30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
Masa yk Uni e si y
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-6797-7188
Fields o esea ch: Indo-Eu opean s udies, especially Sla ic,
Bal ic, Cel ic, Ana olian, Tocha ian, Indo-I anian languages;
Fenno-Ug ic; A o-Asia ic; e ymology; gene ic classi ica ion;
ma hema ic models in his o ical linguis ics.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all84-02
BALTIC *JŪRĀ-/-(I)IĀ- ‘SEA’ &
*JAURĀ-/-(I)IĀ- ‘WET SOIL, BOG,
DEEP WATER’
Bal ų *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ i *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
‘šlapias di ožemis, pelkė, gilus anduo’
ANNOTATION
This a icle analyses he Common Bal ic e m *jū - ‘sea’ wi h i s ddhi- o ma ion
*jau - ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’, hei oponymic aces in he mac o-Bal ic a ea, p obable
bo owings iden i iable in Fenno-Pe mic *jü ɜ ‘deep place in wa e ’ and Fenno-Volgaic
*jä wä ‘lake’, p obable ex e nal cogna es in A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’, and in he hyd onyms
Iu as & Zy as om Eas e n Th ace and he Gaulish o onym Ju a wi h ega d o he seman ic
connec ion o he meanings ‘deep’ and ‘high’. These pa ial s eps lead o he inal conclusion
ha he p ima y meaning o he Bal ic oo *jū - was ‘deep wa e ’.
KEYWORDS: Bal ic, Fenno-Volgaic, Fenno-Pe mic, A menian, Th ace, Gaulish,
appella i e, hyd onym, oponym, e ymology, seman ic pa allel.
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje analizuojamas bend abal iškas žodis *jū - ‘jū a’ i jo ddhi- da inys *jau -
‘šlapias di ožemis, pelkė, gilus anduo’, jų oponiminiai pėdsakai Bal ijos jū os mak o egione,
ikė ini skoliniai Pe mės inų (*jü ɜ ‘gili ie a andenyje’) i Volgos inų (*jä wä ‘eže as’)
kalbose, galima giminys ė su a mėnų ǰow ‘ anduo’ i siejimas su hid onimais Iu as i Zy as
iš Ry ų T akijos bei galų o onimu Ju a, a siž elgian į eikšmių ‘gilus’ i ‘aukš as’ seman inį
S aipsniai / A icles 31
Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’
yšį. A lik as y imas leidžia pada y i iš adą, kad pi minė bal ų šaknies *jū - eikšmė bu o
‘gilus anduo’.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: bal ų, Volgos inų, Pe mės inų, a mėnų, akų, galų, apelia y as,
hid onimas, oponimas, e imologija, seman inė pa alelė.
DOCUMENTATION OF THE BALTIC
APPELLATIVES AND THEIR
PROTOLANGUAGE RECONSTRUCTIONS
1. In he Bal ic languages he e is a speci ic e m *jū - o ‘sea’, he quasi-
synonym o Li huanian mã ios o mã ės1 . pl. an um ‘sea; bay sepa a ed om
he sea by dunes’, La ian ma e, maŗa ‘bay, lagoon’, P ussian *ma ī ‘bay, lagoon,
spi ’ [Elbing Vocabula y 65: ma y ‘Ha ’] (Mažiulis 2013: 582; Smoczyński 2018:
755). The Bal ic e m was p obably adop ed in o he Bal o-Fennic languages:
Finnish, Olone s, Veps, Vo ic, Es onian me i, Ka elian meŕi, Li onian meŕ ‘sea’.
The umlau *a > *e has analogy in Finnish eki ‘sledge’, Ka elian, Olone s egi,
Vo ic eči, gen. egé, Es onian egi, Li onian eggos < Bal ic: Li huanian ãgės
‘sledge’, La ian agus / agu as / aga as ‘ la sledge’, de i ed om he Bal ic
e m o ‘ho n’: Li huanian ãgas, La ian ags ‘ho n’, pl. agi ‘handles o a
plough’, Old P ussian agis [EV] ‘Ho n’ (Thomsen 1890: 199, 210–211; SKES
341, 762; Smoczyński 2018: 1051, 1105).
1.1. In Li huanian he e appea wo apophonic a ian s, jū - and jau -.
1.1.1. Li huanian j a . ‘sea’, pl. j os; a . jū ia ., pl. jū ios and j ė2 ., pl. j ės
(Smoczyński 2018: 458) e lec P o o-Bal ic *jū ā-, *jū iā-, *jū iiā- espec i ely.
1.1.1.1. The i s eco d appea s in B e kūnas’ Li huanian ansla ion o he
New Tes amen (1579/1580) as he acc. pl. j ės: Be kaip Ek u nikai... Wal i
[ba eli] ing Iu es nuleido ‘Da abe die Schi leu e... den Kahn nide liessen in das
mee ’ (ALEW 423).
1.1.2. Li huanian jáu a, jáu ė, jáu is ‘we , hea y, in e ile soil; soil wi h clay’,
jáu a o jáu as ‘bog, deep wa e ’, adj. jau ùs ‘ma shy’, e lec he ddhi- ype
o ma ion *jau - o he oo *jū -, wi h simila nominal ex ensions (Smoczyński
2018, 459; Hill, ALEW 423: Das mo phologische Ve häl nis de ie s u igen und
olls u igen Bildungen zueinande is unkla . Es is möglich, dass de Ablau
e schiedene S ammal e nan en des g undsp achlichen Nomens e lek ie . Es
is abe auch nich auszuschliesen, dass die olls u ige Bildung eine ezen e
1 The co esponding o ms o he sg. an um a e a es ed oo: ma ià & mã ė (LKŽ VII 858, 848).
2 On he de i a ion o he inal -ė om *-iiā see Bammesbe ge 1970.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
V ddhi-Ablei ung zum in li . j a o liegenden ie s u igen S amm o se z .;
Da ms 1978: 435–436). The seman ic ela ion be ween ‘sea’ and ‘ma sh’
co esponds wi h Ge manic *ma i- ‘sea’ s. he ddhi- o ma ion *mō a- ‘ma sh,
swamp’ (Da ms 1978: 158–166, 435).
1.2. La ian jũ a o jũŗa ‘sea; g ea mass o wa e ; lake’, dial. jū e, jū is (ME II
122), Neh ung-Cu ish jū (e) . ‘sea’ (c . ALEW 423) a e de i able om he same
P o o-Bal ic pa e n *jū ā-, *jū iā-, *jū iiā- espec i ely, as hei Li huanian
coun e pa s.
1.3.1./2. The co esponding Old P ussian e ms appea in wo main sou ces,
he Elbing Vocabula y ( he only known copy by Pe e Holcwessche is da ed o
c. AD 1400, bu he o iginal should p obably be a cen u y olde ), and he so-
called Thi d Ca echism, called Enchi idion (p in ed AD 1561):
Old P ussian lu iay [EV 66: ‘Me ’] = nom. pl. m.3 *jū ’ai (Mažiulis 1981:
276; 2013: 319).
Old P ussian iū in ‘sea’ = acc.sg.m.4 *jū ’an (Mažiulis 1981: 276; 2013: 319):
K III, 67.11: Bhe ikaui e ki ʃcha ʃuckans en iū in ‘ nd He ʃche be Fi ch im
Mee ’.
K III, 75.2: bke {= bhe} ʃ an pe inc an Pha ao ʃen wiʃʃan ʃwaieis en minan
iū in auʃkandinnons ‘Vnd den e ʃ ock en Pha ao mi allen den ʃeinen im Ro en
Mee e ʃeu ’ (Mažiulis 1981: 206, 226; Topo o 1980: 93).
1.4. The o ms collec ed abo e we e p ojec ed in o P o o-Indo-Eu opean by
a ious schola s:
1.4.1. Da ms (1978: 435): *iuə o- s. V ddhi-Ablei ung *ieuə o-.
1.4.2. I slinge (NIL 2008: 404–405): *iuH -aH2-/-(i)iaH2- and *ieuH -aH2-.
1.4.3. Pe i (2010: 9): *H1uH - and *H1euH -; al e na i ely *iū - (wi h ega d
o A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’).
1.4.4. Hill (ALEW 2015: 423): *iuH -.
1.4.5. De ksen (2015: 215): *uH -/*eu’ -.
DOCUMENTATION OF THE BALTIC
TOPONYMS
2. The use o hese appella i es in Bal ic oponymy is also in e es ing.
3 Pe i (2010: 144) sees in -ay he eminine dual in *-āi.
4 T au mann (1910: 349) iden i ied in Old P ussian iū in he eminine co esponding o he
Li huanian & La ian coun e pa s.
S aipsniai / A icles 33
Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’
2.1.1. In Li huania, e.g., he i e -names J a, J ė, J upis a e known, and
he lake-name Jù -eže is (Vanagas 1981: 139), co esponding o he compound
appella i e ju ēže is ‘ e y big lake’ (Topo o 1980: 93).
2.1.2. The ddhi- o ma ion was also applied in Li huanian hyd onymy: he
i e s Jáu -upė, Jáu os upẽlis, Jau yklà, lakes Jau s, Jau iùkas (Vanagas 1981:
134).
2.2. In La ia he e a e also oponyms o med om hese appella i es: he
meadow Jū a, and he o es s Jūŗas-mežs, Jū -biẽ z e c. (Vanagas 1981: 139).
2.3. On he sou he n bo de o he e i o y o he his o ical Yo ingians
he i e called Ju a was known (1426, 1428 Iu a, 1432, 1540, 1565 Ju a), oday
B onówka, he igh ibu a y o he Na ew Ri e (Rozwadowski 1948: 125; c .
also P zyby ek 1993: 91–92 abou he place-names o he same o igin). Udolph
(1990: 128–130) co ec ly men ioned ha he Bal ic oo *jū - should ha e
been ans o med in o Sla ic / Polish +Jy a and u he +Ji a. The o m Ju a in
Sla ic milieu indica es a p ima y P e-Sla ic sou ce o he ype *jau -, which is
eally a es ed (see §1.1.2.).
2.4. In he basin o he Mosk a Ri e , he ibu a y o he Oka, he e a e wo
go ges called Ju in, which can be e ymologized wi h help o Li huanian jau ýnas
‘ma shy place’ (O kupščiko 2004: 91).
2.5. The i s w i en eco d o a possible de i a i e o he Bal ic oo *jū o
in some hypo he ical Wes Bal ic dialec could be iden i ied in he oponym
Ἰούρουνον, a es ed in he so-called manusc ip R o “Geog aphy” by P olemy
[2.11.27.] om he middle o he 2nd cen . CE unde he coo dina es [μδ´L’,
νε´] = [44°30’, 55°00’], i.e., o he wes o he mou h o he Vis ula i e [με´,
νς´] = [45°00, 56°00] and o he eas o he mou h o he Viadua Ri e [μβ´L’,
νς´] = [42°30, 56°00] and om he mou h o he Sue us Ri e [λθ´L’, νς´] =
[39°30, 56°00] (see P olemy 2.11.3.). Le us men ion ha he al e na i e eco d
is Οὐίρουνον wi h coo dina es [μ´L’, νε´] = [40°30’, 55°00’], which shi i o
he wes , be ween he mou hs o he i e s Viadua and Suebus (see Cun z 1923:
66). Accep ing he o m Ἰούρουνον, i is possible o analyze i as he Bal ic
oo *jū -, plus he su ix *-ūn-, which appea s, e.g., in he P ussian i e -
name Raudune (1316), wi hou he su ix in he Li huanian i e -name Raudà,
bo h om he adj. o he ype Li huanian aũdas ‘ eddish’; simila ly in he Old
P ussian lake-name Si gun s. si gis ‘s allion’; Li huanian Dumbliūnai : dublas
‘ma sh’ (Ge ullis 1922: 139, 254).
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
PROBABLE BALTIC BORROWINGS INTO
FENNO-PERMIC
3. Rema kable a e p obable bo owings o bo h he Bal ic a ian s, *jū - &
*jau -, in o Fenno-Pe mic *jü ɜ ‘deep place in wa e ’ and Fenno-Volgaic *jä wä
‘lake’ espec i ely.
3.1. Fenno-Pe mic *jü ɜ ‘deep place in wa e ’ (UEW 635–36; SKES 128–
29) > Finnish jy ä ‘Bach mi s eilen U e n, s eil ab allende Kanal, B unnen’,
jy ämä ‘kleine e Wasse all, Wasse s udel’; Saami jâ em ‘sligh widening o
a i e ’ (N), L j ē ‘kleine Talkessel, ie es Loch, ie e Kolk in einem See
ode Fluß’, L ja ēm ‘kleine Talkessel mi eiche Vege a ion; kleine unde
Ausbuch ung in einem Fluß ode einem Bach’, Ko. No . jē em ‘ ie e S elle
im Wasse (bes. un e halb eines Wasse alls)’ (> Finnish dial. jä ämä ‘kleine
Wasse all’; Udmu je ‘ ie e S elle (im Wasse ), Tie e, S udel’, Komi ji (S P)
‘ ie e S elle im Fluß ode See’ (S), ‘Ve ie ung; ie (bes. on Wasse , auch z.B.
. eine G ube’ (P), PO jö ‘ ie e S elle (im Wasse )’.
3.2. Fenno-Volgaic *jä wä ‘lake’ (UEW 633; SKES 132) > Finnish jä i, Vo e
ja i, Es onian jä ‘lake’; Saami N jaw’ e Lule jau’ ē, T jāi e, Kld. jai , No .
ja id., Mokša Mo d in (j)ɛŕ’-󰇴’ɛ, E zya ɛŕ’-󰇴’ɛ ‘id., pond’, Ma i KB jä , U B
je ‘lake’ (Būga 1959: 273; Rozwadowski 1948: 127; Topo o 1980: 97: Bal ic >
Fenno-Volgaic; Bedna czuk 1976: 48: Fenno-Volgaic > Bal ic). The me a hesis
o sono an s is egula in bo owings o Bal ic o igin, c . e.g. (a) Finnish ka a
‘hai ’, Es onian ka ‘id., colo ’ < Li huanian gaũ as ‘hai on he body o an
animal’, La ian gau i pl. ‘pubic hai ’ (Thomsen 1890: 171; SKES 166–167;
F aenkel 1962/1965: 140); (b) Finnish a as ‘ oe, elk’, Es onian a as ‘bull-elk,
au ochs’ < Li huanian aũ as ‘au ochs, bull’, P ussian au is ‘bison’ (Thomsen
1890: 228–229; SKES 1240–1241).
4. I seems ha he e is only a single secu e cogna e wi hin Indo-Eu opean,
namely A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’, gen.sg. ǰ oy, ins .sg. ǰow b, gen. pl. ǰow c‘, ǰ oc‘
(Meille 1936: 52; Sol a 1960: 320–322; Džaukjan 1967: 220; Schmi 1981: 70;
Olsen 1999: 50, 662, 674, 787, 855: o-/consonan -s em).
4.1. Meille (1936: 52), ollowed by Džaukjan (1967: 221–222) and
Ma i osyan (2010: 556; in his e ymological dic iona y he lemma ǰow ‘wa e ’
is su p isingly missing), ci e ye ano he example o he de elopmen o *i- >
A menian ǰ-, namely A menian ǰan ‘zeal, e o , labou ’, s. G eek ζῆλος, Do ic
ζᾶλος ‘zeal, emula ion, jealousy’, u he A menian dial. (Suč‘a a) glxi ǰanal
‘ o do ha m, damage’ s. G eek ζημία ‘loss, damage, penal y’, Young A es an
auua-iiā- ‘penance’. Džaukjan (1967: 222) added he compa ison o A menian

S aipsniai / A icles 35
Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’
ǰo ‘shoo , sp ou ’ s. Vedic yá asa- ‘g ass, pas u e’, besides yá a- ‘Ge eide,
Ge s e, Hi se’; c . G eek φυσί-ζοος ‘Ge eide he o b ingend’, Li huanian ja a
‘Ge eide’ e c. (Poko ny 1959: 512).
4.2. Alexande Nikolae (p.c., Ap il 3, 2021) d ew my a en ion o a
hypo he ical cogna e o Bal ic *jū - ‘sea’, which he sees in G eek Εὖρος ‘{God
o } Sou heas wind’ [Od. 5.295, 331; 19.205]. The exis ing e ymologies a e no
con incing: Cu ius (1879: 398) connec ed i wi h he e b εὕω ‘ o singe’ <
*H1eus- ‘ o bu n’ (Beekes 2010: 486), bu i does no ag ee wi h he epi he ὑγρὸς
‘we , mois , wa e y, luid; weak, so ’ o his wind, media ed by Scholia o Odyssey
[5.295]. Kaibel (1885: 614) de eloped he ancien idea o connec ion wi h G eek
αὔρα ‘b eeze, esh ai ’, ela ed o ᾱήρ ‘mis , haze, clouds’ < *H2eus-ē (Beekes
2010: 27, 171–172), bu he ini ial diph hongs ευ- and αυ- a e incompa ible.
A new e ymology could consis in he seman ic opposi ion be ween Ionic
Βορέης, A ic Βορρᾶς, Lesbian Βορίαις, ‘No h wind’, by A is o le Βορέας
καὶ ἀπαρκτίας, and Εὖρος ‘Sou heas wind’. I Βορέας as a hypo he ical ‘wind
o he moun ains’ hides a pe i ied IE wo d *guo H- ‘moun ain’ (c . Beekes
2010: 227), i is emp ing o specula e ha Εὖρος, b inging we ness, could be
connec ed wi h a ‘sea’, pe haps ‘wind om he sea in sou heas ’. I emains o
explain di e ences in he ini ial posi ion.
4.2.1. Pe i ’s econs uc ion *H1euH - and De ksen’s *eu’ - seem o be
compa ible wi h G eek Εὖρος, bu no wi h A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’, while
I slinge ’s econs uc ion *iuH -/*ieuH - = Da ms’ *iuə o-/*ieuə o- is
compa ible wi h A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’. Le us judge whe he hey a e compa ible
also wi h G eek Εὖρος. In G eek, he e a e wo con inuan s o IE *i-, namely ζ-
and h- (spi i us aspe ) – see Schwyze 1939: 303; Lejeune 1972: 165–166. Bu
psilosis ope a ed in Ionic and Aeolic, by which spi i us aspe was eplaced by
spi i us lenis, e.g. εἰνατέρες pl. ‘wi e o he husband’s b o he ’ [Il.], sg. ἐνατηρ
[insc .; Ana olia] < *(H)ienH2- e -, wi h cogna es in Sansk i yā a -, A menian
ne , La in iani īcēs ‘wi es o b o he s’, Old Li huanian jen ė ‘b o he ’s wi e,
sis e -in-law’, Old Chu ch Sla onic [Gl Me h] ję y ‘sis e -in-law’ (Beekes 2010:
389; Smoczyński 2018: 447; Valčáko á, ESJS 5: 292–293). I means, G eek
Εὖρος is also de i able om *ieuH -.
POSSIBLE BALKAN HYDRONYMIC
COUNTERPARTS
5. Ou side he Bal ic oponymical a ea, he e a e u he oponyms which
sugges hemsel es as possibly ela ed.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
36 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
5.1. In he e i o y o his o ical Th acia Pliny he Elde 5 eco ded wo
hyd onyms, Zy as, oday pe haps Ba o ska eka in Dob udža (De schew 1957:
196), and Iu as, oday pe haps he Sou h Bulga ian i e Ka aagač (‘black ee’
in Tu kish), known also as Ki enska eka (Beše lie apud Janakie a 2009:
77), which a e mo e o less p omising candida es o ela ion wi h he Bal ic-
A menian isogloss.
5.1.1. Tomaschek (1894: 98) connec ed Zy as (he w o e Ζύρας & Ζούρας)
wi h A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’, bu loca ed he i e in he neighbou hood o
Thynias, whe e Pliny had loca ed he Iu as Ri e . Maybe Tomaschek implici ly
judged ha bo h o he hyd onyms a e iden ical, al hough hei geog aphic
loca ions we e de e mined di e en ly by Pliny (c . Janakie a 2009: 70–71).
Le us men ion ha Du idano (1969: 34) hough ha Zy as was a Dacian
hyd onym and connec ed i wi h he Li huanian i e -name Žiū à e c.
5 Plinius, Na u alis His o ia 4.44–45: 44namque h acia al e o la e e a pon ico li o e incipiens, ubi
his e amnis inme gi u , el pulche imas in ea pa e u bes habe , his opolin milesio um, omos,
calla im, quae an ea ce ba is ocaba u , he acleam. habui e bizonen e ae hia u ap am; nunc
habe dionysopolim, c unon an ea dic am; adlui zy as amnis. o um eum ac um scy hae a o e es
cognomina i enue e. eo um oppida aph odisias, libis os, zyge e, hocobae, eumenia, pa henopolis,
ge ania, ubi pygmaeo um gens uisse p odi u ; ca izos ba ba i ocaban , c edun que a g uibus
uga os. 45in o a a dionysopoli es odessus milesio um, lumen pannysis, oppidum e e a, naulochus.
mons haemus, as o iugo p ocumbens in pon um, oppidum habui in e ice a is aeum; nunc
in o a mesemb ia, anchialum, ubi messa ue a . as ice egio habui oppidum an hium; nunc es
apollonia. lumina panisos, iu as, ea us, o osines; oppida hynias, halmydesos, de el on cum
s agno, quod nunc deul um oca u e e ano um, phinopolis, iux a quam bospo os.
Plinius Secundus: Na u alis His o ia, ed. by G. Winkle , 1988.
‘The o he side o Th ace now begins, on he coas o he Euxine, whe e he i e Is e discha ges
i sel ; and i is in his qua e pe haps ha Th ace possesses he ines ci ies, His opolis,
namely, ounded by he Milesians, Tomi, and Calla is, o me ly called Ace e is. I also had
he ci ies o He aclea and Bizone, which la e was swallowed up by an ea hquake; i now
has Dionysopolis, o me ly called C uni, which is washed by he i e Zy as. All his coun y
was o me ly possessed by he Scy hians, su named A o e es; hei owns we e, Aph odisias,
Libis os, Zyge e, Rocobe, Eumenia, Pa henopolis, and Ge ania, whe e a na ion o Pygmies is
said o ha e dwel ; he ba ba ians used o call hem Ca uzi, and en e ain a belie ha hey
we e pu o ligh by c anes. Upon he coas , p oceeding om Dionysopolis, is Odessus, a ci y
o he Milesians, he i e Panysus, and he own o Te anaulo- chus. Moun Hæmus, which,
wi h i s as chain, o e hangs he Euxine, had in o me imes upon i s summi he own o
A is æum. A he p esen day he e a e upon he coas Mesemb ia, and Anchialum, whe e
Messa o me ly s ood. The egion o As ice o me ly had a own called An hium; a he p esen
day Apollonia occupies i s si e. The i e s he e a e he Panisos, he Iu as, he Tea us, and
he O osines; he e a e also he owns o Thynias, Halmydessos, De el on, wi h i s lake, now
known as Deul um, a colony o e e ans, and Phinopolis, nea which las is he Bospo us.’
Pliny he Elde : The Na u al His o y, ansla ed by John Bos ock & H. T. Riley, London: Taylo
& F ancis, 1855.
S aipsniai / A icles 37
Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’
5.1.2. Du idano (1969: 34–35) and Geo gie (1977: 82) compa ed Iu as
wi h Bal ic *jū - ‘sea’.
A HYPOTHETICAL ORONYMICAL
COUNTERPART
6. I is emp ing o specula e abou he ela ionship o he o onym Mons
Iu a, i.e., he Ju a Moun ains in con empo a y wes e n Swi ze land and eas e n
F ance, which o m he no hwes e n sho e o he bigges and deepes lake o
Wes e n Eu ope, Lake Gene a (580 km2; 310 m). Al eady in he i s ancien
sou ce whe e he Ju a Moun ains we e men ioned, in ‘Gallic Wa ’ by Caesa , he
heigh o he Ju a Moun ains was s essed: al e a ex pa e mon e Iu a al issimo6 ‘on
a second side by he Ju a, a e y high moun ain’ [1.2.3.] o in e mon em Iu am
e lumen Rhodanum, ... mons au em al issimus impendeba 7 ‘be ween Moun Ju a
and he i e Rhone ... he e was, mo eo e , a e y high moun ain o e hanging’
[1.6.1.]. The o onym Ju a is con inued in some dialec isms om he F ench-
Swiss bo de land (FEW V, 82–83): Old Neuchâ el (1297) jou ‘ o es ’, Mon ana
6 Caesa : De bello Gallico 1.2.3: Id hoc acilius iis pe suasi , quod undique loci na u a Hel e ii
con inen u : una ex pa e lumine Rheno la issimo a que al issimo, qui ag um Hel e ium a
Ge manis di idi ; al e a ex pa e mon e Iu a al issimo, qui es in e Sequanos e Hel e ios; e ia
lacu Lemanno e lumine Rhodano, qui p o inciam nos am ab Hel e iis di idi .
‘To his he he mo e easily pe suaded hem, because he Hel e ii, a e con ined on e e y side by he
na u e o hei si ua ion; on one side by he Rhine, a e y b oad and deep i e , which sepa a es
he Hel e ian e i o y om he Ge mans; on a second side by he Ju a, a e y high moun ain,
which is [si ua ed] be ween he Sequani and he Hel e ii; on a hi d by he Lake Gene a, and by
he i e Rhone, which sepa a es ou P o ince om he Hel e ii.’
7 Caesa : De bello Gallico 1.6.1-2: 1E an omnino i ine a duo, quibus i ine ibus domo exi e possen :
unum pe Sequanos, angus um e di icile, in e mon em Iu am e lumen Rhodanum, ix qua singuli
ca i duce en u , mons au em al issimus impendeba , u acile pe pauci p ohibe e possen ; 2al e um
pe p o inciam nos am, mul o acilius a que expedi ius, p op e ea quod in e ines Hel e io um
e Allob ogum, qui nupe paca i e an , Rhodanus lui isque non nullis locis ado ansi u .
‘The e we e in all wo ou es, by which hey could go o h om hei coun y one h ough he
Sequani na ow and di icul , be ween Moun Ju a and he i e Rhone by which sca cely one
wagon a a ime could be led; he e was, mo eo e , a e y high moun ain o e hanging, so ha
a e y ew migh easily in e cep hem; he o he , h ough ou P o ince, much easie and ee
om obs acles, because he Rhone lows be ween he bounda ies o he Hel e ii and hose o
he Allob oges, who had la ely been subdued, and is in some places c ossed by a o d.’
C. Julius Caesa : De bello Gallico, ed. by T. Rice Holmes, Ox o d: Cla endon P ess, 1914.
C. Julius Caesa : Gallic Wa , ansla ed by W. A. McDe i e & W. S. Bohn, New Yo k: Ha pe &
B o he s, 1869.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
38 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
zū , Chamonix δu id., Neuchâ el joux ‘ o ê , su ou o ê de mon agne’, jo a
‘pe i e o ê ; lieu plein de b oussailles’, Vionnaz dzo á ‘pe i e o ê de sapins’,
besides Middle La in (Sa oy) jo ia ‘Be gwald’ e c.
6.1. The seman ic connec ion beween he meanings ‘deep’ and ‘high’ should
no be su p ising. 6.1.1. E.g. La in al us means bo h ‘high’ (o iginally ‘g own’,
i i is de i ed om alō ‘ o nou ish, inc ease’) and ‘deep’, c . sub amis a bo is
al ae [Cice o, Tusculanae dispu a iones 3.19.44] o al is de mon ibus [O idius,
Me amo phoses 3.181] s. al issima lumina [Cice o, Tusculanae dispu a iones
3.6.13] o al io aqua [Caesa , Bellum ci ile 3.77]. Rema kable is he syn agm
‘high sea’, used al eady in a chaic ex s as IN ALTOD MARID PVCNandod
[Columna Duilii = CIL 25; see Wach e 1987: 359–60] o u qui pe mensus pon i
ma ia al a eli ola [Li ius And onicus apud Mac obius, Sa u nalia 6.5.10].
6.1.2. On he o he hand, Tocha ian A äp- ‘ o become high’, besides A
pä , B ap e ‘high’, e lec ing *dhub o-, a e de i a i es o he oo *dheub- ‘ o
be deep’, c . B i onic *dubno- > Welsh dw n, Co nish down, B e on doun
‘deep’; Go hic diups, Old No se djúp , Old English dēop, Old Saxon diop, Old
High Ge man io ‘deep’; Li huanian dubùs ‘deep; wi h a hollow (o a ee);
conca e, collapsed’, besides daubà ‘go ge, gulch, o es a ine’, Old P ussian
[EV] padaubis ‘ alley’; no e also o-less Tocha ian A op, B aupe ‘mine’ (Adams
2013: 296, 330; Smoczyński 2018: 199–200, 256–257). I is emp ing o
add he sigma ic ex ension in Cunei o m Lu ian dupša-8 in he o mula ion
al- a-an-ni-iš Du-up-ša-aš ‘ he sp ing Dupša-’ [KBo II 7 Vo. 25] (S a ke
1990: 175; Melche 1993: 235). Fu he -de i a i es a e also known ou side
Tocha ian: Li huanian dub à ‘ a ine in a o es ’, dub s ‘den , hollow, a ine;
dep hs in a i e o lake’, La ian dub a ‘mud, quagmi e’, Chu ch Sla onic
(Russian edac ion) dъb ь ‘φάραγξ, a ine, go ge’, Slo ak dial. deb a ‘di ch
washed ou by s o m wa e ; a ine, gully, hole’, Uk ainian dial. déb a ‘ a ine,
go ge, alley’, Belo ussian dial. dzieb a ‘ alley be ween moun ains; s eam, c eek
be ween moun ains’ e c. (Smoczyński 2018: 256); Cel ic *dub o- ‘wa e ’ > Old
I ish dobu , Middle Welsh dw( ) , Welsh d , Co nish & Middle B e on dou
id., Old B i onic Dub is [I ine a ium An onini], oday Do e , Gaulish *dub a
> Dou es, o oday Taube in he Ge man egion Taube -gau (Dub a-ga e AD
807), e c. (Hamp 1972: 233–237; Ma aso ić 2009: 107; G eule 2014: 529;
Delama e 2018: 152). The gloss δύβρις · κατὰ γλῶσσον θάλασσα [sch. Theoc.
1.118c] undoub edly belongs he e oo, al hough i s language a ilia ion is open;
he a ou i e has been Illy ian (Beekes 2010: 358). The meaning ‘sea’ also
suppo s ano he de i a i e o he same oo , Albanian de , I alo-Albanian dej ,
8 The co esponding s-s em could be ound in he name o one o Li huanian lakes, Bùdasas,
usually de i ed om *dubasas (Vanagas 1981: 93).
S aipsniai / A icles 45
Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’
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20/4, 579–624.

VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
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S aipsniai / A icles 47
Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
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48 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
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Acknowledgemen
The p esen s udy was p epa ed hanks o he suppo o he Speci ic Resea ch
Fund o Masa yk Uni e si y, N . 2817. I am g a e ul o John D. Beng son and
S e an Zimme o hei commen s and co ec ion o English. My hanks also
belong o Alexande Nikolae o his men ion o he G eek da a and o wo
anonymous e e ees o hei use ul commen s.
S aipsniai / A icles 49
Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’
Bal ų *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘jū a’ i *jau ā-/-(i)iā-
‘šlapias di ožemis, pelkė, gilus anduo’
SANTRAUKA
S aipsnyje analizuojama p o o-bal ų šaknis *jū -. Ji paliudy a lie u ių kalbos žodyje
j a ., pl. j os; a . jū ia ., pl. jū ios i j ė ., pl. j ės i la . jũ a a ba jũŗa ‘jū a; didelis
andens elkinys; eže as’, dial. jū e, jū is (ME II 122), ku šininkų jū (e) . ‘jū a’. Šios
o mos a i inkamai gali bū i sie inos su p o obal ų *jū ā-, *jū iā-, *jū iiā-. S. p ūsų lu iay
[Elbingo žodynas 66: ‘Me ’] = nom. pl. *jū ’ai i iū in [Enchi idion] ‘jū a’ = acc. sg. *jū ’an
a spindi p o obal išką o mą *jū iā-. Nag inėjamajai šakniai giminiški i lie . jáu a, jáu ė,
jáu is ‘šlapia, sunki, nede linga di a; di ožemis su moliu’, jáu a a ba jáu as ‘pelkė, gilus
anduo’, būd a dis jau ùs ‘pelkė as’, a spindin ys šaknies *jū - ddhi- da ybos ipą *jau -
su panašiais a dažodiniais plė iniais. Nag inėjamasis žodis y a gana plačiai paliudy as
Lie u os i La ijos hid onimijoje, aip pa i už y inio Bal ijos egiono e i o ijos ibų,
pa yzdžiui, Iu a (Na e o in akas, pi masis paminėjimas 1426 m.) i Ju in (d i g io os
Mask os upės baseine), pas a asis a i inka lie . jau ýnas ‘pelkė a ie a’. Pi masis ašy inis
galimai bal iškos šaknies *jū o da inio paminėjimas gali bū i a pažįs amas . Ἰούρουνον,
lokalizuojamo į aka us nuo Vis ula upės žiočių i į y us nuo Viadua upės žiočių, ku is
iksuo as adinamame P olemajaus Geog a ijos ank aš yje R [2.11.27.] (II a.). Abu bal ų
a ian us *jū - & *jau - pasiskolino Pe mės inai – *jü ɜ ‘gili ie a andenyje’ i Volgos
inai – *jä wä ‘eže as’. Ki ose indoeu opiečių kalbose pa ikimai paliudy as ik ienas
giminiškas žodis – a mėnų ǰow ‘ anduo’. Esama galimybės jį sie i su s. g aikų Εὖρος
‘Pie yčių ėjo {die as}’. Šiuo a eju galima ekons uo i bend as p o o o mas *iuH - i
*ieuH -. Pa eikiamos i d i pe spek y ios Plinijaus Vy esniojo iš is o inės T akijos už ašy os
hid oniminės pa alelės: Zy as, galbū daba inė Ba o ska eka Dob udžoje, i Iu as, daba
galbū upė Ka aagač (Pie ų Bulga ija). P oblemiškesnis siejimas su galų o onimu Mons Iu a.
Siūlomas naujas e imologinis sp endimas – o mą *iuH -/*ieuH - galima analizuo i kaip
seną junginį, suda y ą iš *ieu- (i) ‘judė i’ a ba (ii) ‘a ski i’ i *uH1 - ‘ anduo’.
Į eik a 2021 m. ko o 15 d.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
Depa men o Linguis ics and Bal ic S udies
Masa yk Uni e si y
No áka 1, CZ-60200 B no
blaze[email p o ec ed]