Recenzijos / Re iews 269
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas include accen ology, dialec ology,
e hnolinguis ics, and lexicog aphy.
This Decision shall en e in o
o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is LEIPALINGIO APYLINKI
The ex
The Li huanian Language
Ins i u e, Vilnius, 2018, 230 p. + 1 audio disc (CD)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The yea 2018
The Li huanian Language Ins i u e has published ano he book by he senio
esea che o he Geolinguis ics Cen e , As os Leskauskai ė, […] The ex s o he
Leipaling dis ic […] wi h a compac disc o sound eco dings. This publica ion is
he ou h sou ce o spoken ex s p epa ed by an expe ienced dialec ologis . A.
Leskauskai ė i s published he sou ce o he na i e snake […] Kučiūnų k aš o
šnek os ex s (2006, p. 428). Th ee yea s la e , he publica ion […] Ma cinkonių
šnek os eks ai (2009; 384 pages) was published, which is cha ac e ized by
scien i ic ma u i y. A ew yea s la e , he a en ion was again d awn o he
sou hwes e n a ea o he sou he n highlands […] published he ex s o he
Sei ijų šnek os (2016; 296 p.) and he e is an o e iew o he ex s o he Leipaling dis ic (2018).
See also p. 230.
The p epa a ion and publica ion o books and CDs was suppo ed by he S a e
Commission o Li huanian Language om he unds o he coo dina ed esea ch
on he unc ioning and change o he Li huanian language, dialec s and o he
languages, as well as he p og ams o he consump ion, s anda diza ion and
dissemina ion o he S a e language. The publica ion was e iewed by compe en dic iona y schola s, ansla ion ex s edi o s, p o . d . Vy au as Ka delis and doc. d .
Ru a Kazlauskai ė. She is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences.
The Leipaling Dis ic Tex s is he i s o he se ies o ex books o he Sou h
High Schools, ep esen ing he 435 h and 686 h poin s o he A las o Eu opean
Languages (A las lingua um Eu opae) and he A las o Li huanian Languages. S uc u e o his book
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI does no di e subs an ially om he
s uc u e o any o he publica ion o he a o emen ioned se ies published so a .
As usual, he book consis s o a o ewo d (p. 78), an in oduc ion (p. 960) and a ske ch
ex (p. 61194). A he end o he book, a lis o local abb e ia ions is added (p. 195). I is
ollowed by a lis o sou ces (p. 196), a ai ly ex ensi e lis o li e a u e (p. 196[…]204)
and a solid summa y o English (p. 205[…]230). The book is accompanied by a
supe p og ammed compac disc by E aldo Ože aičius, in which P a a mė b ie ly
pa eikiami knygoje publikuo ų pasakojimų ge os kokybės ga so į ašai.
e iews he s udies o Leipaling's schnek os and he a ailable w i en sou ces.
The e a e only a ew o he […] handw i en desc ip ions o he cha ac e is ics o
he snake wi h ansc ibed ex s, sho ansc ibed s o ies published in
ansla ion publica ions, e c. As can be seen om he o e iew, he Leipaling slang
has so a ecei ed ela i ely li le a en ion om esea che s (i can be said ha
i is mainly o in e es o young scien is s and Li huanian s uden s). Thus, he
au ho igh ly claims ha in he p epa ed " ex collec ion, Léipaling's slang is
p esen ed mos widely" (p. 8), indica ing ha he e a e no only w i en, bu also
audio sou ces, which a e s o ed in he A chi es o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e
Geolinguis ics Cen e . I would like some mo e de ailed in o ma ion abou hese
sou ces how many sound eco dings a e a ailable in o al, when hey we e eco ded,
gi en by indi idual schola s o collec ed in o ganized dialec ological expedi ions, e c.
The in oduc ion, which is conside ed a se ious scien i ic s udy, consis s o se e al
la ge o smalle sec ions. In he i s chap e , an o e iew o he his o y o
Leipaling and i s su oundings (p. 9-14), he his o y o Leipaling and i s neighbou ing
a eas om he ea lies imes o he p esen day is discussed in conside able de ail
on he basis o his o ical sou ces. A small bookle en i led Li ing a he End o he
19 h Cen u y and he Beginning o he 21s Cen u y p o ides impo an s a is ical
da a on he inhabi an s o Leipaling and su ounding illages and hei e hnic composi ion.
F om a scien i ic poin o iew, he chap e s on he linguis ic cha ac e is ics o he Leipalingian
Snake […] he a ea and dis inc i e ea u es o he Snake (p. 16[…]20), he Ga cinia (p. 20[…]25), he Ki is
and he P ayade (p. 25[…]28), he Mo phology and he Making o Wo ds (p. 28[…]39), he Syn ax (p. 39[…]40),
he Lexica (p. 40[…]44) and he Cha ac e is ics o he Snake (p. 44[…]46) a e pa icula ly aluable. The
mos impo an scien i ic li e a u e, he ma e ial o sound and w i ing sou ces based on he claims,
is based on he discussion o he dis inc i e ea u es o he Leipalingia snail in he sec ion on he a ea
o he snail and i s dis inc i e ea u es. I is equally impo an o indica e he bounda ies o he a ea
unde s udy in he collec ion o e minological ex s. I is no clea om he gi en map o Leipaling and
i s su oundings which esiden ial a eas belong o he Leipaling slums. In he sec ion Ga syn, he
sys em o owel phonemes, he sounding, he use o ha d and so consonan s a e discussed in some
de ail. I would no like o accep he 1s edi ion o his se ies o publica ions wi hou a sepa a e
explana o y glossa y. In o ma ion on bo owings, a ely used wo ds and hei meanings is p o ided in
he oo no es.
Leipalingio apylinkių eks ai
The e iew o Re iews 271 only wi h he au ho 's claim ha he leipalingians cu he
whis le [a], [e] ells sho hings in he ocabula y o wo ds wi h a wi hd awn
whis le, e.g., megèla ~ me gẽle (p. 21). In his dialec , as in he es o he sou he n
highlands, he diminu i es wi h he su ixes -elis, -elė a e spelled wi h a double owel
[…] i agališkai o le owel 2009: 47; 2016: 47)2. F om he ex s men ioned in he
ženklu, p z.: duk .l. / duk àl., su.n.lis / su.nèlis (plg.: Leskaukai ė 2006: 30;
book, i can be seen ha he ep esen a i es o he schism unde conside a ion,
especially he ep esen a i es o he oldes gene a ion, p onounce balsius [a], [e]
mos o en in sho , e.g. su.nèlis, su.nèɔ, su.nèli, duk àl, duk èli, duk àls, αikèlài,
b ɔ.llẹli. and k . (p. 79, 84-86, 99). I is ob ious ha in his case i is necessa y o speak
no o he use o indi idual o ms and he wi hd awal o he c oss, bu o he
g e imines accen pa adigm, which can be inhe i ed om he old, he exis ence. In
he chap e Ki is and he P aye s, he sys em o p aye o he Shnek os is
discussed, which, acco ding o A. Leskauskai ė, "is no di e en om o he e ening
lunches" (p. 25). This chap e ocuses on wo phenomena o accen ology: (1) he
a iabili y o nouns and hei o ms, and (2) he cases o he main and seconda y
in e sec ion o polysyllabic wo ds. In addi ion o he abo e, he e a e also a numbe
o o he examples o he use o he e m "mo he ongue" wi h he su ix
"mo he ongue" in he i s and hi d accen ua ion pa adigms, such as "mo he
ongue" and "mo he ongue" and "mo he ongue" and "mo he ongue" and
"mo he ongue" and "mo he ongue". Only in he Punsko and Seine s ee s a e
hese Vedens mo e o en han elsewhe e c ossed in pai s, e.g. ge ókas, -à (3)
ge ókas, -a sma kókas, -à (3) sma kókas, -a (1) and k . (Ragaišienė 2015: 2016: 290; 167). In
o he sou he n highland slopes, he adjec i es discussed end o be ci cumcised
acco ding o one accen pa adigm: in he sou he n a ea, he mo e common o ms o
he i s ci cumcision, in he sou hwes e n pa o he a ea, cases o […] ele a ed
ci cumcision (Leskauskai ė: 54; 2009: 57; Ragaišienė: 2015: 29). The examples gi en by A.
Leskauskai ė o Leipaling's schnek os con i m wo hings. Fi s ly, he p eposi ions
-okas, -a a e cha ac e ized by di e en accen ua ion polynomials in he sou he n
highland syllables (see Ragaišienė 290 […] 2015: 291). Secondly, Leipaling's slang is igh ly
classi ied as he a ea conside ed o be he cen e o he g ea es accen a ia ion (Ragaišienė 2010: 139; see Fig. 7, inse ed be ween
This is he case in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom.
The mos comp ehensi e in oduc o y sec ion, Mo phology and wo d o ma ion, is di ided in o
smalle sec ions acco ding o he pa o he language. Mos o he a en ion is paid o he subjec
wo d and he e b, he o he pa o he language is discussed in he name, 2 cases o Tokyo spelling
a e abundan in he second ocabula y o sou he n sou he n highland slang (Leskauskai ė,
Ragaišienė 2016, 2019).
3 I is unclea which […] he i s and (o ) he hi d […] accen ual pa adigm in he discou se hese
p ecep s o he Vedic masculine gende o ms. The au ho s o he ex s we e p obably unable o
de e mine hei spelling polynomials due o a lack o ma e ial.
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
272 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI p e ixes and su ixes […] da a a e gi en less.
The au ho 's decision may ha e been in luenced by he ac ha he g amma ical
sys em o […]Léipaling's syllable is simila in many espec s o ha o neighbo ing
sou he n high-pi ched syllables[…] (p. 28). I is no clea why no da a on adjec i es
we e p o ided a all4. One sen ence a e saying ha "Léipasis emos, he e o e i
lingio šnek os būd a džių linksnia imas niekuo nesiski ia nuo pie ų aukš aičių
is no app op ia e he e" (p. 35) should a leas indica e he mos impo an linguis ic
li e a u e. No only A. Leskauskai ė he sel , bu also o he speake s (ž . The
Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. A en ion should be paid o he
name o his sec ion Mo phology and wo d o ma ion. Ob iously, i should alk no
only abou mo e impo an and clea e mo phology, bu also abou he peculia i ies
o wo d o ma ion. Howe e , no da a on he na u e o excep ional cases o he wo k
a e gi en he e ( o example, he numbe and genus ca ego ies o he wo ks a e
desc ibed in de ail, he sys em o jokes is p ope ly discussed, bu no hing is
men ioned abou he wo k). The au ho 's s a emen ha he Leipaling dialec a ely
uses a double owel is aluable. Only a ew o ms o he male lineage a e ound in he
ex s, e.g. dù […]ũdini.ku, li ù, m·neu, šim ù, ɔzù, e c. (p. 90, 91[…]92, 105, 123, 170). I is
mos o en used o highligh he lexical meaning o a noun and when i has he
adjec i e i s men ion + Pp (p. The Syn ax on he Sky discusses he old ances al
cons uc ions used in and a ound Leipzig, and gi es a numbe o examples o
po ai s illus a ing he a gumen s. The syn ac ic cons uc ions men ioned in his
publica ion a e also desc ibed in he ex s o Kučiūnų k aš o šnek os and he ex s
o Sei ijų šnek os (Leskauskai ė 2006: 6365; 2016: 7779). This indica es ha he old
syn ac ic cons uc ions a e ai ly well main ained in he sou he n highland a ea. The
eade will ind a lo o aluable and in e es ing ma e ial in he Lexicon sec ion. I
collec s he wo ds used by he ep esen a i es o he esea ch scheme and hei
lexical meanings om a ious sou ces - sound eco dings, manusc ip s and
dic iona ies. F om a ai ly long lis o hese wo ds in Rudamin's slang (Lazdijų .) one
could hea ep esen a i es o he eldes gene a ion using only he e b ma aškó i
‘ o lead, e.g. nema ašk·k ú·lu. […] sum o […] I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . I 's
no like I'm going o be able o do i . I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . Some
wo ds o hei lexical meanings complemen he Li huanian language dic iona y wi h
new da a, e.g. :
4 Glaus ai adjec i es a e also desc ibed in he publica ion Sei ijų šnek os eks ai (Leskauskai ė 2016: 69; see also
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Leipalingio apylinkių eks ai
Re iews o 273 gūduméinia […]gūduma[…], k akamúlis […]kleckas[…]5, nedalánga
[…]ne ykėlis[…] and o he s. This a icle is pa o a se ies on he his o y o he
gūduméinia. In addi ion o hese cases, he e a e many examples o ocabula y used
no only in he language unde s udy, bu also in o he sou he n highlands and
wes e n highlands o he Kaunas inhabi ed a eas. Some o hem a e w i en in a
la ge a ea, o he s a e spoken in only wo o h ee syllables. Some o he wo ds
men ioned by he au ho a e undoub edly de i ed om he ac i e e b, e.g.
nuogožos […]which emains in he e b[…], mašė […]a mix u e o he e bs (meadows,
sheep and iki)[…] and k .6 Mos o he sou heas e n and sou he n highland dwelle s
ha e no hea d some o he wo ds w i en by he au ho s o do no know hei
meanings, such as: gagalas ‘klyuksėjimas, gu gling in he belly o a ho se, maiš iùs
‘mixing, paupls ‘spuogas, elemkas ‘li le animal, e c. So he wo ds and hei
meanings gi en by A. Leskauskai ė will a ac he eade 's a en ion o a ely
used o p imi i e wo ds and hei meanings. Cha ac e is ics o he change o he
Schnek a e discussed in he chap e The change o he Leipaling Schnek and i s
causes, he peculia i ies and changes o he language o he ep esen a i es o
he Schnek o di e en gene a ions, he p o isions o he e minology. The
su ey shows ha hal o he people in he Leipaling dis ic speak he local
language. The adi ional phone ic ea u es ypical o he sou he n highlands a e
al eady used non-sys emically. Changes and o he language le els mo phology, wo d
o ma ion, syn ax. Howe e , hei changes a e ela i ely ew and hey a e mo e di icul o no ice han he a oidance o he dis inc phone ic ea u es […] dzūka o he na owing o he owels [a·], [e·].
The la ges pa o he book […] Teks ai (p. 61[…]194) is discussed in mo e de ail, which equi ed mainly
he wo k and scien i ic compe ence o he au ho . F om he poin o iew o hema ic and linguis ic
peculia i ies, he ex s published in his publica ion, as in he o he ansla ion sou ces compiled by
A. Leskauskai ė, a e app op ia ely selec ed and ansc ibed in an unbiased manne . The book
con ains s o ies o ep esen a i es o h ee gene a ions om di e en se lemen s - Neliuboniai,
Mikalina, Tau ėnai, Ve šiai, Ricieliai illages and he own o Leipaling - which e y well p esen he
20 h cen u y. I 's called Leipaling's Snake. They " e lec he his o y o his in e es ing illage o
Dzūkija, he apa men , he wo ld iew, cus oms and adi ions, daily wo k, holidays, amilies,
ela ionships be ween ela i es, neighbo s and iends, memo ies o a ious s ages o li e, a eal
synch onous con e sa ion si ua ion" (p. 8). The na a o s o he ex s a e conscien ious and wise,
philosophical and op imis ic abou he wo ld, bold in dealing wi h any ad e si y, e.g. The Commission
shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I 's no like I don'
know wha I'm doing. 5 In he Rudamina dialec , he wo d k akamùliai is w i en […]skanės as,
ga dumynas[…] (LKŽe). This wo d has no been hea d in a li e al sense. The combina ion o he wo ds
" o hink abou " and " o be ang y" usually means "no o know any hing, o wan some hing
special". 6 These wo ds a e o en used o e e o eali ies ha ha e disappea ed o a e
disappea ing.

VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
274 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
(pages 66, 109, 107, 118) 7. The Bible says: "The hea is mo e eache ous han
any hing else and is despe a e". Thus, he s o ies o ep esen a i es o
di e en gene a ions on a a ie y o opics a e a eal easu e o e no only
o esea che s o lexicon, mo phology o syn ax, bu also o esea che s o
e minology and common language, language in e ac ion. P o essionally selec ed and p ope ly p esen ed ma e ial allows schola s o assess he de elopmen and changes o a ious language le els.
In he second hal o he wen ie h cen u y, he e was much discussion on he
ques ion o he alloca ion o long owels [i], [u], [e], [u], [u], [u] and polyphon [i], [u] in
he sou he n dialec s. I can be seen om hem ha in mos cases he igh ness
and i mness o he on o he ecei e s a e clea ly indica ed. As he au ho o
he ex s poin ed ou , i is mos di icul o de e mine he p eceden when he
in ona ions alling, especially a he end o he wo d, a e said o be sho e (p. 28).
In hese cases, he a e age a endance is indica ed, e.g. piln.s, ɔ.ke .s and k . (p.
67, 104). The basis o he in e media e p e ix is also gi en in he o ms o he
wo ds o he mo able insc ip ion, desc ibing he s one, he eme gence o which is
connec ed wi h he wo ypes o insc ip ion […] ixed and he mo able […] o m, e.g.
an[…]kus, mašin[…]las, m.kla.k[…]kla(s), pl[…] az, kɔp[…]s us, a […]·, kn[…]ga and k . (p.
75, 67, 111, 143, 174, 181, 193). Thus, he ex s o he […] Kučiūnai, Sei ijų and Leipalingio
[…] ske ches o he sou hwes e n a ea published by A. Leskauskai ė should help
he poin in he discussion abou he (non) sepa a ion o he access poin s.
The ex s con i m ha sou hwes e n sou he n highland snails a e cha ac e ized by a endency o
accen a ia ion. In he Leipaling dis ic he e a e many di e en o ms o wo ds and ph ases
used o exp ess happiness, such as d u. The ollowing is a summa y o he indings o he Cou o
Audi o s: (a) he Commission's indings on he applica ion o he p inciple o p opo ionali y, (b) he
indings o he Cou o Audi o s on he applica ion o he p inciple o p opo ionali y, (c) he
indings o he Cou o Audi o s on he applica ion o he p inciple o p opo ionali y, (d) he
indings o he Cou o Audi o s on he applica ion o he p inciple o p opo ionali y. He e, as in
o he sou he n highland dialec s, he wo-syllable o ms o hank you may be used o a p onoun,
e.g. lŋkαi leŋkα, lŋku. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . (p. 67, 106, 115, 127, 177, 184; see also Leskauskai ė 2006).
Howe e , such cases a e no common, i.e. wo ds end o be spelled acco ding o one accen
pa adigm. Fo example, he p e ix -ėjas, -a edinių ends o be used in e changeably wi h kilk .
nojamąjį ki į, p z.: åudẹ.jè, šɔ.kẹ.jè, pa da ẹ.j·s, p ibu .jè, eȓpẹ.jè, eȓpẹ.j·s i
(pages 73, 127, 163, 175) The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he
in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The mo e common o ms o
cons an c ossing o p eposi ional -kla nouns, e.g. gamkla, mɔ.kkla, a kla and k . (p. 67, 110111)9. 7 The
cha ac e and li es yle o he ep esen a i es o he Leipalingia clan a e no di e en om he cha ac e is ics o he inne wo ld o a pe son li ing in he sou he n highland a ea (Ragaišienė 2019: 5167).
See also 8. In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, he Cou o Fi s Ins ance uled ha he Cou o
Fi s Ins ance did no ha e ju isdic ion o hea he appeal agains he judgmen o he Cou o
Fi s Ins ance. […]u […]jẹi, gani[…]klà and he like (p. 114, 130, 142, 171).
Leipalingio apylinkių eks ai
Re iews by Re iews by 275
The sys em o p uning he Leipalingia snail is qui e complica ed. I is no always clea
whe he he a ia ion is only in he spelling o he o ms o whe he he en i e
g amma ical accen pa adigm has o med, a ely occu ing cases a e inhe i ed
om he old o a isen in a new way o analogy. In many cases, A. Leskauskai ė no
only iden i ied he sou ce o such o ms, bu also commen ed on a e cases o
accen ua ion in he no es. The e is only one o he doub ul case o he wo d
kamiene in he ex s, indica ing he p esence o an acu e o ci cula e lex, e.g.
m·kslɔ (pl. m·kslas, m·kslαis), iúo ẹ., s·ki. (g e a s[…]ki), one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed
one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed
123, 193).
one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed one-eyed (pages 62, 68, 109, 113, 116, 122) Ano he
hing abou eading ex s in he eye is ha he ep esen a i es o he ske ch
speak a e y i id and exp essi e language. The ex s a e ull o diminu i es,
compa isons, ph ases, igu a i e e bs, and so on. No only does he na a i e
ly icism gi e li e and sound o he s o ies, bu i also e eals he wo ld iew and
exp ession o he communi y ha uses i (see Ragaišienė 2017a: 129). This laye o
ocabula y is cha ac e ized by exp essi eness, emo ionali y, dynamism and
e alua i e aspec (sel -es eem, p ide, con emp , beli ling, e c.).
In he Leipaling dialec , deminu y ai […] wi h p eposi ions a e especially o en used o o m wo ds
wi h a mino poli e meaning. The ex s a e domina ed by diminu i e nouns, which a e usually o med
wi h he p e ixes -elis, -elia, -i, -uk, -ulis, -ulė (pl. Leskauskai ė 2006: 51), e.g. duk àl, ẹ. eù, up·li, up·l,
agèli, sæn.lẹ. ; and he a k, and he a k, and he a k, and he a k, and he a k, and he a k, and he
a k, and he a k, and he a k, and he a k, and he a k, I 's called m. .l., i 's called s.a.s.l., i 's called
e .l., i 's called . .l., i 's called . .l. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Among he a e
masculine diminu i e adjec i es men ioned a e -ai is, -ai ė, -ėlis, -ėlė, -y is, -y ė and -u is, -u ė, such
as me gá.i ė, kama ā. e . ; I'm going o ake a showe . I'm going o ake a showe . ; I'm going o ell
you some hing. ; I 's called "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble",
"bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble",
"bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble", "bubble",
and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and
giau kaip pusę eks uose as ų mažybinių žodžių. Daik a a džių da ybos sis e-
"bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and "bubble" and This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal
o he Eu opean Union. In he Leipalingia dialec , as in he en i e sou hwes e n sou he n highland
a ea, he plu ali y o adjec i es -uk, -ukė daik a a džiai (plg. Ragaišienė 2017a: 130) s ands ou . These owels o m wo ( ečiau keli) diminu i es ha can unc ion in he plu al, bu ha e he same lexical and seman ic meaning, bu di e en owels, e.g. sesū ei. (pages 7173, 95, 122124) and o he s. 10 This appendix is accompanied by mino adjec i es, such as ku.dùkẹ., meŋkù ẹ., mažùkāi, mažùlis, and k .
(pages 69, 100, 155) The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
276 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI, as amended by he T ea y o Lisbon
The ex s o he Leipaling dis ic a e dis inguished by a wide ange o
ph aseologies11. They usually coincide in meaning wi h he meaning o a single wo d
and g aphically desc ibe he meaning o ha indi idual wo d, indica ing he
in ensi y o emo ions and ac ions, e.g. α.k u ž.mẹ.z gu.be (zemės gumbas
‘maž aikis); I'm no going o do i . I'm no going o do i . subú·mbα pɔ.n·u (a e
nosimi) ‘no loudly, no clea ly; […]u[…]cìk ak[…]s […] e cı […]si ing, ac ing like a
child[…]; I 's no like I don' know wha I'm alking abou . b[…].k as c ùkis […] and
inished […]; I 's e y, e y much, e y la ge. I'm hinking o you. In he ligh o he
o egoing conside a ions, he Commission concludes ha he con es ed measu e
cons i u es S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y. The
au ho explains he meanings o ph ases in he no es inconsis en ly. Appa en ly,
he e is a endency o indica e less equen ly used ph ases wi h bo owed
meanings. The a i ude o he subjec being old, i s e alua ion in he s o ies can
be exp essed by compa isons. This s ylis ic de ice is used o emphasize o compa e
one hing o ph ase wi h ano he in o de o dis inguish, emphasize, emphasize, o
cla i y some ea u e, ai , ac ion, o s a e, e.g. ka peks mnaùs kappagalguljɔ; he
ollowing able is inse ed: he jaw. (pages 101, 165, 167) This is he i s ime ha
he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . Some compa isons a e si ua ional, c ea ed in he low o he na a o 's language, o he s a e […] cons an , adi ional, used as se led common language ools (Ragaišienė 2017a: 140).
Imagina i e e bs gi e i idness and appeal o he s o y no less han ph aseology
o compa isons. They a e di ec ly ela ed o he e alua ion o he ex e nal wo ld
and (o ) he e o s o he na a o o depic , exp ess an ongoing ac ion o
exp ess his hough s, e.g. nug abží· a ‘nuk apš y a, cu o he su ace, pl. ška
‘loud sound, aidi, i. ška ‘ eica ‘p ilupa, p imuša, p ípša. ška ‘uškin ‘p išnek, sūpa
‘sūslimu and (pp. 65, 75, 80, 93, 146). To indica e he suddenness and in ensi y o he
ac ion, p e ixes a e used, e.g. b ú·kš , pl.ukšč, pá.ukšč, pú·kšč, ú·šč, e c. (p. 67, 83, 93,
100)12.
The e is ano he cu se wo d in he ex s. I e e s o nega i e emo ions,
dissa is ac ion wi h e en s o ac ions, desi e o some hing bad, ange , e.g. ka jùs
abùdu ipe kũ·na(s) eñ. as o dåũ.š u. ; I'm no going o ell you wha I'm going o ell
you. […]ina[…]jie[…] kibinim[…]. […] and he like (p. 83, 173, 177).
Da i d ew a en ion o he commen s o he ansla ion ex s. The no es
commen on he a e phone ic, mo phological and o he ea u es, he i egula
exp essions o he language, indica e he loanwo ds, explain he a e meanings o
Dauguma dalykų pakomen uo a moksliniu požiū iu nep iekaiš ingai, . y. labai
wo ds, e c. clea ly, p ecisely and succinc ly.
11 I we we e o compa e he igu a i e lexicon wi h he lowe bouque o he lowe ing meadow, he
mos beau i ul and beau i ul lowe s hemsel es would be ph ases (Lipskienė 2008: 5). 12 They a e
ela i ely ew in numbe in he ex s being e iewed. Much mo e equen ly, s icks and spikes a e used
in Kučiūnai, Rudaminos, Punsko and o he s.
Leipalingio apylinkių eks ai
Re iews by 277
A he end o he e iew, one would like o enjoy he a is ic co e age o he
publica ion […] he wo k o he a is Roko Gelažis, he model Rosa Labu ienė and
As os Leskauskai ė. Especially aluable a e he pho og aphs o he a chi e and
he compila ion o ex s p esen ing he Leipaling dis ic in he publica ion. The
ac ha some o he inaccu acies o omissions men ioned in he e iew do no
diminish he scien i ic alue o A. Leskauskai ė's p o essionally execu ed wo k and
he Leipaling dis ic ex s. A ca e ul eading o he book and i s discussion only
shows ha he linguis ic sou ces p epa ed by expe ienced dialec ologis s a e
necessa y and impo an no only o oday's bu also o he u u e. Al hough
he linguis ic sou ces a e no conside ed o be aluable scien i ic p oduc ion, he
College has no ye p epa ed he ex s o a single sen ence, as i has o wai o
α.dini.ka(s) sà ɔ. p. eigas […] […] wi e […] mo he […] mo he . p. eigas (p. 106) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he ield o li e a u e
G umadinė Laima 1994: Some o he new ea u es o Punsko šnek os chee ing and
pie cing. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 34, 97[…]106.
Lazauskai ė-Ragaišienė Vilija 2008: The -inis o P iesagos, he -ė adjec i es in he
slang o he uppe pa s o he sou he n pa s. Man and he wo d 10(1), 94104.
Leskauskai ė As a (2004): Cha ac e is ics o sou he n high-pi ched ocalism and p osody. The Vilnius:
Li huanian language ins i u e.
Leskauskai ė As a 2006: The ex s o he chan s o he Kuciūnai egion. Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
In he ea ly 1980s, he
Dauphiné-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza-Souza- This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Leskauskai ė As a 2009: The a ea and mos impo an ea u es o Šnek a. […] Tex s
o he speeches o Ma cinkonys. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 29[…]76.
Leskauskai ė As a 2016: The a ea and mos impo an ea u es o Šnek a. […] The
ex s o he Sei iya hymns. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 4588. Leskauskai ė
As a, Ragaišienė Vilija 2016: The dic iona y o he high-le el slang o he sou he n
meals (AM) I. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. "A e he all o he Be lin Wall,
he ci y o Riga became he capi al o he Russian Empi e, and he ci y o Riga
became he capi al o he Russian Empi e. - "A e he all o he Be lin Wall, he
ci y o Riga became he capi al o he Russian Empi e." - "A e he all o he Be lin Wall," Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Lipskienė Jonina 2008: The wise sayings o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: Li huanian language
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