Įž algos / Insigh s 175
PIETRO U. DINI
The Uni e si y o Pisa
The di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch a e: his o y o
he language, his o y o Bela usian languages, his o iog aphy o he language, p ose.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Speech o he DJ
(GALIMOS PARALELS SU) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Li huanian language)1
In his e iew, I am pu suing a na ow and limi ed objec i e. Fi s , I will p esen
he ange o Ca alan languages and hei linguis ic di e si y in e y gene al
e ms, hen I will illus a e he his o y o his language in a syn he ic way and
dwell on some o he con o e sial momen s, especially he linguis ic con o e sy
be ween Cas ilian and Ca alan speake s abou he use o he language in public
li e. This con o e sy con inued h oughou he 20 h cen u y and has con inued
o his day.
Finally, I will examine he p esen and u u e o he Ca alan language h ough
he concep indica ed in he i le, i.e. as a "medium-sized" language, and e eal
wha lies behind ha iew.
In o de o gi e a gene al con ex o he e iew, i is wo h looking a he linguis ic si ua ion o he
Kingdom o Spain, i.e. he mul ilingual Spain, which has ou languages, and only one o hem is
conside ed o icial h oughou he coun y - he language o he Cas ilians, while he o he s a e
conside ed o icial, bu only in ce ain e i o ies, namely: Galician, Basque and Ca alan. As a eminde ,
he Ca alan language is he o icial language o he P incipali y o Ando a. 1Repo ead in Vilnius,
Li huanian Language Ins i u e, on he occasion o he 26 h Jablonski Con e ence, Oc obe 3, 2019 The
au ho hanks J. Sabaše ičius o he ansla ion and he academy. G. Blazhenik o he edi o ial
assis ance. The ea u es o he s yle o e bal epo ing a e consciously main ained in he a icle. 2
This p oblem is in es iga ed, e.g. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
PIETRO U. DINI
176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
1 PAV. O he A ea o he Ca alan language
1. B ie ly explained
Ka alonų kalbos a ealas apima isą Vidu žemio jū os dalį – Ka aloniją (Ca-
alunya), Valenciją (València), F anją de Ponen (pa ibys su A agona), Ando ą
Ando a, he Balea ic Islands, No he n Ca alonia and Algie s in Sa dinia.
The Ca alan language communi y is made up o people li ing in se e al egions and
speaking he same language, whose language and he accompanying public
discou se di e in each egion. Ca alan is spoken by abou 9 million people in Eu ope
and ano he 350,000 in Sou h Ame ica. The in e nal classi ica ion o he Ca alan
language is based on a single geog aphical c i e ion be ween he eas e n and
wes e n dialec s and dialec s, which in u n is based on phone ic dis inc ions. The
neu aliza ion o sound in a neu al posi ion is conside ed pa icula ly impo an .
This classi ica ion is accep ed by bo h adi ional dialec ology, e.g. Manuel Milà i
Fon anals (nine een h cen u y), and mo e inno a i e dialec ology, e.g. Joan Veny
( wen ie h cen u y). In addi ion, some ansi ional dialec s o A agon, o he
Occi an and so on a e also known. Some o he languages a e also known bu no
longe exis , such as Alge ian, Sicilian, Neapoli an, Sa dinia (wi hou Alge ian).
Ka alonų „ idu inio dydžio“ kalba
(galimos pa alelės su lie u ių kalba)
Insigh s om he Inspec o a e 177
2 PAV. O he Ca alan language dialec s
2. ISTORIJOS PILIULĖS
I is e y syn he ically wo h ecalling ha he linguis ic a ian a ising om
ulga La in acqui ed he cha ac e is ic ea u es o Ca alan a ound he 11 h
cen u y and has no changed much in a ea o e he cen u ies. In he 14 h cen u y,
he Ca alan language eached i s peak. A ha ime, i was used in a wide a ea
om he P incipali y o Ca alonia i sel o p esen -day sou he n F ance, A agon
and Valencia, he Balea ic Islands, as well as sou he n I aly, No h A ica, and
G eece.
Un il he 15 h cen u y, he language lou ished in li e a u e (especially in he p o inces) and
philosophy ( emembe only Ramon Lula (1232-1316). In he 16 h cen u y, Ca alonia's poli ical decline
began. The e is no such a ea as, o example, Rosiljon and o he s. A he same ime, Cas ile's
poli ical powe is g owing. The decisi e da e is he yea 1714, when he Wa o he Roses ends, and
he ci y o Ba celona 3 As a esul o he ques ion discussed in his chap e , see syn he ics, e.g. :
Ta ani 1994; Nadal, P a s 2001, and he e e ence shop is wo Nadal, P a s 1982; 1996; F ancés,
Amo ós 2011.
PIETRO U. DINI
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica (LXXVII) was a ea y be ween he Kingdom o Cas ile
and he Kingdom o F ance. The beginning o he Bou bon dynas y and he pe iod
o he conques o Ca alonia. The p ocess o Cas ilianiza ion con inues h ough
he coming cen u ies, he Ca alan language loses i s p es ige and i s linguis ic
a ia ions become deepe and deepe . The decline o Ca alan language and cul u e
will con inue un il he so-called Renaissance. The Renaissance mo emen was bo n
as a poe ic mo emen du ing he Roman ic pe iod. The cons i u ional and symbolic
ac o he es ablishmen o he Renaissance Union was he poe Bona en u a
Ca les A ibau i Fa iols (1798-1862) 's poe y Oda a la pa ia, ha is, "Oda o he
Fa he land" (1832). 2.2. Renaixença in Li huanian would be a " ebi h" bo h li e ally
and his o ically. I we y o con inue he compa ison, we will ind many
in e es ing pa allels be ween he Li huanian and Ca alan si ua ions. Bo h
linguis ic communi ies […] Li huanian and Ca alan […] expe ienced language
abandonmen o he uppe social classes a ound he same ime; bo h we e
epea ed a emp s o change he s yle, hemes and o ms used; I ha e in mind
jų kalbą; abi išugdė a idų dėmesį i neabejingumą ekokalbinėms idėjoms. Ge-
ai pažiū ėjus nė a sunku as i in elek ualių li e a ų asmenybių, panašių sa o
poe s such as Jonas Mačiulis (1862-1932) a p ies be e known as Mai onis, also a
p ies , mossèn Jacin Ve dague (1845-1902) o Simonas Daukan as (1793-1864)
Mo iejus Valančius (1801-1875) and, o example, Josep Yxa
In he case o he applican , he applican has no p o ided any e idence o
suppo i s claim. I would also like o emphasize he simila i ies be ween he
wo ks o Jono Jablonski (1860-1930) […] he c ea o o he common language […] and
he analogous wo ks o Pompeu Fab a (1868-1948). The e could be mo e
compa isons... Howe e , i mus be said clea ly ha in addi ion o he easoned
compa isons be ween Li huania and Ca alonia, he e a e also deep di e ences: in
i s his o y, Li huania has ne e known an impo an class o he big bou geoisie
like Ca alonia (pa ly like Li onia, al hough i was also in he hands o he Ge man
popula ion) and he e o e has always emained a ached o he peasan o igin bo h socially and cul u ally.
2.3.The impo an momen o he Ca alan people o egain and e u n o hei language was
Jocs Flo als (plu al Jocs Flo als) a e compe i ions o spoken poe y ha we e
e y widesp ead and popula . By he way, i is no di icul o no ice many
pa allels and simila i ies wi h wha happened in Li huania i sel a abou he same ime.
(See also Song Fes i als).
In he second hal o he 19 h cen u y, and especially in he las cen u y, when a
mode n indus ial socie y was o ming in Ca alonia, he Renaissance i sel acqui ed
clea e and s onge iden i ies and poli ical cha ac e is ics, o cou se, in ole able
o he Kingdom o Spain. The i s sign o iden i y was language, and i was be o e
Ka alonų „ idu inio dydžio“ kalba
(galimos pa alelės su lie u ių kalba)
language ha s a e censo ship was di ec ed. F om his pe iod and om hese
expe iences i is possible o da e he eme gence o he pa io ic mo emen o he
Ca alan people. These ideas we e de eloped and p esen ed in wo books ha a e
s ill undamen al o he w i ings o he Ca alanism mo emen , namely Valen í
Almi all i Lloze (1841-1904) Lo ca alanisme (1866) and En ic P a de la Riba (1877-1927)
published he book La nacionali a ca alana (1892). They clea ly s a e he idea ha
language is he main sign o iden i y in de ining he Ca alan na ion. 3 PAV. O he
Valen ín Almi all i Lloze and he co e o his book. Spokespe sons Pompeu Fab a
and
This is An hony Alco e .
Since 1914, he main adminis a i e p o inces o Ca alonia (dipu acions) ha e
been called Ba celona, Gi ona, Ta agona and Le ida, g ouped oge he and
known as Mancomuni a de Ca alunya. The Mancomuni a had conside able
poli ical alue because, a e he e en s o 1714, he Kingdom o Spain
ecognized he e i o ial uni y o Ca alonia o he i s ime.
The Mancomuni a had an e en g ea e signi icance o he e i al o Ca alan
cul u e. I is especially wo h ecalling ha he Ins i u dEs udis Ca alans, i.e.

PIETRO U. DINI
180 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
Ins i u e o Ca alan S udies, one o whose main asks was o no malize he
language. The codi ica ion o he Ca alan language ook place apidly hanks o
Pompeu Fab a (1868-1948) who s a ed an o hog aphic e o m based on he
e ymological p inciple. The ole o Pompeu Fab a is compa able o ha o Jono
Jablonski (1860-1930). By he way, he wo s anda d linguis s li ed a ound he
same ime. I is also wo h men ioning ha in hose yea s An oni Alco e
(1862-1932) w o e he undamen al lexicological wo k Dicciona i
ca alà- alencià-balea , i.e. The ocabula y o he Ca alan-Valencian Balea ic
languages. To make i clea o e e yone a once, i should be emphasized ha
his wo k is compa able in i s impo ance o he la ges dic iona y o he Li huanian language s a ed by Kazimie as Bugas (1879-1924).
2.4 Ca alan poli ical and na ional claims ha e always been closely linked o language
and linguis ic iden i y. I can be said ha language and li e a y adi ion we e he
mac oscopic da a o his poli ical dimension. The concep o he his o y o
Ca alan li e a u e i sel was ma u e, based on he ideas o Roman icism o he
second hal o he 19 h cen u y. The ole o language and li e a u e in shaping
Ca alan iden i y is a poli ical discou se ha began wi h he Renaissance and, in a
sense, con inues o his day.
O e he cen u ies, he e has been a linguis ic con o e sy as o whe he i is
wise o Ca alans o use he Ca alan language, whe he i is igh o Ca alan
w i e s o w i e hei wo ks in Ca alan, o whe he i would no be wise o hem
o enounce he Ca alan language and use only he Cas ilian language... Many imes
in his o y, mino i y cul u es, depending on he ci cums ances, ha e been
"pa agin ed" o use he linguis ic codes o di e en majo cul u es, a
consequence o cul u al hegemony. By he way, he e is no sho age o simila
cases in he his o y o he Li huanian language i sel . The expe ience o many
"li le a he s" eaches us one hing ha is impo an o epea and e alua e: he
impo ance o he language ac o , i.e. he s ong link be ween na ional
consciousness and linguis ic consciousness. Each li e a u e has c ea ed a my hical connec ion wi h he language o he people a i s beginning; he na ion i sel is a undamen al and changing elemen , i.e.
pakeliui esan is, dinamiškas apa ybės pažadas.
3. The Linguis ic Con o e sy
I is wo hwhile o p esen some episodes o such linguis ic polemics o e he pas
cen u ies, as hey e eal he eal powe ela ions be ween he wo Insigh s 181
Ka alonų „ idu inio dydžio“ kalba
(galimos pa alelės su lie u ių kalba)
men ioned languages in Spanish socie y, and also ake us di ec ly o he p esen and
i s con adic ions.
4 PAV. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The i s poin wo h men ioning is he con o e sy be ween he Cas ilian w i e
Leopoldo Alas Cla ín (1852-1901) and he Ca alan cul u al ac i is En ic P a de la
Riba (1870-1917) we e also included. Acco ding o Cla ín, he Ca alan language was
only a ansla ion, in no way compa able o signi ican ly mo e powe ul languages
such as Cas ilian, F ench o I alian. In Cla ín's opinion, he Ca alan language was
Da winian among he dialec s ha did no p e ail ([…]en e los dialec os que no
han p e alecido[…]) and he e o e Ca alan w i e s should w i e only in Cas ilian,
especially p ose wo ks. F om a linguis ic poin o iew, Cla ín's app oach was o
cou se unsa is ac o y, bu such a con on a ion had a mainly poli ical alue o
a mės, kiek kalbos / galios san ykis. Ši aip bu o ka ą i inama p igim inė
kas iliečių kalbos „glo o aginė“ eisė „su algy i“, . y. išs um i i inko po uo i,
him. This e e s no only o he language bu also o o he languages acco ding
o he ision o he well-known An onio de Neb ija (1441-1522) ha […]language 4 In his chap e , special e e ence is made o Rigobon 2018.
PIETRO U. DINI
182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII is he empi e's companion language ( he
language o he empi e's companion), i necessa y wi h weapons. The
a o emen ioned P a de la Riba eplica could only be i onic. His a i ude was, o
cou se, qui e di e en . He ne e doub ed he impo ance o he language in he
c ea ion o he Ca alan na ion. Bu saying i ou loud was, o cou se, dange ous.
3.2 Ano he in e es ing polemical momen occu ed be ween he amous
Cas ilian w i e Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936) and his iend he Ca alan w i e
Joan Ma agall (1860-1911). And his ime he a i ude is clea ly hegemonic and he
Ca alans a e pa e nalis ically u ged o gi e up hei language and use he mos
widesp ead Cas ilian language.
Recall he anecdo e o Miguel de Unamuno, who a he same ime asked his iend
Joan Ma agall, bo h se iously and humo ously, why ins ead o using he cas le's
mausoleum, he p e e ed he Ca alan spinga d (a 14 h-cen u y weapon). To him
išanks iniu įž algumu a sakė uo me u mažai žinomas ka alonų jaunas ašy ojas
and Eugeni d'O s (1881-1954): […]Teisus is Unamuno: as he weapon o his impe ialism,
he cas ellan chooses he mausoleum. Howe e , o he wo ld wa s equi e o he
mauze s, "mo e mauze s" han he cas le, "isn' ha igh , my dea ?" (by he
way, Eugeni d'O s al eady used he eu opan (i.e. he wo k o he Eu opean Union
adminis a ion used he mixed language!) 5 h PAV. Julián Ma ías 6 PAV. He is a
membe o he Spanish na ional eam. This is Mau icio Se ahima. 3.3. In F anco's
Spain o he las cen u y, he ques ion was again aised as o why pe sis en
Ca alan w i e s used he Ca alan language... Now he Ca alans a e no explici ly
u ged o change hei language, bu i is said ha he Ca alan language should s ill
be es ic ed. The ep esen a i e o he Cen o de Es ados is cu en ly he
bes -known s uden o he philosophe José O ega y Gasse , Julián Ma ías
(1914-2005). He insis ed ha "Ca alonia has ne e been a na ion" (Ca aluña no ha
sido nunca una nación) and p oposed he so-called "linguis ic house a gumen ", i.e.
he Ca alan house consis s o wo loo s, he i s loo whe e he Ca alan
language is spoken o all amily and daily needs, and he second loo whe e he
Ka alonų „ idu inio dydžio“ kalba
(galimos pa alelės su lie u ių kalba)
Cas ilian language is spoken o all o he unc ions. The widesp ead use o he
Ca alan language could become a ac o in he "Tibe aniza ion o Ca alonia", so
Julián Ma ías p oposed a solu ion o "non-symme ical bilingualism" simila o
diglossia and a he same ime u ged he Ca alans o limi hemsel es, ha is, no
o consciously change hei language in many unc ions, al hough hey ecognize
he p io i y o he Ca alan language in amily li e and poe y...
The Ca alan eplica and his one could only be cau ious and poli e. I was
o mula ed by Mau ici Se ahima (19021979), a ep esen a i e o Ca holic
Ca alanism and he e o e mo e accep able o F anco's na ionalis Ca holic
ideology. Mau icio Se ahima's app oach o diame e s is opposed o ha o Julián
Ma ías. The Ca alan language is a language o he indigenous peoples o Ca alonia,
and he language spoken by he majo i y o he popula ion is Ca alan, which
means ha he majo i y o he popula ion speaks Ca alan.
3.4. As can be seen, linguis ic mono heism p e ailed in F anco's (pa ly pos -F anco)
Spain. In all he cases discussed, he Ca alan w i e s we e encou aged o abandon
hei so-called local language and swi ch o he so-called uni e sal language, i.e. he
cas ellan language. I is in e es ing and a he same ime su p ising ha as ea ly as
2007, when Ca alonia was a ho el a he F ank u Book Fai , he ques ion was aised
as o whe he i was possible o p oduce Ca alan li e a u e in he language o he
Cas ilians.
4. KATALONŲ „VIDUTINIO DYDŽIO“ KALBA
IR EUROPOS SĄJUNGA
I is now wo h looking a he si ua ion in he cu en Eu opean Union5. I di ides
he languages in o wo main g oups, he o icially ecognised languages (i.e. i s
language languages) on he one hand and he egional and mino i y languages (i.e.
second language languages) on he o he hand, which a e heo e ically p o ec ed
unde he Eu opean Yea o Regional and Mino i y Languages 1992 (Ca a 1992). The
Ca alan language belongs o he second g oup. On he o he hand, he si ua ion o
languages in he Kingdom o Spain (abou 47 million) is e y di e en om ha
elsewhe e in Eu ope, o example in he Swiss Con ede a ion (abou 8.5 million) o
elsewhe e, o example in Canada (abou 38 million).
5 This chap e e e s in pa icula o Vila, B e xa 2013; Bas a das i Boada, Boix-Fus e , To ens
Gue ini 2018.