he
name o he company; (h) he name o he company; (h) he name o he company;
People […] PK 1514 all he wo ld […] PK 869; chie […] o e see , gua dian, leade […] 2013
PK 1917.14; oblyčia […] len a […] PK 206 62 PK 10517; ie a […] belie , ai h […] PK 23 belie
[…] PK 14113; zokanas […] law […] PK PK PK 206 PK 62 PK 10517; he law […] he law […] PK
14113; he law […] he law […] Duplica es can comple ely eplace each o he in a
sen ence […] he meaning o he sen ence emains unchanged. Fo example, se e al
sen ences can be gi en: Since he league has squeezed he sil e smi h's
sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's
sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's
sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's
sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's
sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h'
sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h'
kiey / eykiſig gi Pone / lieko iau ik aſis / ißgidi […] PK 25117; Teikis bu ligoniu
sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h'
sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h'
sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h'
sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h'
ßwen a Pona Ch iſ uſa / ą k ikß imą da i umbim PK 1917. Sukei us ie omis
sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h'
izmas pasi enkamas dažniau, o ka ais, a i kščiai, dažniau pasi enkamas sa a-
kilmis žodis a ba abu žodžiai a ojami ienodu dažnumu. Vis dėl o PK ma y i
endencija dažniau a o i sa akilmį sinonimų po os na į, o ne sla izmą a sla-
sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h' sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h' sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e s a e also known by which is also known as he sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e smi h's sil e s a e also known also known also known also known also known as wha is also known as he sil e smi h's sil e s a e also known
1s , 2nd, 3 d, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 9 h, 10 h,
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) absoliu ieji sinonimai ki ų
XVI–XVII a. lie u ių kalbos aš ų one
Dažniau pasi enkamas
sla izmas
Dažniau pasi enkamas
sa akilmis žodis
Sla izmas i sa akilmis
žodis a ojami
ienodu dažnumu
11 h, 11 h, 12 h, 12 h, 12 h, 13 h, 13 h, 13 h, 14 h,
14 h, 15 h, 15 h, 16 h, 16 h, 17 h, 18 h, 19 h, 20 h,
20 h, 21s , 21s , 21s , 21s , 21s , 21s , 22nd, 22nd,
22nd, 23 d, 23 d, 24 h, 24 h, 24 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h,
26 h, 25 h, 25 h, 26 h, 26 h, 26 h, 26 h, 27 h, 27 h,
25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h,
28 h, 28 h, 28 h, 28 h, 28 h, 29 h, 29 h, 29 h, 29 h,
29 h, 29 h, 29 h, 29 h, 29 h, 29 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
a min is 1d asia 97
ponas 567 hadina 3
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h,
30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h, 30 h
a nau i, -auja, -a o 3 kala ijas 3
s ie as 67 mylis a 2
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Dažniau pasi enkamas
sla izmas
Dažniau pasi enkamas
sa akilmis žodis
Sla izmas i sa akilmis
žodis a ojami
ienodu dažnumu
The abb e ia ions used in he abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions o he
abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions o
he abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions
o he abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions o he abb e ia ions o he
abb e ia ions These sou ces a e om he same pe iod, M. Pe ke ičius's spoken
lexicon is o en compa ed o M. Daukšos' w i en lexicon, so DK and DP a e
pe ec ly sui ed o ind ou whe he he e was a gene al endency a ha ime
o use such absolu e synonyms. Since he e a e wo M. Daukšos wo ks, and DP is
also a much la ge sou ce, only he p onuncia ion o wo ds can be compa ed, no
he numbe o uses. Some DP wo ds a e used hund eds o imes (e.g., all, hell,
hos el), and PKs a e synonymous wi h each o he . In he Uni ed S a es, he
lygin i su M. Pe ke ičiumi, dažniau inkosi sa akilmius lie u ių kalbos žodžius
numbe o people wi h disabili ies has doubled in he pas decade, acco ding o he
Cen e s o Disease Con ol and P e en ion (CDC), and he numbe o people li ing
wi h disabili ies has doubled in he pas decade. (wikipedia.o g) 3 The Cen e s o
Disease Con ol and P e en ion (CDC) epo s ha he numbe o people li ing
wi h disabili ies has doubled in he pas decade, om 3,146,9 o 3,097, acco ding o
he Cen e s o Disease Con ol and P e en ion (CDC). In he case o he D.C. a ea,
he e m is used mo e o en han he e m "na i e" in he same sou ce: D.C. 5319
(d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.-
d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.-
d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.-
d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d.d. And he wo ds chie ain DP 30615 and oblyčia DP
46113 a e synonymous wi h endo and ape, which we e gene ally no used in he
w i ings o M. Pe ke ičius, M. Daukšos.
A icles o he T ea y
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) absoliu ieji sinonimai ki ų
XVI–XVII a. lie u ių kalbos aš ų one
In M. Daukho's w i ings, he e is no men ion o o eign o igin in he 13 h cen u y.
M. Daukša o en used he memo y o he memo y; I 's a hing o emembe and
so on and so o h. The ollowing de ini ions shall apply: (a) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) Fu he mo e, nei he DP no DK is a Sla ic pa u o o PK 16413, no is i s
indigenous synonym endo sed by PK 698. The choice o M. Pe ke ičius o use he
a o emen ioned double Sla ic wo ds dy as, loska, mečius, mylis a, mūka, pakusa,
pamačia, pome is, pona onė, sko bas, slūžy i, -ija, -ijo, s ochas and hyb idą
koce ys ė, a he han he sel -p oclaimed Li huanian wo ds used by M.
Daukšos, seems s ange, because in o he old Li huanian-language sou ces2
hese o eign wo ds a e a ely used o compa ed wi h synonymous indigenous
wo ds: dy as.
57, KN SE 237, ChNT 286 (plg. s ebuklas Mž 211, VlnE 121, BB 2Me 32, BP
II 265, SD1 30, SD3 37, SG1 39, ChNT 4), pakusa – Q 33 (plg. pagundymas
Mž 138, SP II 57), coce ys ė […] only PK (see e o MP 382, KN SE 261), pome is […] SD1 118,
Q 214 MP (see memo y 70, SD1 118, SD3 283, KN G 67), pona onė […] KN G 98 (see also hos ed
by SD1 119, ChNT 3). This would mean ha al hough M. Daukša was a p oponen o he
Li huanian language, he choice o use such double s as dy as mi acle, pakusa
emp a ion, pome is memo y, pona onė domina ion, koce ys ė mis aking membe s o
indigenous wo ds was no only his conscious decision […] such Sla ic wo ds we e no
so widely sp ead. Based on he sou ce o he ex o he PK ansla ion, p epa ed in
Polish, and i s ansla ion in o Li huanian, i can be concluded ha he Sla ic pakusa,
pome is, pona onė (excluding dy as) o he PK ansla es acco ding o he ex in
Polish: le. "I'm no going o le you ge away wi h his". "I'm no going o le you ge
away wi h his". I'm going o spend he nigh on he o he side o he wo ld. [...] om
he hea and om he a emp s o ch onicle [...] [...] naked welnia and co e ed wi h
dengue [...] PK 11213; le. To emembe , o emembe , o emembe , o emembe , o
emembe . [...] id saw on he pomie ies b ough wisdom gi ing saw on he wo ld [...] PK
2471; le. I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you. O no o be con used wi h
he ollowing subheading [...] PK 11323. The hyb id co-o dina e is de i ed om a mo e
loose ansla ion o he ex , bu i can be seen ha he Polish ex 2 Some sou ces'
abb e ia ions (BP, VlnE, Q, MP, C) a e aken om LKŽe.
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
250 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Gospel acco ding o he
Ca echism o he Ca holic Chu ch, 1646. Access ia he In e ne : h p:
www.lki.l /senieji as ai/db.php This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic.
SP […] Poin s o he judgmen , I[…]II, pa . This is F. Spech . Gö ingen, in he yea 1929. […] The pos o ice o Wol enbü el, WP 1573. Access ia he In e ne : h p: www.lki.l /senieji as ai db.php.
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Jackson Howa d, E ienne Ze Am ela 2001: Wo ds. Meaning and ocabula y: An
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ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
252 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Absolu e Synonyms in he Ca echism o
Pe ke ičius in he Con ex o O he Li huanian
W i ings o he 16 h–17 h Cen u ies
Summa y
The Ca echism o Me kelis Pe ke ičius (CP) was published h ee yea s a e he publica ion o
ca ion o he Ca echism by Mikalojus Daukša. Though he CP is he i s Li huanian book
o he Re o me s in he G and Duchy o Li huania, i has so a ecei ed li le a en ion
om schola s. The Ca echism has been discussed mainly in he gene al con ex o Li h-
uanian w i ings o he 16 h–17 h cen u ies, and schola s ha e mos equen ly ocused on
he ansla ions o psalms in he Ca echism o Pe ke ičius om he Polish language. The
g amma ical, lexical and phone ic ea u es o he language in he CP ha e been analysed
in se e al a icles only. This a icle ocuses on absolu e synonyms (double s) as a segmen
he Lexis in he Ca echism o Pe ke ičius, whe e one elemen is o Sla ic o igin o a hyb id wi h a
Sla ic s em and he o he elemen is an indigenous wo d. The goal o his a icle is o iden i y
whe he he absolu e synonyms ound in he CP we e ypical o he lexicon in he 16 h-17 h
cen u ies and wha could ha e de e mined he use o a e double s ound in he CP alone. In
pu sui o his goal, all he pai s o sys emic synonyms we e selec ed om he Ca echism o
Pe e and absolu e synonyms we e singled ou a e wa ds. The Li huanian ex o he
Ca echism was compa ed wi h he Polish sou ce o he ansla ion o e eal he in luence o
he o iginal ex on he ansla ion in o he Li huanian language. Al hough he absolu e
synonyms om his Ca echism a e mos equen ly ound in o he Li huanian w i ings o he
16 h-17 h cen u ies, his Ca echism is ega ded di e en ly in some cases because a e
synonyms, which a e no a es ed in o he sou ces, can be ound in i . The easons o he
choice o such a lexicon by Pe ke ičius a e no always clea , because in some cases he ex in
Polish did no seem o ha e any in luence on his.
Deli e ed on 18 Oc obe 2018
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This is a lis o ai po s in Li huania,
g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.