S aipsniai / A icles 199
MARGARITA MATULYTĖ
Lie u os kul ū os y imų ins i u as
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: ideological aspec s o e hnology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ANTANO and JONO JUSK
Scien i ic wo k
The ideology o Kazan
The con ex
Theological Con ex o he Schola ly Wo k
o An anas and Jonas Juška in Kazan
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The aim o he a icle is o answe he ques ion o why i was possible o publish he
p epa ed wo ks o he Juška b o he s (li e a y na ional olklo e) in he La in alphabe in
Kazan in 1878-1882. The esea ch is di ec ed o he socio-cul u al condi ions and ideological
con ex s o he scien i ic en i onmen p e ailing in he Kazan egion du ing he pe iod o
hei mos ac i e scien i ic ac i i y. ESMINIAI WORDS: Li huanian olklo e, La in sc ip ,
Cy illic, publishing house, Uni e si y o Kazan, linguis ic esea ch cen e .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle a emp s o answe he ques ion why Kazan was he place whe e he wo ks
(Li huanian olklo e) compiled by he Juška b o he s could be published in he La in sc ip in
he pe iod 1878-1882. The esea ch ocuses on he sociocul u al condi ions and ideological
con ex s o he schola ly en i onmen ha p e ailed in he Kazan egion du ing he pe iod
o hei academic ac i i y.
KEYWORDS: Li huanian olklo e, La in sc ip , Cy illic sc ip , publishing, Kazan
Uni e si y, Cen e o Linguis ic Resea ch.
MARGARITA MATULYTĖ
200 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
Inco po a ed
In he biog aphy o he Juška b o he s, econs uc ed by An anas Mockus (2003),
wo s ages o li e a e dis inguished in Kazan. Du ing his pe iod, Jonas Juška wo ked
on assignmen a he Kazan Mili a y Academy o Sciences, whe e he p epa ed and
unsuccess ully ied o publish a g amma o he Li huanian language a he Russian
Academy o Sciences. In hose yea s, Jonas e u ned o Kazan o wo k as a eache
in a gymnasium and ook ca e o he publica ion o his b o he 's collec ed songs and
wedding cus oms, and in 1879 An on mo ed he e o alk o Jon. Bo h b o he s died
(An an […] 1880 and Jonas […] 1886) and we e bu ied in Kazan. The a icle, based on he
esea ch o he biog aphe A. Mockaus o Juška, expands he con ex o he
pe sonali ies and ci cums ances ha in luenced hei scien i ic ac i i y, in o de
o base he La in le e s o Li huanian olklo e on he poe y o he Kazan
publishing house. In he opinion o his o ians Da ya S alyun (2006), Alexei Mille (2010),
Hen yk Głębocki (2013), Mikhail Dolbilo 's insigh s in o he common coloniza ion policy
usinimo s a egijų i p iežas inių yšių, dėmesys koncen uojamas į pe kelis
dešim mečius Kazanėje susi elkusios mokslininkų bend uomenės e osą.
o he Russian Empi e, he e, in he capi al o he Ta a s, a om he poli ical
cen e and he ocal poin s o con lic , a s ong diaspo a o Polish and Li huanian
o igin was o med, which pa icipa ed in he cul u e, science, educa ion and, wi hou
a doub , p ese ed he alues o he na ion and he ideology. By in eg a ing in o he
local communi y, he o me Polish and Li huanian eli es in Kazan es ablished a
Eu opean way o li e and sp ead he ideas o libe alism among he local popula ion.
Some o hem a i ed he e a e he sys ema ic de en ion o pa icipan s o
an i-wa mo emen s and up isings in he Pa olgia egion. A wa e o exiles om
Li huania eached Kazan in 1824. S uden s and lec u e s o Vilnius Uni e si y we e
exiled he e: Jan Wie nikowski, Józe Kowalewski, Felix Kulakowski, Hila ijus
Lukaše skis, Teodo Lozinskis, Mikalo Kozlo skis and o he scien is s, so no
wi hou eason Kazan gained he s a us o he i s uno icial in ellec ual exile in
he Russian Empi e (Sha i Zhano 2002).
Ano he signi ican laye o he diaspo a consis ed o scien is s who, a e
s udying a uni e si ies in Moscow, S . Pe e sbu g o Eu ope, pu sued a ca ee a
he Uni e si y o Kazan, which played an impo an ole in sp eading hei wo ld iew
and scien i ic hough . No only did hey es ablish hemsel es a he uni e si y, bu
hey also aised a dynas y o scien is s in hei amilies: Dmi y Doge (John Doge, a
pha macologis , his son Mikhail, a p o esso o in e na ional law, his son Alexande ,
an ana omis , a physiologis ), Zaleski, Ma ianne, Adam, Ko alski, his a he Ma ianne
and his son Alexande , as onome s), Lukache sky, Pe o sky, Janis, a
ma hema ician, bo n in Kazan in 1871, his son Mikhail, a geologis and paleon ologis ,
Aly, a psychia is .
A icles published by A icles 201
An ano i Jono Juškų mokslinės eiklos Kazanėje
ideologiniai kon eks ai
The b ains o scien is s o Polish o igin a e pa icula ly s ong in he ield o
philology. In he 19 h cen u y, se e al esea ch cen e s we e o med a he
uni e si y: he School o Sla onic S udies, which was ounded by P o esso Vik o
G igo o ich, and con inued by Memnon and his son Nes o Pe o sky; The Mongolian
Cen e was ounded by Joseph Ko ale sky (1854-1860, ec o o he Uni e si y o
Kazan). he cen e o compa a i e linguis ics ounded by Jan Baudouin de
Cou enay and Mikołaj K uszewski. In he 19 h cen u y, o e 60 scien is s o
Li huanian and Polish o igin wo ked a he Uni e si y o Kazan (Koe ne , Szwedek,
ed., 2001). Thei linguis ic esea ch was ca ied ou in un a ou able condi ions o
he science o philology, when he sa is go e nmen , in pu suing an agg essi e
policy o adap a ion and in eg a ion o he cul u es and languages o he empi e,
di ec ly in e e ed wi h science by using i as a p og am o ac ion and means. The
his o ian Alexei Mille , compa ing he cases o Cy illiciza ion o languages in he
Russian Empi e, no es he gene al ends o he p ocesses, combining hem wi h
ybių geopoli iniais in e esais, i pab ėžia, kad s a biausiu poli inių ideologų
he G ea Wall, we e no so much o assimila e small na ions, as o s eng hen he
iden i y o loyal y o he sa is go e nmen and supp ess he in luence o
opposi ion: in he No h-Wes e n egion, he Li huanian cul u e sough o
sepa a e om he Polish, La ian and Es onian cul u es.
Ge man in luence, Pa logia egion […] om he O oman Empi e as a cen e
o a ac ion o Muslims (Mille 2010).
This opinion o he scien is is con i med by he a emp o he Russian Academy
o Sciences o publish he songs p epa ed by Juška in La in le e s. In 1867, he
i s collec ion o 33 songs in he wo ks o he Academy o Sciences was published
in Cy illic wi h a ansla ion in o Russian by J. Yushko. In 1878, he Juškos b o he s,
e u ning o he Kazan Uni e si y o Music, also applied o he Academy o
Sciences o he possibili y o publishing he o iginal wi hou ansc ibing he
ex s in o Cy illic. In he la e 19 h cen u y, he Russian Academy o Sciences
published he i s edi ion o he Russian-language dic iona y o he Russian
language, which was published by he Li huanian Academy o Sciences, and in he
la e 20 h cen u y, he Li huanian Academy o Sciences published he i s edi ion
o he Li huanian-language dic iona y, which was published by he Li huanian
Academy o Sciences.
MARGARITA MATULYTĖ
202 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXI
Linguis ic esea ch cen es
The Uni e si y o Kazan:
Deposi ed by Moksla
Du ing he pe iod when Li huanian olk songs we e being p epa ed and p in ed in
Kazan, he uni e si y unc ioned acco ding o he cu en s a u es o he
Gene al Impe ial Uni e si ies o Russia (Zay se a 2016: 217218, 220). In 1863, he
app o al o he s a u es ga e he uni e si ies g ea e au onomy, expanded
scien i ic compe ence and o med he s uc u e o he acul ies
(His o y-Philology, Physics-Ma hema ics, Law, Medicine), which pa ly complica ed
he pe sonnel policy due o he expanded numbe o eaching s a a he
Uni e si y o Kazan. In o de o apidly ain new scien is s and educa o s, he
uni e si y sen schola ship holde s ab oad o wo-yea in e nships, who had he
oppo uni y o p epa e and de end hei disse a ions independen ly o wo o
ou yea s. In 1868, he Uni e si y o Kazan awa ded he i le o p o esso o nine
young scien is s whose a e age age was 34 yea s, and in 1869 he p o esso s
became se en mo e scien is s whose a e age age was 38 yea s, and in 1871 he
idu inis amžius bu o 31 me ai (Костина, Куприянов 2017: 933). Tokia ka-
d ų kai a bei liaudies š ie imo minis o 1868–1869 m. sp endimais uni e si e ų
limi a ion o hei municipali y had a nega i e impac on he quali y o s udies and
science adminis a ion.
Acco ding o he his o ians Ta yana Kos ina and Alexei Kup ijano , he
Uni e si y o Kazan, compa ed wi h he highe schools o S . Pe e sbu g,
Moscow and Do pa (Ta u), in he 19 h cen u y, was he i s in he wo ld o
s udy human esou ces. The lack o highly quali ied specialis s and a he same
ime he olun ee s yle o pe sonnel managemen o he educa ional dis ic
us ee we e el mos s ongly (Kos ina, Kup iyano 2017: 935). On he o he
hand, he uni e si y has g ea ly enewed […] b ough oge he he p og essi e
libe al iew o he scien i ic communi y. Howe e , he mos impo an
achie emen o he new model o uni e si y was he sel -go e nmen […] he
ec o o he uni e si y and he collegia e bodies (Uni e si y Council, Boa d and
Cou ) had he powe o decide on he in e nal adminis a ion o science and
s udies. The decision on scien i ic publica ions was he esponsibili y o he
Uni e si y Council, chai ed by he ec o and composed o all ull and associa e
p o esso s (Zayce a 2018: 218 […] 219). The academic pape s we e e alua ed and
decided on hei sui abili y o publica ion by a acul y mee ing composed o he dean and p o esso s o he acul y (Zagoskin, ed., 1900: 9, 12-16).
A icles o he T ea y A icles 203
An ano i Jono Juškų mokslinės eiklos Kazanėje
ideologiniai kon eks ai
The i s manusc ip s o he songs o he Juška b o he s, acco ding o
P o esso J. Baudouin de Cou enay, i s came in o he hands o he dean o he
Facul y o His o y and Philology, Nikolai Bulichai. Sho ly a e , wi hou any
in e e ence, he i s publica ion o ou Li huanian olk songs in La in le e s
in he Li huanian language, a compila ion o An an Juške ičius, was published in he
May issue o he Regis a o Knowledge and Science o he Impe ial Uni e si y o
Kazan in 1878 (Mockus 2003: 108[…]109). Such a quick and a o able decision o p in
he songs in he o iginal, a he han in Cy illic, was made by he pe sonali y o
he unusual biog aphy. Bo n in Kazan and s udying philosophy a he local
uni e si y, N. Buličius (b. 1824) o med a wo ld iew wi h a speci ic in e es in he
doc ine o F ench u opian socialism, he e en s o he F ench Re olu ion o 1848
and he ideas o he People's Sp ing, as well as communica ion wi h Polish poli ical
p isone s. A he age o wen y, he spoke Polish luen ly, knew he wo ks o
Adam Mickiewicz, memo ized almos all he pa s o he poem "Veliny," quo ed one
o he mos signi ican wo ks o he poe "Pon Tade" (Bulich, 1903: 745), h ough
solida izuo is su als ybingumo a kū imą puoselėjančiomis lenkų, lie u ių, bal-
which he had he oppo uni y o unde s and he essence o he wo peoples o he Republic and he Uk ainian peoples.
Du ing his s udies, he had o communica e and discuss Spinoza's philosophical sys em wi h Le Tols oy,
who s udied law in Kazan, belonged o he sec e socie y o he Uni e si y o Moscow, he Kazan
S uden Lib a y, coope a ed eely wi h he Na odniks' O ganiza ion and joined he edi o ial s a o
he newspape Va pas, ounded by Alexande Ge zen. A e comple ing his disse a ion on F ied ich
Schelling's philosophy in 1845, he joined he uni e si y's eaching s a and became a a o i e s uden
lec u e ep esen ing he me hodology o Wes e n Eu opean schools. A e one lec u e (1859), he
uni e si y adminis a ion ea ed his inciden as a se ious b each o o de , wi h nine s uden s
emo ed om hei posi ions o applause. A he Uni e si y o Kazan, hese e en s a e called he
"Buličius case", and he p o esso himsel ecalled hem in his au obiog aphy as he mos di icul
pe iod o his li e: I was di icul o li e, and i was di icul o wo k. He spen his yea s in S .
pa ies N. Buličiaus epu acija pašlijo, kol po kelių mėnesių į ampos, 1860 m. a-
sa io mėnesį, jis už kenksmingos k yp ies paskai as bu o a leis as iš p o eso iaus
Pe e sbu g, whe e he con inued his scien i ic wo k, wo king closely wi h he Russian Academy o
Sciences, he Facul y o His o y and Philology, es ablished in 1863 unde he leade ship o Alexande II.
The s a u es o he Impe ial Uni e si ies o Russia (Zay se a 2016: 214[…]229). The depa men s o he
Facul y o His o y and Philology a e: Philosophy, Classical Philology, Compa a i e Linguis ics and
Sansk i , Russian Language and Li e a u e, Sla ic Philology, Wo ld His o y, Russian His o y, Wes e n
Eu opean Li e a u e, Chu ch His o y, Theo ies o A and His o y (Zagoskin 1900: 9, 163 […] 165).

MARGARITA MATULYTĖ
204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
kalbos i li e a ū os sky iaus ado u Jako u G o u, Pe e bu go uni e si e o p o-
Feso iumi Izmailu S ezne skiu, who di ec ly ook ca e o he publica ion o
Li huanian publica ions in La in a he beginning o he ban on he p ess. M . N.
Buličius e u ned o Kazan and a e he ans o ma ion o he a o emen ioned
uni e si y quickly climbed he ca ee s ai s: his obse a ion and "nuisance" pas
did no p e en him om being elec ed h ee imes o he pos o Dean o His o y
and Philology (1862-1864, 1875-1878, 1881-1882), o he pos o P o-Rec o (1864-1871) and
e en o he pos o Rec o (1882-1885). In he ea ly yea s o his ca ee , he wo ked as
an edi o o he "Mokslo zapisy" newspape ( om 1874 o 1883) as a young
p o esso o law, Adolph Osipo (bo n in 1842 in Podolskie Oblas , s udied a he
Wa saw Law Ins i u e, s udied law a he uni e si ies o Heidelbe g and Do pa ,
ob ained a doc o a e in law, and om 1869 wo ked in he ield o in e na ional
poli ical and ci il igh s a he Uni e si y o Kazan. I seems ha he dean o
in ellec ual libe al iews, aking ad an age o he si ua ion and, o cou se, he
igh p o ided o in he uni e si y s a u es o apply only in e nal censo ship o
he con en o publica ions2, made he decision wi hou hesi a ion. The u he
publishing wo k o he Juška songs by he b o he s was mo e di icul . Pa agin as
N. Buličiaus did no s op and published he mos comp ehensi e collec ion o songs, J. Juška soon
In Decembe 1878 he again appealed o J. Baudouin de Cou enay o help him publish
in he uni e si y's scien i ic publica ion a leas pa o he 170 songs p epa ed
by A. Juška in he dis ic s o Pušalo and Veliuono. The main a gumen o bo h J.
Juškos and J. Baudouin de Cou enay o he publica ion o au hen ic ex s
(sa ing he language and spelling) was he impo ance o compa a i e linguis ics
and p in ing on he accoun o J. Juškos, who once sol ed he inancial di icul ies
iančiam uni e si e ui aip pa bu o s a bu (Mockus 2003).
o he publica ion o Li huanian olk songs. The mee ing was a ended by
p o esso s o compa a i e linguis ics Jan Baudouin de Cou enay and Nikolai
K uše ski, p o esso o Russian philology Nikolai Buličius, p o esso o G eek
philology Dmi y Belyae , p o esso o Sla ic philology Memo ius
This is Pe o skis.
The decision-making expe s' b ains o ming was made by he pionee s o he p og essi e linguis ic school,
p io i izing educa ion. J. Baudouin de Cou enay and his 2 S a u es o he Impe ial Uni e si ies o Russia
pa ag aph 128 s a es ha uni e si ies ha e hei own censo ship o heses, e iews and o he wo ks o
scien i ic and li e a y con en and collec ions published by hem (Uni e si y Cha e 1863: 55, 108).
A icles o he a icle 205
An ano i Jono Juškų mokslinės eiklos Kazanėje
ideologiniai kon eks ai
The s udy o he psychological and sociological aspec s o language by his
s uden and colleague N. Kh ushche sky became he basis no only o he school
o linguis ics o Kazan, which was o ien ed o he heo e ical analysis o he
phenomenon o language unc ioning (And amono a, 2002: 35-42), bu also led o
changes in wo ld linguis ics (Jacobson, 1985: 33). The scien i ic alue o he sou ce
was also well unde s ood by hei colleagues: N. Buličius (Zagoskin, ed., 1900: 36), a
esea che o ancien G eek language and li e a u e, who clea ly exp essed his
posi ion in he i s solu ion, D. Beliae (bo n in 1846) (Zagoskin, ed., 1900: 37), who
had jus e u ned om Eu opean cul u al cen e s (acqui ed knowledge a he
Uni e si y o Leipzig, Pa is, Rome, Flo ence, Naples and Venice museums and
lib a ies) and had comple ed his disse a ion on he subjec o wo ld iew
(Beleslyaye 1878); M. Pe o skis (Zagoskin, ed., 1900: 48), a schola o Polish o igin,
one o he b igh es Sla s o he 19 h cen u y, conside ed a Sla ophile, bu
lacking "nei he eligious no his o ical p o isions, no he mo e chau inis ic
ins inc s" (Ko sako : 264; Lap e a 2003: 152), who augh Sla ic li e a u e and
languages a he Uni e si y o Kazan, excelled in he his o y o he Czechs,
Bulga ians, Poles, Se bs, C oa s and o he Sla ic peoples o Eu ope. Acco ding o
A. Mockaus, who s udied a chi al sou ces, he acul y was in e es ed in he
possibili y o publishing in Li huanian " o add a ansla ion in o Russian" (Mockus
2003: 110). Howe e , due o his age and lack o ime, Jushko was no able o ake on such a job, and he did no e u n o he issue, and he did no e en men ion he Cy illic alphabe .
In Ma ch 1879, a e submi ing he collec ion o songs o he Uni e si y Council
o conside a ion, J. Baudouin de Cou enay p oposed he nex day o he Council
o include he Li huanian language as a seconda y subjec in he mas e 's
examina ion p og am o he Facul y o His o y and Philology. In he opinion o A.
akcen uo i dainų leidinio, kaip šal inio, po eikį ne ik mokslui, be i s udijoms
(Mockus 2003: 111). Uni e si e o a yba i pi miausia jai ado a ęs ek o ius
Mockaus, i was a s a egic s ep o he p o esso […] sough Eug a as Osokinas
(Zagoskin, ed., 1900: 112), p o esso o poli ical economy, his o ian o law and
inance, Eu opean educa ion (mo e han once ca ied ou in long- e m in e nships
ab oad) and a wide- anging pe sonali y, did no objec o he inclusion o he
Li huanian language in he uni e si y p og am ( he i s case in he academic
p ac ice o he Russian Empi e), and ga e pe mission o Yushko o p in songs wi hou ins uc ions.
In he mids o he publica ion o he song, he wo k o he publishing house was
s opped by he ban o he Kazan censo Se gei Spile sky (Zagoskin, ed., 1900: 119), who
ecei ed in o ma ion abou he Li huanian li e a u e published a he uni e si y.
The au ho o many a icles on he subjec o his o y (Ka ano , 1977) and he
ounde o he Socie y o A chaeology, His o y and E hnog aphy (Shpile sky, 1879), a
well-known lawye , o me uni e si y p o esso in Kazan, was unable o eac o
he complain , bu he also did no jus i y his nega i e decision and did no openly
s a e he eason (o cou se, his decision was in luenced by he ex o he Russian
MARGARITA MATULYTĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li uaniana 206 (LXXI) is he i s o i s kind in Li huania, and
i is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld, and i is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld.
The p ocess las ed all he yea s om Decembe 1878 o Decembe 1879 (Mockus
2003: 109124), un il inally a e he Facul y o His o y and Philology laid down a
i m posi ion and J. Baudouin de Cou enay's a gumen s ha he censo ship
iola es he uni e si y's s a u es, Li huanian songs a e p in ed in he
scien i ic alphabe , in addi ion, o he scien i ic ma e s in he La in alphabe
ha e al eady been published and o he Li huanian publica ions, he Uni e si y
Council decided and app o ed he Li huanian people's app o al o he publica ion.
Academy o Sciences published in 1865 by K is jan Donelai is (Me ales, Tales,
Le e s). In esponse o a he o ical ques ion aised by an anonymous au ho as o
why he publica ion was published in Sain Pe e sbu g o Russian money in Polish
and no in Russian le e s (Golos... 1865), he edi o ial s a p esen ed s ong
a gumen s: he ex s wi h a specially compiled dic iona y o Li huanian-Ge manic
languages we e p epa ed by P o esso Augus Schleiche , who unde s ands he
linguis ic and e hnological alue o poe y; his wo k is a p epa a o y s age o he
esea che 's esea ch in compa a i e linguis ics, which mee s he objec i es o
he academy: […]The achie emen s o linguis ic linguis ics a e closely ela ed o
Russia's signi ican in e es s in he s udy o he wo ld o he pas […] (Ob... edi ion
1866: 61[…]62). The g ea es me i in his b eak h ough belongs o J. Baudouin de
Cou enay […] wi hou scien i ic in ol emen , he p o esso 's posi ion also ook a
lie u ių e nosą, labai a imą sla ų au oms i labai s a bų usų–sla ų p iešis o-
look. He ne e ecognized he ban on he Li huanian p ess and disc imina ion agains
he language […] he exp essed his iew in he wo k The p oblem o he Li huanian
alphabe in he Russian s a e and i s solu ion (Baudouin de Cou enay 1904), and
decla ed he ela ionship wi h he egula ion o he unc ioning o he s a e
languages in he conside a ion o he Na ional and Te i o ial Au onomy […] he openly
and isiona ily spoke ou agains he coloniza ion policy o he smalle peoples o he
Russian Empi e: […] Wha did he g ea gen y eally c ea e? A huge p ison has been
c ea ed no only o all o he peoples and na ions, bu also o he Russian people
hemsel es, a p ison ha now equi es bo h e o and sac i ice o demolish, and
he ques ion is whe he i will be possible o demolish his p ison so ha i does no
explode and he en i e Russian s a e emains in ac .
(Бодуэн де Куртенэ 1913: 56).
In addi ion, jus in hese yea s o Li huanian olklo e publishing in Kazan
(1880-1882) he du ies o ec o o he uni e si y we e ca ied ou by P o esso o Medicine Nikolai
A icles o he 207 h
An ano i Jono Juškų mokslinės eiklos Kazanėje
ideologiniai kon eks ai
Kowalewski, a o me membe o he Philoma ic Socie y, son o Józe
Kowalewski, who was exiled in Kazan. The uni e si y adminis a ion and he
scien is s s ood oge he : hey did no allow poli ical egula ion o hei
ac i i ies and de ended scien i ic in e es s. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings o he e iew:
The age o science and poli ics
I is a o una e coincidence ha he e iew o he collec ion o Li huanian olk
songs p epa ed by he Juškų b o he s was no a ended by he Islamologis ,
philologis Nikolajus Ilminskis, o me p o esso o he Facul y o His o y and
Philology, who augh he Tu kish-To o language a he uni e si y in 1872 and
om 1867 was he edi o o Mokslo. He le he uni e si y in 1872, ha ing been
appoin ed head o he Kazan Teache s' Semina y (Zagoskin, ed., 1941).
By he ime o his a i al in Kazan in 1875, N. Ilminsky was al eady well known in he
local academic communi y as a heo is and p ac i ione o Cy illic. M. N. Ilminsky,
oge he wi h he local missiona y cle gyman Vasiliy Timo eye , published he i s
Cy illic elemen a y school o he K echen (Ch is ian To ies) (Bukha i... 1862-1862).
The adop ion o his wo k by he syn ac ic knowledge and e ymology o he Tu kic
language g oup was p omp ed no only by scien i ic in e es s, bu also by he
poli ical goals o he s a e: he accessibili y and comp ehensibili y o he eligious
su o o iais plė o ė, Vidu inio Pa olgio egione papli usio islamo į akos ma-
žinimas (Ильминский 2011: 11–13). Mokslininko pas angos pi miausia bu o
li e a u e aimed a he peasan s by he expe ience o his o ical con lic s wi h he
Golden Ho de. He p oposed no only o abandon he A abic sc ip , bu also o use
he Cy illic language in he p epa a ion o he ex s, which, while p ese ing he
au hen ici y o he wo ld, made he Ch is ian wo d mo e sub le and clea , wi h close associa ions.
(Исхаков 2015: 319).
The ansli e a ion o he A abic sc ip o he To o language, as well as he La in sc ip o he
Li huanian language, he Cy illic alphabe is associa ed wi h he assimila ion o e hnic cul u e
and he change o he Muslim con ession o he O hodox. The Ilminski alphabe , adap ed o he
bap ismal To o ians o he Middle Ages, s ill se es oday, al hough he e ha e been se e al
a emp s o swi ch o La in and A abic alphabe s. The second humani a ian c isis o he 19 h
cen u y began in 1999 when he S a e Council o he Republic o Ta a s an passed a law on he
ansi ion o he Ta a language on he basis o he La in alphabe .
Республики Татарстан от 15 сентября 1999 г. № 2352 О восстановлении татарского
The La in alphabe was in oduced in 2001 and he e o m was supposed o be comple ed by 2011,
bu he law was suspended in 2002.
MARGARITA MATULYTĖ
214 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXI
On he o he hand, he Cy illic ansli e a ion o he sc ip s o he na ions colonized by he
Empi e is associa ed wi h he p ocesses o es ablishing he iden i y loyal o he Tsa is
go e nmen and supp essing he opposi ion. Du ing he implemen a ion o he Cy illic sc ip in
he No hwes e n K ai he i s and o emos e o s we e placed in o dis ancing Li huanian
cul u e om he Poles who we e nou ishing he idea o he ees ablishmen o he
Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h. Meanwhile, in he case o he T ans aal egion, i mean he
educ ion o he in luence o he O oman Empi e, he cen e o Islam. Thus, he publica ion o
Li huanian olklo e in Kazan, which was dis an om he sociocul u al ho bed (Li huania) and
poli ical cen e (Sain Pe e sbu g), was ega ded as a solely schola ly p ojec .
Deli e ed on 1 Sep embe 2019
MARGARITA MATULYTĖ
Lie u os kul ū os y imų ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.