Recenzijos / Re iews 331
DANIEL PETIT
École No male Supé ieu e, Pa is ORCID:
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8432-5600 Fields o esea ch:
Bal ic s udies, Indo-Eu opean s udies.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all85-16
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
POVILO FRYDRICHO
RUIGIO GRAMATIKA
ANFANGSGRÜNDE EINER
LITTAUISCHEN GRAMMATICK,
1747. FAKSIMIL, KRITINIS
LEIDIMAS, VERTIMAS.
Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2020, 564 p. ISBN 978-609-
411-264-5
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
POVILAS FRYDRICHAS RUIGYS.
MONOGRAPHIE, GRAMATIKOS
INDEKSAI.
Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2020, 414 p. ISBN 978-609-
411-265-2
The Li huanian g amma ical adi ion goes back o he se en een h cen u y
cen u y, o e a cen u y a e he i s documen s w i en in he Li huanian
language. The i s g amma by Daniel Klein (1653) was ollowed by an unb oken
chain o g amma ical wo ks un il he nine een h cen u y. Among hese ea ly
g amma s o Li huanian, he An angsg ünde eine Li auischen G amma ick by
Paul F ied ich Ruhig (1747) occupy a special posi ion. Fo he majo i y o us, he
name ‘Ruhig e okes Philipp Ruhig (16751749), who au ho ed a pa h-b eaking
DANIEL PETIT
332 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV ea ise on he Li huanian language
(Be ach ung de Li auischen Sp ache, in ih em U sp unge, Wesen und
Eigenscha en, 1745) and a dic iona y (Li auischDeu sches und
Deu sch-Li auisches Lexicon, 1747). His son, Paul F ied ich Ruhig (ca
1721-1722-a e 1784), is no as well known, bu his name emains associa ed wi h
he An angsg ünde (1747), a g amma o Li huanian published in Königsbe g
oge he wi h his a he s dic iona y. Acco ding o Zinke ičius (1990: 260), Paul
F ied ich Ruhigs g amma is based on no es aken by his a he , wi h a s ong
in luence o p e ious wo ks such as Klein (1653), Sappuhn & Schul z (1673) and Hack
(1730). The p esen wo k, published join ly by Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda
Blažienė, is a c i ical edi ion o he An angsg ünde accompanied by a monog aphy
on i s au ho and on he cul u al con ex in which i was published. acsimile
The edi o s a e o be hanked o making a ailable o he schola ly communi y
his impo an miles one in he his o y o he Li huanian language.
The p esen book consis s o wo olumes. The i s olume con ains a
edi ion o he o iginal ex (I 51226), a c i ical edi ion o he Ge man ex on he
le accompanied by a Li huanian ansla ion on he igh (I 227553) and inally a
egis e o no ions, pe sons and places (I 555563). The second olume con ains a
biog aphy o Paul F ied ich Ruhig by G asilda Blažienė (II 17121), an o e all
p esen a ion o his g amma by Ona Alekna ičienė
(II271) and a conclusion on he alue o his g amma in he his o y o Li huanian
philology co-w i en by bo h au ho s (II 273276), ollowed by Ge man summa y (II 277277), a
comple e wo d conco dance (II 289123379), a bibliog aphy (II 380402) and an index o
pe sonal names (II 403413). I is ex emely use ul, and e en down igh essen ial, o ha e
he e a acsimile o he An angsg ünde (I 51226): his opens a di ec access o he ex
and sheds ligh on i s ma e ial p esen a ion. In he o ewo d o he g amma , Paul
F ied ich Ruhig sch eib dass he edac ion o his ex was ini ia ed by his a he ,
who had o ace some obs acles and he e o e asked his son o eplace him. The
g amma i sel is bo h adi ional and inno a i e. In many aspec s, i e lec s a
long-s anding adi ion o g amma ical desc ip ion, beginning wi h ‘le e s
(Buchs aben), i.e. o hog aphy and phone ics, hen mo ing o wo d o ma ion and
declension (nouns, adjec i es, p onouns, e bs) and ending wi h a ew obse a ions on
syn ax. The g amma has exac ly he same s uc u e as Sappuhn & Schul z (1673) and
Hack (1730), bu is conside ably mo e de eloped han Klein (1653), who has no sec ion on
syn ax, and he Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae (1737), whose sec ion on syn ax is
p e y puny. The g amma is w i en in Ge man, on a pa wi h Daniel Kleins Compendium
Li uanico-Ge manicum (1654) and Hacks Ku zge ass e Li hauische G amma ic (1630),
whe eas he majo i y o p e ious wo ks was in La in (Klein 1653, Sappuhn, Schul z 1673,
Uni e si as 1737). The choice o he Ge man language, mo i a ed by he in ended
eade ship, implies
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Re enzionen Re iews 333 e minological choices, pa icula ly o g amma ical
ca ego ies o o ma ions ha a e no ep esen ed in La in o Ge man. / As a ule, he
La in e minology is simply inco po a ed in he Ge man ex and applied o he
Li huanian language wi hou oo much di icul y, ei he di ec ly (e.g. Vocales ‘ owels,
Consonan es ‘consonan s, Nomina ‘nouns, Conjunc iones ‘conjunc ions,
P aeposi iones ‘p eposi ions, Ve ba ac i a and passi a ‘ac i e and passi e e bs, e c.),
mo e a ely h ough Ge man (e.g. Syllben ‘syllables). The use o he La in e m Ancipi es
(I 69); i is ul ima ely based on he G eek e m δίχρονοι ‘o wo quan i ies used by
‘ wo-headed ( owels)’ o e e o owels ha a e bo h sho o long is s iking
Dionysos Th ax. G amma ical ca ego ies a e usually iden i ied wi h hose o La in.
Th ee gende s a e asc ibed o Li huanian adjec i es, Masculinum ‘masculine,
Fœmininum ‘ eminine and Neu um ‘neu e (I 100). The condi ional (e.g. būčiau ‘I would be)
is called Modus Conjunc i us ‘conjunc i e mood (I 134). The s ong La in empla e may
easily each i s limi s, in pa icula o he desc ip ion o he case sys em, whe e
Li huanian is said (I 85) o possess six cases like La in (Nomina i us ‘nomina i e,
Geni i us ‘geni i e, Da i us ‘da i e, Accusa i us ‘accusa i e, Voca i us ‘ oca i e and
Abla i us ‘abla i e), he la e subdi ided in o an Ins umen .The ‘ins umen al (e.g.
Li hs a g Li h good one) a e p esen ed as adjec i e combined wi h he ‘demoni e
p onoun o ms (I 109q), bu do no ecei e any speci ic name. The g amma ocuses on
and a Localis ‘loca i e’ (e.g. Li h. danguje), which is a i icial. De ini e adjec i es
he Li huanian language as i was spoken a he mid-eigh een h cen u y in Eas P ussia
(based on he dialec s o Ins e bu g, nowadays Черняховск, and Ragni , nowadays
Неман), bu includes a sec ion on o he dialec s (I 195198, c . also II 223234), in which, in e
alia, one inds a b ie , bu in e es ing men ion o he Samogi ian s ess e ac ion (I
196). I is ich in obse a ions on ine-g ained de ails o he Li huanian g amma and
es i ies o a good command o he language. In some aspec s, Ruhigs g amma
ep esen s a signi ican ad ance o e i s p edecesso s. The Li huanian one sys em,
gene ally o e looked in p e ious wo ks (wi h he excep ion o he Uni e si as, 1737), is
submi ed o a b ie o e iew (I 7274), using he Ancien G eek e minology (Acu us
‘acu e, G a is ‘g a e, Ci cum lexus ‘ci cum lex). The aspec ual use o he p e e b
beis duly signaled in a sec ion on ‘con inua i e e bs (Con inua, I 169), e.g. Li h. Beeimi ich
gehe so nach und nach o ‘I am going con inuously. The sec ion on syn ax (I 199220)
spiegel he p edominan app oach o syn ax a ha ime, limi ed o a ew ques ions
such as g amma ical ag eemen , he unc ions o cases, he syn ax o p eposi ions,
and inally some e y b ie commen s on wo d o de . I does no a oid he common
p ejudices o he ime, in pa icula he idea ha ce ain syn ac ic con igu a ions can
be ega ded as mo e ‘na u al han o he s. Ruhig, o example, p esen s he
DANIEL PETIT
334 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV wo d o de [noun + geni i e] in Sunùs Diewo
‘Son o God as na ü lich ‘na u al (I 218), wi hou pu ing o wa d any g ound in
ha ega d. An impo an componen o any g amma ical desc ip ion lies in i s
exempli ica ion. Mos o he Li huanian examples ound in he An angsg ünde seem
o be d awn om eligious ex s, in pa icula om he ansla ion o he Bible.
The eligious ph aseology is omnip esen ; in some cases, Ruhig e en indica es he
G eek o Heb ew sou ce. O he examples seem o e lec he daily use o he
language. I is no di icul o ack down examples om p e ious g amma s: one
may compa e, o example, Ge iù Wandens ‘I d ink wa e (I 209, G eek πίνω δατος,
Ge man ich inke Wasse ) wi h Ge iu Wandenio (Sappuhn, Schul z 1673: 80, G eek
πίνω δατος, La in Bibo aq am), o Důk mán Důn mi ‘gi e me some b ead (I 209,
Ge man giebôs B o ) wi h Důk man
Důnôs (Hack 1730: 333).
The acsimile is ollowed by a c i ical edi ion o he Ge man ex on he le and i s
Li huanian ansla ion on he igh (I 227553). The use ulness o his ansla ion is
immedia ely ob ious, because i makes he ex a ailable o he Li huanian
eade ship ha can be un amilia wi h he Ge man language. T ansla ing in o
Mode n Li huanian a Li huanian g amma w i en in Ge man in he eigh een h
cen u y is no an easy ask, no only owing o he di icul y o he language i sel ,
bu abo e all because o he a ious p oblems aised by he choice o e minological
equi alen s. The ansla ion is ex emely p ecise and may be used wi h con idence. I
is p obably no useless o poin ou a o m o ch onological pa adox, howe e : he
Li huanian linguis ic e minology used in his ansla ion is gene ally ha
es ablished by Jonas Jablonskis (and o he s) a he beginning o he wen ie h
cen u y, i.e. almos wo cen u ies a e Ruhigs g amma . In mos cases, his
e minological ans e is ha mless: Genus Neu um is ende ed by be a dė giminė (I
100), In ini i us by bend a is (I 128), Modus by nuosaka (I 129), e c., which causes no
p oblem o unde s anding. Some imes, he e minological equi alence is mo e
challenging. I ha e al eady men ioned he La in e m ancipi es ‘ wo-headed used o
e e o owels ha a e ei he sho o long; i has no equi alen in Li huanian. I is
ende ed he e by s y uojančiosios balsės ‘hesi a ing owels (I 251), which is a e all
a good op ion. In a small numbe o cases, one could p opose a di e en ansla ion.
The La in e m Deduc io (li e ally ‘leading away) is ende ed in Li huanian ei he by
edyba (e.g. I 367) o by da yba (e.g. I 372). I would sugges o choose a uni o m
ansla ion and pe haps mo e p ecisely o ende La in deduc io by de i acija.
These a e mino de ails, which do no comp omise he e y high quali y o he
Li huanian ansla ion.
The second olume places Paul F ied ich Ruhig and his g amma in hei p ope
con ex . I begins wi h a biog aphy o Paul F ied ich Ruhig by G asilda
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Bewe ungen Re iews 335 /
Blažienė (II 17121). Li le is known abou Ruhigs li e, and he b ie men ions ha can be
ound in he li e a u e a e despe a ely sho .1 E en his da es o bi h and dea h a e
no known wi h p ecision. Mos sou ces indica e ca 1725 o his bi h, a e 1781 o
his dea h, bu Blažienės wo k p oposes di e en da es (ca 1721/1722-a e 1784). Paul
F ied ich Ruhigs bi h place was Wal e kehmen (now Ольховатка) in Eas P ussia. He
began o s udy in Königsbe g in 1740; he was bound o he Li huanian Semina y, whe e
he augh o a ew yea s. La e , he appea o ha e wo ked as a p o es an chu ch
minis e in La ia since 1752 and o ha e been e en ually epa ia ed o Königsbe g
due o men al illness. We lose ack o him a e 1784. The biog aphy by G asilda
Blažienė (II 17121) is he mos ex ensi e ea men o Ruhigs li e o da e. I con ains
all a ailable documen s on he li e and ac i i y o he Ruhig amily, including
p e iously unknown manusc ip le e s. Paul F ied ich Ruhigs da e o bi h (ca
1721:1722) can be in e ed om his posi ion as he elde b o he in he amily (be o e
his b o he Ch is ian Geo g, bo n in 1724:1725) and om his uni e si y egis a ion in
1740 (II 7374). His dea h, commonly supposed o ha e aken place a e 1781, can now be
pos pone o a sligh ly la e da e, since he is s ill men ioned as ali e in 1784 (II 74). The
spa se in o ma ion ha we possess on his li e be o e he publica ion o his
g amma is limi ed o his uni e si y egis a ion in Königsbe g (1740: Paul F ied ich
Ruhig, Wal e kaimensis Bo uss), his au og aph applica ion o m o g an (1743), he
only documen w i en in his own hand ha has been p ese ed, and a ew men ions
o he Li huanian semina y, wo he was ac i e du ing he 1740s. In he o ewo d o his
dic iona y, his a he Philip Ruhig men ions ha he en us ed his son o w i e a
Li huanian g amma . Ruhigs g amma appa en ly had g ea success a e i s
publica ion in 1747. I was men ioned as an impo an sou ce by Go ied
Os e meye (17161800) in his Neue Li auische G amma ik (1791). Johann Se e in Va e
(17711826) uses i in he amous encyclopedia o languages Mi h ida es (1809: 706).
Ruhigs la e li e is less known, and we ha e no p ecise sou ces on his ac i i y in Riga,
on his men al illness and on his dea h. This sec ion is e y well-w i en and
in o ma i e; i enhances conside ably ou knowledge on he cul u al ac o s who
ha e con ibu ed o he p og ess o Li huanian philology in he eigh een h cen u y.
The nex sec ion is a p esen a ion o he An angsg ünde by Ona Alekna ičienė (II 123271).
Ruhigs g amma was i s in ended o he pa icipan s in he Li huanian semina y in
Königsbe g, many o whom could unde s and and speak Li huanian only impe ec ly (II 126);
his explains he choice o Ge man as he common language sha ed by all o hem. In
compa ison wi h p e ious wo ks, 1 C . Bi žiška (II 120121), Zinke ičius (1990: 260), Lie u iu
kalbos enciklopedija (LKE 2008: 459).

DANIEL PETIT
336 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
Ruhigs g amma is ela i ex ensi e and de ailed, which accoun s o a la ge pa o i s
success in he ollowing decades as one o he majo e e ence g amma s o
Li huanian. Alekna ičienė u he desc ibes he ma e ial shape o he book edi ed in
1747, i s o ma , i s sc ip , i s pa a ex (II 135). Mos in e es ing is he i s po en ial
sec ion abou in e ex uali y in Ruhig’s g amma (II 152sq.), compa ing i wi h
sou ces (Klein, Sappuhn & Schul z, Hack). Es illus ie pe ek dass li auische philologie
ha ollowed, in seinen e schiedenen his o ischen Pe ioden, he common h ead o a
sha ed cul u al iden i y und soll e nich als die eme gence on some isola ed indi iduals
in a con ex wo he Li huanian language was s ill ela i p eca ious in e ms o i s
sociolinguis ic s a us. The es o he sec ion p o ides a ho ough desc ip ion o he
Li huanian language documen ed in Ruhigs g amma , i s o hog aphy and phone ics (II
234248), i s mo phology (II 249252). Mo e han 9000 Li huanian wo d o ms a e a chaic s age
o de elopmen , wi h he dual numbe s ill ully ali e (II 249), wi h all ou seconda y
ansmi ed. The Li huanian language in Ruhig’s g amma appea s in a ela i ely
loca i e cases s ill in use (II 249), wi h condi ional o ms in -b- (II 252), wi h compa a i e
ad e bs in -(i)aus (II 25 e c2), As i s ands, i o e s us a weal h o aluable da a on Eas
P ussia Li huanian a he mideigh een h cen u y.
The e ollows a e y sho conclusion, co-w i en by he wo au ho s, Ona
Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė, s essing he impo ance o Ruhigs
g amma o Li huanian s udies (II 275276). The olume endes wi h a leng hy
Ge man summa y (II 277287), a e y use ul wo d index (II 298379) and a
bibliog aphy (II 380402).
The e is no doub ha his exempla y wo k will emain he e e ence edi ion o Paul
F ied ich Ruhigs An angsg ünde in he yea s o come. I is no only e y well-w i en
in o ma i e, philologically and his o ically impeccable; i is also well-s uc u ed,
and edi ed wi h he u mos ca e. I am e y g a e ul o he edi o s o his excellen
wo k, which en iches conside ably ou knowledge on he de elopmen o Li huanian
philology in he cou se o i s his o y. Als ich zu Li huanian S udies kam an dem Beginn
de 1990s, ku z nach de Unabhängigkei on Li auen, wa ich so o aszinie on
de mush ooming o philological wo k on Old Li huanian ex s, als ob edi ing ea ly
documen s o he Li huanian language was o ha gene a ion o schola s a means
o eco e ing hei iden i y. The p esen book shows ha , e en nowadays, in a wo ld
o globaliza ion and g owing indi e ence owa ds he pas , i is s ill ewa ding o
look back o he legacy o ancien ex s such as his one and o de o e special
a en ion o hei philological su i al.
Daniel Pe i (ENS & EPHE)
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Bewe ungen Re iews 337 /
LITERATURE
Bi žiška Vaclo as 19601965: Aleksand ynas. Al ige li auische Sch i s elle s,
ašiusių o 1865 m., Biog aphien, Bibliog aphien und biobibliog a ien 2, XVIIIXIX amžiai, Čikaga: JAV
LB Kul ū as Fondas, 1963.
Daniel 1653: G amma ica Li anica Manda o & Au o i a e Se enissimi Elec o is B andenbu gici
ado na a, & p æ iâ Censu â p imùm in lucem edi a à M. Daniele Klein Klein / Pa o e Til . Li .
P æmi a e ad Lec o em P æ a io non minùs u ilis, quàm nece a ia. [...] Regiomon i, Typis &
ump ibus Johannis Reusne i, Anno χριστογονίας cIɔ Iɔc. LIII [1653]. (Faksimilinis Ausgabe:
Pi moji li auische Sp ache g ama ika, 1653 Jah e), a s. ed. J. K uopas, Vilnius: S aa ybliche
poli ische und wissenscha liche Li e a u en Ve lag, 1957. Daniel Klein 1654: Danielis Kleinii
Compendium Li anico-Ge manicum, Ode Ku und gan deu liche An h ung u Li auschen
Sp ache wie man ech Li auisch lesen sch eiben und eden ol. / Cum P i ilegio S. R. M. Pol. e
Se en. Elec . B andenb, Knigsbe g: Ged uck und e leg du ch Iohann Reusne n, M.D.C.LIV.
LKE 2008 Lie u ių kalbos enciklopedija, pa . K. Mo kūnas, ed. V. Amb azas, 2-asse pa iksl. und
zusä z. Ve ö en lichung, Vilnius: Mokslo und enzyklopedienische Ve lagsins i u .
Os e meye Go ied 1791: Neue Li auische G amma ik, Königsbe g: G. L. Ha ung.
Paulauskienė Aldona 2006: E s es li auischen Sp ache G amma ikos, Vilnius: Gim asis Wo .
Ruhig Philipp 1745: Be ach ung de Li auischen Sp ache, in ih em U sp unge, Wesen und
Eigenscha en; [...] on Philipp Ruhig, P a e n und Senio e u Wal e kehmen, im Haup am
In e bu g. Knigsbe g, d uck s und e leg s Iohann Hein ich Ha ung, 1745. (Faksimilinische
Ve ö en lich, e imas in li auische Sp ache: Pilypas Ruigys, Lie u ių kalbos kilmės, būdo i
sa ybių y inėjimas, pa . Vy au as Ju gu is, Vale ija Vilnony ė, Vilnius: Vaga, Sappuhn
1986).
Ruhig Philipp 1747: Li auiſch-Deu ſches und Deu ſch-Li auiſches Lexicon, [...]
on Philipp Ruhig, P a e n und Senio e ʒu Wal e kehmen, Inſ e bu giſchen Haup am es,
Knigsbe g, d uck s und e leg s I. H. Ha ung, 1747.
Ch is up, Schul z Theo ili 1673: Compendium G amâ icæ Li h anicæ Theophili Schul ens Pas :
Ca eno , Regiomon i: Typis F ide ici Reu ne i, [...] Aō: 1673. (Faksimil-Ausgabe: Sapūno und Šulco
g ama ika), pa . K. Eigminas, B. S undžia, Vilnius: Mokslo und encyclopedijų Ve lagsins i u , 1997.
F ied ich Wilhelm Hack 1730: Vocab la i m Li h anico-ge manic m, e Ge manico-Li h anic m,
Da in alle im Neuen Tes amen und P al e be indliche W e nach dem Alphabe h en hal en
ind; Ein Neb em Anhang eine ku ge a en Li haui chen G amma ic Ausge e ige on
F iede ich Wilhelm Haack S.S. Theol. Cul o e, u ei
DANIEL PETIT
338 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
Docen e im Li haui chen Semina io u Halle. Halle, D uck s S ephanus O ban, Uni e .
Buchd . (1730) 2. (S udija, indeksai, odyklės), pa . V. Zubai ienė, Vilnius: Vilniaus
Uni e si ä s Ve lag, 2012.
LLinguua um Li uu Uni e si asaniae 1737 Anoniminė 1737 m. g ama ika ‘Uni e si as
Lingua um Li uaniae, pa . K. Eigminas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981. Va e Johan Se e in 1809:
Mi h ida es ode allgemeine Sp achenkunde, Vol. 2, Be lin:
Voss.
Zinke ičius Zigmas 1990: Lie u ių kalbos is o ija 4, Vilnius: Mokslas.
Eingelei e 2021 m. 11. Sep embe d.
DANIEL PETIT
École no male supé ieu e
45, ue dUlm, 75005 Pa is, F ance
daniel.pe[email p o ec ed]