S aipsniai / A icles 11
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
The di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch a e: ancien Bela usian
w i ing and li e a u e, compa a i e olklo e, lexicog aphy, his o y o Bela usian.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Senio Whi e Tex
I and he An h oponymous
The Oldes Bal ic Tex and I s An h oponyms
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
In 2013, on he pages o he Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica, a new linguis ic and gen e
in e p e a ion based on he analogy wi h he songs, he eci a i e pieces, he closely ela ed
Ch is mas ca ols was p oposed (Lemeškin 2013: 1129). The new eading was suppo ed and
encou aged by he me ada a o he manusc ip , i.e. he da ing o he manusc ip , which he
sc ibe Kolophon decided o emphasize speci ically: he combina ion o wo ds in he igil o
Epiphany was mo ed o he on , and he ini ially w i en pa ag aphs in he manusc ip we e
la e p o ided by Eas. The majo i y o he mic o- ex s ound a logical and con incing
explana ion, aking in o accoun hei o mal cha ac e is ics and he cha ac e is ics o he
gen e ex , bu he au ho was no en i ely sa is ied wi h he in e p e a ion o he wo d
compound dea h. The dea h no e was ead as oc. sg. abb e ia ion o he pe sonal name
‘[An] onijau (Lemeškin 2013: 1920). Because o he wo d labonache, mo e po en ially possible
bu a i icial o se ious g aphical co ec ions-demanding hypo heses ha e been pu o wa d.
In his a icle, we will e u n o he analysis o hese wo ds, ollowing he in e p e a ion o
he ex sugges ed ea lie . The ea lies known use o he wo d is in he 1369 Colophon o he
Byzan ine Chu ch, whe e i is used o e e o he eading o Basil's pe i ion, he eques o
gi s, he add ess o he Ch is mas ca ols, and he an h oponyms.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
In 2013, a new linguis ic and gen e- ela ed in e p e a ion o he T ace o Basel (Dini 2004; 2014: 553
[…] 558) based on analogy wi h singing, eci a i e, ex s akin o Ch is mas ca ols was pu
o wa d in he pages o Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica (Lemeškin 2013: 11 […] 29). The new eading was
suppo ed and encou aged by he manusc ip 's me ada a, o , speci ically, e e ence o ime,
which was in en ionally emphasized by he sc ibe in he composi ion.
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
Ac a Linguis ica LXXI o he Colophon: he ph ase in Vigilia Epiphania was mo ed o he on , and
he passage pe manus illius qui sc ipsi eas, which had been w i en i s , was pu down
a e wa ds. Conside ing he o mal ea u es and gen e- ela ed p ope ies o he ex , mos o
he wo d o ms comp ising he mic o- ex ound a logical and con incing in e p e a ion. Howe e ,
he au ho was no ully sa is ied wi h he in e p e a ion o he ph ase honeaw labonache. The
wo d o m dea h was ead as an abb e ia ed oca i e singula o m o he pe sonal name […][An]
ony[…] (Lemeškin 2013: 19[…]20). As o he wo d "labnache," mo e po en ially possible, comes back o
he analysis o hese wo ds by adhe ing o he ea lie in e p e a ion o he ex . KEYWORDS:
ye a i icial, hypo heses equi ing se ious g aphical co ec ions, we e p o ided. The a icle
oldes Bal ic ex , colophon o 1369, eading o he T ace o Basel, plea o gi s, add essee o
Ch is mas ca ols, (I alian) an h oponyms. The unc ional analysis o he 1369 colophon sugges s
ha he ea lies w i en ex in he Bal ics was in luenced by he de elopmen o he gen e o
colophons. The 13 h- and 14 h-cen u y adi ion o w i ing is ma ked by a pa icula ly complex
(con inuous) s uc u e o colophons, whe e he pa o he lineal con en (wi h he usual
me aduomen) was comple ed by he hegzame a Omnibus omnia non mea sompnia dice e possum
[…]Negaliu o ell e e yone his d eams[…]. In he i s place, i is no possible o in e p e he ex
o he Hegeme ia Ta um in a li e al sense, since he ex o he Hegeme ia Ta um was no
w i en in a li e al sense, bu in a o m ha was no unde s ood, ha is, a i icially cons uc ed
o unknown, in w i ing. The non-public pa o such a speci ic colophon e ealed he sec e hi s o
he w i e 's somnium […] om all people (excep he na ow ci cle o some educa ed gen iles) (see
Lemeškin 2019; 2000 o mo e on his ype o colophon).
In he ex ended colophon be ween he indica ed hexame e and he language's
oo no e, bo h o which o m one whole, he closes in e connec edness is obse ed:
i he sc ibe had no used he spoken La in o mulas ha es ic ed his eedom o
exp ession, he manusc ip would ne e ha e con ained an incomp ehensible,
hough ul ex (unde s ood by he wide eading audience). Thus, om a unc ional
poin o iew, i can be a gued ha wi hou he w i e 's p o isions, clea ly s a ed in
he hexame e , he oldes Bela usian ex would ne e ha e been w i en. The nex
Ge man wo d, šūkis ihs ich leid, belongs o he same ca ego y as he unknown
languages. This ci cums ance indica es ha he ace o igina ed whe e he Ge man
and P ussian languages we e exo ic, i.e. geog aphically somewhe e a om he
e i o y inhabi ed by he P ussians and P ussians. I was unde hese condi ions
ha he w i e o he hegzame o Omnibus omnia non mea sompnia dice e possum
could exp ess his sec e desi e in hese languages. Compa ison wi h o he w i ing
monumen s o his ype e ealed he sc ibe's e o o econcile he
incomp ehensible pa o he colophon wi h he hexame e acco ding o he me e .
Cologne pėdsake (abou 1300 Pope G ego y IX's Dec e ales nuo ašas […] Cologne,
A icles o he 13 h
Seniausias bal ų eks as i jo an oponimai
Dombiblio hek, Codex 130) Danish wo iac we en ugha iwae aelde wae e li haenna
ha wil iac ae [e] […]I I we e wi h Ponia in his wo ld, hen I would like o hono he
dice e possum pa yzdį bu o iš ęs as į ieną eilu ę: iac we en ugha iwae aelde
li e[…] acco ding o he wilzame o Omnibus omnia mea non sompnia wae e ha li iac ai .
Figu e 1 and 2. Foo p in o he cologne
The same mechanism is ouched upon by Basil's pėdsake, which acco ding o he
hegzame o sanda ą was gi en, and u he in es iga o s in e p e ed as
hegzame o dis ichas:
Figu e wo. The Basel oo p in
omnibus omnia non mea ompnia dice e poum Taking in o accoun he hy hmic composi ion o he 1,
Kayle ekyʃe · honeaw labonache hewelyʃe ·
Eg · koy e · poy e · nykoy e · pēnega doy e ·
he in e nal hyme ( ekye hewelye; poy e doy e; koy e nykoy e), he pa s, hei o ms and
seman ic pa allelism, he igh o explain he language (pagal Kelno pėdsako pa yzdį) and o he wise
[…] appea s in h ee lines: 1 Be ason in he no es, i is possible o see he signs o he hyme: Kayle
ekye ( honeaw) hewely koy e […] koy e […] poi e […] nyko.
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI A) Kayle epea edly shou ed "God, a he ! b)
Eg · koy e · poy e · i you wan 2 lis en ( o hem), c) nykoy e · pēnega doy e · neno i
gi e he money Pašalinus disonansinį honeą agmen aw labonache, which can be
conside ed op ional, he oo acqui es a newly o med me ic o m and
s uc u al uni y. The olde e sion o Basil's ques ion was p oposed in 1974-75. You
a e no longe a good uncle, […] i you wan o d ink, [bu ] you do no wan o gi e
money[…] (Schmals ieg 1974; McCluskey, Schmals ieg, Zeps 1975; Mažiulis 1975). In
Kayle ekyʃe · honeaw labonache hewelyʃe ·
Eg · koy e · poy e · nykoy e · pēnega doy e ·
1982, W. P. Schmidas modi ied his adi ional "coun ing" a ian : "Hello si ! You' e
no eally my a he anymo e, i I wan o d ink, bu you don' wan o gi e me any
money.
(Schmid, 1982) This is a e y impo an poin .
When conside ing and e i ying he g amma ical and seman ic pe cep ion o he
Basil's song (as in he case o he pa able o he sowe and he Ch is mas ca ol
model) ha has been ou lined so a , i is possible o disag ee wi h he use o
he concep o eading. I makes sense o ask: wha is he de ini ion o his concep ?
Reading is he seman ic comp ehension o he ex and he pe cep ion o he
meanings con ained in he ex . In his sense, he in e p e a i e a emp s
p oposed by W. R. Schmals iego, V. Mažiulio, W. P. Schmido a e ha dly eadable, since
he a o emen ioned esea che s did no ead Basel's hesis, bu adically
ans o med i . Finally, he compila ion o he Siūlom amendmen s gi es he
desi ed (p e-planned) seman ics. In he 1970s and 1980s, he concep o he
modeliu: k eipimasis – ad esa o neigiamas apibūdinimas – šio apibūdinimo pa-
"sandwich" was he subjec o much discussion. Such a calcula ion, based on a
calcula ion, was eques ed om he in es iga o s by he une al di ec o o une al di ec o s.
A icles o he 15 h
Seniausias bal ų eks as i jo an oponimai
he amendmen s. As an example, we will poin o he solu ion p oposed by V.
Mažiulio, whe e only one gende […] conj emains heal hy. Eg […]jei[…]: he
O iginalo ly ys: Pasak V. Mažiulio, eikia aisy i į:
Kayleadj. nom. sg. Kayls a ba Kayles ‘s eikas’
subjec o he eques . name. he ollowing able is added: He'll say, "Si ",
and hen he'll say, "Si ". 2 a. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: […] you […] +
ad . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . name. he ollowing able is
added: The goodness o labana s is hewelyesubs . name. he ollowing able is added: hewelys ‘delay
I 's called eg […] koy e p aes. 2 a. he ollowing pa ag aph is
inse ed: You don' wan o d ink, you don' wan o d ink,
you don' wan o d ink, you don' wan o d ink. he acc.
he ollowing able is added: money […] money you gi e in .
do […] gi e
Di e en amendmen s acco ding o hei na u e and hei abundance o
mo i a ing assump ions ensu ed he so-called "sklandom" o eading. The
"in e e ence" in he non- eadable ex is e ealed by he ollowing
wo-dimensional image, whe e all he places ha ha e been imp o ed in one way o ano he a e highligh ed om he line:
Kayle ekye · ho-neaw labonache hewelye· Eg · koy- e · poy e · nykoy- e · pēnega
doy e · The si ua ion whe e only one o he ele en gende s […]s eika[…] emains,
when mos o he gende s a e co ec ed di e en ly se e al imes in di e en
places, is absu d, because he seman ics a e no econs uc ed in his way, bu
a e cons uc ed as he ex i sel is cons uc ed.
The philologis , when he e a e no signs o spelling e o s in he ex , mus seek o
ead he non-in asi e ex , which leads o a undamen ally di e en s a egy o
eading he ex : g ee ing […] mandagus appeals ( o he householde 's cal ) in he
name and acco ding o he social sign […] impe a i e u e ed appeal-p aying. The
nonin asi e eading o he Basil's Pledge p omo es he elimina ion o p oblems a ising
om he in e p e a ion o dea h and he labonache. The dea h penal y is conside ed
pa icula ly p oblema ic: […]Only […] honeaw[…], despi e he nume ous in e p e a i e
hypo heses su ounding i , has emained a he obscu e[…] (A doino 2016: 13). Un il
now, li le upda ed emains o Ch. In S ango's co espondence wi h W. R.
Schmals iegu, an explana ion is gi en acco ding o which dea h ma ks a speci ic pe son (An) onijaus

ILJA LEMEŠKIN
16 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
by name: [T]honeaw is qui e obscu e o me. Can i be a oc. sg. o a nominal
u-s em, pe haps a p ope name? (pagal Dini 2000: 201); S ang (pe sonal
communica ion) hinks ha honeaw migh be a p ope name. I so, hen he
couple may be abou he sc ibe himsel , e.g. […]To you heal h, si ! An hony is a
ine ellow [...] (McCluskey, Schmals ieg, Zeps 1975: 162). Wi hou Ch. S ango and W.
R. Schmals iego, such a possibili y is conside ed by A. Bammesbe ge
(Bammesbe ge 1998: 125[…]126), P. U. Dinis (Dini 2000: 398), I. Lemeškin (Lemeškin 2017:
2013: 21; 96), bu ejec ed as heo e ical and uncon incing by F. Ko land
(Ko land 1998: 128). F. Ko land , who did no p o ide any a gumen s o suppo
his claim, canno be accep ed.
The posi ion and unc ional s uc u al analysis o he ex de e mine he
iden i ica ion o he pe sonal name. The dea h ce i ica e is ollowed by an in e im
label. She na u ally a ac s humani y o he sel . The posi ion o Asmen a z is
a o able be ween in e j. Kayle needs a oc. sg. Buk sweykas kumey (VUB, .
102-JR4: 63), which was men ioned by A. Nepokupnas (Non-pu chasing 1979: 167) in he
pa allel. The cons uc ion o he P ussian language di e s only in ha i is
ex ended by he name o a speci ic "speaking" pe son. The linguis ic eading o he
Basel ail (so a he only one; o he a emp s, in ou opinion, canno be conside ed
as eading because hey a e a i icial linguis ic ein e p e a ions) is u he
speci ied by he con ex in which he Basel ail o igina ed. The oldes ex o he
Bal ic languages, da ed o 1369, is de i ed om he en i onmen o he Li huanian
p ince o P ague, Bu au , and he insc ip ion o his poem i sel is associa ed wi h
he 1368-1369 jou ney o Empe o Cha les IV, his queen and hei companions o
Rome. N. O esme's wo k mus be ela ed o he academic en i onmen o he
Uni e si y o P ague in 1368-1369. The au ho o he Basel oo no e will be
associa ed wi h he same his o ical and cul u al en i onmen , bu he oo no e
i sel (like he componen pa o he colophon) in he inal o inished no e was
p obably inse ed elsewhe e in Tuscany ( o mo e in o ma ion on he possible
ci cums ances and con ex o he ex , see.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3 Uk ainiečių bal is o a si ik inai as as už ašas y a aip pa susijęs su knygų pa ašymo aplinkybėmis:
The e is no such hing as a skilled ailo who can sew a book. I 's no like I'm going o die. This is how he
o he pe son eac ed o he p ies who w o e he book o me ic ac s.
4 I should be emphasized he e ha he con ex in which he I alian p o e b appea ed was no
a i icially chosen, i.e. specially "disco e ed" in o de o "explain" he mys e ious dea h o he
labonache. The his o ical con ex was es ablished independen ly and much la e (2013 […] > 2017); o by
looking a he o iginal (in he posi ion ha a o s he ealiza ion o he nouns), a co esponding
linguis ic in e p e a ion o hese wo ds was p oposed.
A icles o he 17 h
Seniausias bal ų eks as i jo an oponimai
The widesp ead nickname An onio in Tuscany was egula ly sho ened o
Tonioˈ onjo. This indica es ha he ollowing examples, which a e close in ime,
a e aken om he co pus Co pus OVI dell'I aliano an ico: 1 Simin endi, a. 1333
( osc.) L. 12 3, 74.25 giacea (ques o sa uo pad e), mandai lo col ello pe gli ianchi di
colui che spoglia a. Tonio and Teleboas a e going o die o my swo d. Quelli had he
p ima po a o lo amo wi h
2 Ch onicles he Elde (1202-1362), c. 1362 This is a lis o people who li ed in he
ime o he kings o Judah. 123.6 scale e in o o pe una ines a e upeno due
uscia pe ole e amaza e Mino e Tonio e […]l Po ina igliuoli di mise Meio Talomei.
This is he i s ime I' e been able o do his in my li e. E quando chos o o sen i o el busso del (when he bus is in he middle o he oad)
3 Ch onicle o he Old Kingdom (1202-1362), c. 127.41 inì e nondimeno i mo ì IIII
pe sone: e uno el quale a e a nome Sano di Tonio, lig i ie e, mise uocho in san o
Pa olo da la o di e so el Chanpo, e none a dendo 4 Doc. imol., 1350[…]1367 Deb o s
16.1.1360 Deb o s 16.1.1360 355.11 h ough 2 ci ioli da le lode, pexò l. 11⁄2: s. 9 a . 124 .
Tonio Ta agno di a e e h ough 468 acades o he legne de salexe, a s. 40.C. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 345.2 pe a e pon ela e la s azione chè cho
gle adi de Peni enzia che la ene Tonio da le Sele pe a e e pe una colona e pe
mu a e Gos olo in somo 6 Doc. imol., 13831385 Spese 21.11.1384 345. una colona e pe
mu a e Gos olo in somo L. VIIII e di o chosì pa el Tonio a ma ochomene pe la mi ade
L. IIII, s. X. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
The ending -eaw would co espond o he owel o m in his case. The
ci cums ances su ounding he eme gence o he Basel Paddock i sel - Siena,
1369; The Th ee Kings' E ening - allow o a spec um o names elegan ly (i.e.
wi hou any modi ica ions) o con ey he p oblem o he labonache, because i
con ains an an h oponym o he I alian language - Toscan especially (e en o his
day) he su name Bonaccibo: […]i> XIII, which was w i en wi h a dig aph […] (La son
1988), e.g. acco ding o OVI dell'I aliano an ico: Doc. sen., 1277-1282 - 280, he 30 h
edi ion o he Ris o o del Se au ia d' una cha isma libe a da da da Roma, which
aises he ques ion o he a icle. I seems ha he w i ing has become widely
nachi. Ancho III lib. e XIIII sol. e IIII den. nel dì ai signo i de la
used, i.e. in place.
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
18 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI lis ened o he an h oponyms, bu did no
con ol he a icles in I alian: ins ead o debonachi (de ́ [dei < di + i] Bonacci […]
om Bona [genus][…]; due o he dis o ion o his an h oponym see also
Guglielmo dei Bonacci > Leona dus i [ . y. ilius] Bonacci > Leona do Fibonacci) he
me o sume imes (sea ing o he h ee-yea -old gi l) missed he a icle.
On he o he hand, he su name Bonachi (de i ed om pe sonal names o he ype
O obono, Omobono, Giambono...) kilmė bu o isiems aiški: bon- < bonus (plg.
i al. bonaccia, idu . la. bonacia ‘ yka’ – pagal malus pa e imologizuo as mala-
Bono, Boni o, cia he sea). Gi en ha Basil's oo s eps play ully con inue he
colophon (lude e sc ip o ea ), i would be possible o see he e an in en i e
duplica ion o he oo : labonache = lab-bon-ache […]lab-Bonie is, good Ge u is[…].
Such a eading, i.e. an exagge a edly humble appeal, which in u n explains o he
o he pe son he meaning o he gende bonache, is app op ia e o he Ch is mas
u i bū i page b as: honeaw labonache hewelyſe „An onijau Lab-ge u i ė eli“.
si ua ion, because he add essee, in o de o ecei e good gi s, he sec e
combina ion o wo ds dea h and good o une can be ea ed as dea h and good
o une o dea h and good o une. The p oblema ic dig aph <ch> necessa ily
equi es co ec ion only wi h ega d o he Bal ic languages, bu he e is no
edi o ial no e o Basel's commen ha all he wo ds lis ed he e ep esen he
esou ces o he P ussian lexicon. An abno mal dig aph om he Bal ic poin o
iew, s anding be ween he label in e j. Is i a se ious a gumen o w i e down he
as, ku is bū en šioje pozicijoje ska ina įž elg i s e imos kalbos in a pą – esp.
i alų kalbos an oponimą, už ašy ą sa o ašyba. O kaip ki aip XIV a. p ūsas
names o o he languages? The a emp o use a di e en elemen is da ed much
la e . Due o he p o ision o some "app o al" du ing he pe iod in ques ion, he e
can be no speech a all.
Thus, he iden i ica ion o I alian nouns in he oldes Bal ic ex is de e mined by
he ollowing a gumen s: a. The insc ip ion o he dig aph […]ch[…] canno be
explained by a spelling e o , because he oo no e does no ha e he p ope ies
(signs) o he spelled ex . In he eyes and ea s o he w i e , i had o ha e a
ce ain phone ic meaning. The Basel 1369 colophon is no geog aphically bound o a
speci ic loca ion, i.e. i is possible ha he geog aphy o he Basel pedes al is wide
[…] o ha i could ha e aken in o accoun some o eign local language. c. The
iden i ica ion o he pe sonal name is de e mined by he posi ion ha p omo es
he use o an h oponyms: a e he in e j o he label. *kaileis īkīs […]Skalsink
Die e[…] and be o e he oka y u p onounced he appeal as i o he a he
hewely[…]e. F om he poin o iew o he Bal ic languages, he p oblema ic gende
labonache is gi en nex o he hough wo d honeaw. I he e is a con usion
be ween one o m ( om he poin o iew o he P ussian language) and ano he
A icles o he 19 h
Seniausias bal ų eks as i jo an oponimai
o m ( om he poin o iew o he Ch. S ango) wi h he nickname An onijus, i
mus i s be checked ha i is no a name o o eign o igin, because he use o a
pai o se e al names in a ow (name + p( )) su name + a he 's name; name en in
+ ka oikonimas) y a dėsningas i labai dažnas eiškinys. Tai paaiškina, kodėl bū-
his place, i.e. be ween in e j. and he owel is p onounced in he p onoun, s ands
wo mixed (in ela ion o he P ussian language) sounds oge he : e. Non-in asi e
Kayle ekyʃe · honeaw labonache hewelyʃe ·
Eg · koy e · poy e · nykoy e · pēnega doy e ·
eading o he mixed sexes […] om he poin o iew o he I alian names […] well
co ela es wi h he p e iously de ined his o ical con ex o he eme gence o he
Basel oo no e: he long-s anding mansion o he P ussian bu le (1365-1380) and he
mansion in Tuscany […] 1368-1369
. he en y o he names indica ed inds p ecise co espondences in he da abase
Co pus OVI dellI aliano an ico. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
g. Pe sonali y p omo es he pe cep ion o he gen e aspec . In Ch is mas
ca ols, pe sonal names we e a common exp ession (Lemeškin 2013). The
Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal
ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in
he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he ield o li e a u e
A doino Diego: In e p e ing and ansla ing Old P ussian mic o- ex s: he ace
o Basel. […] T ansla ion s udio 9, 7[…]20. Wha is he name o he ansla o ?
Bammesbe ge Al ed 1998: Anme kungen zum Basele Epig amm. This is he
i s ime I' e seen his. […] Bal is ik: asks and me hods. Heidelbe g: C. Win e ,
121 o 126. Heidelbe g is loca ed in he dis ic o Heidelbe g. Co pus OVI
dellI aliano an ico. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . I is a ailable on he In e ne
a : h p: ga oweb.o i.cn .i (S(j 3myz 3h3slmh453zzwo 45)) Ca Fo m01.aspx.
Dini Pie o Umbe o 2000: Sul ‘F ammen o di Basilea and o he unpublished in he
ca og aphy om Ch . S ang and W. R. Schmals ieg. This Regula ion shall en e
in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o
he Eu opean Union. Dini Pie o Umbe o 2004: No a e minologica: how a e he w i ings called in P ussian an iqui y in Basel? This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Dini Pie o Umbe o: Founda ions o he Bal ic Languages Vilnius: Eugenius, who was bo n in Vilnius.