S aipsniai / A icles 141
PAVEL SKORUPA
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Fields o esea ch: Toponymy, Cogni i e Onomas ics,
Cogni i e Seman ics.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all81-06
SEMANTIC OPPOSITIONS IN
VILNIUS COUNTY TOPONYMS
Vilniaus apsk i ies oponimų seman inės
oposições
ANNOTATION
The cu en pape deals wi h (seman ic) opposi ions in he p esen -day Vilnius Coun y
oponyms (bo h se lemen and non-se lemen names). Embo a he adi ional esea ch in o
Li huanian oponymy, esp. hyd onymy, poin s ou an onymic seman ic ela ionships in ce ain
place names based on dis inc i e elemen s o bo h composi e and compound names, hese
elemen s do no ecei e due a en ion. 5103 oponyms ( i e , s eam, pond and se lemen
names) ha cu en ly exis in he egion we e collec ed o he esea ch and 400 oponyms in
he classes o hyd onyms and oikonyms ha o m 191 opposi ions we e iden i ied. The
opposi ions a e analyzed no only in e ms o hei an onymic seman ic ela ionships, bu also
o mally, i.e. he ole o composi e and compound names componen s is examined on he
syn ac ic (wo d- o ma ion) le el.
KEYWORDS: opposi ion, oponym, p esen -day Vilnius Coun y, seman ic
ela ionships, an onymic ela ionships.
ANOTACIA
S aipsnyje analisadas des es dias Vilniaus apsk i ies oponimos ( an o esid ieças, an o
não esid ieças nomes) (seman ines) oposições. T adicá ios oponimias Li uães y imuo se,
especialmen e hid onimias, minimi paski i an oniminia localo a dzes exemplos, po ém a é
šiol sis emiškiau eles não o am y inė i. In es iimui oi eunidos 5103 a uais oponimai
(upių, upelių, enkinių e assen iečių a das) e de e minou que 400 oponimų (hid onimų e
oikonimų klasėse) cons i uem 191 oposição. Oposições analisadas não só de aco do seus
an oniminos seman ícios yšius, mas e o malmen e, i. i. o papel dos componen es dos
nomes compos os e sudu inos in es igado sin aksiniu (žodžių da ybos) ní el.
PAVEL SKORUPA
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI 142
ESMINIAI VOODŽIAI: oposição, oponimas, a ualinė Vilniaus apsk i is, seman iniai
yšiai, an oniminiai yšiai.
INTRODUCTION
The adi ional esea ch in o Li huanian oponymy esp. hid onymy (esp.
Aleksand as Vanagas 1981a) poin s ou an onymic ela ionships in ce ain
e body names. Some imes e ymologis s sugges ha , o ins ance, quali ying
waadjec i es o colou in oponyms a e mo i a ed by he colou , e ili y o
o he physical cha ac e is ic o soil; he p e ailing colou o buildings; he
quali ying adjec i es o size a e mo i a ed by he ac ual size o he named objec ,
e c. Howe e , no mally hese dis inc i e elemen s in oponyms do no ecei e due
a en ion (S achowski 2018).
An onymic ela ionship is o en associa ed wi h he dis inc i e a ibu es o a
composi e name, usually quali ying adjec i es o size, age, ho izon al o e ical
posi ion in space, colou e c., which a e used as p eo pos -modi ie s o dis inguish
be ween wo iden ical names. T adi ionally an onyms a e wo ds wi h he opposi e
meaning, i.e. wo ds in seman ic opposi ion. De aco do com John I. Saeed (2016: 63),
con a iamen e a ‘an onym, he e m ‘opposi ion is a b oade gene al label ha
indica es he ela ionship be ween wo en i ies ha does no necessa ily mean
ha one en i y is he nega i e o he o he . Thus, opposi ions in he cu en
esea ch a e iewed no only as an an onymic seman ic ela ionship be ween he
dis inc i e a ibu es o he name, bu as any ype o ela ionship be ween
dis inguishing cons i uen pa s o names, including he elemen s o compound
names ha ha e a clea ly dis inc unc ion. The esea ch, howe e , does no
include he analysis on he phone ic opposi ions, i.e. he iden ical names ha ollow
di e en s ess pa e ns. Also, due o he scope o he pape and a big numbe o
opposi ions i is impossible o desc ibe e ymologies and e ms o hei e ymology
mo i a ion o each p ope name, he e o e, only some o hem a e desc ibed in
and mo i a ion.
The objec o he cu en esea ch is opposi ions based on dis inc i e
a ibu es o names in p esen -day Vilnius Coun y oponymy (bo h se lemen
and non-se lemen names).
The aim o he p esen s udy is o examine ypical opposi ions among Vilnius Coun y
oponyms in e ms o hei syn ac ic ea u es and seman ics o dis inc i e
a ibu es.
O a icle is based on he analysis o opposi ions in oponyms ( i e , lake, ponds,
se lemen names) ha cu en ly exis wi hin he bounda ies o he p esen -day
Vilnius Coun y, which co e s a big pa (abou one hi d) o he in e wa oponymy
A igos A icles 143 /
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
Wes e n Vilnius Region, which is now pa o Li huania. The choice o analyze
o his a ea was de e mined by i s long, u bulen and o en sad his o y, which
leads o he complexi y o he cu en s udy, as place names o he egion a e
a ec ed by language in e ac ions no only due o cul u al pe iphus Coun y
e y bu also o long- e m mul ilingualism o he popula ion. Cu en ly, Vilni-
consis s o 6 municipali ies, 1 municipali y and 1 ci y municipali y: Elek iniai,
Šalčininkai, Ši in os, Vilnius, Vilnius, T in sas, Vilnius, Vilnius, Vilnius
Dis ic Municipali y.
The o al o 400 (8%) place names ha o m 191 opposi ions we e iden i ied in
he co pus o 5103 oponyms, i.e. i e (including s eams), lake, pond and
se lemen (ci ies, owns, illages and s eadings) names in he egion: 25 ou o
335 i e names make 14 (7%) opposi ions; 78 ou o 714 lake names make 37 (20%)
opposi ions; 32 ou o 146 pond names make 12 (6%) opposi ions; 267 ou o 3905
se lemen names make 128 (67%) opposi ions. In he numbe o cases, h ee o
mo e place names in each ca ego y a e in opposi ion. All he selec ed oponyms
ha exis in opposi ions a e wi hin 0,1 o 20 km om each o he .
Toponyms (bo h se lemen and non-se lemen names) we e collec ed om: Vilnius
Coun y dis ic municipali ies web si es; The Ri e s, Lakes and Ponds Cadas e o
he Republic o Li huania (Li h. Lie u os Respublikos upių, eže ų i enkinių
kadas as, UETK, h ps://ue k.am.l ); Vilnius Coun y maps a h ps://
www.geopo al.l ; The Ca alogue o Li huanian Place Names W i en om he Li ing
Language a he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language Onomas ics Depa men (Li h.
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o Va dyno sky iaus Lie u ių ie o a džių, už ašy ų iš
gy osios kalbos, ka o eka); The A chi e o Vilnius Region Land Names Ques ionnai es
a he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language Onomas ics Depa men (Li h. Li u ian
kalbos ins i u o Va dyno sek o p ieška inės Vilniaus k aš o žemės a dyno anke ų
a chy as); he analysis, he a ian s o some name o ms we e checked in he
Russian Empi e Map o 1872 (he eina e , REM 1872)
(h ps://mapi e.eu/enmap-187/ ussia du ing2).
1. SYNTACTIC FEATURES
OF OPPOSITIONS IN TOPONYMY
The p esen s udy is based no only on he examina ion o he ypical an onymic
seman ic ela ionships among Vilnius Coun y oponyms, bu also includes hei
o mal analysis, i.e. he ole o (composi e and compound) names nyms a e o med
PAVEL SKORUPA
144 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI componen s on he syn ac ic
(wo d- o ma ion) le el. Thus, he i s pa o he pape analyzes he syn ac ic
ea u es o oponyms.
1.1. P eand pos -modi ie s
I has been obse ed ha he majo i y o opposi ions in composi e opo-
by such elemen s as dis inc i e a ibu es ha se e as p eo pos -modi ie s o
he place name, i.e. au onomous wo ds (e.g., quali ying adjec i es) a e placed ei he
be o e o a e he modi ied name. Opposi ions based on he an onymic
1.1.1. Au onomous wo ds as p e- and pos -modi ie s
ela ionships o he au onomous wo ds ei he in p eo pos -posi ion a e made
ollowing hese pa e ns: ze o modi ie + name x p e-modi ie + name, p e-modi ie
+ name x p e-modi ie + name, name + ze o modi ie x name + pos -modi ie . F om
he pe spec i e o wo d- o ma ion place names.
oponymic opposi ions wi h p e- and pos -modi ie s a e classi ied as composi e
The ze o modi ie + name x p e-modi ie + name pa e n can be obse ed in 28
opposi ions: 2 i e names opposi ions Upėsė x Mažóji Upėsė, Kenà x Mažóji Kenà; 2
lake names opposi ions An a ilio že as (lake) x Mažàsis An a ilio že as, Gubinas x
Mažàsis Gubinas; 24 se lemen names opposi ions Bezdónys ( n) x Bezdónys ( ) x
Dūdš eji Bezdónys ( ), B as à x Naujóji B as à, Būdà x Senoji Būdà x Naujóji Būdà
(El.), Būdà x Semeli Būdš à à (Añukad a is elde ship), Dūdnai x Did Didigi, Jagellonys x
Klodiniai Mac Zaldonys, Kál iai Didiai Naujodnai K adkai, Ka kliai x upio Ka kliai x
Ka kliai, Maji Maji Maji, Kši Maji, Kši K adkai x i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
The p e-modi ie + name x p e-modi ie + name pa e n can be obse ed
25 in cases: 1 i e names opposi ion Didsis Pičiupis x Mažàsis Pičiupis; 3 lake
names opposi ions Ddelis Macijonėlis x Mãžas Macijonėlis, Didysai Siau s x
Mažasai Siau s, Dideji Vagiekai x Mažeji Vagiekai; 21 se lemen names
opposi ions Dideji Baušia x Mažeji Baušia, Naũjas Janã as x Sènas
A igos A icles 145 /
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
Janã as, Mãžosios Kabškės x Ddžiosios Kabškės, Kos aeji Ka klnai x Zemeji Ka klnai,
Snosios Kie ã iškės x Naũjosios Kie ã iškės, Mažóji Kúosinė x Didžióji Kúosinė,
Šiežeji Lygainiai x Mažgainiai, Seneji Miežionys x Nauj Mionys, Kokai Mija i ys x
Klokniniai Mijys, Naujá Pašis Pasionamin x Zemamin, Semojis x Vojis, Senojos Sdeni S,
Pašaminė, Naũjosios Rakliškės x Snosios Rakliškės, Aukš eji Rusokai x Žemeji
Senojos S, Senojos S, Sojos S, Naujos S, Naujos S, Naujos S, Naujos S, Naujos S,
Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V,
Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, Naujos V, V, Vss, Vss,
Vss, Vs, Vss, Vss, Vss, Vs, Vss, Vss, Vs, Vss, Vs, Vss, Vss, Vs, Vss, Vs, Vs, Vs, Vs, Vss,
Vs, Vs, Vs, Vs, Vs, V, Vs, Vs, Vs, Vs, V, Vs, V, Vs, Vs, V, Vs
M inė Vókė (V C mun.).
The name + pos -modi ie x name + pos -modi ie pa e n can be obse ed in 3
opposi ions: 1 i e names opposi ion Cùdykas Ddelis x Cùdykas Mãžas; 2 lake
names opposi ions Ìlma Didžióji x Ìlma Mažóji, Ne adas Áukš as x Ne adas
Žmas.
As i can be seen in he abo e examples, he ze o modi ie x p e-modi ie and
p e-modi ie x p e-modi ie pa e ns a e mos p oduc i e in he class o
se lemen names opposi ions, comp ising 28 and 25 ou o 191 opposi ions
espec i amen e.
1.1.2. Numbe s as pos -modi ie s In a g ea numbe o pond and se lemen names
(32 and 114 espec i ely) numbe s a e used o make dis inc ion be ween wo
iden ical oponyms (in some cases, among h ee and mo e names). Such oponymic
cons uc ions do no o m seman ic opposi ions and can be obse ed only in
ponds and se lemen names ha mos o en ollow he name + ze o modi ie x
name + pos modi ie and name + pos -modi ie x name + pos -modi ie pa e ns,
he la e being he in: 1 pond names opposi ion B ažulės x B ažulės I x B ažulės II;
mos p oduc i e ( he o al o 51 cases).
The pa e n name + ze o modi ie x name + pos modi ie can be obse ed
6 se lemen names opposi ions An ãkalnis x An ãkalnis I x An ãkalnis II x
An ãkalnis III, Būdà (T akai elde ship) x Būdà I x Būdàakis, Naujãlaukis II
(Naujãlaukis I) x Naujãlaukis II (El D. III), mun Naujãlaukis x Naujãlaukis II (T ak. D. II),
Nemenčnė x Nemenčnė, Ve sekà x munekà I x Ve sekà II. The pa e n name +
pos -modi ie x name + pos -modi ie can be obse ed in: 11 pond names
opposi ions Bui ydškių I x Bui ydškių II x Bui ydškių IV x Bui ydškių V x Bui ydškių
VI, Júodės I x Júodės III xodės IV, Mos ų I x Na škių II, Na akų I xakų II, Šačinų I xa Ša II,
Tauj Moun ains II II II, Te kų I x II, Tolčinų I x Tolčinų III

PAVEL SKORUPA
146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
II, Tu nškių I x Tu nškių II, Viesų I x Viesų II x Viesų III, Vikščių I x Vikščių II;
44 se lemen names opposi ions Aligia Alšiškės I x Alšiškės II, Aliónys (Aliónys I) x
Aliónys II, An ãliedė I x An ãliedė II, A nai I x A nai II, Ažùmiškė I xùmiškė II, Bas nai
I x Bas nai II, Bù bliškė I x Bù Na bliškė II, Dailydūkas I x Dailydónkas II, Gimeliš I x
Gemelkaiš II, Gimelža I x Me ižė II II, Gimelža II II II Igalga, Kalmai, Kalmai, Kalmai,
Kalmai, Kalmai, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalnu ė VII, Kiauklškis I x Kiauklškis II, Kochano kà I x Kochano kà II x Ko-
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi,
Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Kalmi, Pliakalnis I x
Pliakalnis II, Poguliánka I x Poguliánka II, Ramniškiai I x Ramniškiai II, Raudnė I x Raudnė II, Sakalškė I x Sakalškė II, Sa eikiškia I Sa e xikiškia II, Šškuškė I x Šškuškė II, Šešuolliai I x Šešuolliai II, os U ininkai I x osininkai II x osininkai III, I x U nžiai
II, Vaičiùkiškė I x Vaičiùkiškė II, Va nikliai I x Va nikliai II. The use o numbe s in place
names is cha ac e is ic o he qui e ecen nomina ion pa e ns, esp. since he
beginning o he 20 h cen u y (Š pán 2009: 915). É impo an e no a que numbe s são
usados only in he o icial sou ces (municipali ies websi es, documen s and maps,
e c.) o make dis inc ion be ween he iden ical names, whe eas he locals do no
usually use numbe s wi h hese names. Thus, o example, Bui džiai I and Bui džiai II
a e bo h e e ed o as Bui džiai; o osininkai I, osininkai II and osininkai III a e known
as osininkai in he li ing language. The same usage applies o pond names. All pond
names, esp. hose modi ied by numbe s a e a i icial oponymic objec s, which
we e named a e he places hey a e loca ed in, and hei names a e he esul o
ansonymiza ion. Thus, hey a e o no in e es and a e no u he analyzed.
1.2. A ixes
In a numbe o cases he place name opposi ion can be o med by a ixes, i.e.
p e ixes o su ixes, esp. diminu i e su ixes as opposed o names wi hou any
modi ying elemen s (names wi h ze o modi ie s).
A igos A icles 147 /
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
1.2.1. Su ixes
The g oup o opposi ions based on diminu i e su ixes is he bigges and Luknà x
includes he ollowing 69 cases: 9 i e names opposi ions – Lã ė x La lė,
Luknlė (Bal lė), Kenà x Kenlė (Kinlė), Mūšià x Mūšlė, N upis xuplis (also, see 1.3.), S ūnà
x S ūnlė, Ne alčià x Šalčýk Ščia, Zizd à x Zizd lė, Žeimenà x Žeimenlė; 30 lake names
opposi ions Akuns x Aklė (as well as wo mo e lakes Aks in he same elde ship ha
make an opposi ion wi h Aklė), Bakà x Bakú is, Bál as x Bal lis x Bal lis, Bėls x
Bėlái is, Be žulis x Be žuoliùkas, B iaũnis x B iaùkas, Sk ùgnis x Bedugniùkas,
D abùžėis x D abužėi is, Gjus x Gkus, Gla x Glái is, Monožės G uzinói is, Šigūkas x
Šigūgnis, Gél is x Gel is, Šūlis, Jaglis, Jaglis, Xudlis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis,
Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis,
Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis,
Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis,
Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, Xudnis, 30 se lemen namesl opposi ions Akmenà ( ) x
Akmenà ( ) x Akmenlė ( ), Babiškis x Ba bišklis, Badiškiai x Ba diškliai, Bugnai x
Ve senliai, Daina x Daina lė, Dél u a ( n) x Del u lė ( ), Dùsmenys x Menliai, Nemú n
G óžniniai x G uožninkliai, G úžos x G Sl Slėlės, Juodnkai Juodynkai, Juodynkai
Juodiškiai, Juodiškiai x Šodiškiai, Laukkai x Laukkai x Laukkai, Lazyniai x Lazyniai, X
dinliai, Maku x Maku x Maku x Mliai, X liai, X liai, X liai, X liai, X liai, X l iai, X iai, X l iai, X iai, X
l iai, X iai, X l iai, X l iai, X iai, X iai, X l iai, X iai, X iai, X l iai, X iai, X iai, X iai, X l iai, X iai, X iai, X
iai, X iai, X iai, X iai, Xia, X iai, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia,
Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia,
Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, Xia, The mos p oduc i e
x Šalčininkliai ( ), Šiùkš iškiai x Šiukš iškliai, Š enčiónys x Š enčionliai, Tau-
su ixes a e -ėl- (-is, -ė, -iai) and -el- (-is, -ė, -ės, -iai) (30 and 13 cases espec i ely) in
bo h se lemen and non-se lemen names. All diminu i e oponyms a e
su ix-de i a i es om he oponyms hey a e in opposi ion wi h and a e o med
unde he in luence o a oponymic con ex . Acco ding o Vanagas (1970: 75), such
oponyms can be conside ed he con inua ion (con inuum) o he p ima y place
names. Thei ela ion o he oponymic con ex is indica ed by he common oo ,
whe eas he su ix indica es he ela ionships o belonging (possessi i y) and
o igin. Essas elações e le em he belonging (ou quan i a i e) subo dina ion and
são de e minadas po he name objec s que são ca ac e izadas po seu size and
a e smalle han he objec s om he names o which hei diminu i e names
we e de i ed. In all he abo e cases, he opo-objec a e loca ed in a e y close
ela ionship o he oponymic objec s hemsel es and p o ide ce ain in o ma-
ion (belonging-o igin ela ionship). Diminu i e oponyms lis ed in his sec ion
p oximi y o each o he .
PAVEL SKORUPA
148 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
1.2.2. P e ixes
The e a e only wo opposi ions based on p e ix de i a i es ha can be ound among
se lemen names: Ūd ónys x Paūd ónys, Vo e x Pa o e . The p e ix pade i a i es
in he Li huanian language deno e a place below o nea some hing. Ūd ónys and
Paūd ónys a e wo illages in he icini y o he illage Tãba iškės in Tu geliai
elde ship, Šlčn. D. mun. Bo h illages a e in close p oximi y and a e loca ed on he
opposi e sides o he oad o Tu gẽliai. Acco ding o Ma ija Razmukai ė (2009: 34),
oikonyms wi h he su ix -onys -oniai) a e plula ia an um de i a i es om pe sonal
names wi h pa onymic su ixes -ai is, -ėnas, -onis, -ūnas. Thus, i may be claimed ha
he se lemen name Ūd ónys is a de i a i e om he an h oponym Ūd s1. The p e ix
pain he opposi ion Ūd ónys and Paūd ónys indica es he ela ionships o belonging
(possessi i y) and o igin. The second opposi ion in his ca ego y is made by wo
illages Vo e and Pa o e ha a e 4 km away om one ano he on he igh bank o
he Vo e ái ė2 ( he igh ibu a y o he Žeimenà) in Pab adės elde ship, Š nč. D.
mun. Pa o e is loca ed close (0.3 km) o he con luence o he Vo e ái ė and he
Žeimenà, whe eas Vo e is loca ed 4 km away om Pa o e , ups eam he Vo e ái ė.
Bo h Vo e and Pa o e a e su ounded by o es s (Ka elninkų, Kulniškės,
Pa o e ės, Vo e s). These se lemen names we e mo i a ed by he po amonym
hey a e loca ed nex o, whe eas he p e ix pain he name Pa o e no only
indica es he ela ionship o his se lemen wi h he s eam and Vo e illage,
Pa o e ės and Vo e s o es s i is loca ed in close p oximi y o. The p e ix paalso
se es a dis inc i e elemen be ween wo se lemen names and indica es he
ela ionships o possessi i y and o igins.
Compound place names 1.3.
Only wo compound name opposi ions wi h no au onomous wo ds used as one compound i e name
p e- o pos -modi ie s we e iden i ied among he analyzed egion’s oponyms,
i.e. one compound se lemen name opposi ion Senãd a is x Naujãd a is and
opposi ion he N upis x he Ne uplis. Each o he wo opposi ions p esen di e en compound
names o ma ion models: Adjec i e 1 A Li huanian male name, which could be de i ed and mo i a ed
by he quali ies asc ibable o 2 The i e Vo e ái ė may be de i ed om he diminu i e o m o he
d a (o e ) ‘p eda o y aqua ic u animal (Lu a lu a)’.
zoonym o e (squi el) ‘small, long ailed oden (Sciu us)ʼ (LKŽe) and could be mo i a ed by he
place whe e he e we e
a e many animals o his species.
A igos A icles 149 /
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
+ common Noun (Senãd a is → snas ‘old + d ã as ‘es a e, p ope y as opposed o
Naujãd a is → naũjas ‘new + d ã as ‘es a e, p ope y) and Ve b + common Noun
( he N upis → né i ‘ o di e; o low quickly + upis ‘ i e as opposed o case o
he Ne uplis → né i ‘ o di e; o low quickly’ + uplis ‘small i e , s eam’). In
Senãd a is x Naujãd a is he opposi ion is o med by he i s pa s o hese
compound names ← snas ‘old and naũjas ‘new. The compound i e name opposi ion
is based on he diminu i e su ix de i a i e (see 1.2.1. abo e).
2. SEMANTIC CATEGORIES
OF OPPOSITIONS IN TOPONYMY
As desc ibed abo e, dis inc i e elemen s o p ope names c ea e an opposi ion.
Embo a an onymic ela ionships a e ypical in oponymy, no all o he cases c ea e a
seman ic opposi ion, as he dis inc i e a ibu es o he opposi ion belong o
di e en seman ic ca ego ies, esp. when hey a e de i ed om o he p ope names
(e.g., oikonyms, hyd onyms, e c.). To illus a e, Ta kas and Šalčininklių Ta kas
(Ta kas ← Li h. a kas ‘a lumbe mill, sawmill ← Pol. a ak ‘a sawmill o lumbe mill,
i.e. a acili y whe e logs a e cu in o lumbe ) a e wo illages in Šlčn. D. mun. 8,5 km
om each o he and de ini ely c ea e an opposi ion. One o hem has a ze o
a ibu e, o modi ie , (Ta kas), while he second membe o he opposi ion is
modi ied by he a ibu e de i ed om he p ope name (oikonym) Šalčininkliai.
Ano he example o place names ha o m an opposi ion ha a e no based on he an onymic seman ic
ela ionship o hei dis inc i e a ibu es a e wo illages ha now make a pa o Vilnius Ci y T ãkų
Vókė (← T ãkų is he geni i e case o he oikonym T ãkai) and M inė Vókė (M inė ← Li h. m inis (-ė) ‘made
o s ones o b icks). Bo h se lemen s a e si ua ed on he Ri e Vókė3 in close p oximi y o one ano he
(app ox. 1 km). The name Vókė was seman ics (wo ds in di e en languages may ha e di e en
associa ions). The Vókė ( he le ibu a y o he Ne is) is a s eam lowing om Lake Pãpis. The name
3 The mo i a ion o he i e name Vókė can be in e p e ed in se e al ways because o i s complex
can be cul u ally mo i a ed. In his book, Józe K ajewski (2013: 225) sugges s ha his name is de i ed
om he Ta a oka ‘wa e ʼ. Howe e , his s a emen is highly ques ionable, as he i s men ion o
he name Vókė in he his o ical documen s was made a leas a decade ea lie han he ac abou he
i s Ta a s ók is ‘ o clea ʼ, ók i ‘ o ha es , o clea , o ga he ʼ (LKŽe) by means o he su ix -ė,
which is he de i a ional su ix o agen (doe s o he ac ion) (see Amb azas 1993: 170 ). The
se lemen in he icini y. Thus, i is highly likely he name is de i ed om he Li huanian e bs
mo i a ion o Vókė can be in e p e ed as ollows: ók is ók i → okėjas ‘ he one who ha es s, cleans
cleanses → Vókė.
PAVEL SKORUPA
156 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI old, as opposed o black wi h he meaning small
and, e en ually, new. The absence o he illage Juodóji Vókė and he own Bal óji
Vókė in he 19 h cen u y map means ha bo h he illage and he own a e
ela i ely ‘young se lemen s. Thus, he easoning ‘whi e is old and black is young
could only be ue o he opposi ion Bal óji Vókė ( , V C mun.) x Juodóji Vókė ( ), bu
no o he opposi ion Juodóji Vókė ( ) x Bal óji Vókė ( n, Šlčn. D. mun.). The own
Bal óji Vókė was ini ially ounded as a se lemen known as Naujóji Žaga nė and
go i s cu en name as well as he s a us o he own in 195814. The e o e, i may
be concluded ha he name Bal óji Vókė is made by analogy o Bal óji Vókė illage (V
C mun.). The s a emen ha colou adjec i es in names can be mo i a ed by
geog aphical and geological ac o s can pa ly be ue in case o Juodóji Vókė,
which is si ua ed in he middle o he Bal óji Vókė swamp, he bigges pea bog in
Li huania. I is highly likely ha he colou adjec i e Juodóji (black) in he name o
his illage could be mo i a ed by he da k colou o soil (pea ), aking in o he
conside a ion he illages loca ion. The p esence o colou in all h ee se lemen
names could be mo i a ed by he colou o buildings in each se lemen . The absence
o black colou in mos se lemen names (esp. illages) could be explained by da k
o black colou o wooden buildings (Š pán 2009: 917).
Wood (a common building ma e ial) ge s da ke o black wi h age. The p esence o
wooden s uc u es does no explain he colou adjec i e in he name Juodóji he
Vókė, as oponyms a e usually mo i a ed by ce ain ea u es exclusi ely cha ac-
e is ic o he named objec , bu no he common quali ies, which means ha i
black colou was o is ypical in he ime o name gi ing, i. e. he p e alen da k
(black) colou o mos wooden s uc u es in he se lemen could no be
conside ed he unique quali y (ou s anding ea u e) o he oikonym, and, hus,
could no mo i a e i s name.
Howe e , he colou o buildings as he ou s anding ea u e is a possible and highly
likely mo i a ional ac o in case o Bal óji Vókė ( ), which has been amous o i s
cen u ies old Bal óji Vókė Mansion (Li h. Bal sios Vókės d a as), included in he lis
o p o ec ed objec s o he coun ys Depa men o Cul u al He i age15. The
mansion wi h i s ligh (whi e) s uc u es is he mos p ominen objec in Bal óji
Vókė illage and, hus, may be conside ed he se lemen s exclusi e, ou s anding
ea u e. The adjec i e bál as ‘whi e in se lemen names is usually associa ed
wi h whi e coa ing o mason y buildings. The mo i s o enaming Naujóji Žaga nė
in o Bal óji Vókė ( n, Šlčn. D. mun.) a e no qui e clea and he new (cu en ) name o
he own could only be deemed o be mo i a ed
14
Bal oji Vokė elde ship websi e a : h ps://www.bal oji oke.l /apie-seniunija/
15
See Cul u al e ybių egis as a : h ps://k .kpd.l /#

S aipsniai / A icles 157
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
by Bal óji Vókė (swamp) pea bog, as Naujóji Žaga nė was ounded as a se le-
men o wo ke s who ha e been digging pea o Vilnius hea plan .
3. CONCLUSIONS
1. 191 opposi ions we e iden i ied in he co pus o 5103 oponyms ha cu en ly exis
in Vilnius Coun y: i e (including s eams) names make 14 (7%) opposi ion; lake names
make 37 (20%) opposi ion; pond names make 12 lec ed wi h e e ence o he dis ance
(6%), se lemen names make 128 (67%) opposi ion. The opposi ions we e se-
be ween he objec s, i.e. he objec s wi hin 0,1 o 20 km om each o he we e
conside ed o o m an opposi ion. 2. The analysis o he syn ac ic ea u es o
oponyms shows ha he majo i y o opposi ions in composi e oponyms a e
o med by dis inc i e a ibu es (usually quali ying adjec i es) ha se e as p eo
pos -modi ie s o he place name and ollow hese wo d o ma ion pa e ns: ze o
modi ie + name x p e-modi ie + name, p e-modi ie + name x p e-modi ie + name,
name + ze o modi ie x name + pos -modi ie . F om he pe spec i e o
wo d- o ma ion hese oponymic opposi ions a e classi ied as composi e place
names. 3. O uso de numbe s in place names é ca ac e ís ico de nomina ion pa e ns
o he 20 h cen u y and can be obse ed in a g ea numbe o pond and se lemen
names numbe s a e used o make dis inc ion be ween wo iden ical oponyms (em
alguns casos, among h ee and mo e objec s). Such oponymic cons uc ions can be
obse ed only in ponds and se lemen names opposi ions ha mo e o en ollow he
name + ze o modi ie x name + pos modi ie and name
+ pos -modi ie x name + pos -modi ie pa e ns, he la e being he mos
p oduc i e ( he o al o 51 opposi ions). 4. A ixes (p e ixes o diminu i e su ixes)
o m opposi ions wi h he place names wi h ze o modi ie s. The g oup o opposi ions
based on diminu i e su ixes is he bigges (69 opposi ions). All diminu i e oponyms
a e su ix-de i a i es (su ixes -ėl- (-is, -ė, -iai) and -el- (-is, -ė, -ės, -iai) being he mos
p oduc i e) om he oponyms hey a e in opposi ion wi h, a e cha ac e ized by
hei size and a e smalle han he objec s om he names o which hey we e
de i ed. o nea some hing) ha can be ound among se lemen names (2 cases).
Opposi ions based on p e ix pa- de i a i es (wi h he meaning o a place below
5. Only wo compound name opposi ions wi hou any au onomous wo ds used as
p eo pos -modi ie s we e iden i ied among he analyzed egions oname
ponyms: one compound se lemen name opposi ion and one compound i e
opposi ion. The compound i e name opposi ion is an opposi ion based on he
diminu i e su ix de i a i e.
PAVEL SKORUPA
158 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
6. Embo a an onymic ela ionships a e ypical in oponymy, no all o he cases
c ea e a seman ic opposi ion, esp. when desc ip i e a ibu es a e de i ed om
o he p ope names o when desc ip i e a ibu es belong o di e en seman ic
ca ego ies. The majo i y o he analyzed oponymic opposi ions a e based on
an onymic seman ic ela ionships be ween he modi ying wo ds. The seman ic
analysis ocas on he oponymic opposi ion ypes in e ms o size, posi ion, age, and
colou o he named objec . The bigges numbe o opposi ions (19 cases) based on
he an onymic ela ionships o he dis inc i e a ibu es (adjec i es in
p e-posi ion) wi h he seman ic meaning o snas ‘old and naũjas ‘new can only be
ound only in he ca ego y o oikonyms. Conside ando que colou opposi ions a e
su p isingly sca ce in oponymy o he p esen -day Vilnius Coun y wi h only one
case iden i ied in he class o oikonyms based on he an onymic ela ions o he
colou s bál as (whi e) and júodas (black).
ABREVIATIONS
C ci y; D. dis ic ; El Elek ėnai; Li h. Li huanian; mun. muni cipali y; Pol. Polish;
Rus. Russian; s ead. s eading; Šlčn. Šalčininkai; Š nč. Š enčionys; n own; T ak.
T akai; V Vilnius; illage.
REFERCES AND SOURCES
Amb azas Saulius 1993: Daik a a džių da ybos aida. Vilnius: Mokslo enciklope-
dijų leidykla.
Bal oji Vokė elde ship web si e a : h ps://www.bal oji oke.l apie-seniunija/
Ke bely ė B onisla a 1983: Kai milžinai i iam: Pada imai sob e cidades, eže us,
mon ões, ped as. Vilnius: Vaga.
K ajewski Józe 2013: Wilno i okolice: p zewodnik. Pias ów: O icyna Wydawnicza
Rewasz.
Kul ū as e ybių egis as web si e a : h ps://k .kpd.l #/ Lipo ec Aleksand 2019:
Bi želio 3-oji […] nacių des uído Li uânia Pi čiupių aldeia e assassinados 119 anos
habi an es 1944 ano dia da agédia [in e ak y us]. P iega na in e ne :
h psspu niknews.l /columnis s
(20190604/9212111/Pi ciupiu-kaimo- agedija-lie u os-gy en ojai-nese-geles-p ie-Pi ciupiu-M-
o inos-paminklo.h ml. Lisauskas Vy au as 2009: T akai: imagens do passado. Vilnius: Da lis.
S aipsniai / A icles 159
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
LKŽe Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 120, 19412002, a ian e ele ônico, edac o ių kolegija:
Ge ūda Nak inienė ( y . ed.), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as
Vi kauskas, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2005 (a naujin a
e sija, 2008) [in e ak y us]. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.lkz.l /
Macule ičius S eponas, Bal ušienė Dolo es, ed., 1999: Znajomość z Li wą. Księga
ysiąclecia. Tom p imei o. Pańs wo. Kaunas: K aš o a ka. Malinauskas Vidman as,
K iaučiūnas Jonas 2005: T akų k aš o na u al os e cul u a he edas. Vilnius: Daigai.
Mišeikis Jonas 2001: Senieji T akai his ó ia de e pe uose. T akai: T akų sp. ML-I
nossa Li uânia, T. 1, 1964. Pi čiupis. Bos onas: Enciclopedias Li uãs edi o a.
Razmukai ė Ma ija 2009: Sob e alguns p eesaginius oikonimus da Li uânia Ociden al.
Cul u a da língua 82, 3440.
1872 REM Russian Empi e 1872 Map. MAPIRE His o ical Maps Online [in e ac i e].
A ailable a : h ps:mapi e.eu/en/map2- ussia-187 Ri e , Lakes and Ponds Cadas e o
he Republic o Li huania (Li h. Lie u os Respublikos upių, eže ų i enkinių
kadas as) a h ps://ue k.am.l . Saeed John I. 2016: Seman ics. Fou h edi ion.
Chiches e : WILEY Blackwell. S achowski Kamil 2018. O opozycjach kolo ys ycznych w
ojkonimii Polski. Ac a onomas ica LIX, 197214.
Supe anskaja Aleksand a 1970: Supep anjska Aleksand a. Te minológico Š pán Pa el 2009:
ли цветовые названия рек? – Местные географические термины. Москва: Мысль,
120–127.
Opposi ions in Toponymy. Names in Mul i-Lingual, Mul i-Cul u al and Mul i-E hnic Con ac .
P oceedings o he 23 d In e na ional Cong ess o Onomas ic Sciences. Augus 1722, 2008,
Yo k Uni e si y, To on o, Ca nada, 915920 [in e ac i e]. A ailable a :
h psyo kspace.lib a y.yo ku.ca/xmlui://handle/10315-4034./ Vanagas Aleksand as 1970:
Li uânia TSR hid onimų da yba. Vilnius: Min is. Vanagas Aleksand as 1981: Li u ians
hid onimų e imologinis ā dynas. Vilnius: Min is. Vanagas Aleksand as 1981a: Li u ians
hid onimų seman ika. Li u ians kalbo y os ques ões 21, 4153.
Vanagas Aleksand as 1996: Li uânia cidades de nomes. Vilnius: Mokslo e
dijų leidykla.
PAVEL SKORUPA
160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
Ve cinke ičius Juozas 2010: Ku dunkso T akų pilys: publicis ika (apie T akų p aei į i
daba į). T akai: Vo u a.
Vilnius Coun y map [in e ac i e]. A ailable a : h ps://www.geopo al.l .
VLE XXI Visuo inė lie u ių enciklopedija, T. XXI, 2012. Os Velhos T akai. Vilnius: Sêxlo e
Enciclopedijas Ins i u o de Publicação [in e ac i o]. acessí el na in e ne : h ps://
www. le.l .
VLE XXIV Visuo inė lie u ių enciklopedija, T. XXIV, 2015. T akų Vokė. Vilnius:
Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as [in e ak y us]. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://
enciklopewww. le.l .
Zinke ičius Zigmas 2007: Senosios Lie u os als ybės a dynas. Vilnius: Mokslo e
enciklopedijas ins i u o de publicação.
Vilniaus apsk i ies oponimų seman inės
oposições
SANTRAUKA Es e obje o de es udo é seman ís icas oposições Vilniaus apsk i ies oponimikoje.
En ep 5103 oponimos oi de e minado 191 oposição: 14 (7 % dos nomes de ios de oposições; 37 (20
%) dų oposição. Oposições selecionadas endo em con a a dis ância en e obje os, i. i.
eže ų a dų opozicijos; 12 (6 %) enkinių a dų opozicijų; 128 (67 %) gy en iečių a -
conside a-se que obje os, es ando en e 0,1 a 20 km de dis ância um do ou o, cons i uem
oposição. T adiciniai lie u ių oponimijos esp. hid onimijos y imai (ypač Vanagas 1981) indicam
an oniminius yšius em ce os nomes de água elkinių, pa icula men e naqueles, que são
modi icados qualiciniais co es, amanho e pan. būd a džiais. Às ezes os e imólogos a i mam
que, po exemplo, os a ibu os quali ica i os de co nos oponimos são mo i ados pela co do
solo, p odu i idade ou ou as p op iedades ísicas do solo; y aujančia co dos edi ícios;
amanho a ibú eis mo i am e dadei ois amanho do objec o in oduziá el e e c. No en an o,
ge almen e a esses elemen os dis inguí eis em opônimos não se a ibui a de ida a enção
(S achowski 2018). Są oka oposição é mais ampla que an onimia e indica qualque um
elacionamen o en e elemen os, que êm aiškią dis inção em unção (Saeed 2016: 63). O a igo
a a não só ípicas an oniminas seman íneas elações en e oponimos do condado de Vilnia,
mas ambém e ec uada sua o mali análise, i. i. de e mina-se ol o de componen es de nomes
compos os e sudu inos no sin aksís ico (žodžių da ybos) ní el. Análisis das ca ac e ís icas
sin aksicas mos a que a maio pa e das oposições compos os de oponímos cons i uem
quali icacinhos a ib sias, indoan es an es nome da localidade ou depois dele. Nominam-se os
seguin es modelos de azenda de nome: nome sem o sinalado x sinalimós + nome, sinalimós + nome
A igos A icles 161 /
Seman ic Opposi ions in Vilnius Coun y Toponyms
x sinalimós + nome, nome sem o sinalimós x nome x sinalimós + sinalimós (plg. Kenà x Mażóji Kenà;
Mãžosios Kabškės x Ddžiosios Kabškės; Cùdykas Ddelis x Cùdykas Mã; Ìlma Didžižas x Ìlma Mažóji
e . .). Do pon o de is a de pala as doi as essas oposições são classi icadas como compos os
locais. Po ezes oikonismos usados núme os, pa a sepa a du iden iškus a Júodês II x Júodês
III x Júodês IV e . ., o que é ca ac e ís ica XX a. nominação. Tais denominações ca ac e ís icos
dus (kai ku iais a ejais is i daugiau a dus), p z.: An ãliedė I x An ãliedė II, Júodės I x
enkinių e assen amen os nomes, compos os segundo os seguin es modelos: nomea sem
pažymimojo pala a x nomeas + pažymimasis pala a, nomea + pažymimasis pala a x nomeas +
pažymimasis pala a. O segundo modelo é o mais p odu i o cap u ados 51 casos. P diškė x
P ūdišklė, Žeimenà x Žeimenlė, . .) ou p iešdėliai (Ūd ónys x Paūd ónys, Vo e x Pa o e ). O
Opoziciją gali suda y i a iksai, p z., mažybinės p iesagos (plg. Bedùgnis x Bedugniùkas,
g upo deminu y inių opozicijų é o maio (69 casos). Todos deminu y inhos oponimai são
p eesagų ediniai (p iesagos -ėli -ely a p oduk i iausios) de oponimais, com os quais eles
o mam oposições, e são meno es do que obje os, dos quais es ão o iginadas seus nomes.
An esdėlių edinių opozicijas (com signi icado de luga ) o mam nomes de assen amen os (2
casos). En ep analisadas os oponímicos dos dis i os o am de ec adas apenas duas
sudu inos nomes oposições: Senãd a is x Naujãd a is (opozição cons i ui p imei os sandai)
e N upis x Ne uplis (opozição cons i ui mažybinė p iesaga).
As elações An oniminas são ca ac e ís icas da oponimia, po ém não em odos os casos é c iada
seman inė opozicija, especialmen e quando ma cimieji pala as (dezo men e quali icciniai
būd a džiai) são ou os nomes ediniai ou pe encem a dis in as ca ego ias seman icas (plg.
Ta kas x Šalčinink Ta liųkas, T ãkų Vókė x M inė Vókė). A g ande pa e analisadas oposições são
baseadas em pala as pažymimųjas an oniminiais seman inais ligações. Na análise seman ônica,
p incipalmen e a enção é dada a ipos de oposições oponimá ias, endo em con a o amanho,
padė į, amžių e co do obje o in oca ó io. A maio ia das oposições (19 casos), baseadas em
quali a i os a ibu os sn e naũjas an oniminas ligações, cons i uem oikonimai (pg.: Dideji Baušia x
Mažeji Baušia, Naũjas Janã as x Sènas Janã as, Mãžosios Kabškės x Ddžiosios Kabškės, . .).
Maxima minusia de oposições seman inas g upoé cons i uída de co es oposição (bál a x júoda)
oikonimų klasėje: Bal óji Vókė (k, V m. sa .) x Juodóji Vókė (k, V m. sa .) x Bal óji Vókė (m., Šlčn. .
sa .).
Į eik a 2019 m. no emb o 11 d.
PAVEL SKORUPA
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li uânia
pa el.sko [email p o ec ed]