S aipsniai / A icles 11
ALBRECHT GREULE
Uni e si ä Regensbu g
Scien i ic esea ch a eas:
Tex g amma , heolinguis ics and spi i ual song, onomas ics,
and his o ical syn ax.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
I 's all igh ! Fo he eco d
The e bs a e e ch, e ch,
e ch
I 's going o ea you! On he his o y o he
e bs ä zen, a zen, äsen
The anno a ion
In Ge man you h and colloquial language, ä zend is used in a disquali ying way o some hing
ha is bo ing, epulsi e and unpleasan . Bu , e ymologically speaking, o ea is he causa i e,
he con ibu ion ies o ollow he de elopmen ha led om he essence-causa i e,
Ge manic *a jan, p esen in he Old Ge manic languages, o he New High Ge man e bs ä zen,
a zen and äsen, which a e s ill eco ded in he Ge man Dic iona y o 2007. The hypo hesis is
ha he e b change canno be cap u ed wi hou desc ibing he mo phological and seman ic
en i onmen o each e b.
SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: change o meaning, e ymology, his o ical syn ax, causali y, and he
cons ella ion o e bs and oc an s.
ANNOTATION
In Ge man you h communica ion and colloquial language, ä zend is used as a pejo a i e
Fo some hing ha is bo ing, disgus ing and unpleasan . Howe e , e ymologically speaking, Ä zen
is he causa i e o ea . This a icle a emp s o ace he de elopmen ha led om he
essence causa i e, Ge manic *a jan, p esen in he Old Ge manic languages, o he New High
Ge man e bs ä zen, a zen and äsen, which a e s ill lis ed in he 2007 Ge man Dic iona y (DWB).
The hypo hesis ha e b change canno be g asped wi hou desc ibing he mo phological and
seman ic en i onmen o each e b is obse ed.
ALBRECHT GREULE
12 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
KEYWORDS: change o meaning, e ymology, his o ical syn ax, causa i eness, and
he cons ella ion o e bs.
The ollowing analyses a e based on he hypo hesis ha he de elopmen o he
meaning o a e b wi hou aking in o accoun he e b-ac an cons ella ion
(VAK) equi ed by he e b as a alence ca ie is no su icien a he seman ic
and mo phological le els. The seman ic le el is assigned o he ac an s o he
besch ieben we den kann. Die VAK bes eh aus zwei au einande bezogenen
e b by […]casus ollen[…] o […]deepcasus[…]. The seman ic desc ip ion o he
ac an s is ca ied ou in a deep case amewo k (TKR), he mo phological by a
sch ieben, denen mo phologische Ausd ucks uk u en ( eils lek ie e Wo -
sen ence cons uc ion plan (SBP) (see G eule, Ko honen 2021: 34).
Beispiel: Die (d eis ellige) Ak an en-Kons ella ion des Ve bs mhd. e zen ‘mi
The e m "ac i i y" is de ined as: [seman ically] Agen s (human) → [mo phologically]
Nn [seman ically] Add essa e (human/animal) → [mo phologically] Na // [seman ically]
A ec ed Objec ( ood) → [mo phologically] pNmi // Abb e ia ed: (SBP/TKR) Nn Agen s
(human) Na // Add essa e (human/animal) pNmi // A ec ed Objec ( ood). (The
abb e ia ions mean: Na = noun o noun g oup in he nomina i e, Na = noun o noun
g oup in he accusa i e, pN = p eposi ional g oup, indica ed wi h he go e ning
p eposi ion; Ng = noun o noun g oup in he geni i e, Nd = noun o noun g oup in he
da i e. In cons uc ion g amma , one could speak o a cons uc ion […]induced ood
in ake[…] wi h he oles o agen x induced, ha agen y akes he ood z […], in which
in he cou se o language his o y ins ead o […] s, ea , ea he e bs nou ish, eed,
g aze, e c. I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he is p epa ed o accep
he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he En i onmen , Public Heal h and
Consume P o ec ion. The analyses pu sue he objec i e o iden i ying he o iginal
causa i e agen . P epa ing, checking and p epa ing o inclusion in he His o ical
Syn ax Ve b Dic iona y (HSVW) (see G eule, Ko honen 2021: 154) In doing so, we ely on
he digi ized e sions o he his o ical Ge man dic iona ies: AHDWB, whe e he
his o ical equi alen s o nhd. Indi idual meanings (sememes) assigned o ä zen, a zen
and äsen a e in e p e ed on he basis o he ex e idence wi h ega d o hei
MHDWB, FNHDWB, Goe heWB und au die ged uck e Ausgabe de Neu-
bea bei ung des Deu schen Wö e buchs de B üde G imm (DWBneu). Die
e b-ac an cons ella ion language le el by language le el. F om he summa ion o
he sememes and hei VAK, he seman ic his o y o he h ee o iginally
A icles 13 and 14 o he S ai s Code
Ä zend! Zu Geschich e de Ve ben ä zen, a zen, äsen
(e ymologically) synonymic e bs is mainly explo ed in he diach onic compa ison.
1. DIE URSPRÜNGLICHEN
Essen ial causa i e e bs
The causal o ma ions ha once exis ed o he Ge man e b ea a leas play a
seconda y ole in oday's communica ion wi h he Ge man language. Howe e , he
ewo king o he Ge man Dic iona y (DWBneu) gi es he e bs äsen, a zen and
ä zen each hei own a icle, making h ee e bs wi h he basic meaning […]x, ha
zu. Die d ei Ve ben sind auch im Deu schen Uni e salwö e buch de Duden-
edak ion e zeichne . Aus den Wö e buch-Ein ägen wi d deu lich, dass die
y (o ) z ea s […] (simple : […]x ea s/ eeds y wi h z[…]) ha e been documen ed since
Old High Ge man and ha e co espondences in he o he Ge manic languages.
Despi e he syn ac ically clea h ee- alue s uc u e and he mo phological
s uc u e s ill ecognizable by econs uc ion […] hese a e weak jan- e bs o
he non-causal e b, de i ed om he o-s ep om which he p e- e i um is
o med (ea -ea ) (c . d inking […] d inking […] d inking […] d inking […]) […] he
p esen a ion o he e b-his o y o he his o ical syn ac ic dic iona y, i.e.
aking in o accoun he seman ic and mo phological en i onmen equi ed by he
e bs as alen s. They lie bo h in he a ea o he meanings ha de elop o e he
cou se o language his o y and in he sound de elopmen s ha occu in Old High
Ge man.
The e ymology
The causa i e o he Ge manic s ong e b *e -a- ‘essen is de i ed om he
o-s age o he e b s em (gm. *a -) wi h he su ix -ja. These […]sho s[…], ae. I 's
ek e“ Bildung is beleg in go . ( a-)a jan ‘zum Essen aus eilen’, awn. e ja ‘ ü -
called "disgus ". I 's called "disgus ". e a […]weiden[…], and has a mo phological
pa allel in he causa i e gm. *sa -ja- ‘pu o he s em o he s ong e b gm. I'm
going o si down. The complica ion o he ea ing causa i e is ha a
wei e es Ve b zum S amm gm. *e - ‘essen’ mi dem Su ix -ja- abe on de
ALBRECHT GREULE
14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
S age o de elopmen gm. I 's like a gm. I was de i ed om ē -ja. This o ma ion
is no a es ed in Go hic; In his language, only he nouns uz-e a […]k ippe[…] and
a -e ja […] esse […] and in o he Old Ge manic languages he con inua ion o gm
exis . *ē -a-m […]Speise, F aß[…] (Seebold 1979: 180), so ha one can assume wi h
Jö g Riecke ha gm. *ē -ja on is de i ed om his nominal ibe and was
o iginally no causa i e (Riecke 1996: 651). Gm. Wha a e you doing? *ē -jak could
ha e been a ( wo- alue) o namen al and had he meaning […]x p o ides y wi h
ood[…] (= […]x eeds y[…]). (see he whole complex EWAhd II: Sp. 1188 .)
Fo he aining o he h ee causa i e e bs o ea , se e al sound changes in Old
High Ge man a e esponsible, which esul in h ee o m ypes: In ype 1, gm. *-yes-,
he owel owel was aised be o e j/a o e/ (p ima y sound) and
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - Oh, yeah. In ype 2, gm. Yes, excep in he ea ly Go hic. Lowe ed o: *ā ja-. he
gemina ion o Weil- - a e a long syllable owel was op ional, could be in he ahd.
wo sub ypes a ise, namely one wi hou -gemina ion (2a) and one wi h -gemina ion
Typ 2a) o ahd. *ā ja- > ahd. âzen. De e wa ba e Umlau on /ā/ und die
(2b): he leng h o he owel was no ma ked in he Old High Ge man sc ip , bu only
in Middle High Ge man as æen, êen, êsen (P ä . â e?), nhd. [A:] (seconda y sound). The
undisclosed o ecas . - - became ( h ough he second sound shi ) he simple
oiceless ica i e -s-/, ahd <-z->, mhd /.
<-ȝ->.
Type 2b) was an icipa ed. I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you. The
expec ed p onuncia ion o […] and he leng h o he owel we e no ma ked in Old
High Ge man in he sc ip , bu only in […]Middle High Ge man[…] as […]æ zen,
[…]ê zen. The gemina a- - became he a ika a- s- h ough he second sound
shi . The e ymology o nhd. I 's no clea . I may be a seconda y o m de i ed
om he (Ba a ian) dialec (In he Ba a ian dialec , he umlau was lowe ed om
[…], mhd. <æ>, since he 12 h cen u y o […]a: […]) o (mhd.) […] zen is de i ed om
he P ä e i um *â z- e h ough sys ema ic equaliza ion.
Ahd is no pa o he g oup o ood causa i es. (See also Seebold 1970: 180) and
ahd. They a e looking o ood, o ood. Aasen (DUW: landscaped ‘(wi h e al.)
was e ul, no household dealing, e al. I would like o ask he Commissione
whe he he is p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee
on he En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion. I is p esumably a
denomina ional o ma ion o ahd. I 's called " ood, ood" (see EWAhd I: Sp. 409[…]410).
S aipsniai A icles 15 and 15
Ä zend! Zu Geschich e de Ve ben ä zen, a zen, äsen
3. Seman ics and syn ax:
VERB-ACTANT-CONSTELLATIONS This is a lis o he mos common e bs in he English language.
The DIACHRON
Old High Ge man
Type one, he ge m. I'll see you in a bi . I'm going o ha e o ask you a ew
ques ions. E ched, wi h a backing sound, nhd. I'm no going o lie o you. I'm
no going o lie o you. (AHDWB III: Sp. 476 .; Riecke 1996: 638) Semem 1 is o be
a oided, o be ea en away. P oo wi hou a syn ac ic en i onmen . Remo e 2
[…], clean wi h sha p liquid[…]. Beleg giezzi uu in is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
(passi e)
Type 2a, ahead o you. I'll see you in a bi . I'm going o ha e o ask you a ew ques ions. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . ea ing
(olde
ea ing) and
Type 2b) was an icipa ed. I'm no going o lie o you. (gi-)âzen wi h [- s-] (AHDWB I:
Sp. 764 . Wha is i ? Wi h A ica a. Schü zeichel 2006: āz(z)en […]ea ing and
‘jemandem zu essen geben, jemanden speisen, ü e n’), mhd. *æ zen, *ê zen.
eeding[…]; Riecke 1996: 650 . He was bo n in Riecke, Ge many. I'm going o die.
Spellings wi h […]-z-> o […]-zz-> do no allow sa e assignmen o a ica e o ica i e.
Ah, he e you go. (AHDWB I: 764 .) This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
I 's called Semem ‘jmdn. eeding, eeding, and so on. To eed an animal: SBP:
NGnAgens (man o god) […] Nga/Ad essa (human o animal) […] [pNmi ] […]
[pNabaIns umen ([…]wi h he hand[…]]] E idence: (1) da hung iha ege ni azda.
You' e going o... gi e me a able. I'm going o gi e you some milk. I'm going o
gi e you some milk. (3) o ie... o wea a leu in che enna. Whe e can you ge i ?
[149,4].
Middle High Ge man e zen, ezzen [wi h p ima yUL and a ika a < o ahd.
*a ja-], P ä e i um az e (= ype 1)
Semem 1 ‘jmdn./ein Tie mi Nah ung e so gen, speisen, näh en, ü e n’
( .): ( ak i i -) kausa i „essen machen“.
SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (Mensch) – Nga/Ad essa (Mensch/Tie ) – [pNmi /
A izie es Objek (Nah ung)] – [pNmi /Ins (Hand)]
P o e: i sul [...] he hung y e zen P Be h 1:280,36; me hi s y, i anc en me,
me hung y, i aze en me Lucid 141,4; di hung y he [ he good Ch is ] eze Glaub di
hi s y he enke 1691; si [Ma ia] anced in [Ch is ] unde az e in wi h he
aining ain spunne hailed miliche T udHL

ALBRECHT GREULE
16 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
80,16; siche lû e p lac si zu e zene und zu enkene mi i en henden H F i zlHl
243,1; daz dû in he [you lo d's] sîn ihe [...] dâ heime e zes unde enkes
P Be h 1:268,17; wi h honey he [ he de il] in [ he sinne ] eze ap and enke in
a e wi h gallen Heslk 13350.
Semem 2 ' o be' o le he ca le g aze' (pe missi e) causa i e ' o ea '
SBP/TKR:n NGAgens (man) […] pNu O (g aze) e idence: daz pæide lo e i
paide wæide solen d i e nde ezzen alse be o e six housand U kCo p (WMU)
1690, all ha is ue, ha I had i ma an ze ezzene ebd. 1801,26. 649,16.
Semem 3 is jmdn. SBP/TKR: NnAgens (man) […] [Na/Pa iens (man)] […] [pNan/place]
E idence: heal hy ca le, which nei he kick us no e zen süllen Swi ze landId 1,628;
swe add esses he o he umb e zen, kick, cu , name U kWi elsb 1,148 (a 1255); I em
si quis alium impulsaue i de dampnis, which is e ched, e in, cu , o e laid ebd. 1,89
(a. 1244); This is a lis o people by su name. Do no ha m he o he pey day o pey
nigh wi h e chings on his cho n, on his wizma , on his ga den S RMünch 327,18.
e chings, md . The a ian […] zen may ha e come in o exis ence h ough
sys ema ic equaliza ion om he p e ix […]â z- e o is de i ed om Ba a ian,
whe e he seconda y p onuncia ion is mhd. Since he 12 h. Jh. A: I 's been lowe ed.
SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (God, human) […] Nga/Ad essa (human, animal) […] [pNmi /
o /A ilia ed objec ( ood, ood)] […] [pNmi / u Ins (wi h he help o he
Semem 1 ‘jmdn./ein Tie mi Nah ung e so gen, speisen, näh en, ü e n’
( .): ( ak i i -) kausa i „essen machen“.
The hand.
Examples: he [God] æce si [ he enemies o God] uon eiz e cho ens unde uon
s eine honges sa e si PsM 80,17; Daniel 3590; and ä z in [ he dolphin] oo
le z wi h his hand BdN 236,17; [ he oos e ] a z e dick u sine han Reihe
35. übe .: da nach so ench man in und æze in mi de le des hiligen ewein-
gelium P Obe al 33,19.
Semem 2 and so on. (an angel) p o ided wi h a bai […] SBP/TKR: NGnAgens
(human) […] Nga/a ilia ed objec (angel) […] pNmi
Ins
E idence: ain ain wo m, dâ wi h one he angel ea s BdN 310,5, in he e ched
hamen BdN 215,13.
I 's called Semem 3 ‘jmdm. and so on. A en ion,
SBP/TKR: Nn/Agens (Mensch) – Nd/Ad essa (Mensch) – Na/A izie es Ob-
please. wi h e w. I 's a ag ance .
S aipsniai A icles 17 and 17
Ä zend! Zu Geschich e de Ve ben ä zen, a zen, äsen
(T ansla ion) The holy smell you gi e us is called acis LambGeb A23. I'm no
going o lie o you. Wha 's he ma e wi h you? *âen/âsen [wi h
seconda yUL long, Spi ans < o ahd. *ā ja-] (= ype 2a)
Semem 1 ‘jmdn./ein Tie mi Nah ung e so gen, speisen, näh en, ü e n’
SBPTKR: NGn/Agens (man, eagle) […] NgaAd essa (man, eagle) […]
[pN on/O iced Objec ( ood)] E idence: dc you a e hung y […]es P Schw 2,55;
his hende, di[…] you ezden in ellende Ma lbRh 49,34; […] wi h Re l.-P on. [ he
eagle's] uss [...]: a lion hold o he hou o which sin iche mun a e sime
lus and e eshes Minneb 3005. –
Semem 2 and so on. pas u e, o e he e. "C awling" (li e ally "weeding
he slope")
SBPTKR: NGn/Agens (Man) […] Nga/O ice s Objec (Abhang) E idence: ubi
san and ubi wasin mus ha e been [Jona han and his men] who held asin
zende [ he ocks up] an allin ou R EWch 23336.
Ea ly High Ge man
The FNHDWB se s a lemma o he ype wi h a ica e and he ype wi h
ica i e: ä zen, e zen, a e a zen
Semem 1 […]jm. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . o gi e ood, jn. o ea ;
(speci ically: […] (p isone s) o eed […]); in legal p ohibi ion o mulas: […]jn. I'll ha e
a bi e. p o ide shel e ; Feeding he animals.
SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (Mensch) – Nga/Ad essa (Mensch/Tie ) – [pNmi /
A izie es Objek (Nah ung)] – [pNmi /Ins (Hand)]
P oo : you can ea i wi h hal -cooked ba ley, says legend il ai K. . Me
genbe g, B.d.Na .196,15; he (bi d) ea s himsel wi h his uoz as a human wi h
which he handles K. . Megenbe g, B.d.N.222,9. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Semem 2 ‘e w. (z.B. Ha e ) e ü e n’
SBPTKR: NGn/Agens (man) […] Nga/O ice s Objec ( ood) Receip : Bu i hey
ea , hey should pay he common way. The Sch iesheim
184, 10.
Semem 3 […] (d i ing ca le) o he meadow […]
SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (Mensch) – NGa/A izie es Objek (Vieh)
Wha 's he p oo ?
Shem 4: "Feeding he ca le".
SBPTKR: NGn/Agens (human) […] NGa/Pa ien s (ca le) This is a lis o he species included in he genus SBPTKR.
Wha 's he p oo ?
Semem 5: […] ( he g ow h o a ield) le i g aze […]
SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (Mensch)
ALBRECHT GREULE
18 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
P oo : bu ha one's will [on he allmend] is pe mi ed Wisdom Sch iesheim 121.5
The six h. damaging he li es ock by g azing (see. I'm no going o lie o you.
SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (man) NGa/Pa iens (man) E idence: 1.h.14.jh. We' e no going
o be able o do ha . We' e no going o be able o do ha .
I know. 1,628 (DWBneu) This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, so ed by loca ion.
Semem 7: ‘(a ishing gea ) wi h bai o bai p o ided (c . I'm no going o lie o you.
Lu ing animals wi h ood, bai ; some hing wi h bai , bai p o ided, i s
1349 Kon ad . Megenbe g) was bo n in Vienna, Aus ia.
SBP-TKR: Nn/Agens (human) […] Na/Pa iens ( ap de ice) […]
pNmi /O iced objec (kille ) This is a lis o people who ha e been a es ed in connec ion wi h he c ime.
Con ad . Megenbe g, B.D. is he au ho o he book "The Angel o Dea h". 250,
13 Semem 8: "Na h is hos ile o Jonah. beha e you sel ; Raising eelings o
e enge, plunde ing. I'm no going o lie o you. To ha m, o plunde , o ob in wa .
SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (Mensch)
E idence: [ hey] lay wi h he bishop wi h iolence in he coun y and p ayed and a e o six days
The ch onicle. The Augs. 2.21,26.
Semem 9 (a e DWBneu ä zen1) 'some hing by ac ing on he su ace-
de chem. Mi el du ch scha e subs anz (säu e, lauge) ze essen lassen, beizen,
einigen’
SBPTKR: Nn/Agens (man) […] Na/a ilia ed objec e idence: (1497) (d. sal e) wu
as geb uch .. o e zen nnd clean..all n eine damage B unschwig, chi u gie
237 Sembneuem 10 (a e DWB ä zen2): […]some hing p oduced by he ac ion o
chemical means, eng a ed (a is ically designed) in o a su ace[…]
SBPTKR: NGn/Agens (human) […] NGa/e ec ed objec (eng a ing) […] pNin/
Loca ion
E idence: (1558) he glass, whe ein he holy Da id was bu ied Lindene , ka zipo i
This is LV 133.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
Semem 1 […]jm. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . o gi e ood, jn. o ea ;
Feeding animals (synonym o Semem 1 om ä zen/e zen/a zen)
SBP-TKR: Nn/Agens (human) […] Na/Ad essa (human) […]
[pNmi /A ilia ed objec ( ood)] [A ilia ed objec ( ood)] [A ilia ed objec ( ood)] [A ilia ed objec ( ood)] [A ilia ed objec ( ood)] [A ilia ed objec ( ood)]
P oo (a e DWBneu äsen1) 1388 ha ...o he yea ni me hese six swin
geaesse sullen would be. I 's abou his o y. 8,62.
S aipsniai A icles 19 and 19
Ä zend! Zu Geschich e de Ve ben ä zen, a zen, äsen
(The ini e e b o ms quo ed in he FNHDWB in he documen s wi h <z> may also
belong o e zen, e.g. do mi e ez he he ge alkin . Tscha ne , Md. Ma co Polo
21,7.)
Semem 2 ‘(Animals) o a ac by a bai SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (man) NGa/Pa iens
(animal) P oo : i you ha e e en a buil -in ox [...], ea in oo much wood bey o a
ee on he g ound E misch among o he s, Haush. Fo he pu poses o his
Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: Semem 3 (a e DWBneu äsen1) ‘ o
ake up ood (in hun e 's language), (a e DBWneu äsen2) e lexi ely ‘( om
he bi o ous animals, especially hun e 's language om he wild) o ea
some hing, consume, g aze
SBPTKR: NGn/Agens (animal) This is a lis o animals classi ied unde he genus SBPTKR.
P oo : may sy (bea ing dee ) himsel wol on he la waiden nd äsen each .
d. sign d. dee 133 L.
P oo : 1682 is said o be he dee ...aesen in he seeds and ields Hohbe g
geo gica (1687)2,63b.
Old High Ge man (Goe heWB)
Semem 1 ‘(a bi d) eeding SBP/TKR: NGn/Agens (human)
NGakkakk/Ad essa (animal) [pNaus/Ins ] E idence: The e was a boy who
had a do e ende , mou h...Geä ze om his Semem 2 ‘ o he ha m ul
e ec o alkalis and acids, poisons only
Pa P äs.!
Semem 3 ‘in he a o e ching o he e ching p ocess SBP/TKR:
NGn/Agens (man) NGa/O icia ed objec (ma e ial)
P oo : I a e he pla e,
mysel .
Semem: (in hun e 's language) o ea ing he game: […] eeding […]
SBP/TKR: Nn/Agens (wild animals) […] pNanO E idence: Ho ned ca le
a e dis ibu ed on he o e g own ocks. New High Ge man (DUW,
DWBneu) is he same as
Semem (in hun e 's language) […] ( o ake ood om game excep
black and wild game) […]
SBP/TKR: Nn/Agens […] pN/O This is he name o he coun y.
Example: <1883> you could...s ep ou o a eindee o a dee and see
you sel ea ing (DWBneu, 3 d olume, Sp. 338)
ALBRECHT GREULE
26 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV is no ully documen ed a any language
le el, i esul s in a VAK wi h h ee ac an s o Semem B om he "scene". I 's
only ela ed o ha in he Mhd. wo- alued semem C, in which, as a consequence
o pe ec i i y ([…]abweiden[…]), he place appea s as a Na/A ilia ed objec . Wi h
only nhd. ( wo- alue) Semem C (d i ing ca le o he o es si e), which can be
unde s ood as an in ensi ica ion o Semem B, is ins ead hidden and he ca le is
b ough in o play as a Na/O iced objec . The mu ual pe spec i e on he g azing
o li es ock is aken up by Semem E: he e he animals a e no d i en, bu lu ed by
bai . The ocus in his (only mhd. and nhd.) Semem lies on he bai and he de ice
o he bai . The ansi ion o he impo ance o he pas u e in he b oad sense
(Semem B, C, D, E, G) om li es ock a ming o hun ing occu s om he Fnhd. up
o Nhd. I 's been a mon h. O e ime, g azing seems o ha e led o legal dispu es. I
is only in his way ha he de elopmen o he Semem G 'emanden is damaged by
Semem (Semem I) im Ve lau des Sp achwandels au , das au den Fo man äsen
(jäge sp achlich) es geleg is und dessen Bedeu ung sich aus de Re lexi ie-
ung on ‘ ü e n/weiden’ e gib , nämlich ‘sich selbs e näh en, weiden, ü e n’
indem de e s e Ak an Nn/Agens au Wild ie e besch änk is .
he unjus i ied g azing o i s ood su aces' and e en in he Fnhd alone. I would
like o ask he P esiden -in-O ice o he Council whe he he is p epa ed o
accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he En i onmen , Public
Heal h and Consume P o ec ion.
While he abo e-desc ibed de elopmen o he Sememe […] apa om Semem A
(a zen) and Semem I (äsen) […] has no impac on he Nhd. The g oup o Sememes J o
K seems o be comple ely ou o he way, bu o he cogni i e goal o de elopmen
i is he Nhd. impo an : jus ä zen (o e ä zen) is s ill p esen in he s anda d
language and in he o m o he pa iciple o he p esen ä zend (de aluing)
‘abho en you h ul and colloquially s ill cu en . I is no ewo hy ha he Semem
J is al eady eco ded in he Ahd, albei only as a gloss wi hou VAK, and excep in
he Mhd. I is cha ac e ised by seman ic di e en ia ion a all language le els. The
ques ion a ises as o how he meaning o 'some hing' is in luenced by chemicals
ac ing on he su ace. Means o be ea en, bi en, cleaned by a sha p subs ance
(acid, lye) de eloped ou o he meaning o he causa i e. The app oach o an
explana ion is p o ided by Duden, The Dic iona y o he O igin, unde ä zen (Riecke
2014: 136) wi h he indica ion ha he e b a he end o he 15 h cen u y. I has
become a echnical e m and i s echnical use is based on he assump ion ha he
acid somehow ea s in o he me al. We mus ob iously p oceed om a linguis ically
ea ly me apho by which bi ing and ea ing when eeding animals on he impac o
sha pe (bi e )

S aipsniai / A icles 27
Ä zend! Zu Geschich e de Ve ben ä zen, a zen, äsen
Subs anzen au den menschlichen Kö pe übe agen wu de. Dies legen auch
he wo ahd. Close, in which la . mu de e […]bi e[…] wi h ahd. Ezzen ( eads: *e zen)
has been ansla ed. I he assump ion is co ec , he semen J mos likely
de eloped om he semen B […] g azing li es ock[…], namely con iguously, because
he bi ing o animals du ing g azing occu s as a ma ginal phenomenon. The change
in meaning is ecognizable in he VAK in ha he ac an "place o pas u e" o he
semes B is los , he ac an Na/Pa iens becomes he Na/A ilia ed objec and is no
longe es ic ed o "ca le". Fu he mo e, he wo-digi VAK became he Nhd.
ex ended by he ac an pNmi /Ins and hus c ea ed he possibili y o
accu a ely indica ing which agen is co osi e.
7. Conclusions and conclusions
A he beginning o he s o y a e in Ahd. h ee e b o ms ha a e la gely
iden ical mo phologically and seman ically: hey a e de i a i es o he Ge manic
e b mo pheme *e -a- ‘essen and hei meaning is causa i e ‘ o ea o ‘ o le
ea . In he end, he e a e also h ee e bs in oday's Ge man-language
communica ion ha o mally come om ge m. I'm no going o lie o you. They
ha e e ol ed, bu seman ically no essencausa i a ha e emained, bu a e only used
in a special language, a zen, äsen in he hun e 's language and ä zen in a echnical
language. The seman ic de elopmen is less o he di e en ia ion and clea
assignmen o he ac ual and pe missi e causali y o one o he h ee he same
p ocess is also obse ed in he d inking-causal d inking […]gi ing animals o
Ve b-Fo man en gep äg , als ielmeh dadu ch, dass sich die Tä igkei des Men-
schen, ein Lebewesen zu näh en, ühzei ig au die Viehzuch konzen ie . (De
d ink[…].) In he VAK, he de elopmen is such ha he second ac an
[…]Ad essa […] is se on animals and ins ead o he […] impo an o human
nu i ion […] ype o ood o he place whe e i is ed o g azed, he hi d ac an
comes in o play. Fo he pu ely linguis ic ea ly "shi ing" o he e e ence a ea
in o he a ea o he pas u e he su ace-ac ing chemical means o be ea en by a
sha p subs ance (acid, lye) was me apho ically ansmi ed om he bi ing ca le
sp ich o allem, dass das schon im Ahd. beleg e Semem J ‘e was du ch au
(and wild?) I should be no ed ha his semem is p obably es ic ed o
p o essional use on he o man nhd. (Ahad. ezzen) has been es ablished.
The FNHD has a s ikingly wide seman ic spec um o 10 semens, which is
ans e ed by meaning o o he seman ically close
ALBRECHT GREULE
28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Re e ence a eas (e.g. he legal ield), on he o he hand, a ise om he
des Weidens und Fü e ns on Tie en eine sei s und du ch die Spezi ika ion
speci ica ion o he meaning o he echnical meaning o […]ä zen[…]. In doing so, he
meaning spec um de eloped signi ican ly away om he o iginal causali y, a
de elopmen ha in he mhd. and nhd. F has s ayed close o someone. Also, he
ung geben’ einen Gip elpunk e eich e, de abe ohne Auswi kung au das Nhd.
g azing o ca le by humans and all he sememes de i ed om i in he la e Middle
Ages emain in he use o he language o he p esen wi hou e lexes, which may
ha e o do wi h he dec ease in he impo ance o li es ock b eeding o social
communica ion in he indus ial age. Wha is mo e cha ac e is ic is ha in he Nhd.
he e ymologically o iginal causali y o […] sen, a zen and äsen was comple ely los
and he sememes assigned o he h ee e bs oday we e pushed o he peculia
and echnical edge in hei use.
LITERATUR
DUW – Deu sches Uni e salwö e buch, 4. neu bea bei e e und e wei e e Au lage, h sg.
on de Duden eak ion, Mannheim, Leipzig, Wien, Zü ich: Duden e lag, 2001.
DWBneu – Deu sches Wö e buch de B üde G imm, Neubea bei ung, h sg. on de
Akademie de DDR und de Akademie de Wissenscha en zu Gö ingen. Bd. 1, Sp.
15, Leipzig: S. Hi zel, 1983; Bd. 3, Sp. 337–339, 390–392, S u ga : S. Hi zel, 2007.
EWAhd I – E ymologisches Wö e buch des Al hochdeu schen, h sg. on A. L. Lloyd,
O. Sp inge , R. Lüh , Gö ingen, Zü ich: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 1988.
EWAhd II – E ymologisches Wö e buch des Al hochdeu schen, h sg. on A. L. Lloyd,
O. Sp inge , R. Lüh , Gö ingen, Zü ich: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 1998.
G eule Alb ech , Ko honen Ja mo 2021: His o ische Valenz. Ein üh ung in die
E o schung de deu schen Sp achgeschich e au alenz heo e ische G undlage, Tübingen:
Niemeye .
Riecke Jö g 1996: Die schwachen jan-Ve ben des Al hochdeu schen. Ein Gliede ungs-
e such, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech .
Schü zeichel Rudol 2006: Al hochdeu sches Wö e buch, 6. Au lage, übe a bei e
und um die Glossen e wei e , Tübingen: Niemeye .
Seebold Elma 1970: Ve gleichendes und e ymologisches Wö e buch de ge manischen
s a ken Ve ben, The Hague, Pa is: Mou on.
S aipsniai / A icles 29
Ä zend! Zu Geschich e de Ve ben ä zen, a zen, äsen
WÖRTERBÜCHER ONLINE
AHDWB – Al hochdeu sches Wö e buch. Zugang: h p://awb.saw-leipzig.de.
FNHDWB – F ühneuhochdeu sches Wö e buch. Zugang: h ps:// wb-online.de.
Goe heWB – Goe he-Wö e buch. Zugang: h ps//gwb.uni- ie .de.
MHDWB – Mi elhochdeu sches Wö e buch. Zugang: h p://www.mhdwb-online.de.
Įky us, nemalonus, a s umian is!
Dėl eiksmažodžių mai in i, algy i, ės i is o ijos
The SANTRAUKA
The his o y o he language o he old oices is he beginning o he o ma ion o h ee
ac ions, which a e mo phologically and seman ically iden ical. Tu imi omenyje ja- ediniai iš
ge maniškosios eiksmažodžio mo emos *e -a- ‘essen (‘ algy i), u inčių kauza y inę
eikšmę ‘ea make (‘gamin i algy i) a ba ‘ea le (‘duo i algy i). This is he i s ime in he
his o y o he Ge man language ha he e m has been used. In he case o egg yolks, he
cal age is simila o ha o he h ee maize seeds, o mally he kilę o he ge m. I 's no ha
I don' wan o alk abou i , i 's ha I don' wan o alk abou i , i 's ha I don' wan o alk abou i .
I 's called he Anks y osios naujosios okiečių aukš aičių kalbos žodyne pa eik ų sememų
suku ia pla ų spek ą, ku is, iena e us, eikšmės pe kėlimu į ki as seman iškai a imas
s i is (pa y, eisės) De ini ion o li e ganymo i šė imo eikšmes, ki a e us, išski ia dalykiškai
a ojamą ‘ä zen eikšmę. I is also known as he I is no enough o say ha he Eu opean
Union is he only coun y in he wo ld ha is no a membe o he Eu opean Union, bu i is also
necessa y o say ha he Eu opean Union is he only coun y in he wo ld ha is no a membe
o he Eu opean Union. Visos su gy ulių ganymu susijusios i ėly aisiais idu amžiais iš jų
kilusios sememos daba inėje a osenoje nea spindi gy ulininkys ės p ocessų eikšmės. This
ai, kad naujojoje okiečių aukš aičių kalboje pi map adis ä zen, a zen i äsen e imologinis
is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha such a p ocess has occu ed. Pab ėž ina
kauzualumas išnyko, o šiandieninėje a osenoje ims eiksmažodžiams p iski iamų sememų naudojimas išs um as į specialiosios i echninės kalbos už ibį. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha he e m has been used in his way.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
ALBRECHT GREULE
Uni e si ä Regensbu g
Ins i u e o Ge man S udies, D-93040
Regensbu g Alb ech .G eule@sp achli .uni- egensbu g.de This is a lis o uni e si ies and colleges in Ge many.