Benefits of International Loanwords for English-Speaking Learners of Lithuanian

S aipsniai / A icles 209 KAZUHITO UNI Uni e si y o Kuala Lumpu ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-3492-6277 Field o esea ch: Ge manic and Romance languages, La in, G eek, seman ics, ocabula y lea ning. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all86-09 BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL LOANWORDS FOR ENGLISH- SPEAKING LEARNERS OF LITHUANIAN Ta p au inių skolinių nauda lie u ių kalbos besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams ANNOTATION This s udy explo es he bene i s o in e na ional loanwo ds in Li huanian o he lea ning o i s ocabula y by English speake s. This s udy ocuses on he in e na ional ocabula y ha o igina e om La in o G eek, much o which, howe e , was bo owed h ough Russian, English and F ench. The au ho examined he lexes o he abo e-men ioned ca ego y in he Ox o d 3000 wo dlis and coun ed he numbe o he Li huanian equi alen s o iden ical ca ego y. As a esul , a o al o 511 ocabula y i ems o ha ca ego y we e ound in he app oxima ely 3,000 basic Li huanian wo ds co pus. This s udy ca ego ised he collec ed Li huanian lexes by su ixes o p opose egula i y in c oss-linguis ic simila i y. Many o he high- equency English wo ds ending in - ion and -ion co esponded o Li huanian wo ds ending in -cija (e.g. adminis acija ‘adminis a ion’) and -ija (e.g. diskusija ‘discussion’). Mo eo e , English wo ds ending in -y we e equi alen o Li huanian wo ds wi h he ending -ija (e.g. iloso ija ‘philosophy’, geog a ija ‘geog aphy’, ha monija ‘ha mony’). Simila ly, he Li huanian ag ikul ū a ‘ag icul u e’, a chi ek ū a ‘a chi ec u e’, kul ū a ‘cul u e’, li e a ū a ‘li e a u e’, s uk ū a ‘s uc u e’ and empe a ū a ‘ empe a u e’ egula ly co espond o hei English equi alen s. Thus, su ixes a e key elemen s o ocabula y lea ning. The e o e, he p esen s udy concluded ha in e na ional loanwo ds in Li huanian could accele a e lea ning high- equency Li huanian ocabula y by English speake s. KEYWORDS: Li huanian, o eign language lea ning, La in and G eek loanwo ds, adap a ion o loanwo ds, in e na ionalism. KAZUHITO UNI 210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI ANOTACIJA Ty ime analizuojama a p au inių skolinių lie u ių kalboje nauda jos žodyno besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams. Daugiausiai dėmesio ski iama iš lo ynų a g aikų kalbų kilusiems a p au iniams žodžiams, ku ių didelė dalis bu o pasiskolin a pe usų, anglų i p ancūzų kalbas. Au o ius iš y ė šios ka ego ijos leksemas Oks o do anglų kalbos žodyno 3000 pag indinių žodžių są aše i suskaičia o lie u iškus a i ikmenis šioje ka ego ijoje. Maždaug 3000 pag indinių lie u ių kalbos žodžių są aše bu o as a 511 šios ka ego ijos žodžių. Siekian nus a y i dėsningus ski ingų kalbų panašumus, y ime su ink os lie u ių kalbos leksemos bu o sug upuo os pagal p iesagas. Dauguma dažnai a ojamų angliškų žodžių, ku ie baigiasi - ion i -ion, a i inka lie u ių kalbos žodžius, besibaigiančius -cija (pa yzdžiui, adminis acija ‘adminis a ion’) i -ija (pa yzdžiui, diskusija ‘discussion’). Be o, anglų kalbos žodžiai su galūne -y a i iko lie u iškus žodžius su galūne -ija (pa yzdžiui, iloso ija ‘philosophy’, geog a ija ‘geog aphy’, ha monija ‘ha mony’). Panašiai i lie u ių kalbos žodžiai ag ikul ū a ‘ag icul u e’, a chi ek ū a ‘a chi ec u e’, kul ū a ‘cul u e’, li e a ū a ‘li e a u e’, s uk ū a ‘s uc u e’ i empe a ū a ‘ empe a u e’ u i dėsningus a i ikmenis anglų kalboje. Taigi galima eig i, kad p iesagos y a pag indiniai žodyno mokymosi elemen ai. Ty imas nus a ė, kad a p au iniai skoliniai lie u ių kalboje gali padė i lie u ių kalbos besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams g eičiau išmok i dažniausiai a ojamus lie u ių kalbos žodžius. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: lie u ių kalba, užsienio kalbos mokymasis, skoliniai iš lo ynų i g aikų kalbų, skolinių adap a imas, a p au inis žodis. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Cha ac e is ics o he Li huanian language 1.1.1. Li huanian is he o icial language o Li huania, whose popula ion is app oxima ely 2,800,000 people. I has se en g amma ical cases. Fo example, he Li huanian wo d diena ‘day’ is i s nomina i e, while dieną unc ions as i s accusa i e. English speake s, many o whom a e un amilia wi h g amma ical cases, o en ace di icul ies in dis inguishing hem (Ramonienė e al. 2019). Addi ionally, Li huanian has wo g amma ical gende s. Lea ne s a e equi ed o memo ise gende s o each noun. 1.1.2. Syn he ic e b o ms ha comp ise se e al componen s wi h high egula i y a e also cha ac e is ic o Li huanian (Ramonienė, P ibušauskai ė 2019). In he u u e ense, an s ollows e b s ems: aš eisiu ‘I will go’; u eisi ‘you will go’; jis eis ‘he will go’; ji eis ‘she will go’. Besides, he su ix da is included egula ly in he pas i e a i e o m, which indica es epe i i e ac ions in he pas : S aipsniai / A icles 211 Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian aš eida au ‘I used o go’; u eida ai ‘you used o go’; jis eida o ‘he used o go’; ji eida o ‘she used o go’. 1.1.3. These complica ed g amma ical ea u es would demo i a e many lea ne s; howe e , he Li huanian lexis has ad an ages. Basic Li huanian nouns p ese e ancien mo phological ea u es o he Indo-Eu opean languages. Fo example, he Li huanian ugnis and La in ignis bo h mean ‘ i e’ (Piesa skas, S ece ičius 2013; Mo wood 2005). Also, he Li huanian saulė and La in sol, mean ‘sun’, he Li huanian pėda and La in pes ‘ oo ’, which is associa ed wi h he English pedal and pedes ian, a e Indo-Eu opean wo d pai s sha ing he meaning. 1.2. Loanwo d adap a ion in Li huanian 1.2.1. Mo eo e , Li huanian lexibly loaned housands o Ancien G eek o La in wo ds h ough o he Eu opean languages such as Russian, Polish and Ge man. Li huanian cul u e has been en iched and di e si ied by encoun e s wi h a ious e hnic g oups (Chwalba, Zamo ski 2020). Jogaila, he G and Duke o Li huania, ascended he h one o he King o Poland in 1386, and he Polish- Li huanian Commonweal h exis ed be ween 1569 and 1795 (Bu e wick 2021). Fo ha his o ical eason, Polish had a conside able linguis ic and cul u al in luence on Li huanian. Fo example, he diac i ical ma ks o nasalised owels ą and ę used in Polish had been in oduced o Li huanian wi h he iden ical unc ion; howe e , hei sounds e ol ed in o long a and e in Mode n Li huanian (Zinke ičius 1996). In addi ion, nume ous Li huanian and Polish wo d pai s o igina e om La in (e.g. Li huanian eligija and Polish eligia ‘ eligion’). 1.2.2. Spoken in Ge many, Aus ia, and he e i o ies o he Teu onic O de in Bal ic coun ies, Ge man was also an in luen ial dono language o Li huanian (F os 2019). Mo eo e , Russian became a majo medium language o loaning lexes o La in o G eek o igin because Russians uled he Li huanian e i o y in mos pe iods o he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies (Makauskas, Če nius 2018). The Russian wo d журналист (žu nalis ) ‘jou nalis ’, which is a La in-based ocabula y i em bo owed h ough i s F ench o m jou nalis e, had been loaned o Li huanian as žu nalis as wi h he same meaning. 1.3. Impo ance o lea ning high- equency ocabula y One o he c ucial s eps in language lea ning is he enhancemen o ocabula y knowledge. F equency is a key c i e ion in selec ing undamen al lexical i ems. KAZUHITO UNI 212 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI Lau e (1989) explo ed he pe cen age o English ocabula y necessa y o o eign lea ne s o unde s and a ex , when eading i , which sugges ed ha 95% co e age was he h eshold o eading comp ehension. Hu and Na ion (2000) sugges ed ha lea ne s should ha e app oxima ely 98% co e age o su icien ly p o ound comp ehension. These s udies a i m he impo ance o lea ning high- equency wo ds o apidly enhance lea ne s’ ange o o eign ocabula y co e age. 1.4. Objec i e The objec i e o he esea ch is o cla i y he numbe o in e na ional loanwo ds among app oxima ely 3,000 Li huanian lexical i ems based on equi alen high- equency ocabula y in English and o demons a e wo d examples ha would assis English speake s in lea ning basic Li huanian lexes. This s udy uses he Ox o d 3000 wo dlis as an example o accessible high- equency English ocabula y lis s. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Bene i s o in e na ionalisms and cogna es ac oss mul iple languages 2.1.1. Haspelma h and Tadmo (2009) discuss he in e na ional loanwo ds obse ed in mul iple languages ac oss he con inen s. Thei wo k emphasises he impo ance o lexical knowledge in unde s anding in e dependen ela ions among languages he wo ld, and i also desc ibes he sha ed loanwo ds as a use ul elemen om which o s a lea ning he undamen al ocabula y in ano he language. The majo i y o in e na ional loanwo ds in Eu opean languages o igina e om Classical La in o G eek. Howe e , mode n languages, such as English, F ench and Russian, o en unc ioned as media o s o o he less in luen ial languages. Such in e na ional loanwo ds a e also called in e na ionalisms. Wexle (2009) de ines an in e na ionalism as ‘a wo d a es ed in a numbe o un ela ed languages o language amilies, sha ing a simila o hog aphic o phone ic shape and a pa ial o iden ical seman ic ield’. In e na ionalisms a e lexically and cul u ally connec ing Eu opean languages (B aun 1989). S aipsniai / A icles 213 Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian 2.1.2. Many s udies in es iga ing he use o cogna es o o eign ocabula y lea ning show hei bene i s. Ringbom (2007) poin s ou ha , in he p ocess o p o iciency de elopmen , lea ne s become inc easingly conscious o simila L1 and L2 wo ds wi hou one- o-one co espondence. He also emphasises ha mo phological and seman ic simila i ies be ween L1 and L2 can assis L2 beginne s, who s ill need o lea n mos o ms and meanings o he basic L2 ocabula y la e . Howe e , conside able seman ic di e ences a e obse ed in ce ain cogna e pai s, such as English ac o y and I alian a o ia ‘ a m, a mhouse’, bo h o which a e de i ed om he La in e b ace e ‘do, make’. The I alian noun meaning ‘ ac o y’ is abb ica, which sha es e ymology wi h English ab ic. Such i egula cogna es a e called alse iends o emphasise he absence o clea seman ic connec ions. Language lea ne s need o ca e ully e i y meanings o cogna es in hei a ge language a he han ins an ly ely on hei mo phological simila i ies. 2.1.3. Fo example, O winowska and Szewczyk (2019) ocused on cogna e and non-cogna e lea ning by 150 Polish speake s lea ning English. The pa icipan s mo e e icien ly ecognised English cogna es han wo ds o di e en o igins. Tha s udy also compa ed he use ulness o cogna es and alse iends. The esponden s expe ienced mo e di icul y in lea ning English wo ds wi h lesse seman ic associa ions. 2.1.4. Lemhö e e al. (2008) examined he exis ence o p ominen e icacy be ween wo speci ic Eu opean languages, using 1,025 English wo ds and hei cogna es in F ench, Ge man and Du ch. Thei s udy sugges s ha any cogna e pai s almos equally assis ed na i e speake s o F ench, Ge man and Du ch, who pa icipa ed in he esea ch. 2.1.5. Uni (2019) examined app oxima ely 3,000 basic Ge man wo ds o La in and G eek o igin equi alen o hose in he Ox o d 3000 wo dlis and disco e ed ha 432 Ge man wo ds o ha ca ego y emained phone ically and seman ically simila o hei English coun e pa s. Howe e , Uni’s (2019) s udy did no men ion he use ulness o hund eds o Ge man wo ds o he abo e ca ego y, which a e seman ically simila ye showed limi ed phone ic simila i ies. Fundamen al Ge man wo ds, such as Biblio hek ‘lib a y’ om G eek biblio hēkē, F uch ‘ ui ’ om La in uc us, Lek ion ‘lesson’ om La in lec io, Rezep ‘ ecipe, p esc ip ion’ om La in ecipe, sch eiben ‘w i e’ om La in sc ibe e, Sch i ‘le e ’ om La in sc ip um, Spiegel ‘mi o ’ om La in speculum, S aße ‘s ee ’ om La in s a a, could be explici ly shown o lea ne s o ano he language as G eek- o La in-based wo ds, which could enhance hei lexical consciousness. In Ge man, many La in-based English wo ds such as imp ession and exp ession co espond o calques such as Eind uck ‘imp ession’ and Ausd uck ‘exp ession’, whose p e ix and s em we e seman ically based on hei La in equi alen s. KAZUHITO UNI 214 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI 2.1.6. In Swedish, ano he Ge manic language, calques such as in yck ‘imp ession’ and u yck ‘exp ession’ a e also obse ed, and, mo e La in- and G eek-based loanwo ds a e included in basic Swedish ocabula y. Uni (2019a) eco ded 556 Swedish wo ds o La in o G eek o igin, ou o app oxima ely 3,000 basic wo ds. The Swedish noun his o ia ‘his o y’ has he meaning and spelling iden ical o i s o iginal wo d in La in. I s Ge man equi alen Geschich e ‘his o y’ is a na i e Ge manic wo d. Simila ly, he Swedish noun exempel ‘example’ o igina es om La in exemplum, while i s Ge man coun e pa Beispiel ‘example’ is an indigenous ocabula y i em. Addi ionally, he I alian wo d alu a ‘cu ency’, which s ems om La in, has been used wi h he same meaning in Swedish; howe e , he Ge man noun Wäh ung ‘cu ency’ is no a loanwo d. Thus, La in- and G eek-based loanwo ds a e mo e commonly obse ed in Swedish han in Ge man. 2.1.7. Majo Li huanian uni e si ies and o he na ional ins i u ions ha e elabo a ed mul idisciplina y w i en co po a, such as he Co pus Academicum Li huanicum (see h p://co ali .l /) and Co pus o he Con empo a y Li huanian Language (see h ps://klc. du.l /en/). The la e co pus comp ises 102 million Li huanian wo ds. These co po a de ini ely bene i in e media e and ad anced Li huanian lea ne s; howe e , hei da a p ima ily w i en in Li huanian wi hou English ansla ions a e excessi ely di icul o beginne s wi h limi ed lexical knowledge. G umadienė and Žilinskienė (1998) cons uc ed a comp ehensi e equency da abase based on 1,200,000 con empo a y Li huanian wo ds in he ields o business, science, jou nalism and ic ion. G umadienė and Žilinskienė’s wo k is signi ican ly in aluable o ocabula y analyses by expe s; howe e , he di icul y o desc ip ions in Li huanian p e en s majo i y o o eign no ices om an e ec i e use o ha equency dic iona y. G umadienė (2002), one o he au ho s o he a o emen ioned dic iona y, poin ed ou ha Li huanian equency da abases and co po a we e no being su icien ly ecognised o u ilised by linguis s and specialis s in o he a eas. Fu he mo e, ew lib a ies and educa ional ins i u ions ou side Eu ope possess specialised Li huanian e e ences in he collec ion, and nume ous language lea ne s canno a o d o pu chase expensi e dic iona ies and o he ypes o lea ning ma e ials. 2.1.8. The a o emen ioned ac s a e he majo easons why his s udy adop ed an English-based wo dlis . In pa icula , he Ox o d 3000 wo dlis is used wo ldwide o eaching English as a o eign language. Al hough mino di e ences a e obse ed be ween high- equency wo ds in Li huanian and English, he ocus o his s udy is no on he anking o each ocabula y i em bu he p opo ion o in e na ional loanwo ds in basic Li huanian ocabula y and hei bene i s o English-speaking lea ne s. S aipsniai / A icles 215 Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. The Ox o d 3000 wo dlis , Mo wood (2005), and Piesa skas and S ece ičius (2013) we e he p ima y lexical e e ences o he p esen s udy. I collec ed Li huanian equi alen s o he app oxima ely 3,000 basic English wo ds, consul ing an English-Li huanian dic iona y edi ed by Piesa skas and S ece ičius (2013). Then, using English, La in, and Russian dic iona ies edi ed by S e enson and Wai e (2011), Mo wood (2005), and Wheele e al. (2007) as he p ima y e ymological e e ences, I coun ed he numbe o he Li huanian loanwo ds o La in and G eek o igin, ega dless o he ex en o simila i y o hei o iginal o ms. The polysemic wo ds in he wo dlis we e p io i ised by he mos common meaning o coun a wo d only once. Fo example, he English line co esponds o linija ‘line’ as a gene al e m, eilė ‘line, ow, queue’ and many o he Li huanian wo ds, and linija, being he mos common wo d, was selec ed o analysis and coun ed as an example o in e na ional loanwo ds, which ul ima ely o igina ed om he La in noun linea. Howe e , en y wo ds such as me e and me e we e coun ed as a single wo d because hey ep esen me ely he di e ence be ween Ame ican and B i ish spellings. 3.2. As a esul , 511 in e na ional loanwo ds o La in and G eek o igin (app oxima ely 17.0% o he basic ocabula y) we e obse ed in he app oxima ely 3,000 mos equen ly used Li huanian wo ds. The o al numbe o G eek- and La in-based loanwo ds in Li huanian is close o ha in Ge man and Swedish, which we e in es iga ed in Uni’s (2019) and (2019a) s udies. The ac would imply ha bo h Bal ic and Ge manic languages had loaned simila amoun s o loanwo ds om La in and G eek. 4. DATA ANALYSIS 4.1. Lexical elemen s bene icial o lea ning Li huanian 4.1.1. This sec ion demons a es Li huanian wo ds and hei English equi alen s, wi h he ocus on su ixes and endings. In his s udy, Li huanian elemen s co esponding o su ixes in o he Eu opean languages a e indica ed by he e m ending as many o hem a e no na i e su ixes in Li huanian. 4.1.2. Fi s , wo ds including he Li huanian ending -cija (p onounced [ sija]) and hose wi h he Li huanian ending -ija will be exempli ied as hey co espond o nume ous English wo ds ending wi h - ion o -ion. Second, we KAZUHITO UNI 216 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI will obse e hose wi h he Li huanian ending -ia, which mos ly co esponds o he English su ix -y. Subsequen sec ions also p esen p oduc i e endings. Sec ions 4.4.1. (-o ius), 4.4.2. (-e ius) and 4.5.1. (-as) discuss lexes ela ed o people and p o essions. Sec ion 4.6. exempli ies he Li huanian wo ds ela ed o objec s wi h he -as ending. Sec ions 4.7., 4.8., 4.9. and 4.10. espec i ely show ocabula y i ems ending in -us, -a, -ma and -ė, which o igina e om La in o G eek su ixes. Finally, sec ion 4.11. demons a es he Li huanian lexes wi h endings - ū a (English - u e), -ika (English -ic and -ics) and - e as (English - y). 4.2. Li huanian endings co esponding o La in su ixes - io and -io 4.2.1. Those include he Li huanian ending -cija (p onounced [ sija]) co espond o English wo ds wi h - ion. The o me is phone ically simila o he Russian su ix -ция, which is p onounced [ sijə]. TABLE 1. Li huanian Wo ds wi h -cija and hei English Equi alen s adminis acija adminis a ion ambicija ambi ion asociacija associa ion demons acija demons a ion emocija emo ion unkcija unc ion gene acija gene a ion indikacija indica ion in ekcija in ec ion in o macija in o ma ion ins i ucija ins i u ion ins ukcija ins uc ion in encija in en ion kolekcija collec ion kombinacija combina ion komunikacija communica ion konsul acija consul a ion kon encija con en ion koope acija co-ope a ion k ali ikacija quali ica ion ope acija ope a ion opozicija opposi ion o ganizacija o ganiza ion ekomendacija ecommenda ion eze acija ese a ion si uacija si ua ion adicija adi ion a iacija a ia ion 4.2.2. Table 2 p esen s Li huanian wo ds comp ising -ija as co esponding o English wo ds wi h -ion. S aipsniai / A icles 217 Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian TABLE 2. Li huanian Wo ds wi h -ija and hei English Equi alen s (1) dimensija dimension diskusija discussion di izija di ision komisija commission p o esija p o ession eligija eligion sesija session e sija e sion 4.3. Li huanian ending -ija and English su ix -y 4.3.1. The Li huanian ending -ija is also included in he ocabula y o G eek o igin as in Table 3. O he Li huanian wo d examples ending in -ija a e a mija ‘a my’, indus ija ‘indus y’, labo a o ija ‘labo a o y’ and minis ija ‘minis y’. TABLE 3. Li huanian Wo ds wi h -ija and hei English Equi alen s (2) iloso ija philosophy geog a ija geog aphy ha monija ha mony komedija comedy psichologija psychology simpa ija sympa hy echnologija echnology eo ija heo y 4.3.2. Se e al Li huanian wo ds such as linija ‘line’ and policija ‘police’, whose La in o ms a e linea ‘line’ and poli ia ‘s a e, go e nmen ’, a e ela i ely di e en om hei English o ms; howe e , hey a e phone ically simila o he Russian nouns линия (p onounced [linijə]) ‘line’ and полиция (p onounced [pali sijə]) ‘police’. Also, hei I alian equi alen s linea ‘line’ and polizia (p onounced [poli sia]) ‘police’ emain alike. The La in poli ia ‘s a e, go e nmen ’ ul ima ely o igina es om he G eek polis ‘ci y’, which is also enclosed in he English me opolis. 4.3.3. Se e al Russian phonemes in luence choice o endings in Li huanian. The [l] in he inal posi ion o he s ems is o en ollowed by -is: au omobilis ‘au omobile, ca ’, es i alis ‘ es i al’, modelis ‘model’, panelis ‘panel’, p o ilis ‘p o ile’ and simbolis ‘symbol’ (see Table 4). TABLE 4. Li huanian Wo ds wi h -is and hei English Equi alen s au omobilis au omobile es i alis es i al modelis model panelis panel p o ilis p o ile simbolis symbol cha ak e is cha ac e kompiu e is compu e KAZUHITO UNI 224 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI Bu e wick Richa d 2021: The Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h, 1733–1795: Ligh and Flame, New Ha en: Yale Uni e si y P ess. Chwalba And zej, Zamo ski K zysz o 2020: The Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h: His o y, Memo y, Legacy, Abingdon: Rou ledge. F os Robe 2019: The Ox o d His o y o Poland-Li huania. Volume I: The making o he Polish-Li huanian Union, 1385–1569, Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. G umadienė Laima 2002: Daba inės ašomosios lie u ių kalbos dažninis žodynas i jo bazė / The equency dic iona y o con empo a y w i en Li huanian and i s da a base. – Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 46, 19–37. A ailable a : h p://jou nals.lki.l / ac alinguis icali huanica/a icle/ iew/1197/1277. G umadienė Laima, Žilinskienė Vida 1998: Dažninis daba inės ašomosios lie u ių kalbos žodynas: Abėcėlės a ka / F equency Dic iona y o Mode n W i en Li huanian: Alphabe ical O de , Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as i In o ma ikos ins i u as. Haspelma h Ma in, Tadmo U i, Eds., 2009: Loanwo ds in he Wo ld’s Languages: A Compa a i e Handbook, Be lin: De G uy e Mou on. Hu Ma cella, Na ion I. S. Paul 2000: Unknown ocabula y densi y and eading comp ehension. – Reading in a Fo eign Language 13(1), 403–430. Lau e Be ia 1989: Wha pe cen age o ex -lexis is essen ial o comp ehension? – Special Language: F om Humans o Thinking Machines, eds. C. Lau en, M. No dman, Cle edon: Mul ilingual Ma e s, 316–323. Lemhö e K is in, Dijks a Ton, Sch ie e s He be , Baayen R. Ha ald, G ainge Jona han, Zwi se lood Pienie 2008: Na i e language in luences on wo d ecogni ion in a second language: A megas udy. – Jou nal o Expe imen al Psychology: Lea ning, Memo y, and Cogni ion 34(1), 12–31. A ailable a : h ps://doi. o g/10.1037/0278-7393.34.1.12. Makauskas B onius, Če nius Vy au as 2018: His o y o Li huania: F om Medie al Kingdom o Mode n Democ acy, Kaunas: Š iesa. Mo wood, James 2005: Pocke Ox o d La in Dic iona y, e ised edi ion, Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. O winowska Agnieszka, Szewczyk Jakub M. 2019: The mo e simila he be e ? Fac o s in lea ning cogna es, alse cogna es and non-cogna e wo ds. – In e na ional Jou nal o Bilingual Educa ion and Bilingualism 22(8), 974–991. A ailable a : h ps://doi. o g/10.1080/13670050.2017.1325834. S aipsniai / A icles 225 Bene i s o In e na ional Loanwo ds o English-Speaking Lea ne s o Li huanian Picoche Jacqueline 2015: Dic ionnai e d’é ymologie du ançais / E ymological Dic iona y o he F ench Language, Pa is: Le Robe . Piesa skas B onius, S ece ičius B onius 2013: Li huanian Dic iona y: Li huanian–English, English–Li huanian, Abingdon: Rou ledge. Ramonienė Meilu ė, P ibušauskai ė Joana 2019: P ac ical G amma o Li huanian, Vilnius: Bal os lankos. Ramonienė Meilu ė, P ibušauskai ė Joana, Ramonai ė Jogilė Te esa, Vilkienė Lo e a 2019: Li huanian: A Comp ehensi e G amma , Abingdon: Rou ledge. Ringbom Håkan 2007: C oss-linguis ic Simila i y in Fo eign Language Lea ning, Cle edon: Mul ilingual Ma e s. S e enson Angus, Wai e Mau ice 2011: Concise Ox o d English Dic iona y, Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. Uni Kazuhi o 2019: Ad an ages o loanwo ds o La in o igin o lea ning Ge man and Du ch. – Jou nal o Social Sciences Resea ch 5(3), 764–768. A ailable a : h ps://doi. o g/10.32861/jss .53.764.768. Uni Kazuhi o 2019a: Bene i s o ocabula y o La in o igin o he lea ne s o Swedish and Danish. – Jou nal o Social Sciences Resea ch 5(2), 431–435. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.32861/jss .52.431.435. Wexle Paul 2009: Towa ds a s uc u al de ini ion o ‘in e na ionalisms’. – Lin guis ics 7(48), 77–92. Wheele Ma cus, Unbegaun Bo is, Falla Paul, Thompson Della 2007: Ox o d Russian Dic iona y, 4 h edi ion, Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. Zinke ičius Zigmas 1996: The His o y o he Li huanian Language, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Cen e o Li huania. Ta p au inių skolinių nauda lie u ių kalbos besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams SANTRAUKA No s lie u ių kalba p iklauso indoeu opiečių kalbų šeimai, lie u iškos kilmės žodžiai ženkliai ski iasi nuo anglų kalbos i ki ų Eu opos kalbų. Ty ime analizuojama a p au i- nių skolinių lie u ių kalboje nauda jos žodyno besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams. KAZUHITO UNI 226 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI Daugiausiai dėmesio ski iama iš lo ynų a g aikų kalbų kilusiems a p au iniams žodžiams, ku ių didelė dalis bu o pasiskolin a pe usų, anglų i p ancūzų kalbas. Au o ius iš y ė šios ka ego ijos leksemas Oks o do anglų kalbos žodyno 3000 pag indinių žodžių są aše i suskaičia o lie u iškus a i ikmenis šioje ka ego ijoje. Maždaug 3000 pag indinių lie u ių kalbos žodžių są aše bu o as a 511 šios ka ego ijos žodžių. Siekian nus a y i dėsningus ski ingų kalbų panašumus, y ime su ink os lie u ių kalbos leksemos bu o sug upuo os pa- gal p iesagas. Dauguma dažnai a ojamų angliškų žodžių, ku ie baigiasi - ion i -ion, a i in- ka lie u ių kalbos žodžius, besibaigiančius -cija (pa yzdžiui, adminis acija ‘adminis a ion’) i -ija (pa yzdžiui, diskusija ‘discussion’). Be o, anglų kalbos žodžiai su galūne -y a i iko lie u iškus žodžius su galūne -ija (pa yzdžiui, iloso ija ‘philosophy’, geog a ija ‘geog aphy’, ha monija ‘ha mony’). Tokie lie u ių kalbos būd a džiai kaip abs ak us ‘abs ac ’, ak y us ‘ac i e’, konk e us ‘conc e e’ i objek y us ‘objec i e’ išlaiko sa o seman inį panašumą su an- gliškais a i ikmenimis. Panašiai i lie u ių kalbos žodžiai ag ikul ū a ‘ag icul u e’, a chi ek- ū a ‘a chi ec u e’, kul ū a ‘cul u e’, li e a ū a ‘li e a u e’, s uk ū a ‘s uc u e’ i empe a ū a ‘ empe a u e’ u i dėsningus a i ikmenis anglų kalboje. Taigi galima eig i, kad p iesagos y a pag indiniai žodyno mokymosi elemen ai. Ty imas nus a ė, kad a p au iniai skoliniai lie u- ių kalboje gali padė i lie u ių kalbos besimokan iems anglakalbiams s uden ams g eičiau išmok i dažniausiai a ojamus lie u ių kalbos žodžius. Į eik a 2021 spalio 30 d. KAZUHITO UNI Uni e si y o Kuala Lumpu 1016, Jalan Sul an Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpu , Malaysia kazuhi [email p o ec ed]om