Baltic “*jūrā-/-(i)i̯ā-” ‘sea’ & “*jaurā-̆ /-(i)i̯ā-̆” ‘wet soil, bog, deep water’

30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Masa yk Uni e si y ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-6797-7188 Fields o esea ch: Indo-Eu opean s udies, especially Sla ic, Bal ic, Cel ic, Ana olian, Tocha ian, Indo-I anian languages; Fenno-Ug ic; A o-Asia ic; e ymology; gene ic classi ica ion; ma hema ic models in his o ical linguis ics. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all84-02 BALTIC *JŪRĀ-/-(I)IĀ- ‘SEA’ & *JAURĀ-/-(I)IĀ- ‘WET SOIL, BOG, DEEP WATER’ Bal ų *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ i *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘šlapias di ožemis, pelkė, gilus anduo’ ANNOTATION This a icle analyses he Common Bal ic e m *jū - ‘sea’ wi h i s ddhi- o ma ion *jau - ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’, hei oponymic aces in he mac o-Bal ic a ea, p obable bo owings iden i iable in Fenno-Pe mic *jü ɜ ‘deep place in wa e ’ and Fenno-Volgaic *jä wä ‘lake’, p obable ex e nal cogna es in A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’, and in he hyd onyms Iu as & Zy as om Eas e n Th ace and he Gaulish o onym Ju a wi h ega d o he seman ic connec ion o he meanings ‘deep’ and ‘high’. These pa ial s eps lead o he inal conclusion ha he p ima y meaning o he Bal ic oo *jū - was ‘deep wa e ’. KEYWORDS: Bal ic, Fenno-Volgaic, Fenno-Pe mic, A menian, Th ace, Gaulish, appella i e, hyd onym, oponym, e ymology, seman ic pa allel. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje analizuojamas bend abal iškas žodis *jū - ‘jū a’ i jo ddhi- da inys *jau - ‘šlapias di ožemis, pelkė, gilus anduo’, jų oponiminiai pėdsakai Bal ijos jū os mak o egione, ikė ini skoliniai Pe mės inų (*jü ɜ ‘gili ie a andenyje’) i Volgos inų (*jä wä ‘eže as’) kalbose, galima giminys ė su a mėnų ǰow ‘ anduo’ i siejimas su hid onimais Iu as i Zy as iš Ry ų T akijos bei galų o onimu Ju a, a siž elgian į eikšmių ‘gilus’ i ‘aukš as’ seman inį S aipsniai / A icles 31 Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’ yšį. A lik as y imas leidžia pada y i iš adą, kad pi minė bal ų šaknies *jū - eikšmė bu o ‘gilus anduo’. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: bal ų, Volgos inų, Pe mės inų, a mėnų, akų, galų, apelia y as, hid onimas, oponimas, e imologija, seman inė pa alelė. DOCUMENTATION OF THE BALTIC APPELLATIVES AND THEIR PROTOLANGUAGE RECONSTRUCTIONS 1. In he Bal ic languages he e is a speci ic e m *jū - o ‘sea’, he quasi- synonym o Li huanian mã ios o mã ės1 . pl. an um ‘sea; bay sepa a ed om he sea by dunes’, La ian ma e, maŗa ‘bay, lagoon’, P ussian *ma ī ‘bay, lagoon, spi ’ [Elbing Vocabula y 65: ma y ‘Ha ’] (Mažiulis 2013: 582; Smoczyński 2018: 755). The Bal ic e m was p obably adop ed in o he Bal o-Fennic languages: Finnish, Olone s, Veps, Vo ic, Es onian me i, Ka elian meŕi, Li onian meŕ ‘sea’. The umlau *a > *e has analogy in Finnish eki ‘sledge’, Ka elian, Olone s egi, Vo ic eči, gen. egé, Es onian egi, Li onian eggos < Bal ic: Li huanian ãgės ‘sledge’, La ian agus / agu as / aga as ‘ la sledge’, de i ed om he Bal ic e m o ‘ho n’: Li huanian ãgas, La ian ags ‘ho n’, pl. agi ‘handles o a plough’, Old P ussian agis [EV] ‘Ho n’ (Thomsen 1890: 199, 210–211; SKES 341, 762; Smoczyński 2018: 1051, 1105). 1.1. In Li huanian he e appea wo apophonic a ian s, jū - and jau -. 1.1.1. Li huanian j a . ‘sea’, pl. j os; a . jū ia ., pl. jū ios and j ė2 ., pl. j ės (Smoczyński 2018: 458) e lec P o o-Bal ic *jū ā-, *jū iā-, *jū iiā- espec i ely. 1.1.1.1. The i s eco d appea s in B e kūnas’ Li huanian ansla ion o he New Tes amen (1579/1580) as he acc. pl. j ės: Be kaip Ek u nikai... Wal i [ba eli] ing Iu es nuleido ‘Da abe die Schi leu e... den Kahn nide liessen in das mee ’ (ALEW 423). 1.1.2. Li huanian jáu a, jáu ė, jáu is ‘we , hea y, in e ile soil; soil wi h clay’, jáu a o jáu as ‘bog, deep wa e ’, adj. jau ùs ‘ma shy’, e lec he ddhi- ype o ma ion *jau - o he oo *jū -, wi h simila nominal ex ensions (Smoczyński 2018, 459; Hill, ALEW 423: Das mo phologische Ve häl nis de ie s u igen und olls u igen Bildungen zueinande is unkla . Es is möglich, dass de Ablau e schiedene S ammal e nan en des g undsp achlichen Nomens e lek ie . Es is abe auch nich auszuschliesen, dass die olls u ige Bildung eine ezen e 1 The co esponding o ms o he sg. an um a e a es ed oo: ma ià & mã ė (LKŽ VII 858, 848). 2 On he de i a ion o he inal -ė om *-iiā see Bammesbe ge 1970. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV V ddhi-Ablei ung zum in li . j a o liegenden ie s u igen S amm o se z .; Da ms 1978: 435–436). The seman ic ela ion be ween ‘sea’ and ‘ma sh’ co esponds wi h Ge manic *ma i- ‘sea’ s. he ddhi- o ma ion *mō a- ‘ma sh, swamp’ (Da ms 1978: 158–166, 435). 1.2. La ian jũ a o jũŗa ‘sea; g ea mass o wa e ; lake’, dial. jū e, jū is (ME II 122), Neh ung-Cu ish jū (e) . ‘sea’ (c . ALEW 423) a e de i able om he same P o o-Bal ic pa e n *jū ā-, *jū iā-, *jū iiā- espec i ely, as hei Li huanian coun e pa s. 1.3.1./2. The co esponding Old P ussian e ms appea in wo main sou ces, he Elbing Vocabula y ( he only known copy by Pe e Holcwessche is da ed o c. AD 1400, bu he o iginal should p obably be a cen u y olde ), and he so- called Thi d Ca echism, called Enchi idion (p in ed AD 1561): Old P ussian lu iay [EV 66: ‘Me ’] = nom. pl. m.3 *jū ’ai (Mažiulis 1981: 276; 2013: 319). Old P ussian iū in ‘sea’ = acc.sg.m.4 *jū ’an (Mažiulis 1981: 276; 2013: 319): K III, 67.11: Bhe ikaui e ki ʃcha ʃuckans en iū in ‘ nd He ʃche be Fi ch im Mee ’. K III, 75.2: bke {= bhe} ʃ an pe inc an Pha ao ʃen wiʃʃan ʃwaieis en minan iū in auʃkandinnons ‘Vnd den e ʃ ock en Pha ao mi allen den ʃeinen im Ro en Mee e ʃeu ’ (Mažiulis 1981: 206, 226; Topo o 1980: 93). 1.4. The o ms collec ed abo e we e p ojec ed in o P o o-Indo-Eu opean by a ious schola s: 1.4.1. Da ms (1978: 435): *iuə o- s. V ddhi-Ablei ung *ieuə o-. 1.4.2. I slinge (NIL 2008: 404–405): *iuH -aH2-/-(i)iaH2- and *ieuH -aH2-. 1.4.3. Pe i (2010: 9): *H1uH - and *H1euH -; al e na i ely *iū - (wi h ega d o A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’). 1.4.4. Hill (ALEW 2015: 423): *iuH -. 1.4.5. De ksen (2015: 215): *uH -/*eu’ -. DOCUMENTATION OF THE BALTIC TOPONYMS 2. The use o hese appella i es in Bal ic oponymy is also in e es ing. 3 Pe i (2010: 144) sees in -ay he eminine dual in *-āi. 4 T au mann (1910: 349) iden i ied in Old P ussian iū in he eminine co esponding o he Li huanian & La ian coun e pa s. S aipsniai / A icles 33 Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’ 2.1.1. In Li huania, e.g., he i e -names J a, J ė, J upis a e known, and he lake-name Jù -eže is (Vanagas 1981: 139), co esponding o he compound appella i e ju ēže is ‘ e y big lake’ (Topo o 1980: 93). 2.1.2. The ddhi- o ma ion was also applied in Li huanian hyd onymy: he i e s Jáu -upė, Jáu os upẽlis, Jau yklà, lakes Jau s, Jau iùkas (Vanagas 1981: 134). 2.2. In La ia he e a e also oponyms o med om hese appella i es: he meadow Jū a, and he o es s Jūŗas-mežs, Jū -biẽ z e c. (Vanagas 1981: 139). 2.3. On he sou he n bo de o he e i o y o he his o ical Yo ingians he i e called Ju a was known (1426, 1428 Iu a, 1432, 1540, 1565 Ju a), oday B onówka, he igh ibu a y o he Na ew Ri e (Rozwadowski 1948: 125; c . also P zyby ek 1993: 91–92 abou he place-names o he same o igin). Udolph (1990: 128–130) co ec ly men ioned ha he Bal ic oo *jū - should ha e been ans o med in o Sla ic / Polish +Jy a and u he +Ji a. The o m Ju a in Sla ic milieu indica es a p ima y P e-Sla ic sou ce o he ype *jau -, which is eally a es ed (see §1.1.2.). 2.4. In he basin o he Mosk a Ri e , he ibu a y o he Oka, he e a e wo go ges called Ju in, which can be e ymologized wi h help o Li huanian jau ýnas ‘ma shy place’ (O kupščiko 2004: 91). 2.5. The i s w i en eco d o a possible de i a i e o he Bal ic oo *jū o in some hypo he ical Wes Bal ic dialec could be iden i ied in he oponym Ἰούρουνον, a es ed in he so-called manusc ip R o “Geog aphy” by P olemy [2.11.27.] om he middle o he 2nd cen . CE unde he coo dina es [μδ´L’, νε´] = [44°30’, 55°00’], i.e., o he wes o he mou h o he Vis ula i e [με´, νς´] = [45°00, 56°00] and o he eas o he mou h o he Viadua Ri e [μβ´L’, νς´] = [42°30, 56°00] and om he mou h o he Sue us Ri e [λθ´L’, νς´] = [39°30, 56°00] (see P olemy 2.11.3.). Le us men ion ha he al e na i e eco d is Οὐίρουνον wi h coo dina es [μ´L’, νε´] = [40°30’, 55°00’], which shi i o he wes , be ween he mou hs o he i e s Viadua and Suebus (see Cun z 1923: 66). Accep ing he o m Ἰούρουνον, i is possible o analyze i as he Bal ic oo *jū -, plus he su ix *-ūn-, which appea s, e.g., in he P ussian i e - name Raudune (1316), wi hou he su ix in he Li huanian i e -name Raudà, bo h om he adj. o he ype Li huanian aũdas ‘ eddish’; simila ly in he Old P ussian lake-name Si gun s. si gis ‘s allion’; Li huanian Dumbliūnai : dublas ‘ma sh’ (Ge ullis 1922: 139, 254). VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV PROBABLE BALTIC BORROWINGS INTO FENNO-PERMIC 3. Rema kable a e p obable bo owings o bo h he Bal ic a ian s, *jū - & *jau -, in o Fenno-Pe mic *jü ɜ ‘deep place in wa e ’ and Fenno-Volgaic *jä wä ‘lake’ espec i ely. 3.1. Fenno-Pe mic *jü ɜ ‘deep place in wa e ’ (UEW 635–36; SKES 128– 29) > Finnish jy ä ‘Bach mi s eilen U e n, s eil ab allende Kanal, B unnen’, jy ämä ‘kleine e Wasse all, Wasse s udel’; Saami jâ em ‘sligh widening o a i e ’ (N), L j ē ‘kleine Talkessel, ie es Loch, ie e Kolk in einem See ode Fluß’, L ja ēm ‘kleine Talkessel mi eiche Vege a ion; kleine unde Ausbuch ung in einem Fluß ode einem Bach’, Ko. No . jē em ‘ ie e S elle im Wasse (bes. un e halb eines Wasse alls)’ (> Finnish dial. jä ämä ‘kleine Wasse all’; Udmu je ‘ ie e S elle (im Wasse ), Tie e, S udel’, Komi ji (S P) ‘ ie e S elle im Fluß ode See’ (S), ‘Ve ie ung; ie (bes. on Wasse , auch z.B. . eine G ube’ (P), PO jö ‘ ie e S elle (im Wasse )’. 3.2. Fenno-Volgaic *jä wä ‘lake’ (UEW 633; SKES 132) > Finnish jä i, Vo e ja i, Es onian jä ‘lake’; Saami N jaw’ e Lule jau’ ē, T jāi e, Kld. jai , No . ja id., Mokša Mo d in (j)ɛŕ’-󰇴’ɛ, E zya ɛŕ’-󰇴’ɛ ‘id., pond’, Ma i KB jä , U B je ‘lake’ (Būga 1959: 273; Rozwadowski 1948: 127; Topo o 1980: 97: Bal ic > Fenno-Volgaic; Bedna czuk 1976: 48: Fenno-Volgaic > Bal ic). The me a hesis o sono an s is egula in bo owings o Bal ic o igin, c . e.g. (a) Finnish ka a ‘hai ’, Es onian ka ‘id., colo ’ < Li huanian gaũ as ‘hai on he body o an animal’, La ian gau i pl. ‘pubic hai ’ (Thomsen 1890: 171; SKES 166–167; F aenkel 1962/1965: 140); (b) Finnish a as ‘ oe, elk’, Es onian a as ‘bull-elk, au ochs’ < Li huanian aũ as ‘au ochs, bull’, P ussian au is ‘bison’ (Thomsen 1890: 228–229; SKES 1240–1241). 4. I seems ha he e is only a single secu e cogna e wi hin Indo-Eu opean, namely A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’, gen.sg. ǰ oy, ins .sg. ǰow b, gen. pl. ǰow c‘, ǰ oc‘ (Meille 1936: 52; Sol a 1960: 320–322; Džaukjan 1967: 220; Schmi 1981: 70; Olsen 1999: 50, 662, 674, 787, 855: o-/consonan -s em). 4.1. Meille (1936: 52), ollowed by Džaukjan (1967: 221–222) and Ma i osyan (2010: 556; in his e ymological dic iona y he lemma ǰow ‘wa e ’ is su p isingly missing), ci e ye ano he example o he de elopmen o *i- > A menian ǰ-, namely A menian ǰan ‘zeal, e o , labou ’, s. G eek ζῆλος, Do ic ζᾶλος ‘zeal, emula ion, jealousy’, u he A menian dial. (Suč‘a a) glxi ǰanal ‘ o do ha m, damage’ s. G eek ζημία ‘loss, damage, penal y’, Young A es an auua-iiā- ‘penance’. Džaukjan (1967: 222) added he compa ison o A menian S aipsniai / A icles 35 Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’ ǰo ‘shoo , sp ou ’ s. Vedic yá asa- ‘g ass, pas u e’, besides yá a- ‘Ge eide, Ge s e, Hi se’; c . G eek φυσί-ζοος ‘Ge eide he o b ingend’, Li huanian ja a ‘Ge eide’ e c. (Poko ny 1959: 512). 4.2. Alexande Nikolae (p.c., Ap il 3, 2021) d ew my a en ion o a hypo he ical cogna e o Bal ic *jū - ‘sea’, which he sees in G eek Εὖρος ‘{God o } Sou heas wind’ [Od. 5.295, 331; 19.205]. The exis ing e ymologies a e no con incing: Cu ius (1879: 398) connec ed i wi h he e b εὕω ‘ o singe’ < *H1eus- ‘ o bu n’ (Beekes 2010: 486), bu i does no ag ee wi h he epi he ὑγρὸς ‘we , mois , wa e y, luid; weak, so ’ o his wind, media ed by Scholia o Odyssey [5.295]. Kaibel (1885: 614) de eloped he ancien idea o connec ion wi h G eek αὔρα ‘b eeze, esh ai ’, ela ed o ᾱήρ ‘mis , haze, clouds’ < *H2eus-ē (Beekes 2010: 27, 171–172), bu he ini ial diph hongs ευ- and αυ- a e incompa ible. A new e ymology could consis in he seman ic opposi ion be ween Ionic Βορέης, A ic Βορρᾶς, Lesbian Βορίαις, ‘No h wind’, by A is o le Βορέας καὶ ἀπαρκτίας, and Εὖρος ‘Sou heas wind’. I Βορέας as a hypo he ical ‘wind o he moun ains’ hides a pe i ied IE wo d *guo H- ‘moun ain’ (c . Beekes 2010: 227), i is emp ing o specula e ha Εὖρος, b inging we ness, could be connec ed wi h a ‘sea’, pe haps ‘wind om he sea in sou heas ’. I emains o explain di e ences in he ini ial posi ion. 4.2.1. Pe i ’s econs uc ion *H1euH - and De ksen’s *eu’ - seem o be compa ible wi h G eek Εὖρος, bu no wi h A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’, while I slinge ’s econs uc ion *iuH -/*ieuH - = Da ms’ *iuə o-/*ieuə o- is compa ible wi h A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’. Le us judge whe he hey a e compa ible also wi h G eek Εὖρος. In G eek, he e a e wo con inuan s o IE *i-, namely ζ- and h- (spi i us aspe ) – see Schwyze 1939: 303; Lejeune 1972: 165–166. Bu psilosis ope a ed in Ionic and Aeolic, by which spi i us aspe was eplaced by spi i us lenis, e.g. εἰνατέρες pl. ‘wi e o he husband’s b o he ’ [Il.], sg. ἐνατηρ [insc .; Ana olia] < *(H)ienH2- e -, wi h cogna es in Sansk i yā a -, A menian ne , La in iani īcēs ‘wi es o b o he s’, Old Li huanian jen ė ‘b o he ’s wi e, sis e -in-law’, Old Chu ch Sla onic [Gl Me h] ję y ‘sis e -in-law’ (Beekes 2010: 389; Smoczyński 2018: 447; Valčáko á, ESJS 5: 292–293). I means, G eek Εὖρος is also de i able om *ieuH -. POSSIBLE BALKAN HYDRONYMIC COUNTERPARTS 5. Ou side he Bal ic oponymical a ea, he e a e u he oponyms which sugges hemsel es as possibly ela ed. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 36 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV 5.1. In he e i o y o his o ical Th acia Pliny he Elde 5 eco ded wo hyd onyms, Zy as, oday pe haps Ba o ska eka in Dob udža (De schew 1957: 196), and Iu as, oday pe haps he Sou h Bulga ian i e Ka aagač (‘black ee’ in Tu kish), known also as Ki enska eka (Beše lie apud Janakie a 2009: 77), which a e mo e o less p omising candida es o ela ion wi h he Bal ic- A menian isogloss. 5.1.1. Tomaschek (1894: 98) connec ed Zy as (he w o e Ζύρας & Ζούρας) wi h A menian ǰow ‘wa e ’, bu loca ed he i e in he neighbou hood o Thynias, whe e Pliny had loca ed he Iu as Ri e . Maybe Tomaschek implici ly judged ha bo h o he hyd onyms a e iden ical, al hough hei geog aphic loca ions we e de e mined di e en ly by Pliny (c . Janakie a 2009: 70–71). Le us men ion ha Du idano (1969: 34) hough ha Zy as was a Dacian hyd onym and connec ed i wi h he Li huanian i e -name Žiū à e c. 5 Plinius, Na u alis His o ia 4.44–45: 44namque h acia al e o la e e a pon ico li o e incipiens, ubi his e amnis inme gi u , el pulche imas in ea pa e u bes habe , his opolin milesio um, omos, calla im, quae an ea ce ba is ocaba u , he acleam. habui e bizonen e ae hia u ap am; nunc habe dionysopolim, c unon an ea dic am; adlui zy as amnis. o um eum ac um scy hae a o e es cognomina i enue e. eo um oppida aph odisias, libis os, zyge e, hocobae, eumenia, pa henopolis, ge ania, ubi pygmaeo um gens uisse p odi u ; ca izos ba ba i ocaban , c edun que a g uibus uga os. 45in o a a dionysopoli es odessus milesio um, lumen pannysis, oppidum e e a, naulochus. mons haemus, as o iugo p ocumbens in pon um, oppidum habui in e ice a is aeum; nunc in o a mesemb ia, anchialum, ubi messa ue a . as ice egio habui oppidum an hium; nunc es apollonia. lumina panisos, iu as, ea us, o osines; oppida hynias, halmydesos, de el on cum s agno, quod nunc deul um oca u e e ano um, phinopolis, iux a quam bospo os. Plinius Secundus: Na u alis His o ia, ed. by G. Winkle , 1988. ‘The o he side o Th ace now begins, on he coas o he Euxine, whe e he i e Is e discha ges i sel ; and i is in his qua e pe haps ha Th ace possesses he ines ci ies, His opolis, namely, ounded by he Milesians, Tomi, and Calla is, o me ly called Ace e is. I also had he ci ies o He aclea and Bizone, which la e was swallowed up by an ea hquake; i now has Dionysopolis, o me ly called C uni, which is washed by he i e Zy as. All his coun y was o me ly possessed by he Scy hians, su named A o e es; hei owns we e, Aph odisias, Libis os, Zyge e, Rocobe, Eumenia, Pa henopolis, and Ge ania, whe e a na ion o Pygmies is said o ha e dwel ; he ba ba ians used o call hem Ca uzi, and en e ain a belie ha hey we e pu o ligh by c anes. Upon he coas , p oceeding om Dionysopolis, is Odessus, a ci y o he Milesians, he i e Panysus, and he own o Te anaulo- chus. Moun Hæmus, which, wi h i s as chain, o e hangs he Euxine, had in o me imes upon i s summi he own o A is æum. A he p esen day he e a e upon he coas Mesemb ia, and Anchialum, whe e Messa o me ly s ood. The egion o As ice o me ly had a own called An hium; a he p esen day Apollonia occupies i s si e. The i e s he e a e he Panisos, he Iu as, he Tea us, and he O osines; he e a e also he owns o Thynias, Halmydessos, De el on, wi h i s lake, now known as Deul um, a colony o e e ans, and Phinopolis, nea which las is he Bospo us.’ Pliny he Elde : The Na u al His o y, ansla ed by John Bos ock & H. T. Riley, London: Taylo & F ancis, 1855. S aipsniai / A icles 37 Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’ 5.1.2. Du idano (1969: 34–35) and Geo gie (1977: 82) compa ed Iu as wi h Bal ic *jū - ‘sea’. A HYPOTHETICAL ORONYMICAL COUNTERPART 6. I is emp ing o specula e abou he ela ionship o he o onym Mons Iu a, i.e., he Ju a Moun ains in con empo a y wes e n Swi ze land and eas e n F ance, which o m he no hwes e n sho e o he bigges and deepes lake o Wes e n Eu ope, Lake Gene a (580 km2; 310 m). Al eady in he i s ancien sou ce whe e he Ju a Moun ains we e men ioned, in ‘Gallic Wa ’ by Caesa , he heigh o he Ju a Moun ains was s essed: al e a ex pa e mon e Iu a al issimo6 ‘on a second side by he Ju a, a e y high moun ain’ [1.2.3.] o in e mon em Iu am e lumen Rhodanum, ... mons au em al issimus impendeba 7 ‘be ween Moun Ju a and he i e Rhone ... he e was, mo eo e , a e y high moun ain o e hanging’ [1.6.1.]. The o onym Ju a is con inued in some dialec isms om he F ench- Swiss bo de land (FEW V, 82–83): Old Neuchâ el (1297) jou ‘ o es ’, Mon ana 6 Caesa : De bello Gallico 1.2.3: Id hoc acilius iis pe suasi , quod undique loci na u a Hel e ii con inen u : una ex pa e lumine Rheno la issimo a que al issimo, qui ag um Hel e ium a Ge manis di idi ; al e a ex pa e mon e Iu a al issimo, qui es in e Sequanos e Hel e ios; e ia lacu Lemanno e lumine Rhodano, qui p o inciam nos am ab Hel e iis di idi . ‘To his he he mo e easily pe suaded hem, because he Hel e ii, a e con ined on e e y side by he na u e o hei si ua ion; on one side by he Rhine, a e y b oad and deep i e , which sepa a es he Hel e ian e i o y om he Ge mans; on a second side by he Ju a, a e y high moun ain, which is [si ua ed] be ween he Sequani and he Hel e ii; on a hi d by he Lake Gene a, and by he i e Rhone, which sepa a es ou P o ince om he Hel e ii.’ 7 Caesa : De bello Gallico 1.6.1-2: 1E an omnino i ine a duo, quibus i ine ibus domo exi e possen : unum pe Sequanos, angus um e di icile, in e mon em Iu am e lumen Rhodanum, ix qua singuli ca i duce en u , mons au em al issimus impendeba , u acile pe pauci p ohibe e possen ; 2al e um pe p o inciam nos am, mul o acilius a que expedi ius, p op e ea quod in e ines Hel e io um e Allob ogum, qui nupe paca i e an , Rhodanus lui isque non nullis locis ado ansi u . ‘The e we e in all wo ou es, by which hey could go o h om hei coun y one h ough he Sequani na ow and di icul , be ween Moun Ju a and he i e Rhone by which sca cely one wagon a a ime could be led; he e was, mo eo e , a e y high moun ain o e hanging, so ha a e y ew migh easily in e cep hem; he o he , h ough ou P o ince, much easie and ee om obs acles, because he Rhone lows be ween he bounda ies o he Hel e ii and hose o he Allob oges, who had la ely been subdued, and is in some places c ossed by a o d.’ C. Julius Caesa : De bello Gallico, ed. by T. Rice Holmes, Ox o d: Cla endon P ess, 1914. C. Julius Caesa : Gallic Wa , ansla ed by W. A. McDe i e & W. S. Bohn, New Yo k: Ha pe & B o he s, 1869. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 38 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV zū , Chamonix δu id., Neuchâ el joux ‘ o ê , su ou o ê de mon agne’, jo a ‘pe i e o ê ; lieu plein de b oussailles’, Vionnaz dzo á ‘pe i e o ê de sapins’, besides Middle La in (Sa oy) jo ia ‘Be gwald’ e c. 6.1. The seman ic connec ion beween he meanings ‘deep’ and ‘high’ should no be su p ising. 6.1.1. E.g. La in al us means bo h ‘high’ (o iginally ‘g own’, i i is de i ed om alō ‘ o nou ish, inc ease’) and ‘deep’, c . sub amis a bo is al ae [Cice o, Tusculanae dispu a iones 3.19.44] o al is de mon ibus [O idius, Me amo phoses 3.181] s. al issima lumina [Cice o, Tusculanae dispu a iones 3.6.13] o al io aqua [Caesa , Bellum ci ile 3.77]. Rema kable is he syn agm ‘high sea’, used al eady in a chaic ex s as IN ALTOD MARID PVCNandod [Columna Duilii = CIL 25; see Wach e 1987: 359–60] o u qui pe mensus pon i ma ia al a eli ola [Li ius And onicus apud Mac obius, Sa u nalia 6.5.10]. 6.1.2. On he o he hand, Tocha ian A äp- ‘ o become high’, besides A pä , B ap e ‘high’, e lec ing *dhub o-, a e de i a i es o he oo *dheub- ‘ o be deep’, c . B i onic *dubno- > Welsh dw n, Co nish down, B e on doun ‘deep’; Go hic diups, Old No se djúp , Old English dēop, Old Saxon diop, Old High Ge man io ‘deep’; Li huanian dubùs ‘deep; wi h a hollow (o a ee); conca e, collapsed’, besides daubà ‘go ge, gulch, o es a ine’, Old P ussian [EV] padaubis ‘ alley’; no e also o-less Tocha ian A op, B aupe ‘mine’ (Adams 2013: 296, 330; Smoczyński 2018: 199–200, 256–257). I is emp ing o add he sigma ic ex ension in Cunei o m Lu ian dupša-8 in he o mula ion al- a-an-ni-iš Du-up-ša-aš ‘ he sp ing Dupša-’ [KBo II 7 Vo. 25] (S a ke 1990: 175; Melche 1993: 235). Fu he -de i a i es a e also known ou side Tocha ian: Li huanian dub à ‘ a ine in a o es ’, dub s ‘den , hollow, a ine; dep hs in a i e o lake’, La ian dub a ‘mud, quagmi e’, Chu ch Sla onic (Russian edac ion) dъb ь ‘φάραγξ, a ine, go ge’, Slo ak dial. deb a ‘di ch washed ou by s o m wa e ; a ine, gully, hole’, Uk ainian dial. déb a ‘ a ine, go ge, alley’, Belo ussian dial. dzieb a ‘ alley be ween moun ains; s eam, c eek be ween moun ains’ e c. (Smoczyński 2018: 256); Cel ic *dub o- ‘wa e ’ > Old I ish dobu , Middle Welsh dw( ) , Welsh d , Co nish & Middle B e on dou id., Old B i onic Dub is [I ine a ium An onini], oday Do e , Gaulish *dub a > Dou es, o oday Taube in he Ge man egion Taube -gau (Dub a-ga e AD 807), e c. (Hamp 1972: 233–237; Ma aso ić 2009: 107; G eule 2014: 529; Delama e 2018: 152). The gloss δύβρις · κατὰ γλῶσσον θάλασσα [sch. Theoc. 1.118c] undoub edly belongs he e oo, al hough i s language a ilia ion is open; he a ou i e has been Illy ian (Beekes 2010: 358). The meaning ‘sea’ also suppo s ano he de i a i e o he same oo , Albanian de , I alo-Albanian dej , 8 The co esponding s-s em could be ound in he name o one o Li huanian lakes, Bùdasas, usually de i ed om *dubasas (Vanagas 1981: 93). S aipsniai / A icles 45 Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’ Džaukjan Ge o k B. 1967: Oče ki po is o ii dopiśmennogo pe ioda a mjanskogo jazyka, E e an: Izda eľs o Akademii nauk A mjanskoj SSR. Džaukjan Ge o k B., Sa adže a Lûd iga A., A u junjan Co ina R. (eds.) 1983: Oče ki po s a ni eľnoj leksikologii a mjanskogo jazyka, E e an: Izda eľs o Akademii nauk A mjanskoj SSR. ESIJ – Ras o gue a Ve a S., Ėdeľman Dž. I. 2000–2011:  imologičeskij slo aŕ i anskix jazyko 1–4, Mosk a: “Vos očnaja li e a u a”. ESJS – E ymologický slo ník jazyka s a oslo ěnského 5, ed. E. Ha lo á, P aha: Academia, 1995. EWAI – May ho e Man ed 1986–2001: E ymologisches Wö e buch des Al indoa ischen 1–3, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag. FEW – Wal he on Wa bu g e al. 1928–2003: F anzösischen e ymologisches Wö e buch: eine Da s ellung des gallo omanischen Sp achscha zes, Basel: Helbing & Lich enhahn; Zbinden, Pa is: H. Champion; Genè e: Sla kine. A ailable a : h ps://apps.a il . / lec eu FEW/index.php/page/ iew. F aenkel E ns 1962–1965: Li auisches e ymologisches Wö e buch 2 Bde. (Indoge manische Biblio hek: 2. Reihe Wö e büche ), Heidelbe g, Gö ingen: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag, Vandhoeck & Rup ech . Gamk elidze Tamaz V., I ano Vjačesla V. 1984: Indoe opejskij jazyk i indoe opejcy. Rekons ukcija i is o iko- ipologičeskij analiz p ajazyka i p o okuľ u y, Tbilisi: Izda eľs o Tbilisskogo uni e si e a. Geo gie Vladimi I. 1977: T aki e i exnija ezik, So ija: Izda els o na Bălga ska a akademija na nauki e. GPC – Gei iadu P i ysgol Cym u. A ailable a : h ps://welsh-dic iona y.ac.uk. G eule Alb ech 2014: Deu sches Gewässe namenbuch. E ymologie de Gewässe namen und de dazugehö igen Gebie s-, Siedlungs- und Flu namen, Be lin, un e Mi a bei on S. Hackl-Rößle , Bos on: de G uy e . Hamp E ic P. 1972: Kel ic dub o- ‘wa e ’: he s o y o a lexeme. – S udies in Linguis ics in hono o Geo ge L. T age , ed. M. E. Smi h, Hague, Pa is: Mou on, 233–237. Janakie a S e lana 2009: T akijska a xid onimija, So ija: Akademično izda els o “P o . Ma in D ino ”. Kaibel Geo g 1885: An ike Wind osen. – He mes: Zei sch i ü klassische Philologie 20/4, 579–624. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV Kloekho s Alwin 2008: E ymological Dic iona y o he Hi i e Inhe i ed Lexicon, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. LEIA II – Lexique é ymologique de l’i landais ancien 2: M–P, pa J. Vend yès, Dublin: Dublin Ins i u e o Ad anced S udies, 1960. Lejeune Michel 1972: Phoné ique his o ique du mycénien e du g ec ancien, Pa is: Klincksieck. LIV – Helmu Rix, Ma in Kümmel, Thomas Zehnde , Reine Lipp, B igi e Schi me 2001: Lexikon de indoge manischen Ve ben. Die Wu zeln und ih e P imä s ammbildungen, Wiesbaden: Reiche . LKŽ – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas, ols. I–XX, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1941–2002. Lubo sky Alexande M. 1988: The Sys em o Nominal Accen ua ion in Sansk i and P o o-Indo-Eu opean, Leiden, New Yo k, Köbenha n, Köln: B ill. Ma aso ić Ranko 2009: E ymological Dic iona y o P o o-Cel ic, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. Mažiulis Vy au as 1981: P ūsų kalbos paminklai 2, Vilnius: Mokslas. Mažiulis Vy au as 2013: P ūsų kalbos e imologijos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos cen as. ME – Mühlenbach Ka lis, Endzelin Janis 1923–1932: Le isch-deu sches Wö e buch IV. Band, Riga: He ausgegeben om le ischen Kul u onds. Meid Wol gang 1996: Kleine kel ibe ische Sp achdenkmäle , Innsb uck: Innsb ucke Bei äge zu Sp achwissenscha , Vo äge und Kleine e Sch i en 64. Meille An oine 1936: Esquise d’une g ammai e compa ée de l’a ménien classique, Vienne: Imp ime ie des P. P. Mekhi ha is es. Melche H. C aig 1993: Cunei o m Lu ian Lexicon, Chapell Hill, N. C.: sel -published. MW – Monie -Williams Si Monie 1899 ( ep in 1993): A Sansk i -English Dic iona y, Delhi: Mo ilal Bana sidass. A ailable a : h p://www.sansk i -lexicon.uni-koeln.de/ cgi-bin/ amil/ eche che. NEVP – Mo gens ie ne Geo g 2003: A New E ymological Vocabula y o Pash o, ed. J. El enbein, D. N. MacKenzie, N. Sims-Williams, Wiesbaden: Reiche . NIL – Wod ko Dagma S., I slinge B i a, Schneide Ca olin 2008: Nomina im Indoge manischen Lexikon. (Indoge manische Biblio hek, Reihe 2: Wö e büche ), Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag. S aipsniai / A icles 47 Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’ Nobbe C. F. A. (ed.) 1966: Claudii P olemaei Geog aphia, Hildesheim: Olms. Olsen Bi gi A. 1999: The Noun in Biblical A menian. O igin and Wo d-Fo ma ion, Be lin, New Yo k: de G uy e Mou on. O el Vladimi 1998: Albanian E ymological Dic iona y, Leiden, Bos on, Köln: B ill. O kupščiko Ju ij V. 2004: D e njaja gid onimija bassejne Oki. – Bal o- sla janskie issledo anija 16, 83–114. Pede sen Holge 1909–1913: Ve gleichende G amma ik de kel ischen Sp achen, 2 ols: I. Einlei ung und Lau leh e, II. Bedau ungsleh e (Wo leh e), Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech . Pe i Daniel 2010: Un e suchungen zu den bal ischen Sp achen, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. P zyby ek Rozalia 1993: O snamen bal ische He kun im südlichen Teil Os p eußens, S u ga : S eine . Puh el Jaan 2004: Hi i e E ymological Dic iona y, ol. 6: Wo ds beginning wi h M, Be lin, New Yo k: de G uy e Mou on. Rejzek Jiří 2015: E ymologický slo ník, 3. (2. přep ac. a ozšíř.), P aha: Leda. Rozwadowski Jan 1948: S udia nad nazwami wód słowiańskich, K aków: Nakładem polskiej Akademii umie ności. Schmid Rüdige 1981: G amma ik des Klassisch-A menischen mi sp ach e gleichenden E läu e ungen, Innsb uck: Ins i u ü Sp achwissenscha de Uni e si ä Innsb uck (Innsb ucke Bei äge zu Sp achwissenscha , Bd. 32). Schwyze Edua d 1939: G iechische G amma ik au de G undlage on Ka l B ugmanns G iechische G amma ik, 1. Band, München: Beck. SKES – Suomen kielen e ymologinen sanaki ja, ed. Y. H. Toi onen e al., Helsinki: Suomalais-Ug ilainen seu a, 1955–1981. Smoczyński Wojciech 2018: Li huanian E ymological Dic iona y, ed. A. Hol oe , S. Young, assis . W. B owne, Be lin, Be n, B uxelles, New Yo k, Ox o d, Wa szawa, Wien: Pe e Lang. Sol a Geo g R. 1960: Die S ellung des A menischen im K eise de indoge manischen Sp achen, Wien: Mechi ha is en-Buchd ucke ei. S a ke F ank 1990: Un e suchung zu S ammbildung des keilsch i -luwischen Nomens, Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z. Thomsen Vilhelm 1890: Be ö inge mellem de inske og de bal iske (li auisk-le iske) Sp og, Kobenha n: D eye . VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 48 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV Tomaschek Wilhelm 1894: Die al en Th ake : eine e hnologische Un e suchung II: Die Sp ach es e 2: Pe sonen und O snamen. – Si zungsbe ich e de Philosophisch- his o ischen Classe de Kaise lichen Akademie de Wissenscha en 131.1, Wien: Ös e eichischen Akademie de Wissenscha en, 1–103. Topo o Vladimi N. 1975–1980: P usskij jazyk: slo a ’ (A–D), (I–K), Mosk a: Nauka. T au mann Reinhold 1910: Die al p eussischen Sp achdenkmäle , Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech . Tu ne Ralph L. 1966: A Compa a i e Dic iona y o he Indo-A yan Languages, Ox o d: Uni e si y P ess. Udolph Jü gen 1990: Die S ellung de Gewässe namen Polens inne halb de al eu opäischen Hyd onymie, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag. UEW – U alisches e ymologisches Wö e buch, ed. K. Rédei, Budapes : Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986–1988. Vanagas Aleksand as 1981: Lie u ių hid onimų e imologinis žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas. V ies Jan de 1962: Al no disches e ymologisches Wö e buch, Leiden: B ill. Wach e Rudol 1987: Al la einische Insch i en. Sp achliche und epig a ische Un e suchungen zu den Dokumen en bis e wa 150 . Ch ., Be n, F ank u am Main, New Yo k, Pa is: Lang. Walde Alois, Ho mann J. B. 1954: La einisches e ymologisches Wö e buch, ol. 2, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag. Winkle Ge ha d 1988: C. Plinii Secundi His o iae Na u alis, Lib i III/IV, Da ms ad : Wissenscha liche Buchgesellscha . Acknowledgemen The p esen s udy was p epa ed hanks o he suppo o he Speci ic Resea ch Fund o Masa yk Uni e si y, N . 2817. I am g a e ul o John D. Beng son and S e an Zimme o hei commen s and co ec ion o English. My hanks also belong o Alexande Nikolae o his men ion o he G eek da a and o wo anonymous e e ees o hei use ul commen s. S aipsniai / A icles 49 Bal ic *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘sea’ & *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘we soil, bog, deep wa e ’ Bal ų *jū ā-/-(i)iā- ‘jū a’ i *jau ā-/-(i)iā- ‘šlapias di ožemis, pelkė, gilus anduo’ SANTRAUKA S aipsnyje analizuojama p o o-bal ų šaknis *jū -. Ji paliudy a lie u ių kalbos žodyje j a ., pl. j os; a . jū ia ., pl. jū ios i j ė ., pl. j ės i la . jũ a a ba jũŗa ‘jū a; didelis andens elkinys; eže as’, dial. jū e, jū is (ME II 122), ku šininkų jū (e) . ‘jū a’. Šios o mos a i inkamai gali bū i sie inos su p o obal ų *jū ā-, *jū iā-, *jū iiā-. S. p ūsų lu iay [Elbingo žodynas 66: ‘Me ’] = nom. pl. *jū ’ai i iū in [Enchi idion] ‘jū a’ = acc. sg. *jū ’an a spindi p o obal išką o mą *jū iā-. Nag inėjamajai šakniai giminiški i lie . jáu a, jáu ė, jáu is ‘šlapia, sunki, nede linga di a; di ožemis su moliu’, jáu a a ba jáu as ‘pelkė, gilus anduo’, būd a dis jau ùs ‘pelkė as’, a spindin ys šaknies *jū - ddhi- da ybos ipą *jau - su panašiais a dažodiniais plė iniais. Nag inėjamasis žodis y a gana plačiai paliudy as Lie u os i La ijos hid onimijoje, aip pa i už y inio Bal ijos egiono e i o ijos ibų, pa yzdžiui, Iu a (Na e o in akas, pi masis paminėjimas 1426 m.) i Ju in (d i g io os Mask os upės baseine), pas a asis a i inka lie . jau ýnas ‘pelkė a ie a’. Pi masis ašy inis galimai bal iškos šaknies *jū o da inio paminėjimas gali bū i a pažįs amas . Ἰούρουνον, lokalizuojamo į aka us nuo Vis ula upės žiočių i į y us nuo Viadua upės žiočių, ku is iksuo as adinamame P olemajaus Geog a ijos ank aš yje R [2.11.27.] (II a.). Abu bal ų a ian us *jū - & *jau - pasiskolino Pe mės inai – *jü ɜ ‘gili ie a andenyje’ i Volgos inai – *jä wä ‘eže as’. Ki ose indoeu opiečių kalbose pa ikimai paliudy as ik ienas giminiškas žodis – a mėnų ǰow ‘ anduo’. Esama galimybės jį sie i su s. g aikų Εὖρος ‘Pie yčių ėjo {die as}’. Šiuo a eju galima ekons uo i bend as p o o o mas *iuH - i *ieuH -. Pa eikiamos i d i pe spek y ios Plinijaus Vy esniojo iš is o inės T akijos už ašy os hid oniminės pa alelės: Zy as, galbū daba inė Ba o ska eka Dob udžoje, i Iu as, daba galbū upė Ka aagač (Pie ų Bulga ija). P oblemiškesnis siejimas su galų o onimu Mons Iu a. Siūlomas naujas e imologinis sp endimas – o mą *iuH -/*ieuH - galima analizuo i kaip seną junginį, suda y ą iš *ieu- (i) ‘judė i’ a ba (ii) ‘a ski i’ i *uH1 - ‘ anduo’. Į eik a 2021 m. ko o 15 d. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Depa men o Linguis ics and Bal ic S udies Masa yk Uni e si y No áka 1, CZ-60200 B no blaze[email p o ec ed]