S aipsniai / A icles 209
KAZUHITO UNI
Uni e si y o Kuala Lumpu
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-3492-6277
Field o esea ch: Ge manic and Romance languages, La in,
G eek, seman ics, ocabula y lea ning.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all86-09
BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL
LOANWORDS FOR ENGLISH-
SPEAKING LEARNERS OF
LITHUANIAN
Ta p au inių skolinių nauda lie u ių kalbos
besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams
ANNOTATION
This s udy explo es he bene i s o in e na ional loanwo ds in Li huanian o he lea ning
o i s ocabula y by English speake s. This s udy ocuses on he in e na ional ocabula y
ha o igina e om La in o G eek, much o which, howe e , was bo owed h ough Russian,
English and F ench. The au ho examined he lexes o he abo e-men ioned ca ego y in he
Ox o d 3000 wo dlis and coun ed he numbe o he Li huanian equi alen s o iden ical
ca ego y. As a esul , a o al o 511 ocabula y i ems o ha ca ego y we e ound in he
app oxima ely 3,000 basic Li huanian wo ds co pus. This s udy ca ego ised he collec ed
Li huanian lexes by su ixes o p opose egula i y in c oss-linguis ic simila i y. Many o he
high- equency English wo ds ending in - ion and -ion co esponded o Li huanian wo ds
ending in -cija (e.g. adminis acija ‘adminis a ion’) and -ija (e.g. diskusija ‘discussion’).
Mo eo e , English wo ds ending in -y we e equi alen o Li huanian wo ds wi h he ending
-ija (e.g. iloso ija ‘philosophy’, geog a ija ‘geog aphy’, ha monija ‘ha mony’). Simila ly, he
Li huanian ag ikul ū a ‘ag icul u e’, a chi ek ū a ‘a chi ec u e’, kul ū a ‘cul u e’, li e a ū a
‘li e a u e’, s uk ū a ‘s uc u e’ and empe a ū a ‘ empe a u e’ egula ly co espond o hei
English equi alen s. Thus, su ixes a e key elemen s o ocabula y lea ning. The e o e,
he p esen s udy concluded ha in e na ional loanwo ds in Li huanian could accele a e
lea ning high- equency Li huanian ocabula y by English speake s.
KEYWORDS: Li huanian, o eign language lea ning, La in and G eek loanwo ds,
adap a ion o loanwo ds, in e na ionalism.
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210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
ANOTACIJA
Ty ime analizuojama a p au inių skolinių lie u ių kalboje nauda jos žodyno
besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams. Daugiausiai dėmesio ski iama iš lo ynų a
g aikų kalbų kilusiems a p au iniams žodžiams, ku ių didelė dalis bu o pasiskolin a pe
usų, anglų i p ancūzų kalbas. Au o ius iš y ė šios ka ego ijos leksemas Oks o do anglų
kalbos žodyno 3000 pag indinių žodžių są aše i suskaičia o lie u iškus a i ikmenis šioje
ka ego ijoje. Maždaug 3000 pag indinių lie u ių kalbos žodžių są aše bu o as a 511 šios
ka ego ijos žodžių. Siekian nus a y i dėsningus ski ingų kalbų panašumus, y ime su ink os
lie u ių kalbos leksemos bu o sug upuo os pagal p iesagas. Dauguma dažnai a ojamų
angliškų žodžių, ku ie baigiasi - ion i -ion, a i inka lie u ių kalbos žodžius, besibaigiančius
-cija (pa yzdžiui, adminis acija ‘adminis a ion’) i -ija (pa yzdžiui, diskusija ‘discussion’).
Be o, anglų kalbos žodžiai su galūne -y a i iko lie u iškus žodžius su galūne -ija (pa yzdžiui,
iloso ija ‘philosophy’, geog a ija ‘geog aphy’, ha monija ‘ha mony’). Panašiai i lie u ių
kalbos žodžiai ag ikul ū a ‘ag icul u e’, a chi ek ū a ‘a chi ec u e’, kul ū a ‘cul u e’, li e a ū a
‘li e a u e’, s uk ū a ‘s uc u e’ i empe a ū a ‘ empe a u e’ u i dėsningus a i ikmenis anglų
kalboje. Taigi galima eig i, kad p iesagos y a pag indiniai žodyno mokymosi elemen ai.
Ty imas nus a ė, kad a p au iniai skoliniai lie u ių kalboje gali padė i lie u ių kalbos
besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams g eičiau išmok i dažniausiai a ojamus lie u ių
kalbos žodžius.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: lie u ių kalba, užsienio kalbos mokymasis, skoliniai iš lo ynų i
g aikų kalbų, skolinių adap a imas, a p au inis žodis.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Cha ac e is ics o he Li huanian language
1.1.1. Li huanian is he o icial language o Li huania, whose popula ion is
app oxima ely 2,800,000 people. I has se en g amma ical cases. Fo example,
he Li huanian wo d diena ‘day’ is i s nomina i e, while dieną unc ions as i s
accusa i e. English speake s, many o whom a e un amilia wi h g amma ical
cases, o en ace di icul ies in dis inguishing hem (Ramonienė e al. 2019).
Addi ionally, Li huanian has wo g amma ical gende s. Lea ne s a e equi ed o
memo ise gende s o each noun.
1.1.2. Syn he ic e b o ms ha comp ise se e al componen s wi h high
egula i y a e also cha ac e is ic o Li huanian (Ramonienė, P ibušauskai ė 2019).
In he u u e ense, an s ollows e b s ems: aš eisiu ‘I will go’; u eisi ‘you will
go’; jis eis ‘he will go’; ji eis ‘she will go’. Besides, he su ix da is included
egula ly in he pas i e a i e o m, which indica es epe i i e ac ions in he pas :
S aipsniai / A icles 211
Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds
o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian
aš eida au ‘I used o go’; u eida ai ‘you used o go’; jis eida o ‘he used o go’; ji
eida o ‘she used o go’.
1.1.3. These complica ed g amma ical ea u es would demo i a e many
lea ne s; howe e , he Li huanian lexis has ad an ages. Basic Li huanian nouns
p ese e ancien mo phological ea u es o he Indo-Eu opean languages. Fo
example, he Li huanian ugnis and La in ignis bo h mean ‘ i e’ (Piesa skas,
S ece ičius 2013; Mo wood 2005). Also, he Li huanian saulė and La in sol,
mean ‘sun’, he Li huanian pėda and La in pes ‘ oo ’, which is associa ed wi h
he English pedal and pedes ian, a e Indo-Eu opean wo d pai s sha ing he
meaning.
1.2. Loanwo d adap a ion in Li huanian
1.2.1. Mo eo e , Li huanian lexibly loaned housands o Ancien G eek o
La in wo ds h ough o he Eu opean languages such as Russian, Polish and
Ge man. Li huanian cul u e has been en iched and di e si ied by encoun e s
wi h a ious e hnic g oups (Chwalba, Zamo ski 2020). Jogaila, he G and Duke
o Li huania, ascended he h one o he King o Poland in 1386, and he Polish-
Li huanian Commonweal h exis ed be ween 1569 and 1795 (Bu e wick 2021).
Fo ha his o ical eason, Polish had a conside able linguis ic and cul u al
in luence on Li huanian. Fo example, he diac i ical ma ks o nasalised owels
ą and ę used in Polish had been in oduced o Li huanian wi h he iden ical
unc ion; howe e , hei sounds e ol ed in o long a and e in Mode n Li huanian
(Zinke ičius 1996). In addi ion, nume ous Li huanian and Polish wo d pai s
o igina e om La in (e.g. Li huanian eligija and Polish eligia ‘ eligion’).
1.2.2. Spoken in Ge many, Aus ia, and he e i o ies o he Teu onic O de
in Bal ic coun ies, Ge man was also an in luen ial dono language o Li huanian
(F os 2019). Mo eo e , Russian became a majo medium language o loaning
lexes o La in o G eek o igin because Russians uled he Li huanian e i o y
in mos pe iods o he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies (Makauskas, Če nius 2018).
The Russian wo d журналист (žu nalis ) ‘jou nalis ’, which is a La in-based
ocabula y i em bo owed h ough i s F ench o m jou nalis e, had been loaned
o Li huanian as žu nalis as wi h he same meaning.
1.3. Impo ance o lea ning high- equency ocabula y
One o he c ucial s eps in language lea ning is he enhancemen o ocabula y
knowledge. F equency is a key c i e ion in selec ing undamen al lexical i ems.
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212 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
Lau e (1989) explo ed he pe cen age o English ocabula y necessa y o
o eign lea ne s o unde s and a ex , when eading i , which sugges ed ha 95%
co e age was he h eshold o eading comp ehension. Hu and Na ion (2000)
sugges ed ha lea ne s should ha e app oxima ely 98% co e age o su icien ly
p o ound comp ehension. These s udies a i m he impo ance o lea ning
high- equency wo ds o apidly enhance lea ne s’ ange o o eign ocabula y
co e age.
1.4. Objec i e
The objec i e o he esea ch is o cla i y he numbe o in e na ional
loanwo ds among app oxima ely 3,000 Li huanian lexical i ems based on
equi alen high- equency ocabula y in English and o demons a e wo d
examples ha would assis English speake s in lea ning basic Li huanian lexes.
This s udy uses he Ox o d 3000 wo dlis as an example o accessible high-
equency English ocabula y lis s.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Bene i s o in e na ionalisms and cogna es ac oss
mul iple languages
2.1.1. Haspelma h and Tadmo (2009) discuss he in e na ional loanwo ds
obse ed in mul iple languages ac oss he con inen s. Thei wo k emphasises
he impo ance o lexical knowledge in unde s anding in e dependen ela ions
among languages he wo ld, and i also desc ibes he sha ed loanwo ds as a
use ul elemen om which o s a lea ning he undamen al ocabula y
in ano he language. The majo i y o in e na ional loanwo ds in Eu opean
languages o igina e om Classical La in o G eek. Howe e , mode n languages,
such as English, F ench and Russian, o en unc ioned as media o s o
o he less in luen ial languages. Such in e na ional loanwo ds a e also called
in e na ionalisms. Wexle (2009) de ines an in e na ionalism as ‘a wo d
a es ed in a numbe o un ela ed languages o language amilies, sha ing a
simila o hog aphic o phone ic shape and a pa ial o iden ical seman ic ield’.
In e na ionalisms a e lexically and cul u ally connec ing Eu opean languages
(B aun 1989).
S aipsniai / A icles 213
Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds
o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian
2.1.2. Many s udies in es iga ing he use o cogna es o o eign ocabula y
lea ning show hei bene i s. Ringbom (2007) poin s ou ha , in he p ocess
o p o iciency de elopmen , lea ne s become inc easingly conscious o simila
L1 and L2 wo ds wi hou one- o-one co espondence. He also emphasises
ha mo phological and seman ic simila i ies be ween L1 and L2 can assis
L2 beginne s, who s ill need o lea n mos o ms and meanings o he basic
L2 ocabula y la e . Howe e , conside able seman ic di e ences a e obse ed
in ce ain cogna e pai s, such as English ac o y and I alian a o ia ‘ a m,
a mhouse’, bo h o which a e de i ed om he La in e b ace e ‘do, make’.
The I alian noun meaning ‘ ac o y’ is abb ica, which sha es e ymology wi h
English ab ic. Such i egula cogna es a e called alse iends o emphasise
he absence o clea seman ic connec ions. Language lea ne s need o ca e ully
e i y meanings o cogna es in hei a ge language a he han ins an ly ely on
hei mo phological simila i ies.
2.1.3. Fo example, O winowska and Szewczyk (2019) ocused on cogna e
and non-cogna e lea ning by 150 Polish speake s lea ning English. The
pa icipan s mo e e icien ly ecognised English cogna es han wo ds o di e en
o igins. Tha s udy also compa ed he use ulness o cogna es and alse iends.
The esponden s expe ienced mo e di icul y in lea ning English wo ds wi h
lesse seman ic associa ions.
2.1.4. Lemhö e e al. (2008) examined he exis ence o p ominen e icacy
be ween wo speci ic Eu opean languages, using 1,025 English wo ds and hei
cogna es in F ench, Ge man and Du ch. Thei s udy sugges s ha any cogna e
pai s almos equally assis ed na i e speake s o F ench, Ge man and Du ch, who
pa icipa ed in he esea ch.
2.1.5. Uni (2019) examined app oxima ely 3,000 basic Ge man wo ds o
La in and G eek o igin equi alen o hose in he Ox o d 3000 wo dlis and
disco e ed ha 432 Ge man wo ds o ha ca ego y emained phone ically and
seman ically simila o hei English coun e pa s. Howe e , Uni’s (2019) s udy
did no men ion he use ulness o hund eds o Ge man wo ds o he abo e
ca ego y, which a e seman ically simila ye showed limi ed phone ic simila i ies.
Fundamen al Ge man wo ds, such as Biblio hek ‘lib a y’ om G eek biblio hēkē,
F uch ‘ ui ’ om La in uc us, Lek ion ‘lesson’ om La in lec io, Rezep ‘ ecipe,
p esc ip ion’ om La in ecipe, sch eiben ‘w i e’ om La in sc ibe e, Sch i
‘le e ’ om La in sc ip um, Spiegel ‘mi o ’ om La in speculum, S aße ‘s ee ’
om La in s a a, could be explici ly shown o lea ne s o ano he language as
G eek- o La in-based wo ds, which could enhance hei lexical consciousness.
In Ge man, many La in-based English wo ds such as imp ession and exp ession
co espond o calques such as Eind uck ‘imp ession’ and Ausd uck ‘exp ession’,
whose p e ix and s em we e seman ically based on hei La in equi alen s.

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214 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
2.1.6. In Swedish, ano he Ge manic language, calques such as in yck
‘imp ession’ and u yck ‘exp ession’ a e also obse ed, and, mo e La in- and
G eek-based loanwo ds a e included in basic Swedish ocabula y. Uni (2019a)
eco ded 556 Swedish wo ds o La in o G eek o igin, ou o app oxima ely
3,000 basic wo ds. The Swedish noun his o ia ‘his o y’ has he meaning and
spelling iden ical o i s o iginal wo d in La in. I s Ge man equi alen Geschich e
‘his o y’ is a na i e Ge manic wo d. Simila ly, he Swedish noun exempel
‘example’ o igina es om La in exemplum, while i s Ge man coun e pa Beispiel
‘example’ is an indigenous ocabula y i em. Addi ionally, he I alian wo d alu a
‘cu ency’, which s ems om La in, has been used wi h he same meaning in
Swedish; howe e , he Ge man noun Wäh ung ‘cu ency’ is no a loanwo d.
Thus, La in- and G eek-based loanwo ds a e mo e commonly obse ed in
Swedish han in Ge man.
2.1.7. Majo Li huanian uni e si ies and o he na ional ins i u ions ha e
elabo a ed mul idisciplina y w i en co po a, such as he Co pus Academicum
Li huanicum (see h p://co ali .l /) and Co pus o he Con empo a y Li huanian
Language (see h ps://klc. du.l /en/). The la e co pus comp ises 102 million
Li huanian wo ds. These co po a de ini ely bene i in e media e and ad anced
Li huanian lea ne s; howe e , hei da a p ima ily w i en in Li huanian wi hou
English ansla ions a e excessi ely di icul o beginne s wi h limi ed lexical
knowledge. G umadienė and Žilinskienė (1998) cons uc ed a comp ehensi e
equency da abase based on 1,200,000 con empo a y Li huanian wo ds in he
ields o business, science, jou nalism and ic ion. G umadienė and Žilinskienė’s
wo k is signi ican ly in aluable o ocabula y analyses by expe s; howe e , he
di icul y o desc ip ions in Li huanian p e en s majo i y o o eign no ices
om an e ec i e use o ha equency dic iona y. G umadienė (2002), one
o he au ho s o he a o emen ioned dic iona y, poin ed ou ha Li huanian
equency da abases and co po a we e no being su icien ly ecognised o
u ilised by linguis s and specialis s in o he a eas. Fu he mo e, ew lib a ies
and educa ional ins i u ions ou side Eu ope possess specialised Li huanian
e e ences in he collec ion, and nume ous language lea ne s canno a o d o
pu chase expensi e dic iona ies and o he ypes o lea ning ma e ials.
2.1.8. The a o emen ioned ac s a e he majo easons why his s udy
adop ed an English-based wo dlis . In pa icula , he Ox o d 3000 wo dlis is
used wo ldwide o eaching English as a o eign language. Al hough mino
di e ences a e obse ed be ween high- equency wo ds in Li huanian and
English, he ocus o his s udy is no on he anking o each ocabula y i em
bu he p opo ion o in e na ional loanwo ds in basic Li huanian ocabula y
and hei bene i s o English-speaking lea ne s.
S aipsniai / A icles 215
Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds
o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. The Ox o d 3000 wo dlis , Mo wood (2005), and Piesa skas and
S ece ičius (2013) we e he p ima y lexical e e ences o he p esen s udy.
I collec ed Li huanian equi alen s o he app oxima ely 3,000 basic English
wo ds, consul ing an English-Li huanian dic iona y edi ed by Piesa skas and
S ece ičius (2013). Then, using English, La in, and Russian dic iona ies edi ed
by S e enson and Wai e (2011), Mo wood (2005), and Wheele e al. (2007) as
he p ima y e ymological e e ences, I coun ed he numbe o he Li huanian
loanwo ds o La in and G eek o igin, ega dless o he ex en o simila i y o
hei o iginal o ms. The polysemic wo ds in he wo dlis we e p io i ised by he
mos common meaning o coun a wo d only once. Fo example, he English
line co esponds o linija ‘line’ as a gene al e m, eilė ‘line, ow, queue’ and
many o he Li huanian wo ds, and linija, being he mos common wo d, was
selec ed o analysis and coun ed as an example o in e na ional loanwo ds,
which ul ima ely o igina ed om he La in noun linea. Howe e , en y wo ds
such as me e and me e we e coun ed as a single wo d because hey ep esen
me ely he di e ence be ween Ame ican and B i ish spellings.
3.2. As a esul , 511 in e na ional loanwo ds o La in and G eek o igin
(app oxima ely 17.0% o he basic ocabula y) we e obse ed in he app oxima ely
3,000 mos equen ly used Li huanian wo ds. The o al numbe o G eek- and
La in-based loanwo ds in Li huanian is close o ha in Ge man and Swedish,
which we e in es iga ed in Uni’s (2019) and (2019a) s udies. The ac would
imply ha bo h Bal ic and Ge manic languages had loaned simila amoun s o
loanwo ds om La in and G eek.
4. DATA ANALYSIS
4.1. Lexical elemen s bene icial o lea ning
Li huanian
4.1.1. This sec ion demons a es Li huanian wo ds and hei English
equi alen s, wi h he ocus on su ixes and endings. In his s udy, Li huanian
elemen s co esponding o su ixes in o he Eu opean languages a e indica ed
by he e m ending as many o hem a e no na i e su ixes in Li huanian.
4.1.2. Fi s , wo ds including he Li huanian ending -cija (p onounced
[ sija]) and hose wi h he Li huanian ending -ija will be exempli ied as hey
co espond o nume ous English wo ds ending wi h - ion o -ion. Second, we
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216 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
will obse e hose wi h he Li huanian ending -ia, which mos ly co esponds
o he English su ix -y. Subsequen sec ions also p esen p oduc i e endings.
Sec ions 4.4.1. (-o ius), 4.4.2. (-e ius) and 4.5.1. (-as) discuss lexes ela ed o
people and p o essions. Sec ion 4.6. exempli ies he Li huanian wo ds ela ed o
objec s wi h he -as ending. Sec ions 4.7., 4.8., 4.9. and 4.10. espec i ely show
ocabula y i ems ending in -us, -a, -ma and -ė, which o igina e om La in o
G eek su ixes. Finally, sec ion 4.11. demons a es he Li huanian lexes wi h
endings - ū a (English - u e), -ika (English -ic and -ics) and - e as (English - y).
4.2. Li huanian endings co esponding
o La in su ixes - io and -io
4.2.1. Those include he Li huanian ending -cija (p onounced [ sija])
co espond o English wo ds wi h - ion. The o me is phone ically simila o
he Russian su ix -ция, which is p onounced [ sijə].
TABLE 1. Li huanian Wo ds wi h -cija and hei English Equi alen s
adminis acija
adminis a ion ambicija
ambi ion asociacija
associa ion demons acija
demons a ion
emocija
emo ion unkcija
unc ion gene acija
gene a ion indikacija
indica ion
in ekcija
in ec ion in o macija
in o ma ion ins i ucija
ins i u ion ins ukcija
ins uc ion
in encija
in en ion kolekcija
collec ion kombinacija
combina ion komunikacija
communica ion
konsul acija
consul a ion kon encija
con en ion koope acija
co-ope a ion k ali ikacija
quali ica ion
ope acija
ope a ion opozicija
opposi ion o ganizacija
o ganiza ion ekomendacija
ecommenda ion
eze acija
ese a ion si uacija
si ua ion adicija
adi ion a iacija
a ia ion
4.2.2. Table 2 p esen s Li huanian wo ds comp ising -ija as co esponding o
English wo ds wi h -ion.
S aipsniai / A icles 217
Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds
o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian
TABLE 2. Li huanian Wo ds wi h -ija and hei English Equi alen s (1)
dimensija
dimension diskusija
discussion di izija
di ision komisija
commission
p o esija
p o ession eligija
eligion sesija
session e sija
e sion
4.3. Li huanian ending -ija and English su ix -y
4.3.1. The Li huanian ending -ija is also included in he ocabula y o G eek
o igin as in Table 3. O he Li huanian wo d examples ending in -ija a e a mija
‘a my’, indus ija ‘indus y’, labo a o ija ‘labo a o y’ and minis ija ‘minis y’.
TABLE 3. Li huanian Wo ds wi h -ija and hei English Equi alen s (2)
iloso ija
philosophy geog a ija
geog aphy ha monija
ha mony komedija
comedy
psichologija
psychology simpa ija
sympa hy echnologija
echnology eo ija
heo y
4.3.2. Se e al Li huanian wo ds such as linija ‘line’ and policija ‘police’, whose
La in o ms a e linea ‘line’ and poli ia ‘s a e, go e nmen ’, a e ela i ely di e en
om hei English o ms; howe e , hey a e phone ically simila o he Russian
nouns линия (p onounced [linijə]) ‘line’ and полиция (p onounced [pali sijə])
‘police’. Also, hei I alian equi alen s linea ‘line’ and polizia (p onounced
[poli sia]) ‘police’ emain alike. The La in poli ia ‘s a e, go e nmen ’ ul ima ely
o igina es om he G eek polis ‘ci y’, which is also enclosed in he English
me opolis.
4.3.3. Se e al Russian phonemes in luence choice o endings in Li huanian.
The [l] in he inal posi ion o he s ems is o en ollowed by -is: au omobilis
‘au omobile, ca ’, es i alis ‘ es i al’, modelis ‘model’, panelis ‘panel’, p o ilis
‘p o ile’ and simbolis ‘symbol’ (see Table 4).
TABLE 4. Li huanian Wo ds wi h -is and hei English Equi alen s
au omobilis
au omobile es i alis
es i al modelis
model panelis
panel
p o ilis
p o ile
simbolis
symbol cha ak e is
cha ac e kompiu e is
compu e
KAZUHITO UNI
224 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
Bu e wick Richa d 2021: The Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h, 1733–1795: Ligh
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Ta p au inių skolinių nauda lie u ių kalbos
besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams
SANTRAUKA
No s lie u ių kalba p iklauso indoeu opiečių kalbų šeimai, lie u iškos kilmės žodžiai
ženkliai ski iasi nuo anglų kalbos i ki ų Eu opos kalbų. Ty ime analizuojama a p au i-
nių skolinių lie u ių kalboje nauda jos žodyno besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams.
KAZUHITO UNI
226 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
Daugiausiai dėmesio ski iama iš lo ynų a g aikų kalbų kilusiems a p au iniams žodžiams,
ku ių didelė dalis bu o pasiskolin a pe usų, anglų i p ancūzų kalbas. Au o ius iš y ė
šios ka ego ijos leksemas Oks o do anglų kalbos žodyno 3000 pag indinių žodžių są aše i
suskaičia o lie u iškus a i ikmenis šioje ka ego ijoje. Maždaug 3000 pag indinių lie u ių
kalbos žodžių są aše bu o as a 511 šios ka ego ijos žodžių. Siekian nus a y i dėsningus
ski ingų kalbų panašumus, y ime su ink os lie u ių kalbos leksemos bu o sug upuo os pa-
gal p iesagas. Dauguma dažnai a ojamų angliškų žodžių, ku ie baigiasi - ion i -ion, a i in-
ka lie u ių kalbos žodžius, besibaigiančius -cija (pa yzdžiui, adminis acija ‘adminis a ion’)
i -ija (pa yzdžiui, diskusija ‘discussion’). Be o, anglų kalbos žodžiai su galūne -y a i iko
lie u iškus žodžius su galūne -ija (pa yzdžiui, iloso ija ‘philosophy’, geog a ija ‘geog aphy’,
ha monija ‘ha mony’). Tokie lie u ių kalbos būd a džiai kaip abs ak us ‘abs ac ’, ak y us
‘ac i e’, konk e us ‘conc e e’ i objek y us ‘objec i e’ išlaiko sa o seman inį panašumą su an-
gliškais a i ikmenimis. Panašiai i lie u ių kalbos žodžiai ag ikul ū a ‘ag icul u e’, a chi ek-
ū a ‘a chi ec u e’, kul ū a ‘cul u e’, li e a ū a ‘li e a u e’, s uk ū a ‘s uc u e’ i empe a ū a
‘ empe a u e’ u i dėsningus a i ikmenis anglų kalboje. Taigi galima eig i, kad p iesagos y a
pag indiniai žodyno mokymosi elemen ai. Ty imas nus a ė, kad a p au iniai skoliniai lie u-
ių kalboje gali padė i lie u ių kalbos besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams g eičiau
išmok i dažniausiai a ojamus lie u ių kalbos žodžius.
Į eik a 2021 spalio 30 d.
KAZUHITO UNI
Uni e si y o Kuala Lumpu
1016, Jalan Sul an Ismail,
50250 Kuala Lumpu , Malaysia
kazuhi [email p o ec ed]om