S aipsniai / A icles 71
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-3060-4713
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: onomas ics ( he
making o eal wo ds, nomina ions, mo i a ions, seman ic esea ch).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, so ed by loca ion.
The s uc u e o he mou h
Social and geog aphical
amily coun yside
In he name o he Ea h
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The S uc u e o he Toponymic
Laye in he Socio-Geog aphical
Space o he Village o
Šeimynyskaliai Based on Land Names Ques ionnai e (1935)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Based on he collec ion o 97 uni s o oponymic di e si y ound in he Land Names Su ey o
he illage o Anykščių alsčiaus Šeimynišklių in U eno Coun y (1935), a complex analysis o he
names w i en in he a ea o his se lemen om he local language is ca ied ou and
p esen ed in he a icle. In addi ion o he in o ma ion p o ided by he su ey, he su ey also
included ex a-linguis ic in o ma ion on he s uc u e o he se lemen , landscape de ails,
commen s on he expe ience o he local popula ion, as well as encyclopedic da a on he egion,
i s bounda ies, he names o he se lemen s in he Šiauliai dis ic , he illage o Šiauliai, he
illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o
Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he
illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai, he illage o
Šiauliai, he illage o Šiauliai.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Linguis ic Ac o Li huania) was adop ed by he Li huanian Pa liamen .
ESMINIAI WORDS: he meaning o place names in he ocabula y, mo i a ion, easons o
onomas ic naming, psychological easons o onomas ic naming, explana ion o he
mul i-laye ed oponomas s uc u e.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Based on he oponymically di e se 97-uni collec ion o p ope names om he illage o
Šeimniškiai (Anykščiai dis ic , U ena coun y) ound in he Land Names Ques ionnai e (1935), a
complex analysis o names collec ed om he spoken language in he a ea o he se lemen was
conduc ed and is p esen ed in he a icle. The exo-linguis ic (Vó u a), Šeimyniškiai ancien bu ial
in o ma ion on he s uc u e o he se lemen and he elemen s o i s landscape collec ed
om he in o man s in he cou se o he in e iew and eco ded in he s anda dized
shee s o he ques ionnai e, also he ema ks based on he expe ience o local esiden s
and he encyclopedic da a on he egion and i s e i o ial ma ke s Šeimyniškliai hill o
si e Kapanica, Šeimynškiai illage, he Š en óji Ri e basin i e s Emė and Võlupis, he
nomencla u e sys em o he linea objec s, i.e. oads, (by)s ee s, o he wise known as ūly lės,
o he so-called linea illage ypical o he Aukš ai ija egion, enabled us o ake a glimpse a he
space o he inhabi ed se lemen om bo h […] he inside[…] ( he posi ion o he in o man ) and
om […]ou side[…], i.e. o e alua e place names om a linguis ic pe spec i e and o econs uc a
cohe en iden i y o he a ea and i s names, o in e p e hei linguis ic p io i ies.
Keywo ds: meaning o place names in language usage, mo i a ion, onomas ic
easons o naming, psychological easons o naming, explana ion o
mul ilaye ed oponymic s uc u e.
ĮVADAS
In linguis ics, mo i a ion is usually de ined as he connec ion o a wo d wi h
o he wo ds, mo phemes, e c., he choice o he o mal composi ion o a wo d
and he de e mina ion o i s meaning (see Jakai ienė 1980: 26 o common
wo ds), he eason o choosing o c ea ing he app op ia e exac wo d o
name a pa icula objec (see Podolskaja 1978: 87 o exac wo ds). As he
esul s o Li huanian oponymic esea ch (LOFGN 2019, ed. G asilda Blažienė,
Laimu is Bilkis; Tamulai ienė 2021 and k ) show, he lexicon ends o be enewed
by he use o he exis ing linguis ic sum and he spelling o names. Thus,
ma ied, ma ied, compound names, compound nouns o g ea e scope wi h
A icles o he 73 d
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
p e e en ial componen s in speech ha e an a am and a e mo i a ed.
Resea ch on he nomina ion and mo i a ion o ep esen a i es o di e en
seman ic g oups (phy onyms, zoonyms, nicknames, pe sonal names, place names)
e ealed he mos ypical ea u es o he common and e i ied lexical uni s ha
make up he g oups, he mos cha ac e is ic mo i a ion de e mined by bo h
Pas a uoju me u į nominacijos y imų lauką pa enka i užda ų apgy en ų e d ių
objec i e and subjec i e easons. opog aphical uni s and hei g oups. Vesla a
Sida a ičienė (2018) has explo ed he u ban space o Vilnius wi h i s au hen ic
plu ali y o illages, owns, ga dens, communi ies. Razumo a 2013; Mezenko 2015; 2017;
Mezenko, Vasilje a, Galko skaja 2017 and o he s. The la e ype o onomija has a
sepa a e e m o he a o emen ioned hema ic g oups, called konloka onmas
(La in conloca ionem) ‘ he name o he place o esidence. Acco ding o he esul s
objek ams gy en ie ės ibose į a dy i būdinga nemažai ypa ybių, nus a y ų
ski inguose kalbos lygmenyse – leksiniame-seman iniame, nomina y iniame,
s uk ū iniame, g ama iniame, ling okul ū iniame. Požymiai, a ski ian ys ie-
o he esea ch, he speci ic opog aphical lexicon o he g oup di e s om each
o he as ollows: he ange o names co esponding o he di e en p inciples o
nomina ion, he deg ee o p oduc i i y o he es ablished models, he numbe and
a io o ypes o s uc u al names, he collec ion o nomencla u e e ms, he
p io i ies o o ien a ion o he inhabi an s o he se lemen s and so on. A e
analysing he nomina es o se lemen s, i is s a ed ha he names o he lis ed
opog aphical objec s a e conside ed o be au onomous wi hin he ca ego ies o
names wi hin he se lemen , ep esen ing he sec o s o he se lemen s (see
Mezenko 2017). Thus, he s udy o he names o opog aphical objec s unc ioning in
papildomos medžiagos ne ik ski umams, be i bend iesiems polinkiams nu-
s a y i. Dėl sa o speci ikos konlokacijų sek o ius ypač inkamas an opocen iš-
kai o ien uo os ling is ikos objek as, nes kogni y inės k yp ies ėmuose kalba
di e en ypes o se lemen s has a u u e pe spec i e […] o be used in a
compa a i e aspec hey p o ide a s udy oge he wi h o he ac i i ies: he
indi idual's eac ion o he en i onmen , hinking, memo y, imagina ion, which allows
o ind ou wha ole he language o m plays in e lec ing he speci ic
cha ac e is ics o hese p ocesses and he speci ic use o he esul s ob ained
(e.g. Wul 2004; Blancha d 2012; Seli ano a 2014; Wenzel 2014). In addi ion, in he mos
ecen oponymic s udies, he concep o he meaning o one linguis ic uni also
includes ano he ; i is unde s ood as he in oduc ion o a ce ain concep , an
in eg al pa o he sys em o all concep s. The sys em o concep s, i s s uc u al
ea u es, om which 1 Fo hese s udies see also. S ide skienė 2022: 44 yea s o age o olde 2 Fo hese easons, see Bu kus 1995: 25; Wenzel 2014: 188. This is no he case.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
74 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (English ansla ion by he Li huanian au ho i ies)
ypač p iklauso i nominacijos apib ėžimas, aip pa leidžia sup as i i paaiškin i
ieno a ki o kalbos iene o pa inkimą iso seman inio lauko, ku iam jis p i-
klauso, kon eks e.
In Li huanian oponymy, he names o small e i o ial uni s a e called land names,
hey a e in es iga ed in egional su eys, bu land names ha e no ye been included
in he ield o opog aphical su ey o he de ailed e i o ial sec o . Acco ding o
egional esea ch, hey ha e a spa ial e e ence, ell abou he na u e o he
se lemen , de elopmen and economic (use) o he e i o y, e lec he na u al
ea u es o a pa icula a ea. Landma ks allow he econs uc ion o he con en
o he pas cen u y, while a he same ime ec ea ing he ac uali ies o in e wa
u al humani y. The co ec unde s anding o hese names p o ides ich ma e ial
o landscape s udies, he economic ac i i ies o he inhabi an s, he
daug e minų, o muojančių šiuos ie ų a dus, no minė jų ašyba s a bi iek
unde s anding o e hnici y, e c. Geog aphical names a e eco ded o bo h dialec
and ca og aphy. In addi ion o wha has been said abou he easons ha inspi ed
his s udy o speci ic opog aphical objec s wi hin he se lemen , he dange s o
he loss o land names a e also men ioned. I is uni e sally acknowledged ha
su names […] a e special linguis ic and his o ical documen s in he ield o su names,
language, his o y, geog aphy and o he ields o science (Wase 2004: 349; Wenzel 2014:
167). Based on he 97-uni oponomas ic di e si y o he Anykščiai alley o he
illage o Šeimyniškiai in U eno Coun y, he Land Names Su ey (435) will check he
lexicon se , he a icle u he desc ibes he pa o he inhe i ance o he
in e media e pe iod ha is subjec o seman ic econs uc ion, he in o ma ion
mechanism ac s as an in e nal language, sepa a ing he ce ain wo ds w i en in he place o esidence om he whole indi idual.
Acco ding o cu en encyclopedic da a, he illage o Šeimyniškiai is in he Anykšči seniūnija, 1.5
kilome e s no h o Anykšči. On he wes e n side i is adjacen o he le bank o he Š en osija
Ri e , on he no hwes e n side i is adjacen o he le bank o he Emės Ri e , whe e he
upės Vã iaus. Pe kaimą eka upė Emė – Š en ósios kai ysis in akas, Võlupis –
con luence o hese i e s is loca ed. The illage o Šeimyniškiai bo de s he illages o Gõjaus,
Pa a i, Pãelmio, Naujų Emininkų and he ci y o Anykšči. The illage o Šeimynysky, called Vó u a, is
loca ed in he no he n subu b o Anykšči, on he oad o Rõkiškį, nea he illage o Naujjų
Emininkų (see Fig. 1). 3 Fo he scope o he concep o land i le, see S ide skienė 2020 ( o me ly
known as S ide skienė 2020) In a scien i ic publica ion, based on Kazio Alminauskio's Ins uc ion on
he Lis ing o he Land o Li huania (WEB […] LŽVI), a su ey o he gene al lis ing o place names in
he Li huanian land o he e m adia ion en i onmen was published in 1935 […]
In he con ex o he si ua ion in 1937.
4 P o ide s o oponymic knowledge […] Vincas Tuskenis, Anelė Pakš ienė, place o bi h o bo h
[…] Šeimyniškiai. As indica ed in he ques ionnai e, he knowledge p o ide s belonged o he 4060
age g oup ( he ques ionnai e indica es he age in e als o he p o ide s in yea s).
A icles o he 75 h
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
1 PAV. O he The cu en geog aphical loca ion o he illage o Šeimyniškės and he
Šeimyniškės hill acco ding o he Google map ( iew 2022-09-08) Piliakalnys was s udied by
he a chaeologis Gin au as Zabiela in 1990-2005.5 oday i is he mos ex ensi ely
s udied hill in Li huania and one o he mos ex ensi ely s udied in he whole o he
Eas e n Bal ics. This long moun ain in he shape o a whale s ands in he middle o a
c a e be ween wo idges and is sepa a ed om he es o he c a e by deep
c acks. The slopes o he moun ain a e now abou 25 m high, bu hey a e e y all.
Dend och onological esea ch has shown ha he si e was i s se led in he 12 h
ais. Jis siejamas su ienin ele žinoma ka aliaus Mindaugo pilimi Vó u a6. Šiuo
aspek u nuo oda į piliakalnį ž elgian iš šiandienos pe spek y os eikia i kaip
u is inė (a ne kome cinė) a akcija – aukos cen as gy enamojo pobūdžio
cen u y.
The aim o he a icle is o conduc an in es iga ion […] based on he in e ela ed
his o ical and cul u al da a o he landscape and he inhabi ed a ea, he empi ical
ma e ial ob ained and eco ded by he su ey me hod in 1935, he de ailed analysis
o he eco ded oponyms o he illage om he con e sa ion: he name o he se lemen and i s accesses
See also pa ag aph 5. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
6 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he VLEe a icles. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps:
www. le.l /s aipsnis/seimyniskeliu-piliakalnis/; The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
76 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
i eikšmę, gau us iš es inius ling is inio y imo duomenis in e p e uo i, paaiš-
kin i ie o ės i jos a dų apa ybę, nusaky i sudė inių apgy en os ie os dalių
The in e ac ion and communica ion in space. The objec i es o be achie ed a e: (1)
o analyse he in o ma ion eco ded in he ques ionnai e on he objec s o be
iden i ied; 2) o e alua e he cu en si ua ional da a eco ded om he speech
on he basis o he wo ds o s a emen s made by he p esen e s abou he
objec s; 3) o compa e hem wi h he old and expi ed lexicon, i s seman ics
eco ded in he elec onic Li huanian language dic iona y (www.LKŽe); 4) iden i y
he objec i e and subjec i e easons o he nomina ion p ocess; (5) e eal he
cha ac e is ic o he designa ion; (6) o explain: (a) Wha did he place name mean in
he ocabula y, (b) Wha in o ma ion abou he objec was con eyed, wha
concep (pa o i ) was named; 7) he onomas ic nomina ion schemes ep esen ed
by place names.
The alue o he s udy: he da a o he esul s o he s udy will be used o
accumula e, sys ema ize, inco po a e in o a wide ield o egional esea ch,
a ious kinds o desc ip ions, impo an om an e ymological, e hnolinguis ic,
e hnog aphic, cogni i e poin o iew, o cla i y, p o ide local knowledge abou he
his o y and de elopmen o he egion, he e hnog aphic egion o he Highlands.
The example o linguis ic landscape explana ion can be used as a me hodological
ins umen o s udy he oponymy o la ge e i o ial uni s and se lemen s in
o he egions. The de ailed comp ehensi e s udy will help o apply he science o
oponymy in p ac ice. Using he da a o he o ganiza ion o he a ea o he
se lemen o he plo , eco ded in he ques ionnai e, i was possible, i necessa y,
o e i y he a ea o he land plo s, hei physical bounda ies, he mapping o he
localiza ion o he plo s o land in he egis e s o cul u al he i age in he
e i o ies o he municipali ies, hus con inuing he adi ion o mapping, eco ded
in he ques ionnai es du ing he pe iod o Li huanian independence (see Fig. 2). The
su ey o he illage o Šeimyniskiai is only one o many sou ces, adap a ions and
opog aphy. The a icle p esen s he classi ica ion o geogenic and an h opogenic
ep ezen an ai. Jų analizei aiky as mokslinis pažinimo me odas (onimų g u-
seman ic g oups in o ce ain g oups based on hei simila i ies o di e ences
acco ding o he selec ed c i e ia: named objec s, language pa , he basis o
ac ions (nomina ions), lexical s a us, seman ic and o mal s uc u e, he p inciples
o naming, e c., in e nal econs uc ion, componen analysis, p agma ic, cogni i e
in e p e a ion, desc ip i e me hods. Place names w i en in he ques ionnai e
should be e alua ed p ima ily in he con ex o he oponymic sys em o he a ea unde in es iga ion, i necessa y
The yea 2023 is he yea o he Uppe House.
8 Acco ding o seman ic g oups (h p: www.sg.o g)
A icles by A icles 77
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
palygin i i su iso kalbinio plo o ep ezen an ais, iš gy osios kalbos už ašy-
in he place name ile (www. k). In he analysis o place names, he common and e i ied
lexical uni s, he basis o he nomencla u e, he geog aphy eco ded in he lexicog aphic
sou ces, he e sions o he nomina ions and he explana ions o he mo i es a e aken
in o accoun in he con ex o he esea ch al eady ca ied ou in his ield ( o all
sou ces, see he end o he a icle), he c i e ia o p esen ing he ma e ial in he ield o
oponymy a e ollowed. 2 PAV. O he In he Land Names Su ey (1935), a map o he loca ion
o he land names in he se lemen o Anykšči alsčiaus Pk agalio in he U enõs dis ic ,
he posi ion o his illage in ela ion o o he u al illages and coun ies o he wo ld (LKI
Bal ic Languages and Name Resea ch Cen e a chi e map o he map).
9 Fo he me hod o analysis and dis ibu ion o he subs ance, see also S ide skienė 2017:
246247; 2022: 4345. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o p o ide an upda e on he si ua ion. Abb e ia ions a e used in he a icle as sou ces, hey a e no explained sepa a ely.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
78 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXVIII
1.GEO-objec o be used
The YATYBES
1.1. Rep esen a i es o di ec nomina ions.
1.1.1. I 's no subs an ial.
1.1.1.1. The seconda y de i a i es, ound by onymiza ion10 me hod o a
geog aphical o o he nomencla u e e m (GNT and NT espec i ely); (G)NT) a e
swi ching o he place name class. This onomas ic p ocess is exp essed in he
gene al nomencla u e scheme (G)NT […] oponym. The ollowing a icle explains he
indi idual cases o oponymy o he a ea unde s udy, ound acco ding o his
di ónas ipiškiausią i šalu inę eikšmes ‘apleis a, nedi bama, sužėlusi di aʼ,
‘iša a pie aʼ; į a dijan , ikė ina, ak ualizuo a šalu inė eikšmė11; Linas ln.
(liūliuojąs dumblas)12, plg. lie . linas ‘links an i samanų plu a pelkėje,
scheme: Di ón o . i.e. plg. appealed o swimming lakes o i e s and […]klampynė,
ma malynė[…]. The su name Salà o . i.e. he in o ma ion con ained in he
ques ionnai e explaining he pe cep ion o he objec in ques ion: be ween he
Liūnai and he Š en osios i e s [...]. This sugges ed ha he meaning o he . .
was a plo o a able land in he middle o he alley, ising be ween he liun and he
i e , e.g. he ain. salà he inal meaning o he . . mean a plo o a able land, a
Sãlos su išplės ine objek o nuo oda smėlė os, apsup os Va du os upės (VK13).
plo o soil be ween he meadows […] […] a meadow in he middle o summe o a
ield o eeds, e.g. ano he plo o land wi h he name o he meadows w i en on
i . The Lañcos p . (4 ha; by he Holy Ri e ), plg. lie . lankà ‘la ge le el meadow,
usually by he i e , wa e ed du ing loods15.
1.1.1.2. The name o he objec occupying a small a ea o space in he ho izon al di ec ion is o med
acco ding o he scheme GNT + -el […] land name: B as ẽlė b . In o de o be e unde s and he
(b as elė; 4 me ai pe Elmės upelį), plg. b as à ‘negili upės ie a, pe ku gali-
ma pe b is i, pe ažiuo i’16. Nedidelį e d ės plo ą ž elgian e ikaliąja k yp imi
10 Dėl šio e mino ž . Podol’skaja 1978: 95–96; TMOI 37, 40, 42, 48 i k .
in e dependence and ela ionship o he named objec s wi hin he se lemen , see also he name o he
1.5-ha-sized a im D[…]disai di ón, w i en in he ques ionnai e. 12 O he su ey da a: linus me kia, he e
a e many ish. 13 The su ey o he names o he land in he dis ic o Sedos, in he illage o Rimoli, in
he dis ic o Mažeiki. 14 Acco ding o he su ey, 0,2 ha; by he oad o Anykščiai. 15 Fo a be e
unde s anding o he loca ion and ela ionship o he named objec s wi hin he se lemen , see also
he name Lankėlė (see 2.1.1.) be ween he Biliūno Silė and he Š en osios uppe eaches (0.3 ha).
16 See also LV I 547[…]549. This is he case in he Uni ed Kingdom.
A icles o he 79 h
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
he name o he occupying objec is d awn up acco ding o he same scheme:
Duobẽlė b. (dumb; 0,1 ha; no h o Šeimyniškėlių k. a Elmės s eam), plg. duobišk
‘as a o his inse ed place on he g ound; The Commission shall be empowe ed
o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. 1.1.1.3. I 's a e m ha desc ibes wha 's g owing in a pa icula a ea.
(1) The name o he ep esen a i e o he non-li ing na u e TG18 (akmuõ, dial.
kmsas) + -ynė su name: Akmenỹnė sklm. [In he Holy], pl. li . s one, ea h, whe e
he e a e many s ones, a s ony place in he ield, a secluded place in he i e [...]'.
The abb e ia ed meaning o his […] is a shallow place wi h a ocky bo om in he
Holy Land; Kemsỹnė (also known as Kimsỹnė) (whispe ing), please dial. Kimsỹnė =
gusi ie aʼ; . eikšmė – kemsuo a pie a. Augalų TG ep ezen an o pa adinimas
kemsỹnė […]kemsų p iau- (class) + -ynė […] place name: Ka klỹnė gn., plg. ka klỹnė
klų, ka klų k ūmai’19; . eikšmė – ka klų p iaugusi ganomoji ie a.
(2) Akmeningas, ie omis medžiais apaugęs, nuo kaimo 0,3 km į šiau ę
nu įsęs „kalnynas“20 į a dy as Ka čkalnis a . ž., kln. (smėlys su moliu; 3 ha;
[…]place, enla ged ka akmenuo a21), plg. lie . ká is […] i inė eilė[…], kálnas. On he
o he hand, due o he name o he moun ain, he i s wo d ka č- plg. lie . ka is
[…]some animals ha e hai on hei backs, ka čiai[…], also plg. in o ma ion abou he
deno a ion in he ques ionnai e: in places he ees ha e g own. Looking om he
coun yside, he pe spec i e could be seen on o a dis an moun ain, he op o
which was o e g own wi h a e ees, and he peak could be associa ed wi h he
namesake and wi h he animal's ea he s. Thus, a he ime o naming, i is
expec ed ha he cha ac e is ics o he uppe moun ain we e upda ed wi h
ocky [kalnas] o [kalnas] wi h ees. Nomencla u e o he su name wi h he mo i a ing lexema ca d (ka[…] is?) […] LM + GNT […] su name (o onimas).
Schema su mo y uojančia leksema LM + GNT ⇨ žemė a dis (d imonimas)
shows ha he small o es is named a e i s pu pose in he li e o he peasan
o he illage: Pakù miškis mš.22, plg. lie . pãku os ‘mall, ku as. A p ominen
membe o he opposi ion o he wo k ( he name o he medgals is a cu se)
e eals ha his o es , nex o he illage, was he si e o skydi ing, a o m o o u e. The e o e,
A o es o uel esou ces is a o es o uel.
17 See also LVZ II 397403, also known as LVZ II 397403, also known as LVZ II 397403.
18 […] heme g oup.
19 The ques ionnai e also con ains mo e in o ma ion ela ed o he place men ioned: juodžemis; o which:
0,5 no h o he illage o Šeimyniškės. The u ine, he u ine.
20 Lie . moun ains […] moun ainous alley, moun ainous hills as a whole. The desc ip ion o he da a on he
deno a ion in he 21s Vėlesnė Šeimyniškiai illage su ey (1961) s a es ha Kačkalnis […] e y s a us
moun ain, in ancien imes used o be a hillside; I 's a li le smalle han Vo u , igh nex o he Holy
Ri e .
22 Acco ding o he su ey, he size o 0,5 ha; o he no h-eas o he illage o Šeimyniškiai 1,5 km.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Linguis ic Ac o Li huania) is he law go e ning he use o language in Li huania.
Ag onimai, om he name o he s eams lowing in he illage e i o y
(objec s we e close oge he ); hei scheme is a combina ion o he
non-denomina ional ma k […] land name: Kiaũliupio pe a p . (on he land o
Kiaulip): *Kiaulipis upl.47; he nu se y o Võlupio o . I'll hold you. (0,5 ha): The illage o Võlupis, he illage o Da žėlis, he illage o Dažas.
(3) Geobjec names om place names.
• Ag onym and • helonym, p e ixed su names, ound acco ding o he scheme
pa- + su name […] su name: Paka[…]čkalnė d ., p . (nea Elmy, 0.3 km no h o he
illage): Kačkalnis a . See also 2.2. The plain i 's s . (a 0,3 km no h o he
illage): *Žalčpie is p .48. The p e ix ediniai indica es he loca ion o one
geoobjec nex o ano he .
• O he s uc u es o he SG ep esen a i e o he p ope ies, indica ing he
kaimo e i o ijoje: Kapancų kelẽlis (‖ Ka õso kelẽlis) kl. An (1 km į y us nuo
kaimo, į Piliakalnį); jo nominacinė schema nede inamojo pažyminio junginys ⇨
žemė a dis. Taigi bu usi . eikšmė a osenoje – kelias, edan is link senų-
di ec ion o mo emen o hei g a es, see he ixed in he ques ionnai e. Kapancos (see also 2.2.)
• One ep esen a i e o he desc ip i e mo i a ion ype is w i en Galù Dubs a eliai g .,
composed o he ances al cons uc ion Galù Dubs and he de i a i e a eliai, co esponding o
he scheme o he ances al compound + he de i a i e o his e m GNT […] anden a dis, plg.
galù […] o ecognize a place a he end o some hing, a he oo o a moun ain, in he e i o y o
he illage o Dub; I 's going o ain, i 's going o ain, i 's going o ain. I 's a small s eam. The
su ey da a comes o Pies upis h ough wo channels; only in he sp ing he desc ip ion o he
named objec is supplemen ed and i s mo i a ion explained. S . John's c oss) […] om he
(4) Geoobjek ų a dai, ku ių adimosi pama as – kul ū inis s a inys (k yžius
š en ajam). Ag onimų SG ep ezen an ai, adęsi dėl objek ų padė ies k y-
žiaus Š en am Jonui a ž ilgiu: Š eñ o Jõno di à a . ž. (ne oli p ie Pies upio
in o ma ion gi en in he ques ionnai e abou he deno a ion i is clea ha in he Va osene his
name was abb e ia ed o he pu pose o language economy. The ull name and in o ma ion o he
. ly is is Š eñ o Jõno [k õžio] di à a . In he ques ionnai e, he e is ano he o m o he local
name "economic" - Š eñ o Jõno pe a p . The "Pieces o he C oss" is a e e ence o he "Pieces
o he C oss" o S . John, which is he c oss o S . John he Bap is . The e o e, he ull name o
he meadow is […] Š eñ o Jõno [k ỹžio] pe a. 47 Fo common wa e names, see also LHEZ 155. This is
he i s ime ha his has happened. This wa e name is no eco ded in he o icial Li huanian
wa e name.
48 The ag onomis is no lis ed in he ques ionnai e o Šeimyniskiai, so as a basis o he wo k is
p o ided wi h a econs uc ion ma k.
49 Th ough he illage o Šeimyniškiai lows he Pies upỹs, sho o he Sain 's le in akas. The
i e lows h ough hilly places, deep in o he alley. In he pa o he shell o he billion, i en e s he
gulok go ge, o e g own wi h bushes [...] (K iklys 1965: 90). Fo his wa e name, see also. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

S aipsniai / A icles 87
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
2.2. Rep esen a i es o indi ec nomina ions.
Toponymic me onymy is a o m o oponymy.
This me hod o oponymy is pa icula ly ypical o place names. In oponymy, i is
ega ded as one o he ypes o ansnomina ion, whe e he name o an objec in
he immedia e en i onmen is ans e ed o he name o ano he objec , bu i s
meaning emains unchanged (schema ie o a dis […] ie o a dis) 52. The ollowing is
a summa y o he mos ypical cases o his p ocess eco ded in he 1935 su ey.
The name o he oad o ca le was ans e ed o he ag icul u al objec :
Ìš a a p . (1 ha; a he edge o he i e Elma), pl. le . […]š a a (iš a à) […] a oad o
ca le o g aze on a pas u e, engine, b eede , a m[…]53; Lyd[…]mas o . i.e. msh., pl.
lydmas ‘a bu n o bu n a ea in he o es , a cu , a skinning, also pl. žogiškuja
pa i imi g įs ą explana ion Whe e was he gi ios, he cu en lydmai le (LKŽe). As
indica ed by he e e ence o he objec in he ques ionnai e, he same name
should be gi en o bo h he o es and he plain, he plain in he immedia e
en i onmen 54; he plain o he plain. (black sand; 6 ha; o me ly a o es ), plg.
plunde ed di , plunde ed, news […]55. The name gi en o he upda ed land a ea had a
new pu pose a ha ime: a able land in place o he o me o es . The
ques ionnai e eco ded one mul i-pu pose old ceme e y, as w i en in he
ques ionnai e, he name o m Kapancos kp. (3,5 ha) o which plg. b us. he cap ain's
wi e; old age, old age; (man-made) channel (BRS 377) The ac ha he place name and
he e e ence o he objec o assessmen a e old ombs, which a e no
elimina ed om he seman ics o he name, and belong o di e en seman ic
g oups, shows ha his name is in he o m o a me onymic ans e . Ano he
case o oponymic me onymy eco ded in he second hal o he las cen u y in he
VK, men ioned in he . adimosi e sion o he pa emia: Kapanca bushes nea
Sén agės (old s eam b anch) (Ukme gės ., Žemai kiemio dis ic , Siesa ies k., 1977 expedi ion). E en mo e da a om di e en pe iods eco ded in he VK lea le s p o e ha
50 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see The IMO 48.
51 T ansonimizãcija – ling is inis p ocesas, odan is be ku ios klasės onimo pe ėjimą į oponimą
(An h oponym o oponym, one oponym o ano he oponym) (Fo his e m, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
152).
See also 52. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
See also 53. The LVZ IV 83.
The ques ionnai e also con ains mo e in o ma ion abou he loca ion: 24 ha; o o es join ly managed
by he illage s; a s ony bush. 55 Mo eo e , he new land is a newly cul i a ed land; he plunde , he
plunde , he newly dug di ; The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance
wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his
Regula ion. 56 The bu ial place o he dead, he g a e, and he bu ial place o he dead, he g a e. Due o he a chaeological monumen o Šeimynišklių sénkapis, see h ps: www.anyks enai.l / ie o es/ ie o e.
php?i651 [žiū ė a 2022-10-15].
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
88 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
gy ojoje kalboje unkciona o i ki o ipo upių agų, sen agių, upelių, g io ių
o o he names whose meaning in he po was close o he meaning o he GNT
e e ence ep esen ing he objec e e ence: Kapan[…]ca […] d y uins sou h o
he illage (Kaišiado ių ., Žiežma ių apyl., Medinių S ė ininkų k., 1986 m. alka); The
b anch o he Kapanca is Lė ens upėj, su ounded by ka klys (Pušalo o ls.; PKk
ko elė57), also called Kapanca g ., upl. B b, analyzed in he con ex o egional
oponymic esea ch o ano he a ea, combined wi h le. he go ge, he canal, he i e alley
(SOP II 464)58. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
The name o he hill was ans e ed o he ag icul u al objec : Piliãkalnis Vó u a a . (F ench
p onuncia ion) 2 ha; o in he plo o G imašauskų, 1,6 km eas o he illage o Šeimyniškės; Vo u a was
named ecen ly, people jus called Piliakalniu; I' e no iced ha he e's been a disco e y o pebbles,
pebbles, and bu ning. and a iamas59). Acco ding o K ikli, a he junc ion o Elma and Sain , he e is he
omb o Šeimyniškiai, he e is a na ow 4 m high dam be ween he wo mounds and o he powe ul
ame iškyšulyje; piliakalnis nuo ki os iškyšulio dalies a ski as pe kasu. Tebė a išli-
acili ies a ha ime. The wa e all is abou 25 m high and ises o a heigh o 60 o 70 m (K iklys 1965: 89).
F om a linguis ic poin o iew, due o he place name pl. lie . piliãkalnis ‘kalnas, whe e a cas le s ands o
s ood, he cas le hill60; due o he gende o his name Vó u a, pl. bend ašaknį he common wo d. ó upė
‘senoji upės aga, sen agė, a wa e all wi h he mo o leksema ojanča Vó upė up. I is loca ed in
Pabaiskas, Ragu os k., in Ži najų ež. (LUEV 200), Vo upis upl. The smalle ones. Small lowe s. Chu ch o he
Holy Sepulch e, 1935 (VK), Vó upė up. Rsn, Vo upė up. Wha a e you doing? Gmb (LHEŽ 392) is he name o he
company. The la e , based on William R. Smolsky, was linked by A. Vanagas o he ain. A imas, o me ly
known as g e a duobė, named a e i s pu pose (li . mólduobė […]duogoms[…]62; see also In he i s pa o
he 19 h cen u y, he inhabi an s o he illage we e engaged in ishing, hun ing, and o he o es y
ac i i ies. The e we e 57 ca ds om he PKK ile. This a chi e is kep a he Li huanian Language
bė, iš ku ios kasamas a kas as molis, dažnai p ibėgusi andens’), išsaugojo pas-
a osios a dą: Mólduobė a . ž. (molis; 2 ha; akmenuo a).
Magaznas a . ž., plg. magaznas is o . ‘sandėlis laiky i kokioms no s a sa -
Ins i u e's Cen e o he S udy o Bal ic Languages and Names. I is he esul o a census o esiden ial
and non- esiden ial places o ganized by he Names and Place Names Commission in 1935. 58 As ega ds he
la e , see pa ag aph 58 mo e b oadly. S ide skienė 2010: 343. This is he i s ime ha he Commission
has been able o ob ain a ce i ica e o au hen ici y. 60 Fo pilacalnia in Li huania see also This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. 61 Because o he Li huanian pilakalnye age see also he same, 504. 62 Fo example,
59 Dėl kul ū inio piliakalnio sluoksnio da ž . Zabiela 1992; 1992a.
illus a i e sen ences explaining he his o ical con ex , w i en in he a ea unde in es iga ion: All he
illages o he Du ch ese e o he yea om he au umn illed in o a ce ain olume, called
"magazines", a ce ain amoun o g ain o all kinds A. One. (LKŽe); and The whole illage illed he
wa ehouse wi h Pn ( he same).
A icles o he 89 h
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
s o age acili ies o o es ma e ials. Thus, he name o A ima p ese ed he
name o he building nex o i .
The ques ionnai e shall con ain he de ails o he deno a ion 0,5 km [leng h], om he
o es o he dominion o he Nephi es o he i e o he Holy One, o he no h;
sepa a ed he ields o he ence, now he ence no longe explains he wo objec s
named by he landlo d P iẽ o is wall and o . I'm wo king on i . In he pas , he e m
" ence" was used o e e o a place nea a ence, whe e a bounda y wall o a illage
s ood. The e m " ence" is used o indica e ha some hing is o is happening nea a
ence, ya d, ba n, o o he piece o land. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed:
odan , kad kas no s y a, būna ka u su kuo, da plg. lie . sena šalu inę eikšmę
‘aukš a už a a, pe a a ‖ e ikalus kieno no s šoninis pa i šiusʼ.
Hodonimas pe ėmė hid oobjek o a dą: Maciùko a ẽlis kl.,
Maciukas (PDBe), also known as a el, plg. ã as ‘g io ys. Ag icul u al objec s nea
he oad we e named a e he slope o he same oad: Pa ass hill o . he ollowing
able is inse ed: ( om he oad o he no h and by he oad), e.g. ain. pa as[…],
also e.g. asà […]line, ma ked in he a ea [...], s opping he di ec ion o mo emen o
depa u e[…]; The physiog aphic e m is de ined as ‘s a us, a slope, a olling sho e o
a moun ain slope. In o al, he su ey eco ded 30 cases o oponymic me onymy
(wi h epea ed .). Due o he a icle and he limi a ion o he scope o he p in ed
publica ion, he emaining pa o his subg oup was e used o be desc ibed.
3.In en ed by PAGAL RYSH
SUMENIU (land, name and add ess)
SAVININKU, NAUJAKURIU AR PAN.)
Rep esen a i e o he oponymy o he illage a ea o Šeimyniškės
ai, ku ių į a dijimo pama as gy en ie ės žmonių asmen a džiai.
• Ag onimų SG ep ezen an as: dū inys, suda y as pagal schemą a d. + NT ⇨
žemė a dis, Šlénda žis a . ž.64: p d. Šlenỹs (PDBe), dažas.
The size o he olume is de e mined by he combina ion o he scheme o he
non-denomina i e sign […] land name: Sapkausk[…]enės laũkas o . I'm no going o lie o you. Sapkauskenė, please.
o which: I 's called a sapkaukas (PDBe), a lake.
Acco ding o VK, he wall is usually called oads o bounda ies sepa a ing se lemen s om each
o he , o es s om illages, e c. The ques ionnai e con ains mo e in o ma ion ela ed o he place
o be named, i s soil: 1 ha; I is also known as he "sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o
"sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o
"sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one" o
"sands one" o "sands one" o "sands one". non-sandy soil wi h sand o g a el p edominance; I 's jus a ence, no a ence.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
90 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVIII
In he same way, se e al o he landowne s in his illage ejoiced:
helonymous: The lions oa . (dune; 0,1 ha; nea he Holy Ri e ; summe is
d y), plg. p d. I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle".
• Hodonimas (ancien illage oad): Ka õso oad (Kapancų oad) cl.
(1 km eas o he illage, o Piliakalnį): p d. Ka õsas (PDBe), ain o shine, plg.
I 's he chickens.
• O he linea objec s […] s ee s (s ee s65). These names a e also composed
o a non-denomina ional compound, he i s membe o which is he exp ession
o he es a e h ough which he linea objec passes ( ęsiasi) in he space
be ween he illages, he pe sonal name o he owne ( he i s newcome ) on
he s ee , he second name o he s ee […] he name o he old illage, plg.
[…]lyčia, […] he oad o he old illage, s ee […]: G imaša. This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
y us): a d. Kanapeckáičia, plg. p d. Kanapẽckas (PDBe); Na cko ūly lė g .
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I 's he same as he one in Kanapeck.
(whispe ing) 50 m in leng h; om he illage o Šeimyniškės o Piliakalnys; o he no h (ga elė; 200 m long; om he illage o he wes ; o he Š en osios i e dis ic ): p d. F esh o chilled ish, sal ed o in b ine
• The name o he cul u al building: Ka õso k ỹžius k ž. (a he ho el in
S ėdasis67), plg. p d. Ka õsas (PDBe), also known as k ỹžius.
No es on he Appendices
The explana ion o he mul i-laye ed oponomas ic s uc u e o he
social-geog aphical space o he illage o Šeimyniskė showed ha hese
e i o ial names […] place names […] ix, main ain and e lec physical,
geog aphical, social, his o ical, cul u al ac s in a ce ain s a e o socie y,
b inging up- o-da e hema ic in o ma ion abou he pas in a complex way.
1.1. The ep esen a i es o di ec nomina ions a e co ela ed wi h he landscape, Duobẽlė b. o
izinėmis-geog a inėmis elje o ypa ybėmis, in o maciją pe eikdami a i inkamų
geog a inių nomenkla ū inių e minų pagalba ie ų a duose Di ónas, Linas
i k . Nedidelį kaimo e d ės plo elį užimančių objek ų pa adinimai B as ẽlė b .,
be o med wi h he p e ix -elė om he physiog aphic e ms b as à, duob. The physical
cha ac e is ics o he objec s inside he se lemen a e cha ac e ized by he common and
su names 65 As w i en in he subjec guide, Aukš ai ija is cha ac e ized by he ype o
adi ional se lemen s […] s ee illages, p e alen om he 16 h o he middle o he 20 h
cen u y (LEAE 93). This is con i med by he da a om his su ey. The land o Kieno's plo s is
occupied by a sh ub, no men ioned in he su ey. 66 In he ques ionnai e, he e e ence o he
objec is […] ske sga elė. 67 Plg. o icial o his . ly į S ėdasa ms l. (ATSŽ II 296)
A icles by A icles 91
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
he adjec i es a e based on he place names. The -edge o he gallows, Dub,
indica es he su ace o he place whe e i was inse ed (bu ied). The meadow,
which s e ched along he coas line, was named Ilgóji, and o he wes o he
illage s ood he lion […] Ìlgasai lion, amous o i s size (1,5 ha) di an […] Ddisai
di an and o he s. The e b elm i o he ho izon al slope o he c yp og aphic
mo emen was chosen as he basis o he name by desc ibing he peculia i ies o
he Emy i e , a s eam, a ocky alley wi h a noisy low. Geog aphical ea u es
o he objec s: he place in he i e wi h a s ony bo om, he e i o ial habi a , he place whe e he chemicals a e loca ed, indica e he p e ix -ynė ediniai espec i ely
I 's called he S one, he Ca cass, he Chemical.
1.2. The pa o he oponymic egion o he illage ha is impo an om he
e hnolinguis ic poin o iew is he laye o ep esen a i es o indi ec
nomina ion. He e, he cha ac e is ics o geo-objec s a e exp essed h ough
in e media ies, he mos ypical o he phenomena o he cha ac e is ics
(da kness) o a pa icula land su ace (soils, soils) belonging o di e en
hema ic g oups. This con i ms he p eposi ions -iskiai, belonging o he ca ego y
o p ope nouns, and galūnės -ė ediniai: Žỹdiškiai o . I 's called Degu . P iesagos -
he Vedic Kgiškis, Salùkiškis is he name gi en o he a id lands wi h he mos
p ominen ea hen mounds and he o es wi h exca a ed, o e g own wi h
willows. O he ep esen a i es o he ype o compa a i e mo i a ion 1.3. See also
S akalizdis o . I can also be seen as a e balized human cogni i e ac i i y ha
main ains a connec ion be ween he di e en beings o he wo ld and exp esses
he ela ionship wi h hem in he c ea ed mixed MM names: a landscape
backg ound eme ging om an a id alley compa ing a g oup o buildings o a ci y, a la ge, ci cula shape, a la su ace o he ea h o a s ack.
1.4. The p ocess o naming he Loesso iaus sie ua o he Gelmė, ela ed o he
de i a ion o he concep o dep h (dep h) and he e alua ion o he
ca ego iza ion o he i e dep h. In Va osena, his name may ha e mean he
un i ness o he place o human needs […] he place o he i e ha was no c ossed (no c ossed).
2. The mos a ec ed by he esul s o he s udy is he laye o place names. These
names e lec he sys em o o ien a ion in he a ea o he se lemen . 2.1.The
subjec s p ese ed he eco ded in o ma ion abou he posi ion o one opobjec
in ela ion o he o he by ansmi ing i be o e he p e ixes (Paélmis, Pakačkalnė,
Pažalčpie is; P iẽ o is) and he co esponding de i a i e e ms (paup, p ūdēlis
pagalba) (paups da ža, Paups pe os, Paups kėlias, Paups pe ẽlė, P ūdėlio kálnas). 2.2.
In he s uc u e o o he land names, he known opog aphical elemen s o he
local people (Kiaūliupis, Võlupis, Dub) we e eco ded, unde he guidance o which he
loca ion o one o ano he objec inside o nea he illage was de e mined:
Kiaūliupio pe a, Võlupio kinde ga ens, Galù Dubs a els. 2.3 The ela ionship o place
names in space and ime is ep esen ed by he illage names Šeimynškiai Šmn and
Šeimynškiai An. In he a ea o he holy peacock, he names o he g azing places
Kulỹs and Kulẽliai indica e he ela ionship be ween he sca e ed objec s,

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
92 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
pie ų a dai Lañkos i Lankẽlė, piliakalnio uožu ekėjusių upelių a dai Võlupis
i Voluplis. Dis ink y inę žemė a džių unkciją a skleidžia i an ieji ag oob-
Paup's nu se y and Võlup's nu se y, loca ed in di e en sec o s o he illage
(nea Š en osios and nea Zemių sankasos), buildings. 2.4. Land names wi h he
mo i a ing wo ds ca d (ka is?), pãku os, mus be made ep esen a di e en
con en , de e mined by he cha ac e is ics o he di e en na u al named
objec s: he moun ain Ka čkalnis is named acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o i s
op (s ony, wi h ees, ex ending in o he no he n pa o he illage), he o es
Paklupu miškis acco ding o i s pu pose ( o es o aw ma e ials), he i e Võis
olo acco ding o i s sou ce (p i).
2.5 The su ey eco ded a numbe o place names o he ype Gyli[…] [káimo
pe os] b as à b ., Š eñ o Jõno [k ĩžio] di à a , which es i y o he la ge
scale o he language economy. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no
su e wha you' e alking abou . He e, he pa o he name ha was no
e balized in he speech is ma ked in he b acke s. he unc ion o he communica ion names shall no be in e up ed by i s omission.
2.6. Di e en in o ma ion can be ob ained om he names o se e al adjacen
places ha unc ioned in a li ing language. The name o he oad, Ka õso kelẽlis
Kapancų kelẽlis (possibly used only wi hin he illage bounda ies) allowed
o ien a ion in di e en sec ions o he linea objec bo h in he di ec ion o he
Ka õso es a e h ough which i passed and in he di ec ion o he hill.
Ano he seman ic pu pose o coexis ing adjacen sexes in a li ing language is also
men ioned. Piliakalnis Vó u a […] Piliakalnis […] Šeimynišk[…]lių pliakalnis is named in
o de o cla i y he cha ac e is ics o his eal objec . In a b oade sense, a
g amma ical gende can also be de ined as an objec ha has a symbolic cha ge,
meaning ul o a social g oup, a p ocess o name change o e ime.
2.7 The oad bands, like he b as õs sec ion, a e o ien ed om he in e io o he
se lemen o he ou side, his is indica ed by he s uc u al elemen s o he
names […] he names o he illages in he nea es en i onmen (Gõjaus kẽlias, S aki[…] kẽlias; Gyli[…] b as à).
Some names ha e shown ha he space o he se lemen i sel is a pa o he
būdas į a dijamų objek ų padėčiai as is. P ie upės juos os kampinę kaimo e-
he o ic, he g azing place occupied is called Kulỹs, and he space be ween he
objec s o one kind and he ag o-objec s occupied be ween he plan s o one kind
(linens) is called Ta pùbaliai and Ta pùliniai. Acco ding o he su ey, he sh ubland
is one o he land species in his a ea, so he line has g own he e as well. 3. P ope
nouns e lec he ela ionship be ween segmen s o he u al en i onmen and
humans. The basis o hei naming is he pe sonal names o he people o he
se lemen (Ka õsas, Šlenỹs and o he s, he diminu i e o m Kanapeckáičia). These
place names a e mos o en ound on he basis o social owne ship, hey a e
exp essed acco ding o he p e ailing nomina i e scheme o he non-nominal sign compound […] land name.
S aipsniai / A icles 93
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
4. The s udy e ealed ha socially signi ican u al in as uc u e objec s
a e named. In addi ion o he a o emen ioned onomas ic and psychological
ac o s, he social indica o also plays an impo an ole in he naming
p ocess. This led o he na u al habi a ion o he analyzed space.
Ano he impo an ea u e o he land names ha eme ged as a basis o he
esul s o he analysis p esen ed is ha hey unc ion as an o ien a ion link in
he social-geog aphical space.
ŠALTINIAI
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i papild. leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
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G. Blažienė, V. Ka delis, A. Ragauskai ė, S. Temčinas, J. Udolph, Vilnius: Lie u ių kal-
bos ins i u o leidykla, 2008.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
94 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXVIII
LVŽ II […] Li huanian dic iona y o local wo ds 2 (C[…]F), au ho ed by L. Bilkis, G. Blažienė,
M. No kai ienė, A. Ragauskai ė, M. Razmukai ė, D. S ide skienė, answe ed by L. Bilkis,
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house, 2014.
LVŽ III […] Li huanian dic iona y o local wo ds 3 (G[…]H), au ho ed by V. Adamony ė, L.
Bilkis, G. Blažienė, D. Kačinai ė-V ubliauskienė, M. No kai ienė, A. Ragauskai ė, M.
D. S ide skienė, a sak. ed. L. Bilkis, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o leidykla, 2018.
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D. S ide skienė, a sak. ed. L. Bilkis, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2021.
Razmukai ė, PDBe […] In o ma ion sys em o Li huanian language esou ces o he
Li huanian language ins i u e […]E. language: Name da abase. A ailable on he In e ne :
h p://ekalba.l /pa a dziu-duomenu-baze. PŽ […] Klemen ina Vosily ė 2014: Palyginimų
dic iona y, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. This is he i s ime ha he Li huanian language has been included in he lis o languages o he Eu opean Union.
SJP II […] Polish language 2 (H[…]M), Wa saw: Nakładem p enume a o ów and
Kasy named a e Mianowskiego, 1902.
VK […] Vie o a džių om he li ing language a chi e, he und o he Li huanian language
ins i u e o he Bal ic languages and he esea ch cen e o Va dyn.
VLEe […] Wo ld Encyclopedia o Li huanian, e. a ian , Vilnius: In he ex s o he
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LITERATŪRA
Balčiūnienė As a, Pe ošienė Lina 2020: S e eo ipinės žydų ypa ybės žemaičių
Minis y o Educa ion and Encyclopedias. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. Blancha d-Vincen 2004: P agma ic me hods o name esea ch. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. A. B endle , S. B endle , om he ci y o Hambu g:
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A icles o he 95 h
Toponomas inio sluoksnio s uk ū a
socialinėje-geog a inėje Šeimyniškėlių kaimo e d ėje
Žemės a dų anke os (1935) duomenimis
LOFGN […] Li huanian O s-, Flu und Gewässe namen in he Eu opean Con ex , h sg.
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The science.
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R.A.Z.O.M.O.N.G. (R.A.Z.O.N.G.) is a no el by R.A.Z.O.N.G. (R.A.Z.O.N.G.) abou he mode n-day
российских систем виконимов (на примере Некоузского, Первомайского,
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26
o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his
Regula ion. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion
in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Ra zinge 's 2007 book, The S uc u e o
Me apho s and Me onymy, was published in 2007. The p ocess o de-anonymiza ion, Olsz yn:
Wydawnic wo UWM.
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