A icles by A icles 177
RITAMILIŪNAITĖ
Lie u iųkalbosins i u as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Resea ch a eas include neology, no ma i e linguis ics,
sociolinguis ics, and language echnologies.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Expe s on he App oach
- he same, - he same,
NORM and DEVELOPMENT
BENDRIN'S Li huanian language
Subo dina ed o
Aspec s 1
Nounswi h heSu ix-is as, -ėin heAspec 
o Va ia ion, No m and Subs anda diza ion o he
Cu en S anda d Li huanian Language
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The aim o he a icle is o iden i y possible new hyb id in e aces o he use o his adjec i e wi h he
common Li huanian language's s anda diza ion p ocess, which has many simila i ies wi h he models o
he dynamics o Eu opean common languages. Un il he beginning o he 21s cen u y, in Li huanian, he
p e ix -is as, -ė could be dis inguished mainly in in e na ional wo ds o people by p o ession, ac i i y,
e c. The name o Išnag inėjus in he Li huanian language's ocabula y eco ds hese ypes o
ocabula y, hei e bal and seman ic con ex s, he peculia i ies o consump ion, s uc u al and
unc ional inno a ions.
1
Thanks o he e iewe s o he a icle o hei aluable commen s, addi ions, and o no ques ioning
he idea o s anda diza ion i sel .
This is RITA MILIUNAIT
Secondly, abou wo- hi ds o such hyb ids a e used o e e o pe sons acco ding o hei
undesi able, unnecessa y o ha m ul ac i i ies and ha e a nega i e conno a ion. The ollowing
wo ds a e included in he ESMINIAI ocabula y: subs anda d, subs anda diza ion, common language,
oa h, newcome s.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Thea icleexaminesnounswi h hesu ix-is as, -ėused odeno epe sons.Thesewo ds
a echa ac e isedby a ia ion,no m luc ua ionandinno a ionin hecu en Li huanian
The a icle aims o de e mine po en ial connec ions be ween he use o new hyb id de i a i es wi h
his su ix and he p ocess o sub-s anda diza ion o he s anda d Li huanian language, which bea s
signi ican simila i ies o he dynamics obse ed in he pas .
Eu opean s anda d languages
Un il he beginning o he 21s cen u y, he su ix -is in Li huanian was mos ly ound in loanwo ds used o
name people based on hei p o ession, ac i i y, e c. A e examining neologisms o his ype eco ded in
he Li huanian neologism da abase, as well as hei seman ic ea u es and usage con ex s, s uc u al
and unc ional inno a ions a e ound. KEYWORDS: sub-s anda d, sub-s anda diza ion, s anda d language,
su ix, and neologisms.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
In Eu ope, o example, Ge many, Denma k, I aly, Belgium, e c., simila p ocesses a e
obse ed a he beginning o he 21s cen u y, al hough due o he his o y and
de elopmen o di e en socie ies, he dynamics o languages and hei changes a e no
he same.
A icles o he 179 h A icle
Daik a a džiai su p iesaga -is as, -ė a ian iškumo, no mų i
daba inės bend inės lie u ių kalbos subs anda izacijos aspek u
In addi ion, in some coun ies (including he Uni ed S a es, he so-called new s anda d, o
da,i Lie u oje,ž .Miliūnai ė2022:641–668),ku iasinaujaneo icialilais ojo
s iliausa maina,ku ią a ojadidelė isuomenėsdalis,bend audamažodžiui 
neos anda d (English: Aue 265, neo-s anda d) (see Aue 366), i is no he same, only he
esul o he enewal o he common language as a es anda ized language (see Be u o
183: 3356). T adi ional common language is s ill unc ioning and is conside ed common, despi e
i s na owing in he con ex o public communica ion.
The e m "common language" is used o desc ibe a g oup o languages ha sha e
simila i ies and di e ences in linguis ic s a us, bu he e m "common language" is used
o desc ibe a g oup o languages ha sha e simila i ies and di e ences in linguis ic
s a us.
In he li e a u e, he e m "subs anda d" is some imes used o e e o a se o s anda ds, such as
"subs anda d" and "subs anda d" in some languages (e.g., Ge man), bu he e m "subs anda d" is used o
e e o a se o s anda ds ha ha e been es ablished o e he pas decade, such as "subs anda d" and
"subs anda d" (e.g., "subs anda d" and "subs anda d").
This is RITA MILIUNAIT
180 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XCI in di e en e sions: he i s inhe i ed many
ea u es om he subs anda d and is close o he common language (see S oeckle,
S ens up 2011: 83; Aue 2017:
372)3.
Subs anda d […] is a lowe -p es ige, mo e di e se a ian o he na ional language han
he common language, used (unde s ood) by all language communi ies and no di ec ly
ela ed o speci ic geog aphically de ined languages o la ge han hem geolec and
egion4. I is cha ac e ized by a e y loose e bal and w i en s yle, a di e si y o
sociolec and unc ional a ian s (e.g. Aue be g's 370, Dias a in and Diaphas ic
Subs uc u es).
nėskalbos.Pa yzdžiui, eigiama,kadi alųkalbosa ejunacionalinės ele izi-
josi  adijožiniųlaidosep anešėjai a ojabend inęa mainą( aisusijęi su
The de elopmen o he subs anda d, i s in e ac ion wi h he common language, i s compe i ion wi h he
no ms o he common language and he impac on he cus oms o he common language can be called
subs anda iza ion. The p ocess o subs anda iza ion in he Li huanian language has no ye been s udied
(o a leas no named simila ly), he esea ch is based on mo e hypo he ical assump ions (see Miliūnai ė 2022:
646648). So wi h hese in e es ing p ocesses aking place, d i en by bo h he p oli e a ion o common
language, egional a ian s, and o he languages, and he p oli e a ion o public elec onic communica ion, i 's
ime o explo e he a ious mani es a ions o new a ian s and hei in e ac ion wi h adi ional a ian s.
The s udy selec ed a ia ions in he cu en Li huanian language ocabula y, no ms, a ia ions and seman ic
and e b inno a ions ha go beyond he bounda ies o he common language, such as ja gon, a go, slang, and
some imes he e minology (see Wal e 2018: 13[…]32).
skolin ii hib idiniaižodžiaisup iesaga-is as, -ė.Tiesiogiainag inėjaminuo
 3 Dėlnenusis o ėjusios e minijossubs anda asgalibū isup an amasi daugplačiau(ypačsla iš-
kojojekalbo y os adicijoje):jamgalibū ip iski iamaapsk i ai isa ai,kasnė as anda as, .y.
4 In pa allel wi h his o ma ion o new dialec s, ano he long-s anding p ocess is obse ed: he ansi ion o
adi ional dialec s and la ge egional a ian s o dialec s close o he common language, o egional dialec s
o egional language s anda ds (see Aue 364: Mikulėniė, 2020): 2 In excep ional cases, some dialec s a e e i ed,
when he use was no longe seen as a e i al o people wi h lowe educa ion, bu as a uni ying iden i y om he
communi y.
A icles o he T ea y
Daik a a džiai su p iesaga -is as, -ė a ian iškumo, no mų i
daba inės bend inės lie u ių kalbos subs anda izacijos aspek u
The pu pose o his a icle is o examine he hyb id aspec s o he use o new wo ds wi h
p eposi ions in he 21s cen u y, based on he assump ion ha hese a e possible
phenomena o he subs anda d, i is impo an o ind ou wha he con ex o he use o
hese wo ds indica es, wha si ua ions, s yles, media hey a e cha ac e is ic o and wha
is hei ela ionship o he new wo ds wi h p eposi ions. (2) ca y ou a p elimina y
analysis o he o igin and de i a ion o he new wo ds ixed in he in es iga i e ND
con aining he p e ix -is , -ė, sepa a ing he co ela i e and he ue de i a i es (i.e.
hyb ids, including alues);
3) o ca y ou a seman ic and a ia ional analysis o hyb ids in Li huanian wi h he p e ix
-is as, -ė, by eco ding he possible conno a ions o hese new wo ds; 6) o e alua e
seman ic and unc ional inno a ions o new hyb ids. In compa ing he quan i a i e
cha ac e is ics o compe ing a ian s, a me hod o calcula ion is used. I is clea ha
no el ies, especially occasions, may ha e mo e han one in e p e a ion o he o igin o he
s udy, om which hei in e p e a ion may di e . The a icle, wi hou he in oduc ion,
consis s o h ee pa s, conclusions and lis s o sou ces and li e a u e. The i s pa
discusses he a iabili y o wo ds wi h he su ix -is as, -ė sys emic ea u es and he use
o he wo d, he second pa discusses he ela ionship o hese wo ds wi h he common
language no m. The hi d pa discusses new hyb ids wi h he su ix -is as, seman ic and
unc ional ea u es.
5 Fo his da abase, i s s uc u e and da a selec ion p inciples, see Miliūnai ė 2022: 7578.
6
Plg. conno a ion […] he shades ha complemen he main meaning o a wo d o a combina ion o wo ds,
gi ing he language i s exp essi eness[…]; conno a ion meaning […] he in o ma ion o he wo d abou
he emo ional ela ionship o he use o he language wi h he subjec […]...[…], indica ing a posi i e o nega i e e alua ion (LKE 2008:
281–282).

This is RITA MILIUNAIT
182 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
1. DAIKTAVARDŽIŲSUPRIESAGA-ISTAS, -Ė
The sys em YPATYB and VARTOSENOS
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
Fo a long ime, wo ds wi h p e ix -is as, -ė in Li huanian ha e been essen ially jus
p onouns (in e na ional wo ds), and some o hem a e condi ionally unde s ood as
co ela i e e bs, i he co esponding p onoun-based wo d wi h kamienė (b oade see
U bu is 2009: 292293; DLKG 123) unc ions alongside hem, al hough in Li huanian g amma s
hey a e usually assigned o wo o he ca ego ies as p onouns wi h special
cha ac e is ics: 1) p onouns, p onouns, p onouns, c yp ic, eligious, scien i ic, a is ic,
poli ical, a is ic, e o is , e c. 2) names o pe sons by p o ession (e.g. LKG 409; DLKG
138), e.g. a ille is , -ė, Ge manis , -ė, pianis , -ė. These ypes o nouns a e simila in
iesšalininkus,sekėjus“a palinkimąįkokią eiklą(plg.LKG362–363;DLKG
meaning and seman ic ela ionship o he basic noun -ininkas, -ė edinius (DLKG 138).
In ac , in he cu en yea , i is no di icul o ind compe ing pe sonal names
(Inčiu ai ė-No eikienė 2022: 149[…]174; S undža, Inčiu ai ėNo eikienė 2022: 239[…]261), one o
which is bo owed wi h he su ix -, -ė (some o which may be conside ed co ela i e
Vedic), and he o he […] is bo owed wi h he su ix -ininkas, -ė o ano he su ix o
non-s inged a ian , o example: inalis s, - inis as, -ė, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž,
-ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž, -ž. Boni acas
S undža and Lina Inčiu i e-No eikienė no e ha some o he mos equen ly compe ing
a e jus common wo ds.
7
In his a icle, a ian s a e unde s ood as wo ds wi h he same meaning and usually wi h he same oo in
di e en mo phological o de s (see Miliūnai ė 2022: 33[…]34). 8 The la e example is aken om S undžia,
Inčiu ai ė-No eikienė 2022: 253.
A icles o he T ea y
Daik a a džiai su p iesaga -is as, -ė a ian iškumo, no mų i
daba inės bend inės lie u ių kalbos subs anda izacijos aspek u
su name su ixes -ininkas, -ė and he su ixes -is as, -ė ediniai, which e e o
ela ed pe sons (see also 256).
A e aking some o he mo e equen compe i o s ha unc ion in he po al, i was
examined wha hei quan i a i e a io is be ween DLKT and he gene al In e ne
po al.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
1 LENTEL. Quan i a i e a io o compe ing op ions in he DLKT and he Li huanian In e ne
po al
The numbe
compe i o s
The a ian wi h
he p e ix is as,
-ė
o
in he
compe i o s
numbe o
in he
compe i o s
numbe o
in he numbe o compe i o s in he numbe o compe i o s in he numbe o compe i o s in he numbe o compe i o s in he numbe o compe i o s in he numbe o compe i o s in he numbe o compe i o s
DLKT inancial o ice * 26 inancial o ice * 1554 1: 60
The inancial o ice o
Google, he inancial
~ 490, he
o ice o Google, he
inancie-
inancial o ice o
, ~ 63 600
Google, he inancial
1: 12
o ice o Google.
The ollowing is a lis o all he playe s who ha e played o he
NHL in he pas 10 seasons. (wikipedia.o g) The ollowing is a lis
o all he playe s who ha e played o he NHL in he pas 10
seasons. (wikipedia.o g) The ollowing is a lis o all he playe s
who ha e played o he NHL in he pas 10 seasons.
(wikipedia.o g) The ollowing is a lis o all he playe s who ha e
played o he NHL in he pas 10 seasons.
Cello playe ,
~890 Cello
~1 610 Cello
playe ~6 400
playe , ~229
1: 7
000 1: 142
Cello playe
The ollowing able shows he o al numbe o people who ha e been diagnosed wi h CFS in hei li e ime, as
osenoje y aujaaplie u in i a ian ai, ikkonku encijossuko eliaciniaisp ie-
sagų ediniaissan ykisski ingųžodžiųy alabaine olygus,s y uojan isnuo
measu ed by CFS in hei li e ime, as epo ed by he Cen e s o Disease Con ol and P e en ion (CDC) in
hei annual epo o he yea ending June 1, 2020: 11 Due o he quan i a i ely small numbe o uses, DLKT
sea ched o he name o he compe i o , and "Google" sea ched o he o m o he single-syllable su name
 10 Len elėsduomenysnea spindigalimokono uo okaiku iųneno miniųskolinių(pa yzdžiui, ak-
o is as, -ė) a ojimo, odėlkonku encijašiuoa ž ilgiukieksąlygiška.
ep esen ing only hese a ian s.
This is RITA MILIUNAIT
184 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XCI se e al o se e al hund ed imes. Acco ding o
Apibend in ai, he compe i ion o hese a ian s in he global In e ne po al shows a
weake inclina ion owa ds he applied a ian s, bu he di ec ion owa ds hem is
main ained12.
In he case o Vilnius, he news po al 15min.l epo ed ha he ice mayo o he ci y o
Vilnius, while g ee ing he eam o Vilnius a hle es, mis akenly called he ice mayo o
Vilnius a baske ball playe : "Menu k epšininkės šaulės Naujien po ale" (Menu k epšininkės
šaulės Naujien po ale) - a cu ious change in he use o he wo d " oo balle ". A e a
minimal expe ience o he con ex o he consump ion o he pai s o op ions chosen, i can
be seen ha almos all o hem, wi h he excep ion o he bo owed ac o d i e , do no
usually ha e any meaning o s ylis ic di e ences,14 so hey a e conside ed as neu al
a ian s ha compe e mo e o less wi h he o e all e sa ili y o he doubles.
The e m " ampled ac o " has been used as a synonym o a ype o ac o , bu in ecen yea s i has been
used as a synonym o a ype o ac o .The e m " ampled ac o " has been used as a synonym o a ype o
ac o .The e m " ampled ac o " is de i ed om he La in wo d " ampled ac o " ( ampled ac o ),
which is a synonym o a ype o ac o . 13 In he main Li huanian-language dic iona ies, he sequence o his
bo owing is used in he di ec ion o he change in he codi ica ion o he Li huanian language. Fo example, in he
1s edi ion o he DLKZ o 1954, he wo d " oo ballis " is gi en as a seconda y a ian in he g e a oo ball, in he
2nd edi ion o he LKZ o 1969, he wo d " oo ballis " is inse ed wi h he e e ence o he oo balle , and since
he 2nd edi ion o he DLKZ o 1972, he wo d " oo ballis " is no longe used. 15 As men ioned, in he 1s edi ion o
he DLKZ (1954) ac o d i e , -ė is gi en as a seconda y a ian o ac o d i e , -ės.
A icles o he a icle 185
Daik a a džiai su p iesaga -is as, -ė a ian iškumo, no mų i
daba inės bend inės lie u ių kalbos subs anda izacijos aspek u
Thus, i can be concluded ha he compe i i e condi ions o non-s anda d loans wi h a
p e ix -is as, -ė in he ee , subs anda d close o he de aul a e much mo e a ou able
han in he consciously egula ed ( edaguojame) de aul . Howe e , in common pa lance,
such unpleasan wo ds can be used i hey acqui e a neu al conno a ion ha does no
ha e a no mal a ian .
2.The p ojec is a p ojec o he
Ins i u e, a p ojec o he Associa ion.
The no m o speech
I he e a e compe ing a ian s in he common language, he ques ion o no ms a ises.
Wo ds wi h he p e ix -is as, -ė in ela ion o he no m in he common Li huanian language
a e adi ionally conside ed in di e en ways: om he no ms o acqui ed non- a ian
loans o hose ha go beyond he no ms o he common language o al eady come om
skolinių,ku ie u ipapli usiųaplie u in ų a ian ų.Taigibend inėslie u ių
kalbosno mųkodi ikacijojep iesagos -is as, -ėžodžių a osena ibojama,pi -
menybę,ku įmanoma, eikian lie u iškiems(aplie u in iems)a i ikmenims,
a ious excep ions, howe e , indica e he di e si y and compe i ion o he a ian s.
Why is he coding o hese wo ds so di e en ? Table 2 gi es some examples o show he
cu en s a e o coding, ixed by he BLKZ. This indica es he ongoing p ocess o
bo owing, con aining he p e ix -is as, -ė, Li huanianiza ion, he cou se and esul s o
which depend on se e al in e ela ed hings: whe he he e is adequa e Li huanian
(applied) compliance and whe he i is gene ally app op ia e o main ain no ms
This is RITA MILIUNAIT
192 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XCI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Du niaimėgs aga siai ėk ii  eikš inuomonę.Komen a ųgalipasi ody idaug,
be  isokiema šis ųsusibū imaimanaupa odo,kadjų iekdaugnė a.( eddi .com,
2023-04-18)
The wa is al eady on ou doo s ep. The com o zone illusions o he Uzbeks. The shel e s op
is canceled along wi h he ime o he pa hologis s. Le 's u n ou pe sonal wa ches o he
cu en ime in Li huania. Now...! ( acebook.com, 2024-01-29) [...] I land on he po al, I ake
pic u es o he wo k o he handle s, dia ies.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The e m "libe al" is o en used o e e o a g oup o people who a e no a ilia ed wi h he
go e nmen , such as he "libe al sec " o he "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o
"libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec "
o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al
sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o "libe al sec " o
"libe al sec " o "libe al sec .
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The e o e, we should no allow a comple ely mino scandal ( he scandal o he Sa i aldos […]
Czechs) o o e u n he di icul poli ical sys em o Li huania and con use all poli ical
p ocesses in he coun y, public se iousness, e c. (15min.l , Al idas Lukošai is, 2023-06-17) The
Likučiai a e sca e ed among he o me ma ching pa ies and he new ones a e s ill doing
he same […] hey a e o i ying he legal s a e, i s ins i u ions and media.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
I you need a neu al wo d o name a new e b, you don' use he p e ix -is , -ė, bu o he
e bs (some imes om o he basic wo ds). he ma shal, he ma shal, he ma shal; he
ma shal, -ė; he housekeepe , -ė; he head o he household, -ė; he ma shal, -ė; he
householde , -ė;

A icles o he 193 h
Daik a a džiai su p iesaga -is as, -ė a ian iškumo, no mų i
daba inės bend inės lie u ių kalbos subs anda izacijos aspek u
I'm going o ake a showe . I'm going o ake a showe . he ee, -ė; The use o he e m
"subs an ial" in he con ex o he use o he e m "subs an ial" in he con ex o he
use o he e m "subs an ial" in he con ex o he use o he e m "subs an ial" in he
con ex o he use o he e m "subs an ial" in he con ex o he use o he e m
"subs an ial" in he con ex o he use o he e m "subs an ial" in he con ex o he
use o he e m "subs an ial"
a mainoskodą(Aue 2017:371).
The possibili y o a ia ion allows newcome s o e ain he nega i e conno a ion o he
hyb ids -is and -ė when hey en e he sphe e o use o he common language.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
1. Un il he beginning o he 21s cen u y, in Li huanian, he p e ix -is as, -ė could
essen ially only be dis inguished in in e na ional wo ds o people by p o ession, ac i i y,
wha e e hey wan ed o call i . (b) a seconda y a ian o he no m compe ing wi h he
a ian s applied (e.g. monopolis , -ė: monopolis , -ė; iolinis , -ė: ioloncelinis , -ė); (c) a
non-mino a ian de i ed om a common language, such as mo o cyclis , mo o cyclis ,
pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is ,
pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is ,
pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is , pa achu is
2. In he un egula ed, geog aphically un ela ed de elopmen o he Li huanian language
communi y and he lowe han he common language p es ige, he Li huanian language's
non-s anda d hyb id sub-s anda d (besiku ian subs anda e) wi h many o i s own
oo s and bo owed adjec i es -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is ,
-is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is , -is ,
-is , -is , -is .
This is RITA MILIUNAIT
194 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
3.Lie u ių kalbos naujažodžiųduomenynoduomenys odo,kadapie du
A hi d o hese hyb ids a e used o name indi iduals acco ding o hei undesi able,
unnecessa y o ha m ul ac i i ies and ha e a nega i e conno a ion ( amilia , i onic,
de oga o y one).
4. pa o he non-s anda d p eposi ions -is as, -ė hyb ids all in o he common Li huanian
language's s anda d. Nega i ely conno ed hyb ids a e used as a a ge ed means o
exp essing he s yle and exp essing he au ho 's a i ude o he spoken subjec s. This
hyb idiza ion o he common o he common o he common language e eals ano he
aspec o he impac o he […] common s anda d on he language i sel . This should be
unde s ood no as a change in he common language no ms, bu p ima ily i s in e ac ion
wi h he […]
BLKŽ […] Li huanian language dic iona y o he Associa ion, edi ed by D. Liu ke ičienė.
A ailable on he In e ne : h ps: www.ekalba.lki.l […]Bend ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas
[ iewed in 2024 by Bi želį[…] ugsėjį].
DLKG […] G amma o he cu en Li huanian language, 4 h edi ion, edi ed by V. Amb azas,
Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 2005. DLKT […] Tex o he cu en
Li huanian language. A ailable on he In e ne : h p:// eks ynas. du.
he ex .
DLKŽ1 […] Dic iona y o con empo a y Li huanian language, i s edi ion, edi ed by J. K uopas,
Vilnius: S a e publishing house o poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e, 1954. DLKŽ2 […] Dic iona y o
he mode n Li huanian language, second supplemen a y edi ion, answe . ed. by J. K uopas,
Vilnius: The Min , 1972
DLKZ8 […] The cu en Li huanian language dic iona y, edi ed by S . Keinys, 8 h amendmen and
supplemen a y edi ion, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2021. A ailable on he In e ne :
h ps: cu en -language.l d. eKP […] Language ad ice: a knowledge o language
ecommenda ions, R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2021. A ailable on he
In e ne : h ps: www.ekalba.l /language-ad ice. J. Zemai is, Vilnius: Science, 1985. He is a
KPP–Kalbos p ak ikos pa a imai,2-aspa ais.i papild.leidimas,sud.A.Pupkis, y .
ed.Z.Zinke ičius,au .A.Paulauskienė,V.Labu is,A.Pupkis,J.Šukys,A.Vanagas,
membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Eu opean Ins i u e o Gende Equali y.
LKG […] G amma o he Li huanian language 1[…]2, edi ed by K. Ul ydas, Vilnius: Min is, 1965; 1971.
A icles by a icle 195
Daik a a džiai su p iesaga -is as, -ė a ian iškumo, no mų i
daba inės bend inės lie u ių kalbos subs anda izacijos aspek u
LKE […] Encyclopedia o he Li huanian Language, by K. Mo kūnas, edi ed by V. Amb azas, 2nd
e ision and supplemen a y edi ion, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Publishing o S udies and
Encyclopedias, 2008. LKŽ […] Li huanian language dic iona y 2 (C[…]F), edi ed by J. K uopas, A. Lybe is,
J. Paulauskas, J. Senkus, B. Tolu ienė, answe ed by J. K uopas, second edi ion, Vilnius: Min is, 1969.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. The websi e is
loca ed a www.nekalba.l . 15min.l 2022 […] Wi hou he au . On 15 Decembe , i was pos ed on he
In e ne : h ps:
www.15min.l naujiena/ak ualu a/lie u a/ ilniaus- iceme o- -benkunsko- ik as- u bolininkes-pa a-
dino-k epsemis-5-19806902.
LITERATŪRA
Aue  Pe e  2017:Theneo-s anda do I alyandelsewhe einEu ope.–Towa ds
a New S anda d: Theo e ical and Empi ical S udies on he Res anda diza ion o I alian,
eds.M.Ce u i,C.C occo,S.Ma zo,Be lin,NewYo k:Wal e deG uy e ,365–374.
Aue Pe e ,Spieke mannHelmu 2011:Demo isa iono  heS anda dVa ie yo 
Des anda disa ion?TheChangingS a uso Ge maninLa eMode ni y(wi hspecial
e e ence osou h-wes e nGe many).–S anda d Languages and Language S anda ds
in a Changing Eu ope,eds.T.K is iansen,N.Coupland,Oslo:No usP ess,161–176.
Be u oGae ano2017:Wha ischanginginI alian oday?Phenomenao  es anda -
diza ioninsyn axandmo phology:ano e iew.–Towa ds a new s anda d: Theo e ical
and empi ical s udies on he es anda diza ion o I alian, eds. M. Ce u i, C. C occo,
S.Ma zo,Bos on,Be lin:Wal e deG uy e Inc.,31–60.
Coupland Nicolas 2007: S yle: Language a ia ion and iden i y, Camb idge:
Camb idgeUni e si yP ess.DOI:doi.o g/10.1017/CBO9780511755064.
Coupland Nikolas, K is iansen To e 2011: SLICE: C i ical Pe spec i es
on Language (De)s anda diza ion. – S anda d Languages and Language S anda ds in
a Changing Eu ope,eds.T.K is iansen,N.Coupland,Oslo:No usP ess,11–35.
Inčiu ai ė-No eikienėLina2022:Hib idinių ediniųi skoliniųkonku encija.–
Bal is ica57(1),149–174.DOI:10.15388/bal is ica.57.1.2472.
KeinysS asys1999:Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodžių da yba,Šiauliai:Šiauliųuni e -
si e oleidykla.
RITAMILIŪNAITĖ
196 Ac aLinguis icaLi huanicaXCI
Keinys S asys 2005: Daba inė lie u ių e minologija, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos
ins i u as.
K is iansenTo e2021:Des anda diza ion. –The Camb idge Handbook o Language
S anda diza ion,eds. W.Ay es-Benne ,J.Bellamy,Camb idge:Camb idgeUni e si y
P ess,667–690.
Mikulėnienė Danguolė 2020:Ta miškumaskaipišma uojamasdydis.–Lie u ių
kalba15,1–11.DOI:10.15388/LK.2020.22434.
Miliūnai ė Ri a 2018:Kalbos no mos i jų sa i eguliacija in e ne o bend uomenėje,
Vilnius:Lie u iųkalbosins i u as.
Miliūnai ė Ri a 2022:Į ai uojan ys i nauji lie u ių kalbos eiškiniai XXI a. p a-
džioje: sis ema ika i pokyčių k yp ys, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. DOI:
10.35321/e-pub.42.lie u iu-kalbos-pokyciai.
Pilliè e Linda, Lewis Diana 2018: Re isi ings anda disa ion and a ia ion. –
E- ea [Enligne]15(2).DOI:10.4000/e ea.6391.
PupkisAldonas1980:Kalbos kul ū os pag indai,Vilnius:Mokslas.
S oecklePhilipp,S ens upCh is ophHa e2011:Language a ia ionand
(de-)s anda disa ionp ocessesinGe many.–S anda d languages and language s an-
da ds in a changing Eu ope,eds.T.K is iansen,N.Coupland,Oslo:No usP ess,83–90.
S undžia Boni acas, Inčiu ai ė-No eikienė 2022:Va dažodiniųhib idinių
p iesagų edinių,pa adinančiųasmenis,i bend ašakniųskoliniųkonku encijadaba i-
nėjelie u iųkalboje.–Bal is ica57(2),239–261.DOI: 10.15388/Bal is ica.57.2.2486.
U bu isVincas2009:Žodžių da ybos eo ija,2-asleidimas,Vilnius:Moksloi enci-
klopedijųleidybosins i u as.
Wal e  Ha y 2018: Resea ch on non-s anda d language elemen s in Sla onic
languages.–Językoznaws wo12,13–32.DOI:10.25312/2391-5137.12/2018_13-32.
A icles and a icles 197
Daik a a džiai su p iesaga -is as, -ė a ian iškumo, no mų i
daba inės bend inės lie u ių kalbos subs anda izacijos aspek u
Nounswi h heSu ix-is as, -ėin heAspec 
o Va ia ion, No m and Subs anda diza ion o he
Cu en S anda d Li huanian Language
Summa y
This a icle examines nouns wi h he su ix -is , -ė deno ing pe sons, which a e cha ac e ized by
a ia ion, no m luc ua ion and inno a ion in he cu en Li huanian language, and aims o in es iga e he
cha ac e is ics o new hyb id o ma ions wi h his su ix and o iden i y possible connec ions o he
sub-s anda diza ion o he s anda d.
Li huanian language.
The s udy d aws on he Li huanian Neologism Da abase, which compiles he new ela ionship o hese
Li huanianlexicono  he21s cen u y.The i s pa o  hea iclediscusses he ea u es
and a iabili yo nounswi h hesu ix-is as, -ė,while hesecondpa isde o ed o he
wo ds o he s anda d language no m, and he hi d pa analyzes he seman ic and unc ional ea u es
o new hyb ids. The esea ch indings e eal se e al seman ic and unc ional inno a ions o new hyb ids
wi h he su ix -is as, -ė.In he sub-s anda d, hyb id de i a i es combining na i e oo s wi h he
bo owed su ix -is as, -ė ha e eme ged.Abou wo- hi ds o hem ca y nega i e conno a ions and a e
used o deno e pe sons engaged in ha m ul o useless ac i i ies.The hypo hesis ha non-s anda d
de i a i es o he su ix -is as, -ė en e he language usage ( ep esen ed by he mains eam media) om
he eme ging Li huanian sub-s anda d has been con i med.
Deli e ed on 15 Oc obe 2024
This is RITA MILIUNAIT
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
This is a lis o he municipali ies o
Li huania by popula ion wi hin he municipali y o Vilnius, excluding he municipali ies in he dis ic o Vilnius.