4Te minologie | 2019 | 26
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m26-03
Knowledge S uc u es and Ways
o Thei Desc ip ion in Cogni i e
Te minology Resea ch
La issa Mane ko
Lomonoso Moscow S a e Uni e si y
AbSTRACT Il es
Cogni i e Te minology appea ed as a con inua ion o p e ious s ages o
e minological s udies and is based on he an h opocen ic p inciple, a en ion o
cogni ion and communica ion. This in e disciplina y and comp ehensi e app oach
b ings o h new objec i es, ounda ions, me hodology and p ocedu es. They
p esen a e minological meaning in ela ion o pe sonal hough s e lec ing
social, p agma ic and o he ex a-linguis ic ac o s in knowledge s uc u es
acco ding o cogni i e mechanisms and ca ego iza ion in he on-going in e ac ion
in specialized discou se.
In discou se o mode n echnology, elecommunica ion, legal cou communica ion
and discou se o clinical psychia y nomina i e e minological uni s dominen . They
a e shown in he pape on he basis o a ious cogni i e models p oposi ions as pa
o cogni i e-onomasiological modelling, image schemes, concep ual me onymy and
me apho , ames ep esen ing e minological sys ems as dynamic models o human
cogni ion. The a iabili y o concep s and he speci ici y o common and special
knowledge concep ualiza ion in e minological uni s unc ioning in p o essional
discou se is biased wi h he answe o in ica e ques ions o he pe cep ual and
concep ual sou ces o e m o ma ion in in e ac ion and e minological sys ems.
KEYWORDS: e minological s udies, a e m, Cogni i e Te minology s udy, special discou se,
ca ego iza ion, concep ualiza ion, knowledge s uc u es.
AnoTACIjA
Kogni y inė e minologija, appa ue comme des p écéden es e minologies des
sa, g indžiama an opocen iniu p incipu i y a su elk a į pažinimą bei komuni-
eche ches ąkację. Toksiapusse app oche in e djalkinis épelen nou eaux
objec i s, ou nissen nou eaux ondemen s, mé hode e p océdu es. La
signi ica ion e minologique es associée a ec é léchi , e lindan les ac eu s
sociaux, p agma iques e au es ex aling is ins des s uc u es de
connaissances, comme cela numa o mécanismes cogni y ines e ca égiza ions de l'in e ac ion du discou s spécialisé.
4 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion Le
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
discou se des echnologies con empo ain p édomine des élécommunica ions,
ju idiques ibunaux ca ac é is iques de communica ion e clinique psychia ie
discou se nomina i ienne uni és e minologies. Dans l'a icle ils son é élés su la
base de di é en s modèles cogni ionnels eignies comme pa ie du modélisa ion
cogni ion inio-onomasiologique, schémas imagdins, mé apho es concep uelles e
mé onimies, sys èmes de e mes comme dynaminius humains cogni ion modelius
pe eikian ečiais. A ec des concep s di e si o e, géné aux e spéciaux de
connaissances concep ualisa ions ou nissan e minologiques uni és de discou s
p o essionnel ca ac é is iques liées éponse à keblius ques ions su la pe cep ion
e concep ualisa ions c éan e mes e e mes sys èmes sou ces.
ESMINIAI VOODŽIAI: e minologies eche ches, e minas, cogni y inées e minologies
eche ches, specialusis discou sas, ca égiza imas, concep ualiza imas, connaissances s uc u .
InTRoDUCTIon
Te minology shaped i s objec o s udy in a ious ways, being he ocal poin
o a conside able numbe o con ibu ions ha ha e depa ed om a
a ie y o disciplines, including philosophy, logics, heo e ical and applied
linguis ics, in o ma ion science, compu a ional linguis ics, sociology and
p agma ics. Each o hese disciplines widened and deepened he scope o
e minology s udies e lec ing he p e alen ideas on e m and i s
seman ics. They con ibu ed he heo e ical ounda ions, esea ch
pu pose, a se o exploi ed no ions and me hods. Each new s age
con ibu ing o Te minology de elopmen s ill allowed o e ain much o he
p e ious s ages. Mode n Te minology as a mo e complex domain o
in es iga ion is based on he esul s o p e ious app oaches and new
pe spec i es in unde s anding o cogni ion and communica ion. nowadays, i
is a mega in e disciplina y app oach incompa ible o p e ious goals, which
ies o ep esen e m seman ics and e minological sys ems mo e
p ecisely in he cogni i e and unc ional pe spec i e. I undamen ally akes
in o accoun di e en sphe es o human knowledge in dynamic men al
p ocesses accompanying special communica ion. He e we p o ide an
o e iew on di e en sphe es o e minology s udies and pa icula ly
hose b ough by he shi o cogni i e and unc ional pe spec i e o
linguis ic and nonlinguis ic knowledge shaping e minology wo k. This
pe spec i e has changed he e minology esea ch, because i e eals
human knowledge h ough cogni i e p ocesses in in e locu o s mind in
unde s anding he eali y and unc ional mechanisms in language use. I is
aimed a e ealing socio-cul u al condi ioning o special discou se and human
hinking in communica ion.
49Te minologie | 2019 | 26
The pape does no in end o gi e an exhaus i e o e iew o e minology
de elopmen wi h ega d o all wo ks published; he majo ocus is ogy
o e iew how he no el de elopmen s in linguis ics in luenced e minol-
s udies in Russia and ice e sa how some ad ances in e minology in luenced
he linguis ic en e p ise in gene al. A he beginning o his a icle I ou line
he majo s ages o i s e olu ion and pos ula e he objec i e o
e minology esea ch ollowing esea ch p inciples and me hodology o
Cogni i e Te minology.
1. THE DEVELoPMEnT oF TERMInoLOGICAL STUDIES
The ollowing pa ag aph p oposes in synopsis he e minology de elopmen in
he mos gene al scope s a ing wi h he adi ional app oaches and
p oceeding wi h he ecen ad ances in linguis ics. In he ea ly days o
e minology s udies a e m was desc ibed as a uni cha ac e ized by a s ic
de ini ion, one- o-one co espondence be ween he e m and i s e e ence,
a oiding polysemy and ambigui y o a e m, imi a ing he pe inen endances
in o mal sciences logics, ma hema ics, and ela i ely ue knowledge in
philosophy. Mo eo e , he language o science wi h he e ms embedded was
ap ly de ined as a o malized and codi ied a ie y o language (Pich , D askau
1985: 9). Wi hin his con ex e minology science was e lec ing ce ain
p inciples and me hods, which we e connec ed wi h s anda dizing and
op imizing specialized o TC 37, which claimed jus i ica ion o e minology
communica ion” (Schube 2011: 27) codi ied in p inciples and me hods
s anda disa ion. This esea ch s a egy s essed he concep in he
adi ional sense as a key elemen o hough and a s a ing poin o
e minological analysis. Le logico-philosophical app oach in e minology came
o he o eg ound a bi la e h ough in o ma ion s udies o ex analysis
and compu e enginee ing app oach, où a ious models linked wi h social
knowledge became ele an o many applica ions in special ocabula y,
pa icula ly a sequence o beha io s o expe s in socio- echnical sys ems
in “quali a i e easoning” and “knowledge-le el” o AI in e p e a ions as
(See
Clancey 1993: 39).
The nex is he s uc u al o sys ema ic s age o e minology de elopmen . I
b ough new heo e ical p inciples as well as no el me hods o esea ch.
These s udies we e aimed o explain he ela ionships be ween he o m and
meaning, equalizing a e minological uni o wo d cha ac e is ics. The
5 0 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
unde s anding o a e m as a wo d in i s speci ic unc ion (Vinoku 1939)
deepened he unde s anding o a e m. besides ha i was in e p e ed as a
sign ealised in language. The cha ac e is ics o e minological ocabula y
we e analyzed on he basis o a compa a i e, ypological, semasiological and
onomasiological me hods. Each o hem seemed o be use ul o e m and i s
concep unde s anding, bu hese me hods ad oca ed he simpli ica ion o
he da a analysis, pa ce qu hey we e pe o med as o mal p ocedu es
ep esen ing e minology in s a ics (Mane ko 2016). Iden i ying e minological
concep s and ela ions be ween hem became he objec o e minological
wo k in he middle o he 20 h cen u y, which had o add ess communica ion
hinde s among he domain expe s and o mee hei e minology needs
(nuopponen 2018: 10). Ano he la ge e minology use g oup a e ansla o s,
whose claim is he non-li e a y ansla ion on he basis o e minology
(Roge s 2015: 4). The 70s o he 20 h cen u y en iched e minology s udies wi h
he new a i udes owa ds ocabula y o special communica ion, whe e he
in en o y o ce ain no ions was applied o he undamen al basis employed in
linguis ic esea ch. These changes a e no nume ous, bu hey a e gaining
ela i e s eng h in connec ion o e ms and hei con ex in special
communica ion.
1) one o hese essen ial changes da es back o 1972, when he discipline
s a ed o be called Te minology science ( e mino edeniye) (Lei chik 1983) in
Russian e minological school. I was shaped by a mo e ca e ul obse a ion o
heo e ical ounda ions o he discipline, me hodological appa a us, and
esea ch p ocedu es in pa icula sphe es o human ac i i y called
e minologies. In Eu opean e minology his dis inc ion is e lec ed in di e en
spelling be ween Te minology ( he uppe case) indica ing he discipline and
e minology ( he lowe case) esul ing om he ocabula y o special language
( oi Temme mann 2000: xiii). à pa his dis inc ion al e na i e designa ions
conce ning he heo e ical basis o he e minological ield a e added, including
e minology wo k, e minology managemen and e minology enginee ing
(nuopponen 2018). 2) The second achie emen o Te minology science was he
widening o he esea ch objec , which was associa ed wi h languages o
special pu poses de ined as he linguis ic means in communica i e se ings
wi hin a speciali y (Ho mann 1976: 170; ci é om Schube 2011: 28). The
de elopmen o LSP as a uni o a me alanguage o Te minology s eng hened
he a en ion no only o he wo ld o echnical and scien i ic concep s,
5 1Te minologija | 2019 | 26 o which specialised e ms e e , bu also o ways
e minological sys ems a e exp essed in w i en ex s. Special e ms
comp ising lexical and mo phological means a e he key o success ul LSP
communica ion (Roge s na u al disciplines p esen he independence om he
2015: 3). They a e used in o al and w i en in e ac ion. E.g., LSP ex s o
con ex , neu al use o language means, less deg ee o i em mo i a ion
(G ishiani 1986 (2008): 22), while in ex s on his o y, philosophy and linguis ics
e m seman ics is in luenced by he ac o s sign o semio ic si ua ion o
p agma ic. Special concep s a e in cons an e olu ion, in ex s hey can be
o n ou o he con ex and should be explained on he basis o he semio ics
o in e linguis ically based ex s (naza o a 1994: 160161). The unc ional
pe spec i e desc ibes pe manen ly dynamic special concep s e e ing o
e ms (Cab é 1995: 3), pe o ming he communica i e and semiological unc ions
acco ding o he pu po o he ex w i e . 3) The hi d impo an s ep
u he in e minology science is ha a e m is de ined as a language uni
ul illing he nomina i e unc ion and possessing he gene al no ion in he
sys em o co esponding no ions (Lei chik 1987: 141). Gee ae s considè e le
p ocess o naming o be e y impo an in unde s anding dynamic p ocesses
o human hinking, while he onomasiological analysis is use ul in ep esen ing
he way he i em in ques ion en e ains wi h o he i ems in he same lexical
ield (2006: 413). C ucial o he unde s anding o his analysis is how he
phenomena in eali y a e acqui ed by human mind and he mo i a ion o he
c ea ed uni is associa ed wi h pe sons abili y o p oduce new i ems
acco ding o he needs o communica i e se ings in he u e ance.
nomina i e uni s exp imées pa di é en es o mes de de i a i e wo ds can
be in es iga ed on he basis o a wo d- o ma ion meaning, which co espond
o he linking pa e n be ween wo ca ego ical meanings, i is a kind o
ela ions be ween hings, p ocesses and ea u es in eali y and he no ions
co esponding o hem (Koub iako a 1978: 57). This kind o analysis may be also
applied o subs an i e cons uc ions. The impo ance o he onomasiological
app oach is undeniable, because i e ealed he gnoseological basis o he
nomina i e ac i i y, i s link wi h he cogni i e p ocesses, cha ac e izing
semio ic aspec s o nomina ion and e c. (Koub iako a 2004: 323). As we can see
onomasiological s udies bo h in linguis ic and pa icula ly e minological sphe e
o human ac i i y became he ea ly and ex emely ui ul expe ience o
human cogni ion unde s anding, an icipa ing ideas o he u u e cogni i e
science.

5 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion 4) The
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
las ou come o linguis ic and e minological esea ch is he de ining o he way
a human being in luences language (The ole o human ac o in language 1988: 9).
I appea ed no as a decla a i e s a emen as i was in p e ious pe iods, quand
schola s pa lè en abou he concep e en no eaching i by he o mal kinds
o analysis, hough hey ied o do i in a p ope way acco ding o he exis ing
esea ch p inciples and me hods. bu i is becoming one o he mos
undamen al p inciples o cogni i e explo a ion o language coming o he
o eg ound a he end o he 20 h cen u y. This p inciple is called an
an h opocen ic p inciple. La chose encou agean e es que ce p incipe es la
base de comp end e human hinking and discu si e ac i i y, associé a ec
l'in luence de cogni i e esea ch ha holds ha language is a pa o a
cogni i e sys em o an indi idual, whose men al abili ies in e ac wi h language
and a e in luenced by language (Di en, Vespoo 1998: xi). Cogni i e linguis ics
akes in o accoun agen s men al and communica i e ac i i ies inco po ing
social, psychological, p agma ic and o he sides o human in e ac ion (Mane ko
2016: 129). This pe spec i e shows a u n om s uc u ally o ien ed esea ch in
language as an au onomous sys em o he pa adigma ic shi mi o ed in
cogni i e and unc ional pe spec i e o linguis ic knowledge desc ip ion and a
new shape o he Te minology science also conce ned wi h cogni ion, cogni i e
p ocessing and communica ion p ocesses. Cogni i e (Cogni i e-communica i e)
Te minology has become one o he main b anches o cogni i e linguis ic s udy.
I ep esen s he esea ch, which is cogni i ely g ounded, speake o ien ed,
in e wo en wi h in e locu o s unde s anding o he wo ld and unc ionally
ul illing concep ual and discu si e mechanisms in language use. Te minological
s udies a e becoming close o human ealiza ion o cogni ion and goals o
communica ion. The objec i e o esea ch in Cogni i e Te minology s udies is o
e eal new and ans e ed concep ual elemen s ep esen ing he gene al
(usual) and special cha ac e o human expe ience in knowledge s uc u es
he seman ic peculia i ies o e minological uni s on he basis o amilia ,
shown h ough a spec um o a ious simple and complex men al cons uc s
depending on sense poly unc ionali y ans e ed in specialized communica ion.
In his pape I ollow his objec i e in e ealing he esul s o e minological
esea ch.
In he nex pa o he pape Cogni i e Te minology is discussed al o-
ge he wi h he me hodologically impo an e ms o he discipline analysis.
5Te minologie | 2019 | 26
2. THE ATTENTIon To CGnITIon
AnD CoMMUNICATIon In CoGnITIVE
TERMInoLoGY STUDIES
Cogni i e o Cogni i e-communica i e Te minology is a new s age in
Te minology de elopmen , which s a ed o de elop a he end o he 90s o
he 20 h cen u y. I depa ed om he p e ious s ages o he de elopmen o
e minological discipline, hough is cha ac e ized by new objec i es,
ounda ions, me hodology, and esea ch p ocedu es. I is mi o ed in
p esen ing he cogni i e and communica i e unc ions. The cen al conce n o
e minological in es iga ions is o desc ibe he cogni i e unc ion o language
ul ima ely leading o he e m o ma ion. The le el and dep h o i s
desc ip ion is di e en om hose ideas, which co e only easoning abili ies
o a human being and concep ions o speci ici y domains as dis ibu ed de ices
(Hi sch eld, Gelman 1994: 4, 22). The hing is ha he cogni i e unc ion is
unde s ood as a wide phenomenon han i was conside ed be o e he
cogni i e linguis ic heo y. L'enquê e doesn ega d he linguis ic sys em and
i s s uc u es as an au onomous whole, bu a he akes in o accoun he
language means explo ed on he basis o senso y, physical, social, his o ical,
cul u al peculia i ies e ealed on he basis o linguis ic ea u es. I seeks o
unde s and how knowledge is cons uc ed by a human being wi h he help o
language means used o pu poses o communica ion. As Temme mann poin s
ou , he concep obse a ion is undamen ally suppo ed by expe ien ial
epis emology ...embedded in ich cogni i e models (2000: 29). The cogni i e
unc ion is linked wi h human pe cep ion o objec s in he ou e wo ld and a
eal si ua ion in some sphe e o human ac i i y. The e ms exp essed by single
wo ds a e a he a e in p o essional communica ion. E en in a dic iona y
a icle, we can ind lexemes linked wi h he o he ones in ep esen ing
di e en , bu in e ela ed phenomena, e.g.: an ai plane a powe ed
hea ie - han-ai ai c a wi h ixed wings om which i de i es mos o i s
li (h ps://www.me iam-webs e .com/dic iona yai /plane); a de ec o is a
de ice used o inding pa icula subs ances o hings, o measu ing hei
le el: a lie de ec o , a smoke de ec o , a me al de ec o (Camb idge 1995: 375).
Thus, he i s le el ha should be aken in o accoun is he hie a chical
s uc u e o concep ual domains wi hin he body o knowledge.
The e m-c ea ion always depends on he s age o discipline de elopmen
a some ce ain pe iod. S a ing he analysis wi h he e m de ini ion and
5 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion in some
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
cases i s e ymology is a common hing, bu e en his in o ma ion ells us abou
he LSP as a sys em o linguis ic means o he na ional language and an
impo an me alanguage uni o mode n e minological s udies (Zyablo a 2005:
17). Le us look a one o he examples belonging o he sphe e o clinical
psychia y on he basis o he e m schizoph enia. The dic iona y p o ides he
in o ma ion abou he wo d schizoph enia and i s o igin. I appea ed om wo
G eek oo s skhizein o spli and ph ēn (geni i e ph enos) mind, hea
(h ps://www.e ymonline.com/wo d schizoph enia). This e minological uni was
coined in 1910 by Swiss psychia is Eugen bleule (18571939), who wan ed o
explica e he s a e o peoples mind cha ac e ized by he dys unc ion o
associa ions, childish silliness, hys e ics and hallucina ions as he non-adequa e
a ec o eali y, and o he symp oms o his disease. This was he pe iod o
he de elopmen in he medical domain specializa ion wi h he ca e ul
obse a ion o diagnosis, p e en ion and ea men o men al diso de s. The
nomina i e uni o schizoph enia is de ined as a men al diso de cha ac e ized
by abno mal beha io and misin e p e a ion o eali y
(h ps://www.e ymonline.com wo d/schizoph enia), où he hype onym a men al
diso de co ea he ea ly s age o his scien i ic ield in he 80s o he 19 h
sponds o a ce ain class o diseases in he medical sphe e. bu p e iously,
cen u y, he e exis ed he o he e m demen ia p aecox p ema u e demen ia.
Exp essed in La in i poin ed a he age disc epancy o he pe son wi h his
synd ome, besides ha he La in exp ession was a he ague in i s deno a ion
s ill poin ing a one o he mos ypical ea u es o he disease. So he e m and
i s immedia e con ex poin a many o he laye s o human expe ience, including
he pe cep ual, physical, social and o he sphe es. logical knowledge based on
en i ies, ac i i ies, cha ac e is ics, and ela ions (Sage 1990: 27) esembling he
Some schola s hink ha cogni i e p ocesses may be e ealed by on o-
pa o speech meaning. o he schola s widen his lis o concep ual en i ies
including Thing, E en , S a e, Place, Pa h, Ac ion, P ope y, and Amoun , hough
qui e ob iously hey a e all qui e di e en in he kind o e e ence (jackendo
1996: 9, 34). These en i ies a e hough o ep esen men al ope a ions o
ca ego iza ion and concep ualiza ion, ep esen ing he wo ld unde s anding in
a concep in he on-going p ocess o in e ac ion in human ac i i y. Langacke
déc i he meaning as concep ualiza ion, which esides in cogni i e p ocessing
as “an ope a i e uni o consciousness” co esponding o a pa icula sign
and is able o cha ac e ize he ypes o cogni i e
5Te minologija | 2019 | 26 e en s whose occu ence cons i u es a gi en men al
expe ience (Langacke 1991: 2). Showing how he cogni i e p ocessing wo ks,
he au ho discusses he no ion o hypo enuse, which posi s a hie a chy
e e ing o he p io concep ion o a igh iangle and his iangle
unc ions as he cogni i e domain o hypo enuse (Langacke 1991 3: He also
men ions a kind o implica ion appea ing in human consciousness, when a
pe son compa es hese wo no ions a hypo enuse and a igh iangle. In eal
meaning ul desc ip ions, including usual and o cou se special no ions, hese
implica ions may be o a ious kinds co esponding o senso y, kines he ic,
spa ial, emo ional, and a ional. Langacke s a es ha people usually
emembe basic domains, which a e i educible ep esen a ional spaces o
ields o concep ual po en ial (Langacke 1991: 4). The de ini ion helps o ind
ou he highe le el iden i ie o a wo d o he same le el in concep ual
o ganiza ion o ce ain classes o wo ds in he explana o y dic iona y, e.g. in
he example wi h an ai plane ou mind swi ches o he cogni i e domain o a
powe ed hea ie - han-ai ai c a
(h ps://www.me iam-webs e .com/dic iona y/ai plane) and in a de ec o he
p ominen cha ac e is ic is a de ice. The e m becomes an in eg al pa o
ce ain domains o human knowledge, as in ou examples co esponding o
means o anspo o de ices.
Linguis ic uni s included in o he anspo domain a e qui e di e en in hei
mo phological s uc u e, bu hey a e o ganized in o one subjec a ea
acco ding o a esul o human cogni ion and ca ego isa ion. As any o he
concep ual ca ego y i is cha ac e ized by he hie a chical s uc u e o i s
membe s e ealing he ela ionship be ween he language i ems. The hema ic
concep o TRAnSPoRT o ganise human knowledge abou he en i e ca ego y
o objec s in eg a ing a numbe o di e en means o anspo a ion. I is
included in o he wide concep ARTIFACT ep esen ed by he highes le el o
ca ego iza ion, which is he mos abs ac phenomenon in his axonymic
sys em. A he same ime i s easy o ace he hie a chical pa h h ough his
sphe e o knowledge, because TRAnSPORT bea s a ela ionship o schema ici y
o such no ions as AIRCRAFT, VESSEL and VEHICLE ep esen ing hei use
acco ding o a ious ways o mo emen in he ai , in wa e and on he land
su ace. Simple, de i a i e, compound wo ds and nomina i e ph ases belong o
he supe odina e, basic and subca ego ial le els (Mane ko 2000). All hese uni s
desc ibe di e en kinds o anspo a ion ( oi Figu e 1).
2 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion The
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
analysis in he language o mode n e minology and elecommunica ion sphe e
con i med ha he main aim o e minological esea ch in
Cogni i e-communica i e Te minology is o ocus on he a iabili y o e m
concep ual s uc u es in discou se speci ied u he in LSP and e minological
sys ems cons ual. This analysis is based on he an h opocen ic coo dina e in
unde s anding p o essional discou se and he co esponding e minological
sys em. besides he linguis ic analysis i includes he desc ip ion o knowledge
s uc u es. I s a s wi h he ep esen a ion o he ca ego izing po en ial o all
he e minological uni s belonging o ce ain le els in knowledge domains,
p oposi ion as a pa o he cogni i e-onomasiological modeling, which is he
su icien e e ence o concep ual en i ies in nominal complexes, some imes
whe e i is necessa y image schemas, he analysis on he basis o concep ual
me apho and me onymy is used. The cons uc ion o he ela ionship be ween
ce ain domains in he in es iga ed subjec ields ends wi h he c ea ion o he
amewo k, which elabo a es he schema ic subs uc u es o LSP o ganiza ion
o human p o essional ac i i y. The me hodological p inciples and p ocedu es
became he objec o cogni i e and communica i e esea ch in o he pape s in
e minological sphe es o English.
4.CGNITIVE RESEARCH
In LEGAL DISCOURSE AnD PSYCHIATRY one o he mos in e es ing kinds o
special discou se is legal discou se. He e we add ess some peculia i ies o e m
o ma ion in legal discou se based on special cou oom communica ion in he
Sup eme Cou o he USA (20112018) (Mane ko 2018; 2019; Vo objo a 2018). ou
unde s anding o legal cou oom discou se is also associa ed wi h he
p ominence o special and common knowledge occu ing in media ion be ween
he in e locu o s, don l'ac i i é p o essionnelle and linguis ique es in luencée
pa pe sonal, socio-cul u al, and p agma ic ac o s as well as con lic in e es s
and cou oles in communica ion. Legal discou se includes language s uc u es
o special law and e e yday ypes o knowledge in p o essionally o ien ed
pic u e o he wo ld. The p o essional speech ep esen s he al eady exis ing
s ic e ms and hei seman ics in e minological sys em o law.
ou analysis s a ed wi h he language in o ma ion ep esen ed in o al
and ebu al a gumen s o cou p oceedings o he Sup eme Cou o

6Te minologija | 2019 | 26 people (w ongdoe s, on he one hand, and ic ims,
he USA. We ge he da a abou he con lic be ween wo g oups o
on he o he ) and he eason o he con lic si ua ion. Analysan he
exis ing con lic in eal EVEnT nous a ons p ê é a en ion aux in e es s
o hese people and he ma e speci ied by he ex a-linguis ic si ua ion
and he ci cums ances o he EVEnT ( oi Figu e 3).
Then, om he ex s o he o al a gumen s we ge o know abou he legal
con lic , explain pa icipan s social oles and alues some imes unin en ionally
causing ha m o o he subjec s o law. I is concep ually e ealed as a PRoCESS. In
he cou he enhanced salience is gi en o he law b eake s and ic ims, who
become legal pe sons o en i ies ei he pe i ione s o esponden s, while
de endan s, solici o s, wi nesses, expe s and di e en anks o judges
con ibu e he ci il ac ion s eadily leading o he RESULT e lec ed in he cou
decision on each case. Figu e 3. Con lic EVENT in eal li e and in Legal ac ion as a
PROCESS
⇧
⇧
⇧
SociETY and LAW
(Sys em o no ms and alues in Ame ican cul u e and law)
EVENT
(PLACE and TIME + CIRCUMSTANCES) one g oup o people
MATTER The o he g oup o people
(Agen ) (Pa ien )
In e es Con lic o in e es s In e es Legal pe son
en i y Legal ac ion Legal pe son en i y /
(PRoCESS)
Ci il ac ion and decision
4 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
names o he pa icipan s a e o ganized in o concep ual ca ego ies
exp essed by de i a i e uni s o na i e o bo owed (F ench) o igin. They
become he concep ual sca old o knowledge s uc u es included in mo e
complica ed cogni i e mechanisms in legal discou se. Le modèle concep uel
o he con lic e en es dé e miné pa he ela ions be ween he EVEnT
and PRoCESS pa icipan s, leu s onc ions e ealed in commuing o he
nica i e blocks o he con lic s udy. The unc ion desc ip ion co espond-
pa icipan s in cou discou se is based on he links wi h concep ual
ca ego ies o SPACE, TIME, MATTER é é an à he common wo ld iew, and
hose speci ied by LAW, kinds o CRIME, HARM and EVIDENCE. The knowledge
cons ual o e ms and ela ions be ween hem becomes ob ious in
concep ual modelling o he scien i ic a ea based on human expe ience and
dynamic amewo k o each o al a gumen in he Sup eme Cou o he USA.
In he special discou se o medicine, pa icula ly in clinical psychia y
(Vo on-Ko alskaya 2016) language uni s ep esen he ca ego y o a human
b ain, which also e e s o he subo dina e le el o ca ego isa ion. The
g ea e pa o hese uni s a e exp essed by wo d-combina ions (b ain
ci cui , co ical g ay ma e , B ocas a ea), o he s a e wo ds o La in o igin
(amyglada, halamus, e c.). En plus à ce e ca égo ie o he sphe es o
knowledge also acqui e he ela i e p ominence including domains o human
expe ience s a ing om neu ophysiology and gene ics, p o iling unc ions o
he neu al sys em and i s s uc u al uni s neu ons, and o cou se concep s o
he social sphe e. In he disse a ion i is shown (Vo on-Ko alskaya 2016) ha
e e y discipline de elops wi h he e olu ion o human knowledge. The mos
impo an cons i uan s o he concep ual modelling ep esen s ages o he
disease de elopmen , diagnos ics, a iabili y o symp oms, peculia ea u es
o a emission and elapse, and o cou se he ea men o pa ien s. Te ms
ep esen ing new domains o knowledge become mo e complica ed and
de ailed. clinical psychia y discou se is a e y an h opocen ic kind o
communica ion ep esen ed by e ms cha ac e ized by image y seman ics,
cons ued on he basis o concep ual me apho and me onymy.
In legal discou se and discou se o clinical psychia y as kinds o special
communica ion pe o med by language pe sonali ies ce ain e minological
uni s a e o ganized in o cen al concep ual ca ego ies ocusing immedia e
a en ion o hem. Rep esen ed by ce ain knowledge s uc u es
5Te minologija | 2019 | 26 hey in luence o he ca ego ies in ex s. Dans le
discou s ju idique, qui é èle les ela ions en e he people in socie y, le
sys ème es cons ui su la base de noms de pa icipan s e l'é a de
a ai es à un momen conc e , é oi emen liés à des ques ions, in é ê s e
ôles sociaux de indi idus in he communi y, désignan des ensembles de
in e connec ées spéciales en i és co espondan à la law and ules o
beha iou . In discou se o clinical psychia y he domina ing concep ual
ca ego y poin s a a human b ain, he concep ual unde s anding o which is
cons ui acco ding o i s cha ac e is ics and unc ions speci ied by
e minological uni s. In gene al, he domina ing ca ego y p o ides he
s uc u ing be ween he ca ego ies, ina i e uni s inside ce ain
b ings o h he symboliza ion o concep ual con en exp essed by nom-
e minological sys ems.
ConCLUSIon
Cogni i e-communica i e Te minology science as i has been demons a in
his a icle ollows he de elopmen o p e ious s ages o e minological
s udies. bu his s age cons i u es no a depa u e om o mal ypes o
analysis, bu a new iewpoin on he objec i es, ounda ions, me hodology, and
esea ch p ocedu es in luenced by he in e disciplina y app oach. This
app oach is d awn om human knowledge dynamics in i s ep esen a ion o
he cogni i e con ex o e minological meaning c ea ion, in which men al
p ocesses o communica o s a e pa and pa cel o specialized discou se.
The in es iga ion o special discou se, LSP and e minological sys ems om
his new pe spec i e is based on cogni i e and communica i e unc ions
e lec ed in he an h opocen ic p inciple o language use desc ip ion. This
pe spec i e akes in o accoun human knowledge cons uc ion on he basis o
language and cogni i e p ocesses in in e locu o s unde s anding o he
eali y and unc ional mechanisms in language use condi ioned by socio-cul u al
and o he ac o s in special media ion. he dominan ole o a i ac
Special discou ses o mode n echnology and elecommunica ion e eal
ca ego ies co esponding o he concep ual en i y o THInG and p o iding
ce ain links o SPACE, PRoCESS, FEATURE, STATE and o he s ca ego ies. In
legal cou a gumen a ion and clinical psychia y he e minology depends on
social and p agma ic ac o s in luencing communica ion o a pa icula
language pe sonali y in w i en o o al in e ac ion. In legal discou se names o
pa icipan s in ol ed
6 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion in
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
conc e e episodes o e en s dominen , while in psychia y academic ex s
he main concep ual sphe e co esponds o human b ain cha ac e is ics,
s ages o he disease, diagnos ics and ea men . So, knowledge
s uc u es in conc e e special discou se a e able o illumina e he
peculia i ies o human a en ion o in some pa icula domains o
knowledge. The cons ual o knowledge s uc u es is o ganised a ound he
cen al concep ual ca ego ies usually exp essed by nomina i e uni s.
cally hey belong o simple, de i ed, complex uni s and nominal combi-
Linguis ina ions, which poin a he deepening o human expe ience in
cognizing he ou e wo ld. nomina i e uni s associa ed wi h common, special
and p o essional ac i i y mos ly belong o he subca ego ial le el o he
analysed ca ego ies.
Le cons uc i e po en ial o a ious ypes o special discou se and
e minological sys ems is ealised by he di e si y o cogni i e me hods.
Va ious o ma s o knowledge ui ully employed in Cogni i e Te minology
esea ch e eal he concep o ganisa ion based on ca ego iza ion and
concep ualiza ion in he human mind in ol ed in p o essionally o ien ed
media ion. These o ma s include cogni i e-onomasiological modelling based
on p oposi ions, image schemes, concep ual me onymy and me apho . They
illumina e he on-going cha ac e o human hinking, men al expe ience and
ways o e m c ea ion. en plus de ha , hese kinds o analysis help o
desc ibe dynamic p ocesses in e minological naming h ough hei
seman ics and ela ions wi h o he i ems in p o essional discou se inhibi ing
he in ica e ques ions o he pe cep ual and concep ual sou ces o e m
o ma ion and hei o ganiza ion in e minological sys ems. Simple men al
cons uc s a e included in o cogni i e amewo ks o e minological
sys em domains in special discou se, which ep esen he link be ween
common and special kinds o knowledge s uc u es in luenced by linguis ic
and men al p ocessing.
The cogni i e-communica i e Te minology essaie non seulemen de déc i e
e minological means and hei peculia i ies in special discou se, bu i also
ocuses on ex a-linguis ic con ex s ha achie e subs an ial cogni i e
salience in in e locu o s mu ual dialogue o consciousnesses (bakh in 1996: 159)
in he concei ed si ua ion. The in es iga ion o he nomina i e sphe e in
special communica ion g ea ly depends on he cons ual o e minological
seman ics inside e minological sys ems ha b ings o h men al
mechanisms e ealed h ough knowledge s uc u es based on ca -
7Te minologija | 2019 | 26 ego iza ion and concep ualiza ion. The analysis o
he ma e ial demons a es some deg ee o p edic abili y in
unde s anding o cogni i e p ocesses in he global con ex o specialized
discou se and e minological sys ems in a ce ain domain o knowledge.
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СТРУКТУРЫ ЗНАНИЯ И СПОСОБЫ ИХ ОПИСАНИЯ
В ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ ПО КОГНИТИВНОМУ ТЕРМИНОВЕДЕНИЮ
Резюме
Когнитивное или когнитивно-коммуникативное терминоведение появилось
как продолжение предыдущих этапов развития терминоведческой науки, вобрав
много ценного из прошлого опыта из смежных дисциплин, таких как филосо-
фия, логика, теоретическая и прикладная лингвистика, информатика и т.д. На
основе логико-философского и структурного подходов стали использоваться
различные виды анализа в терминологических исследованиях. В 70-ые годы
ХХ века изучение терминологических единиц начинает связываться с изучением
6 9Te minologija | 2019 | 26
свойств знака в рамках специальных текстов. Антропоцентрический принцип и
внимание к ономасиологическому анализу привели к формированию новых тен-
денций в исследовании термина, позволившему обратить внимание на когницию
и коммуникацию.
Когнитивное терминоведение ввело новые цели, основания, методологию и
процедуры анализа. Становится очевидным, что термин является важной состав-
ляющей когнитивной и функциональной перспективы профессионального дис-
курса и представления языков для специальных целей и терминологических си-
стем как динамических моделей человеческого сознания. Для цели этого меж-
дисциплинарного комплексного подхода внимание отдается терминологическому
значению и экстралингвистической информации, оказывающей влияние на про-
цесс коммуникации. Формирование значения в терминологических единицах
описывается на основе наиболее важных концептов и когнитивных механизмов,
категоризации и концептуализации в протекающем взаимодействии, выражая
личностные смыслы в специальном дискурсе.
Автор представляет своеобразный отчет об изучении разнообразных видов
специального дискурса, в рамках которых изучены терминологические единицы
и терминологические системы. В дискурсах современной техники и телекомму-
никации, представляющих точные сферы человеческого знания, основную семан-
тическую нагрузку несут номинативные и синтаксические единицы. В дискурсе
современной техники мы наблюдаем превалирование терминологических единиц,
обозначающих артефакты. Из этих единиц строятся категории: наименования
транспортных средств, видов оружия, машинам, инструментам, устройствам, и
т.д. Каждый класс единиц организован иерархически в соотвествии с пятью уров-
нями категоризации. В статье представлена категория наименований транспорт-
ных средств, в которой большинство номинативных единиц имеют отношение к
субкатегориальному уровню. В дискурсе современной техники от 70 до 95 про-
центов текстового пространства выражено номинативными фразами.
Считается, что концепты представляют ментальные операции категоризации и
концептуализации, представляя действительность. Концепт ВЕЩЬ, доминирую-
щий в технической сфере, способен описать наименования артефактов. Эта кон-
цептуальная сущность характеризуется связями с другими, такими как ПРО-
СТРАНСТВО, ПРОЦЕСС, СВОЙСТВО, СОСТОЯНИЕ и т.д. Эти сущности ис-
пользуются в пропозициях – основного этапа в когнитивно-ономасиологическом
моделировании номинативных словосочетаний. Модель состоит из ономасиоло-
гического признака и ономасиологического базиса, последний представлен про-
стым, сложным и составным видами. Ономасиологический базис и ономасиоло-
гический признак связаны друг с другом предикативными отношениями. Наибо-
лее частотными и прототипическими в терминологических конструкциях, обо-
значающих артефакты, являются [THING1 (whole) – composed o – THInG2
(pa )], [THInG – ha e – QUALITY], [THInG – is used o (pe o ming) –
FUNCTION (ac i i y)]. Описание концептуальной категории ВЕЩЬ указывает на
восприятие объекта человеком на основе абсолютных и относительных свойств,
отраженных в словосочетаниях.
7 0 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
В дискурсе телекоммуникации представлены категории ВЕЩЬ, ПРОСТРАН-
СТВО, ПРОЦЕСС, СВОЙСТВО, СОСТОЯНИЕ, ПРОБЛЕМА в телекоммуникаци-
онных системах, ПАРАМЕТР, ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЕДИНИЦА и т.д. Пропозиции
и образные схемы как простые когнитивные конструкты используются для объясне-
ния особенностей семантики терминологических единиц. В сфере телекоммуника-
ции концептуальные категории, отношения между ними и образные схемы далее
организуются в разновидности фреймов, представляющих систему телекоммуника-
ции в сознании создателя компьютерных технологий или ВЕЩЬ ее потребителя.
В судебных прениях и дискурсе клинической психиатрии терминология зави-
сит от социальных и прагматических факторов, влияющих на коммуникацию от-
дельной языковой личности. Данные виды языка для специальных целей стано-
вятся более сложным с развитием научного знания и человеческого опыта. В
юридической коммуникации в Верховном суде США доминируют наименования
участников, которые вовлечены в различные эпизоды событий. В устных прениях
в суде конфликт между людьми в реальной жизни описан посредством языковых
единиц, указывающих на специальные юридические и каждодневные виды знания
при отражении обстоятельств СОБЫТИЯ, индивидуальных интересов и причин
конфликтной ситуации. Профессионально-ориентированная картина мира пред-
ставляет юридический конфликт, социальные роли участников, иногда нанося-
щих непредумышленно вред другим субъектам права, в конфликта как СОБЫ-
ТИИ. Структуры знания раскрывают то, как рассмотрение дела приводит к РЕ-
ЗУЛЬТАТУ, что находит отражение в решении суда по каждому делу.
В научных текстах в области психиатрии основной концептуальной сущностью
является человеческий мозг и его свойства, стадии болезни, диагностика и лече-
ние. Анализ семантики термина включает обыденные слова с переосмысленным
значением в специальном дискурсе.
В статье была сделана попытка представить различные типы терминов, функ-
ционирующих в дискурсе и соотносимых с разновидностями концептов. Свиде-
тельство о концептуальной сфере человеческого опыта получено на основе раз-
личных форматов знания: пропозиций как части когнитивно-ономасиологическо-
го моделирования, образных схем, концептуальной метафоры и метонимии,
фреймов, представляющих структуру терминологических систем. Они помогают
описать концептуализацию терминологических единиц в профессиональном дис-
курсе и ответить на запутанные вопросы по поводу истоков восприятия и кон-
цептуализации при формировании термина в процессе общения и при построе-
нии терминологических систем.
ŽINIŲ STRUKTŪROS IR JŲ APRAŠYMO BŪDAI KOGNITYVINĖS TERMINOLOGIJOS TYRIMUOSE
San auka
Kogni y inė, a ba kogni y inė-komunikacinė, e minologija a si ado kaip anks esnių
e minologijos y imų ąsa i pe ėmė e ingiausią a pusa yje susijusių s ičių – iloso-
ijos, logikos, eo inės i aikomosios kalbo y os, in o ma ikos i k . – pa i į. Remian-
is šiais loginiu- iloso iniu i s uk ū iniu pag indais, e minologijos moksle bu o ai-
7 1Te minologija | 2019 | 26
koma į ai ių ūšių analizė. XX a. aš un ajame dešim me yje e minologijos iene ų y-
imai im i sie i su ženklo ypa umais specialiuosiuose eks uose. An opocen inis p in-
cipas i dėmesys onomasiologiniams y imams lėmė naujus e minijos y imų pok y-
pius, aip a k eip as dėmesys į pažinimą i komunikaciją.
Kogni y inė e minologija iškėlė naujus ikslus, numa ė naujus pag indus, me odo-
logiją i p ocedū as. Tampa aki aizdu, kad e minas y a s a bi p o esiniam disku sui
būdingo kogni y inio i unkcinio požiū io dalis, eikšminga specialios paski ies kalbų
i e minijos sis emų kaip dinaminių žmogiško pažinimo modelių dedamoji. Taikan
okį daugiapusį a pdalykinį požiū į, dėmesys su elkiamas į e minologinę eikšmę i
komunikacijai į akos u inčią eks aling is inę in o maciją. Te minologijos iene ų
eikšmės ap ašomos emian is s a biausiais koncep ais i pažinimo mechanizmais, ben-
d aujan aikomu ka ego iza imu i koncep ualiza imu, aip pe eikian specialiajame
disku se asmens eikiamą p asmę.
Au o ée ou ni une ce aine des discou s spéciaux, don ondemen ai e les uni és
e minologiques e sys èmes e minologiques, des appo s de eche ches. Šiuolaikinių
i elekomunikacijų disku suose, a s o aujančiuose iksliosioms žmogaus pažinimo s i-
echnologijų ims, p incipal seman ique as is enka nomina i iniams e synaksiniams
uni és. Šiuolaikinių echnologiques discou se p édomine des uni és de e minologie,
signi ian a e ac us. Une ai o me des ca égo ies: éhicules, a mes de ypes,
mechanismes, machines, ou ils, appa eils e . . Chaque classe de e mes es hie a chique,
comp enan cinq ni eaux de ca égo isa ion. L'a icle ai e dans la ca égo ie des
dénomina ions des éhicules e é èle que la majo i é des uni és nomina i ines
cons i uen des subca égo ies. Šiuolaikinių echnologijų discou se nomina i iais mo s conjugui i s ansme ue depuis
70 à 95 pou cen de ex e.
On pense que les concep s ansme en men aux ca égiza ion e concep ualiza ion
ac ions, ainsi ils e lè en la éali é. Dans le domaine echnique y aujančia DAIKTO
concep peu déc i e a e ac es noms. Ce concep es déc i selon des liens a ec
d'au es concep s, els que ERDV, PROCESAS, SAVYB, BŪKL e k . Tokie uni és son incluses
dans des a i ma ions, qui son cogni y inio-onomasiologinio nomina i inių mo s de
combinaisons modelisa ion pa ie. Modelius cons i ue onomasiologique signe e
onomasiologique base, ce de nie jam ep ésen e ep ésen e pap as i, sudu iniai e
sudė iniai ypes. Le ondemen onomasiologique e onomasiologique signe son liés pa des
liens p édica iques. Les a e ac es dans les ma quan s e minologiques cons uc ions les
plus équen s son p o o ypiques [DAIKTAS1 ( ou ), composé de DAIKTAS2 (pa ie)],
[DAIKTAS a SAVYB], [DAIKTAS es u ilisé (a liekan ) FUNKCIJ (exécu ion d'ac i i és)]. La
desc ip ion de la ca égo ie Concep ualioses DAIKTO indique pe cep ion d'obje pa
absoliučiąsias ou san ykines pa icula i és, eiškiamas mo s junginiais.
Télécommunica ions disku se yškėja DAIKTO, ERDVS, PROCESO, SAVYBS, VALSTYBS,
sys èmes de élécommunica ions PROBLEM, PARAMETRO, MATAVIMO VIENETO e k .
ca égo ies. Les pa icula i és séman iques des uni és de e minologie expliquées u ilisés
eiginna e imagdines schemas sim as i cogni iniai cons uc a. Dans le domaine des
Télécommunica ions, les ca égo ies concep uelles, leu s ela ions e isuelines schemas
i s a s uc u ées di e si o e, qui ansme ie sys ème élécommunica ions
dé eloppeu s de echnologies in o ma iques ou clien pe cep ion.