190 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
HARALD BICHLMEIER
Sächsische Akademie de Wissenscha en zu Leipzig
Ma in Lu he Uni e si y Halle-Wi enbe g Fields o
esea ch: onomas ics ( oponymy), his o ical phonology
o he Ge manic languages, Indo-Eu opean linguis ics,
and he Aljamiado ex s.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
No es o he
Some wi h an-
Beginning o Li huanian
NAMES o he wa e s AND
Thei Ou side Bal ics
Rela ed
Pas abos due o he Anp asidedančius oad
lie u ių anden a džių i jų nebal iškos kilmės
giminaičių
The anno a ion
The Li huanian wa e names o he ype Ana à, Anýkš ė e c. a e adi ionally de i ed om a
oo idg. […]en/*on[…] is e u ned (in mode n no a ion u idg. *h1en(H)-), which is o en a ibu ed
o a meaning o " low, low". This oo is no e en men ioned in Poko nys Indoge manisches
e ymological dic iona y (1959). E en since hen, i has no been possible o p o e his oo in he
appella i e ocabula y o any Indo-Ge manic language wi hou doub . In addi ion, he e is so a
no clea e idence o con inua ion o his oo in he onymic ocabula y: all names ci ed as
a gumen s can ei he , because hey come om Cel ic languages, be de i ed om a oo .
*pen-*pon- […]Sump, (s anding) wa e […] go back, o on he basis o u idg. *h2en- ‘(Wa e )
d awing o be explained. The me hodological ool "Ockham's azo " dic a es ha no mo e han
hese wo oo s should be used unless he e is clea appella i e e idence o a oo . *h1en(H)-
which would allow he oo o be assigned a meaning in he i s place.
S aipsniai A icles 191 o
Anme kungen zu einigen mi An- beginnenden li auischen
Gewässe namen und ih en auße bal ischen Ve wand en
SCÜSSELWÖRTER: Li huanian hyd onyme, Cel ic hyd onyme, Ge manic
hyd onyme, Indoge manic phonology, Indoge manis me hodology, Ockham's
azo blade, and he like.
The anno a ion
The Li huanian hyd onyms o he ype Ana à, Anýkš ė e c. ha e adi ionally been s anda dly
explained on he basis o a oo PIE “*en/*on” (in mode n w i ing PIE *h1en(H)-), which
gi en he meaning ‘ low, i e el sim. This oo canno e en be ound in Poko ny's
Indoge manisches e ymologisches Wö e buch [Indo-Eu opean E ymological in he appella i e
Dic iona y] (1959). No e en since hen ha e esea che s succeded in documen ing ha oo
lexicon o any o he Indo-Eu opean languages wi hou doub . Mo eo e , he e a e no e en
any su e con inua ions o ha oo in he onymic lexicons o hose languages. All names pu
o wa d as a gumen s can ei he be explained based on a oo PIE *pen-/*pon- ‘swamp,
(s anding) wa e (because hey a e Cel ic) o om a oo PIE *h2en- ‘haul (wa e ). The
applica ion o he me hodological means called Occam's azo lea es us no o he possibili y
bu o explain all ega ding names om hese wo oo s as long as no p oo o an appella i e
use o a oo PIE *h1en(H)- can be o e ed, which mo eo e migh inally gi e us a hin , wha
ha oo migh ha e mean . KEYWORDS: Li huanian hyd onyms, Cel ic hyd onyms, Ge manic
hyd onyms, Indo-Eu opean phonology, me hodology in Indo-Eu opean linguis ics, Occam's azo .
This is he i s ime ha I ha e been able o do so.
The subjec s o he ollowing s a emen s a e, on he one hand, he e ymologies o some Li huanian
wa e names such as Ana à, Anýkš ė o he basic conside a ions o his o ical-compa a i e
Gewässe namen ück üh ba e O sname Anykščia. Daneben sollen abe auch
linguis ics and hose o gene al scien i ic me hodology (o me hodology). The eason o his is he
e ec s o he use o non-use o bo h in ela ion o he e ymology o he men ioned wa e names as
well as he name o he i e Inn (in Swi ze land, Aus ia and Ge many). I would like o hank he wo
anonymous e iewe s o his a icle o hei a ious sugges ions, including hose on li e a u e ha
I ha e no ye seen.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
192 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This is a lis o linguis ic wo ks by Li huanian au ho s.
Fu he mo e, i is always necessa y o ha e an "Ockham's azo "2 a
hand: i you o ge o plug i in and use i i necessa y, you will no longe be
mas e o he ( oo ) wild g ow h and hus o a bi a iness.
2. Scien i ic and his o ical
Indo-Ge man s udies is a science ha has g own o e he pas 200 yea s. Wha
his is and how i wo ks has been he subjec o a ai ly b oad consensus wi hin
he ield. This b oad consensus applies o all a eas o he basic language o be
econs uc ed, which is usually e e ed o as U indoge manic and is qui e
wi d. Die Diskussion inne halb de Indoge manis ik läu au de Basis dessen,
was au de G undlage dieses b ei en Konsenses als gesiche angesehen und
widely ecognised. Fo specialis s wi hin he ield, he pa ially non-consensual
pa s o he sys em may be an incen i e o mo e o wa d and ind solu ions o
un esol ed p oblems, o he majo i y o Indo-Ge manis s i is p obably he goal
o mo e o wa d on he basis o his b oad consensus in hei special ield, o
explain he unexplained. The Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he
Diese Konsens übe dieses E klä ungsmodell (zu den wich igs en Punk en
siehe gleich) ha sich .a. deshalb he ausgebilde , weil dieses Modell meh
p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
Me hods and me hods 3.
3.1. Fu he mo e, he a gumen a ion is based on he la gely consensual
cha ac e is ics o he U indoge manic, which a e also ound in he
Indo-Ge manic li e a u e. In oduc ions a e codi ied as ollows:
2 - En ia non sun mul iplicanda p ae e necessi a em. - Wha is he meaning o his? (Wilhelm
wa: „Man soll nich meh Einhei en/En i ä en annehmen, als no wendig sind.“
3 Da on zeugen die Ein üh ungen in das Fach, die in den le z en gu 25 Jah en e schienen sind
on Ockham 1288-1347), and hose in he cen al a eas ha a e discussed he e show almos no
di e ences: May ho e 1986 (new edi ion. in Lindne 2012), Lehmann 1993; Ad ados, Be nabé,
Mendoza 1995; 2010; Tichy 2001; Meie -B ügge 2002; 2003; 2010; Fo son 2004; 2009; Tichy 2006; 2009;
Clackson 2007; Bio y, Adams; 2012; 2017; F i z, Meie -B ügge 2020. Fo a ious in oduc ions and
so on. he same applies o indi idual languages; Look a ha . Rix 1992; Weiss 2009; Smoczyński also known as Rix
2016; Whi e 2020 and so on.
S aipsniai A icles 193 and 193
Anme kungen zu einigen mi An- beginnenden li auischen
Gewässe namen und ih en auße bal ischen Ve wand en
The e was he phonemic class o he la ynx, and i p obably consis ed o h ee
elemen s.
The e was no phone ic class o he Tenues aspi a ae, hese ul ima ely a ose
ei he as allophones o he Tenues in he posi ion a e u idg. *s espec i ely
be o e *h2 (‘La yngal 2) and p obably s ill occu (seconda ily) in
Onoma opoe ics and in Exp essi a.
The e was no u idg. * […] Tho n […] as a phoneme, bu his is also only
Allophon o he * . E c. e c.4.
Fo he oo , KVK is aken as he minimum s uc u e, a leas o e bal
oo s (and nominal oo s). This does no necessa ily apply o p onouns and
pa icles, and i is shown by a pa o he KVKau (e.g. implici ly in he en i e
Indoge manis en auch e nein , dass diese Wo klassen die Minimals uk u
LIPP and explici ly LIPP)
I'm no going o lie o you. ).
The consequence o he o egoing poin s is, among o he hings, ha he oo s,
which a e se as ocally sounding in Poko nys's Indoge man e ymological dic iona y
o 1959 (compiled on he p e-wa s a e o Indoge manis ics) unde ci cums ances
wu den, mi einem anlau enden La yngal angese z we den (soll en)5. Dies ha
ele an e ec s on he econs uc ion o wo ds (and hus also names) o be
aken in o accoun […] and especially he names o be ea ed below (sippen) will
a ec his.
3.2. In his con ex , his applies o he oo (u )idg, which is o en used in he
con ex o onomas ics, especially in s udies o […]ancien Eu opean
hyd onymy[…] and ela ed opics. […]en/ […]on-[…], which […] low[…] o.ä. I 's
supposed o mean. On he basis o he o egoing, in he con ex o mode n
Indo-Ge manic, his o m is an […]Un- oo […], i.e. a oo ha should ne e ha e
exis ed a ha language le el.
Whe he o no i is simply a "phan om oo " as a whole, e en i i is commonly e e ed o as an
u idg oday, as in Indo-Ge manic. *h1en(H)-an4 See Bichlmeie 2012 in his jou nal o a basic o e iew
se z , soll im Wei e en geklä we den.
o his. 5 The ac ha his is no en i ely ou o he o dina y is demons a ed by […], hough no
on he phonological le el, bu a leas on he phone ic le el, by New High Ge man. The e a e no eal
owel-beginning wo ds (o lexical mo phemes): all wo ds phonologically classi ied as owel-beginning
begin phone ically co ec ly wi h he so-called. I 's called "Knacklau ". The ac ha his is an
impo an disco e y is shown by well-known minimal pai s such as Blumen o ho ses as
[bluːˈmɛn hɔp ed] s. Blumen op -ea h [bluːmn hɔp ed].
HARALD BICHLMEIER
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 194 LXXXIV, which was published in
In any case, i has no ye been possible o p o e his oo in he appella i e
ocabula y wi hou con adic ion, as indica ed by he ac ha such a oo in
he IEW, which is o en ci ed as a e e ence sou ce ou side o he ac ual
Indo-Ge manic in he ield o onomas ics, is no ini ially booked (see. I.E.W. 311 .,
3.3. Wha is he pu pose o his a icle? Especially in onomas ics, one o he
778).
oldes s a a o names in Eu ope, he e a e s udies ca ied ou on an ou da ed
le el o knowledge, i.e. s udies ha do no do he same. Consensual use o he
cu en explana o y model o Indo-Ge manic s udies, s ill widely used. The aim o
he p esen wo k is also o examine and ques ion he esul s o such wo k by
means o he consensual explana o y model o mode n Indo-Ge manic s udies.
4. The Bal ic Names and he
The p oblem is ha we a e no dealing wi h a single documen , and he p oblem is ha we a e dealing wi h a single documen .
4.1. In his con ex , he i s Bal ic wa e names o be deal wi h a e hose wi h
li ., le . I'm going o go back o u ban. I'm going back o u ban. Wha is a s ake
he e is, in pa icula , he i e name Anykš à . Anýkš ė ., he sea name
Anýkš is m., u he he ield name Ana à . ( om Udolph 2020: 350 alsely lis ed
as a wa e name) and he dehyd onymic place name Anykščia (see LV 1: 88 ., 102,
based on Vanagas 1970:
151 ., 1981: 42).
Gäbe es en sp echende Namen beginnend mi li . On-, le . Ān- müss en sie
(i a ailable and no o be de i ed om he pe sonal name li . Onà ‘Anna; c .
Vanagas 1981: 234) heo e ically on u bal . I can be ei he an inne -Bal ic
seconda y de i a i e o i can be de i ed om ano he oo . I'd ha e o go back.
I 's a la e one. On he o he hand, i would be easy. on- [uon-], li . uon- (which is no
e en documen ed in wa e names; c . Vanagas 1981: 353). Fo Sla ic, i is wi h
la eu idg. I 's called "slaw". On- (in his con ex , o example, he Russian wa e
name onu ) o la eu idg. I'm no su e wha you mean. To coun on. 4.2. Bo h o
he The e is no connec ion in he appella i e ocabula y o hese languages. 4.3.
Since i has no ye been possible o de e mine he exis ence o a oo in he
appella i e ocabula y. *h1en(H)- (in ou da ed spelling jus […]*en/ *on[…]) o
p o e (see below §§ 4.5., 5.2., 5.3.), is i , i you wan o wo k me hodically clean, also
no pe missible, hese (in hei

S aipsniai / A icles 195
Anme kungen zu einigen mi An- beginnenden li auischen
Gewässe namen und ih en auße bal ischen Ve wand en
o use he o-s ep o m *h1on[H]-) o he Bal ic and Sla ic wa e names.
4.4. Fo he la eu idge o be used in he Bal ic and Sla ic wa e names. F om
oday's poin o iew o Indo-Ge manic s udies, i is basically a o m o u idg.
*h2en(H)- (gg . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. *h1/h2/h3an(H)-) also in
ques ion, o la e. * he e a e se e al po en ial p e o ms: u idg. *h1/h2-h3on(H)
o *h3en(H). O all hese po en ial p e o ms, only wo a e ac ually de ec able as
e bal oo s, namely u idg. *h2en- […]shaping[…] (LIV2 266) and u idg. *h2enH-
[…]a men[…] (LIV2 266) […] is joined by he seman ics in he p esen con ex as
well as u idg. *h2enH- […] b ea hing ou he oo u idg. *h2enH- […]Ahn[…] (see also
[…]anna- […]g andmo he […] and ahd. ana . […]id.[…] e c.) 6. Russian. On no
a bi a ily e e ing back o wo oo s […] and hus igno ing Ockham's azo
4.5. Somi bleib nu u idg. *h2en- ‘schöp en’ üb ig. Will man die Fo men
mi u bal . *an- (> li . An-, le . An-) bzw. u slaw. *an- (> gemeinslaw. *on- >
[…], is u idg. *h2 is he only ce ainly appella i e oo ha is used as a basis o
he Bal ic and Sla ic wa e names and mus he e o e be used. Fo a oo
u idg. *h1en(H)- he e is no p oo he e in he Bal ic and Sla ic in he onymic a ea:
he e a e no wa e names wi h bal slaw. LVŽ 2: 484 .7), an appella i e
con inua ion is e en less common.
I is, o cou se, a ac ha he oo u idg. *h2en- ‘c ea e su ely appealingly
encoun e ed only in Ana olian, in he e b he h. […]ān-i/[…]an- […](Wa e )
c ea e[…]8, which also includes he de i a i e DUG[…]anešša c.
[…]Schöp ge äß[…], also pe haps in a m. "Take i ou ", "b ing i ou ", " ake i
ou ", and pe haps in a simila ly e ymologically con o e sial g . […]ντλος m.
[…]kielbodenwasse , bilgenwasse […] (i < *h2n- lo- […]wha is being d awn om […]?) 10.
4.6. I is ema kable in his con ex he way in which Udolph
(2020: 360) seinen Leh e W. P. Schmid zi ie :
„W. P. Schmid geh genaue au das g iechische Wo ein [gemein is ἄντλος
"bilge wa e "; H. B.] Wha is i ? ...and concludes con incingly ha he e is i s o all a
ce ain 6 Vgl. EWAhd 1: 215 […] 217 (ana2); This is he i s ime I' e seen his. HEG 1: 147 . This
is he i s ime I' e seen i . ; This is EDHIL 285. 7 Acco ding o he imp in , Udolph was one o he e iewe s o his olume.
See also 8. HEG 1: 144 ., 148; EDHIL 281 . This is he i s ime ha he Bible has been ansla ed in o English.
See also 9. This is EDAIL 389, 636 . ; i no < u idg. I'm no going o lie o you. I 's called
10 Vgl. GEW 1: 114 (mi äl e e , heu e allgemein abgelehn e E ymologie au Basis on u idg.
"c ea ing". DÉLG 89, 1272 (addi ionally wi h e ymology om g . I 's called an u idg. * elh2- o
aise; GED 1: 109 (connec ion wi h he […]anun e appeal o Ben enis e 1954: 39).
HARALD BICHLMEIER
196 Li huanian Linguis ic Ac s LXXXIV
He called i a kind o wa e . He hen goes on o [sic] he wa e names I ha e al eady deal
wi h in his a icle, Inn, Ahne, Anne , Anykščai, e c., ... and concludes ha […] he e is
indeed a pen- ... o p o e. Finally, one con ains ei he a oo *1en o a oo *2enin meaning
" o low, o low", which may also be close o he Hi i e […]an- […]c ea ing[…]. In he
quo ed passage, howe e , Schmid 's ex is somewha di e en (Schmid 1988: 311 = 1994:
408), especially he es ic ion ini ially made in he o iginal ex is impo an and was
g ea ly sho ened and somewha ew i en by Udolph:
Wi hin a ield o which Cel ic naming mus be adop ed, he ques ion o whe he o use
enon o pen canno be decided. Wi hou going in o he la yngological p oblems he e, which
may be ela ed o a sepa a ion o […]en[…] o a oo […]en[…]in o he meaning low, low,
which may also be close o he Hi i e […]an[…]- […]c ea ing, i one can b idge he
kel . en- und sons igem an- hinauslau en könn en12, e häl man en wede eine Wu zel
di e ence in meaning by accep ing a de i a ion wi h he help o he oo blood […].
4.7. I also appea s he e ha he c i ical o nega i e a i ude
Schmid's la yngeal heo y has blocked his way o he solu ion and ul ima ely led o
inco ec p oposals, e en hough he could ha e shown he ac ual igh way.
Al eady a he ime o he c ea ion o his a icle by Schmid, i was widely
accep ed in Indo-Ge manic s udies ha i ul ima ely es s on […]a oo *[…]2en-[…],
hi . *ḫan- niemals au „eine Wu zel *ǝ1en-“ zu ückgehen konn e, sonde n aus-
i.e. u idg. I'm no going o lie o you. Howe e , i emains unclea wha Schmid
mean by he las clause no longe quo ed by Udolph: he meaning o a oo does
no change wi h he s age o decomposi ion.
4.8. Udolph's u he commen on his is also e ealing and shows his un amilia i y wi h
Indoge manis li e a u e: […]The connec ion p oposed by W. P. Schmid o he h. […] wi h G eek. [e g.
[…]ντλος] has also been conside ed in LIV: 266 wi hou knowing his con ibu ion. […] The knowledge o
his a icle was simply i ele an o LIV2 in his con ex , as Schmid (1988) he e compa ed he
wo ks ci ed by him om 11 Wha a e he o.a. The Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he
p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he
Ben enis e on 1954 und dem HEG 1: 144 . (1977/1983) nich s Neues b ing ,
sonde n nu diese äl e en We ke ab- bzw. wei e sch eib .
p inciple o p opo ionali y.
12 This a gumen a i ely impo an pa o he sen ence is missing om he quo e by Udolph.
S aipsniai A icles 197 and 197
Anme kungen zu einigen mi An- beginnenden li auischen
Gewässe namen und ih en auße bal ischen Ve wand en
5. The non-Bal ic ma e ial
Mos o he non-Bal ic ma e ial is p esen ed in he la es publica ion on he
name o he Ri e Inn (Udolph 2020). He e, al hough he name o he inn may be an
e en p e-Cel ic, i.e. ancien Eu opean o p e-Indo-Ge manic o (U )Indo-Ge manic
name, he abo e-men ioned ules o Indo-Ge manic a e igno ed.
Sein Ziel is es, au indoge manis isch längs übe hol em Ni eau disku ie-
end neue e E kenn nisse zu E ymologie jenes Flussnamens in eine Menge
I would like o ask he P esiden -in-O ice o he Council whe he he is
p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he
En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion. In connec ion wi h he
name o he i e Inn, in addi ion o he Bal ic and Sla ic wa e names al eady
discussed abo e, he ollowing e ymological amilies and nes s a e deal wi h in ha a icle, which will be u he explo ed whe he hey belong oge he o no .
a) he name Inn i sel , b) Middle I ish appella ions such as en […]Wasse […], enach
[…]Sump […], enb i he […]B ühe[…] d) some Ge man wa e names.
und englas ‘wäss ige Milch’,
c) de Name de Enns, mi . an ‘Fluss’ e c.
To he poin s in de ail:
5.1. The name Inn i sel
In Wiesinge , G eule (2019: 104) he ollowing ancien e idence is o e ed: Aeni
luminis [Taci us], he Aeneid [P olemy], he Aeneid [A ian]. These allow he
econs uc ion o a ibe in ad ance. One o hem. Acco ding o he
o e whelming majo i y o esea che s, his is ei he a Cel ic name o a
Cel icized name.
In Wiesinge , G eule (2019: 122) Wiesinge explains ( o Innbach,
[…] olks ümlich he Inn[…]):
The name o he inn goes like he name o he g ea inn, ..., o he same oo
idg. *pen- ‚Schlamm, Sump , Wasse ‘ zu ück (siehe do ). Hie is alle dings e s kel .
o ma ion wi h *enin mi eli . en […]Wasse […], enach […]Sump […] and English
[…]wäss ige Milch[…] (IEW, S. 807) inso a as he de i a i e ona [sic] as *Enonā o he
Cel ic is cha ac e is ic.
A he same ime one eads in he same book by Wiesinge (Wiesinge , G eule
2019: 47):
HARALD BICHLMEIER
198 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Al hough he e a e middlemen. en ‘Wa e , bu i s o igin is ques ionable, and mo e
ob ious, idg- sp . Educa ion wi h idg. *pen- ‘sludge, swamp, wa e and p-loss in
Accep ing he Cel icisa ion.
The explana ion gi en by G eule in Wiesinge , G eule (2019: 104) seems
a he a - e ched:
The u he e ymology is unclea . I 's he middle. en ‘Wa e may ha e been ans e ed
deonymically om he name o he inn o he island Cel ic, his appella i e (middle I ish)
appea s as he e ymology o he GewN in ques ion, ... […]13 This explana ion can also be
ound in DGNB 243: Wha does a medie al I ishman know abou he inn, which a ha ime
was a jou ney o se e al weeks away? How did he name o his i e come o be an
appella ion? (2015: 341) w i es abou […]< Cel ic *Enjos, Middle La in Enus[…]; The same can
Daneben schein es auch eine S amm o m *en-io- gegeben zu haben: G eule
be ead in An ei e , Chapman, Rampl (2009: 16): […]*Eni[…]os, d. i. kel ised *Peni[…]os idg.
"Slowly lowing wa e ". Fo example, in G eule (2010: 241) and DGNB, he dis inc ion, pe haps
o iginal, based on he wo ks o Poko nys (1948 […] 1949 and 1950 […] 51), ha he o m […]Enos
o iginally applied o he lowe cou se, *Eni[…]os o he uppe cou se o he i e (in he
Alps) is no o be cla i ied he e.
und *En-i- eine omanische E wei e ung des S ammes *Eno- is “.
In bo h cases, he unde lying oo is ei he o ked. I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . In olde li e a u e, simila i ies o a deonymic eme gence o wa e names can some imes
also be ead in ela ion o he Elbe: his is a leas a eally s iking and long i e (simila would apply o
he Rhine and he Danube), bu e en in hese cases Ve conside s such claims o be unp o en so a
(see Elbe and i s e ymology o example Bichlmeie 2012a; Bichlmeie , Blažekün 2015; G ung abe , 2014: 43
[…] wi h u he li e a u e espec i ely).
14 Fo he Inn see also he ollowing wo ks: To he e idence o he i e name abou ANB 553555
(Inn), 556 . (In al), An ei e 1996: 62 and Bo che s 2006: 2628, on he his o y o he Inn als Hei meie
2005, and also on he e ymology o An ei e , Haslinge , Jenewein 1995: 23; G zęga 2001: 169; An ei e
2005: 36 . (also by An ei e 1996: 62[…]64); An ei e 2008: 148; Delama e 2012: 149; EDPC 127; DTNG 1: 328;
explici ly on he me hodology o de e mining he language le el a which he name o he inn was
coined and on he doub s aised ega ding he e ymology c . I'm no su e ha 's a good idea. Thus,
wi h e e ence o he "ques ionable na u e o Cel icism", he name o he inn in An ei e 2016 is
inally no longe deal wi h (c . Ride s
2016: 7).
15 Fo example, An ei e , Chapman, Rampl 2009: 16: […]*Eni[…]os, d. i. kel isie es *Peni[…]os ← idg.
"Slowly lowing wa e ".
S aipsniai A icles 205 and 205
Anme kungen zu einigen mi An- beginnenden li auischen
Gewässe namen und ih en auße bal ischen Ve wand en
This is he i s ime ha his has happened. *peneine would also be a mo phologically
jus i iable oo o m, which in gene al is no oo o en o be p o en. F om all his i ollows
ha all he Ge manic wa e names men ioned abo e do no equi e he use o a oo
*h1en(H), so p o e o K ahes espec i ely Udolph's is no hing.
5.4.2. The only e idence could be wa e names ha a e p o en o ha e a
p imi i e o wes e n ge m. Le 's hea i . Udolph now also men ions some wa e
names wi h d . Enode I(h)n o s a . These should be discussed sepa a ely
he e:
5.4.2.1. Udolph (2020: 351 .) gi es he ollowing names: i s Obe -Ense,
Un e -Ense, Niede -Ense, Ensen, a place name Annezin (a he Pas-de-Calais).
These will be by Udolph himsel and i necessa y. Also DGNB on
*Anisa/ōzu ückge üh […] so again p o e no hing o u idg. The e's no ge m
in he e. I 's up o you.
5.4.2.2. Ennes , Welschenennes , Ens e a e explici ly aced back o an o-s age
o m and he gemina e is explained by Wes Ge manic consonan gemina ion by
*i. So i 's implici ly going o be a p e o m o u ge m. I 's no like I don' know
wha I'm doing. I 's se . So he o m also doesn' p o ide a ge m.
I'm no going o lie o you. *h1en(H)-. Wha is i ?
5.4.2.3. The e ymology o Ennepe ( i e name: 1235 Ennepe, 1325 Enepe; place name:
1285 de Enepene, 1398 Enepe) has no been de ini i ely cla i ied, as i is also
unce ain whe he he Gemina e is ancien o no . Udolph does no commen on
his, bu seems o coun on an e ymology *en-apazu (wi hou explici ly ci ing his
o m), while DGNB 128 ini ially es ains a connec ion wi h gall. anam is conside ed,
bu ul ima ely i is mo e likely o be de i ed om *Anipa < *aniaapa as an apa-name
wi h […](m.) *ania- (collec i e […] a o able posi ion?)[…]. In any case, G eule w i es
ha he Gemina e is no old, so i canno be coun ed wi h *enna- < *ani[…]ag. So he
meaning o implici *en-apaw would p obably be " low- low", " low-wa e ". The
e ymology seems o be any hing bu success ul, a e all, his migh be he i s
e idence o an ac ual ge m. They' e a ailable.
Howe e , he i e lies in he Ge manic-Cel ic ansi ion zone (see map), so a
Cel ic e ymology canno be comple ely uled ou . And i wi h Udolph, HELSON (1:
7 .) quo ing, Ani (s.o.) on *An-apabe uh , which should be Cel ic, his could
ul ima ely also be o En(n) epe < *En-apagel en (which Udolph also ci es
oge he ), especially in Cel ic wi h me. en, enach, e c. also called u kel . *(φ) is
p o en o be ue.
5.4.2.4. I u ns ou ha , consequen ly, he uni y in he desi ed
Bu i could no be achie ed.

HARALD BICHLMEIER
206 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
Fig 1, Ka e aus Schumache (2007: 169)
5.4.3. Finally, he e is a se ies o wa e sheds. T ea place names ha a e
ei he also d . E(h)nzeigen o s a wi h Ihnode and be ci ed by Udolph
(2020: 352 .) as a gumen s.
5.4.3.1. Fo he place name Ehnen (Luxembou g), he place name Ihn
(Saa land) oge he wi h he associa ed Ihne Bach is a s a emen om Cel ic.
*Enio/ā adi ionally assumed and his possibili y is also no con adic ed by
Udolph (2020: 352 .). Thus, since a Cel ic e ymology seems o be pa allel o ha o
he i e name Inn, hese names a e omi ed o he app oach o a oo u idg.
*h1en(H)-. Wha is i ?
5.4.3.2. Fo he Wes phalian place name Ihne, he de oponymic
Wa e names Ihne-Bach in Wes phalia, and p obably also he one (→ Wippe
S aipsniai A icles 207 and 207
Anme kungen zu einigen mi An- beginnenden li auischen
Gewässe namen und ih en auße bal ischen Ve wand en
Saale) show he oldes e idence in he o me case 1461 Eene, 16. Jh. Ehene, in he
la e 1321 Ena, Ene (Udolph gi es wo di e en o ms o he same documen in
wo ex s). Fo he Wes phalian name, Cel ic o igin is sa e o exclude, o he
Wippe ibu a y o he One i is unlikely, acco ding o he o.a. Howe e , he map
would p obably s ill be a he ex eme edge o he ansi ion a ea. The de i a ion
ejec ed by Udolph, bu exp essed only wi h es ain in DGNB (117, 238) om ahd.
*Aginaha > *Eina (One) > *Ēne (Eene, Ehene) > Ihne (One would he e o e ha e only
become i mly es ablished a an ea lie s age o de elopmen han in he case o
Ihne) would be loudly co ec , bu he adop ion o a nickname ahd. I'm no going o
lie o you.
The o eleg emains di icul .
Udolph quo es he e as Gewäh s au Schmid (1970: 54), who in ( om oday's poin o
iew) al eady almos ci cula a gumen a ion acco ding o Udolph w i es: "I you
wan o conside he GewN Inn < *Eni[…]os and Ihne, Eine < *Ena(na) oge he , so
emains, since Cel ic. N.-Gebung hen wi hd aws, only he accep ance o a Wz. 5.4.3.3.
idg. *en- (*on-) mi nich nähe bes imm e (Wasse -)Bedeu ung, die appella i isch
noch in den kel . Appella i en g ei ba is .“
Acco ding o he o.G. I is clea , o cou se, ha his is also a miscalcula ion, since
hey a e Cel ic. en, enach e c. is no p o ing o u idg. *h1en(H)- a e And whe he o
no one combines di e en e hymes has no hing o do wi h he will o a esea che
(o his o he ai h) bu wi h whe he he scien i ic
Maßs äbe dies zulassen ode nich .
I would be impo an o men ion o he cases wi h ge ms. *e in he i s open
syllable, which is abou he one in he o.g. Noun-based de elopmen o wa e names
in den jeweiligen Regionen, in den die Flüsse liegen, un e maue n wü den.
5.4.3.4. In his con ex , he names o wo i e s ha Udolph does no
men ion in his discussion should be men ioned: (also known as Ehebach; →
Aisch → Regni z → Main), 1073 Eha, 1479, 1481 Ee (DGNB 114); b) Ehn (in he
Alsace, → Ill → Rhine), 1284 enahe ( o ehena?), 1374 […]1401 in he Ahen,
place name Niede ehnheim (11. cen u y Ahenheim, 1050 Ehenheim),
Obe ehnheim (788 in Ehinhaim) (DGNB 115).
Fi s o all, he e can be a p e ix u ge m. *aχuiōe wogen (DGNB: gm. *Ahwjō
.), o he la e DGNB eckons wi h a […]g und o m (ahd.) *Ehina nex o
*Ahana (?) < gm. Ahwinō . nex o Ahwanō, n-de i ed om gm. I 's called
"Wasse lau ". And can i be comple ely uled ou ha such a […](ahd.)
*Ehina[…] he o.a. Is he e a eason?
5.4.4. In his con ex , I should like o commen b ie ly on Udolph's commen :
(2020: 362) s a ed ha one mus al eady know he ma e ial i
HARALD BICHLMEIER
In Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, he au ho s o he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, he au ho s o
he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, he au ho s o he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, he au ho s
o he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, he au ho s o he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, he
au ho s o he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, he au ho s o he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV,
he au ho s o he Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, he au ho s o he Ac a Linguis ica
LXXIV, he au ho s o he Ac a LXXIV. I is mo e impo an han 90 addi ional, bu
supe luous o he discussion, e idence o ci e, bu i is p obably he necessa y
me hodology o analyzing he ma e ial
zu behe schen.
No is he e any poin in quo ing om oday's ou da ed li e a u e (K ahe, W. P.
Schmid, e c.) which seem o suppo one's own a gumen when i s con en s and
ounda ions ha e long been, in some cases o decades, ou da ed. This hen only
has mo e scien i ic-his o ical alue, bu does no b ing any p og ess o esea ch.
5.5. In e media e esul
O e all, a e e iewing he names pu o wa d as a gumen s, i mus be
concluded ha he numbe o ( hough only hal ) eliable e idence o ge m. I'm no
going o lie o you. […]*en-(/*on-)[…] o *h1en(H)ses u idg. […]en-/ […]on-[…] o […]h1en(H)-
au maximal zwei zu belau en schein .
Angesich s diese Beleglage und noch meh au g und de Ta sache, dass die-
does no appea anywhe e clea ly in he appella i e ocabula y (as I said, no e en
Poko ny w o e i in his IEW), i simply seems inapp op ia e o con inue o ac wi h
such a oo .
6. Summa y
6.1. Man s eh o dem P oblem, dass man en wede die bal ischen und sla-
wischen Gewässe namen au G undlage eine sons in Eu opa o enba nich
I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he is awa e o he ac ha he
Commission has no ye aken a decision on his ma e , and whe he he is awa e
o he ac ha he Commission has no ye aken a decision on his ma e .
6.2. The use o Ockham's azo o ces he cu en
Da a s a us o he ollowing conclusion:
S aipsniai A icles 209 o
Anme kungen zu einigen mi An- beginnenden li auischen
Gewässe namen und ih en auße bal ischen Ve wand en
Ce ainly appella i ely a es ed is a oo *pen-; also ce ainly appella i ely
a es ed is a oo *h2en- […] no ce ainly appella i ely a es ed is howe e a
oo *h1en(H).
6.3 This ollows om he ollowing poin s:
6.3.1. The name o he Inn Ri e can be aced back o *penz, as can I.
and so on.
6.3.2. The names o he i e s Enns and Ense can be:
ebenso wie mi . an, gall. anam au *pn- ode *h2en- zu ückge üh we den.
6.3.3. Die bal ischen Gewässe namen, die mi An- und die slawischen
Wa e names ha begin wi h On can all be de i ed om u bal u slaw. I'm
no su e wha you mean. * cla i ied.
6.3.4. P ac ically all discussed Ge manic o Ge manic wa e names wi h he (no
possible, no p o en) excep ion o wo names (one o which could also be Cel ic,
he o he could be e ymologized di e en ly han is cus oma y) can be de i ed
om u ge m. *an- (< u idg. *h2enode *h2on-) o u ge m. *un- (< u idg. *h2n) o
u ge m. *h2ōn- (< u idg. *h2ōn-) can be explained, o go o u ge m. Back o and
s ay away anyway.
6.3.5. Consequen ly, he e is no eason o assign any oo *h1en(H)- (in obsole e
no a ion: *en-/*on-) o: In oday's s a e o knowledge, he p obabili y o he
bzw. au de G undlage de ak uell bekann en Ma e ialbasis lieg die
exis ence o such a oo is ze o. 6.4. I can he e o e be a gued (yes, i mus be
said) ha […] as long as he e is no undamen ally new ma e ial eme ging ha
would jus i y he app oach o a oo . *h1en(H)- wi h any seman ics also sui able
o he names o lowing wa e s p o es […] i a u idg. Jus a ound he co ne .
Phan omwu zel handel .
Wi h he excep ion o wo no en i ely clea cases o Ge man wa e names, all
wa e names ci ed by Udolph 2020 can be explained by he o he wise
appella i ely a es ed oo s *h2enund *penwide sp uchs ei:
Te ia adix is no da ed.
6.5. I can also be a gued he e ha he e could s ill be language ma e ial ha
would o ce he use o a oo *h1en(H). P obably no .
In conclusion, a e all he poin s men ioned abo e, i can be said ha he
quo e om Bichlmeie (2012a: 376) inc imina ed by Udolph (2020: 362) a he end
o his a icle, in a sligh ly ex ended o m, can and mus con inue o be
ega ded as ue:
HARALD BICHLMEIER
210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
All wa e names o appella i es used o his oo [mean o be u idg. *h1en(H)-,
obsole e […]*en-/*on-; H. B.] de i e ei he om Cel ic languages o a e a leas
suspicious o Cel ic media ion […] o a e o a oo u idg. I'm going o pu i on. A e all,
a leas on his poin , p og ess has been made in he las
I 's been a decade.
7. AUSBLICK
I emains wha has al eady been s a ed in ano he con ex (Bichlmeie 2018a: 230) ha
hose who deal wi h 'ancien Eu opean' o gene ally a chaic (Indo-Ge manic) wa e names
mus be amilia wi h Indo-Ge manic. In he absence o such knowledge (as i s ands), no
o de ly o e en ele an esul can be ob ained.
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S aipsniai A icles 213 and 213
Anme kungen zu einigen mi An- beginnenden li auischen
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