4 7Te minologija | 2019 | 26
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m26-03
Knowledge S uc u es and Ways
o Thei Desc ip ion in Cogni i e
Te minology Resea ch
La issa Mane ko
Lomonoso Moscow S a e Uni e si y
AbSTRACT
Cogni i e Te minology appea ed as a con inua ion o p e ious s ages o e mi-
nological s udies and is based on he an h opocen ic p inciple, a en ion o
cogni ion and communica ion. This in e disciplina y and comp ehensi e ap-
p oach b ings o h new objec i es, ounda ions, me hodology and p ocedu es.
They p esen a e minological meaning in ela ion o pe sonal hough s e lec -
ing social, p agma ic and o he ex a-linguis ic ac o s in knowledge s uc u es
acco ding o cogni i e mechanisms and ca ego iza ion in he on-going in e ac-
ion in specialized discou se.
In discou se o mode n echnology, elecommunica ion, legal cou communica-
ion and discou se o clinical psychia y nomina i e e minological uni s domi-
na e. They a e shown in he pape on he basis o a ious cogni i e models –
p oposi ions as pa o cogni i e-onomasiological modelling, image schemas,
concep ual me onymy and me apho , ames ep esen ing e minological sys ems
as dynamic models o human cogni ion. The a iabili y o concep s and he
speci ici y o common and special knowledge concep ualiza ion in e minological
uni s unc ioning in p o essional discou se is biased wi h he answe o in ica e
ques ions o he pe cep ual and concep ual sou ces o e m o ma ion in in e ac-
ion and e minological sys ems.
KEYWORDS: e minological s udies, a e m, Cogni i e Te minology s udy, special discou se,
ca ego iza ion, concep ualiza ion, knowledge s uc u es.
AnoTACIjA
Kogni y inė e minologija, a si adusi kaip anks esnių e minologijos y imų ą-
sa, g indžiama an opocen iniu p incipu i y a su elk a į pažinimą bei komuni-
kaciją. Toks daugiapusis a pdalykinis požiū is iškelia naujus ikslus, eikia nau-
jus pag indus, me odologiją i p ocedū as. Te minologinė eikšmė siejama su
mąs ymu, a spindinčiu socialinius, p agma inius i ki us eks aling is inius žinių
s uk ū ų eiksnius, kaip ai numa o kogni y iniai mechanizmai i specializuo o
disku so są eikos ka ego iza imas.
4 8 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
Šiuolaikinių echnologijų disku se y auja elekomunikacijų, eisinės eismams
būdingos komunikacijos i klinikinės psichia ijos disku so nomina y iniai e -
minologiniai iene ai. S aipsnyje jie a skleidžiami emian is ski ingais kogni-
y iniais modeliais – eiginiais kaip kogni y inio-onomasiologinio modelia imo
dalimi, aizdinių schemomis, koncep ualiosiomis me a o omis i me onimijo-
mis, e minų sis emas kaip dinaminius žmogiško pažinimo modelius pe ei-
kiančiais eimais. Su są okų į ai o e, bend ųjų i specialiųjų žinių koncep ua-
liza imo eikian e minologinius p o esinio disku so iene us ypa umais susijęs
a sakymas į keblius klausimus dėl su okimo i koncep ualizacijos ku ian e -
minus i e minų sis emas šal inių.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: e minologijos y imai, e minas, kogni y inės e minologijos y imai,
specialusis disku sas, ka ego iza imas, koncep ualiza imas, žinių s uk ū os.
InTRoDUCTIon
Te minology shaped i s objec o s udy in a ious ways, being he ocal
poin o a conside able numbe o con ibu ions ha ha e depa ed om
a a ie y o disciplines, including philosophy, logics, heo e ical and ap-
plied linguis ics, in o ma ion science, compu a ional linguis ics, sociology
and p agma ics. Each o hese disciplines widened and deepened he scope
o e minology s udies e lec ing he p e alen ideas on e m and i s se-
man ics. They con ibu ed he heo e ical ounda ions, esea ch pu pose,
a se o exploi ed no ions and me hods. Each new s age con ibu ing o
Te minology de elopmen s ill allowed o e ain much o he p e ious
s ages. Mode n Te minology as a mo e complex domain o in es iga ion
is based on he esul s o p e ious app oaches and new pe spec i es in
unde s anding o cogni ion and communica ion. nowadays, i is a mega
in e disciplina y app oach incompa ible o p e ious goals, which ies o
ep esen e m seman ics and e minological sys ems mo e p ecisely in
he cogni i e and unc ional pe spec i e. I undamen ally akes in o ac-
coun di e en sphe es o human knowledge in dynamic men al p o-
cesses accompanying special communica ion.
He e we p o ide an o e iew on di e en sphe es o e minology s ud-
ies and pa icula ly hose b ough by he shi o cogni i e and unc-
ional pe spec i e o linguis ic and nonlinguis ic knowledge shaping e -
minology wo k. This pe spec i e has changed he e minology esea ch,
because i e eals human knowledge h ough cogni i e p ocesses in in-
e locu o s’ mind in unde s anding he eali y and unc ional mechanisms
in language use. I is aimed a e ealing socio-cul u al condi ioning o
special discou se and human hinking in communica ion.
4 9Te minologija | 2019 | 26
The pape does no in end o gi e an exhaus i e o e iew o e minol-
ogy de elopmen wi h ega d o all wo ks published; he majo ocus is
o e iew how he no el de elopmen s in linguis ics in luenced e minol-
ogy s udies in Russia and ice e sa – how some ad ances in e minol-
ogy in luenced he linguis ic en e p ise in gene al. A he beginning o
his a icle I ou line he majo s ages o i s e olu ion and pos ula e he
objec i e o e minology esea ch ollowing esea ch p inciples and me h-
odology o Cogni i e Te minology.
1. THE DEVELoPMEnT oF TERMInoLoGICAL STUDIES
The ollowing pa ag aph p oposes in synopsis he e minology de elop-
men in he mos gene al scope s a ing wi h he adi ional app oaches
and p oceeding wi h he ecen ad ances in linguis ics.
In he ea ly days o e minology s udies a e m was desc ibed as a uni
cha ac e ized by a s ic de ini ion, one- o-one co espondence be ween
he e m and i s e e ence, a oiding polysemy and ambigui y o a e m,
imi a ing he pe inen endencies in o mal sciences – logics, ma hema -
ics, and ela i ely “ ue knowledge” in philosophy. Mo eo e , he language
o science wi h he e ms embedded was ap ly de ined as “a o malized
and codi ied a ie y o language” (Pich , D askau 1985: 9). Wi hin his
con ex e minology science was e lec ing ce ain p inciples and me hods,
which we e connec ed wi h “s anda dizing and op imizing specialized
communica ion” (Schube 2011: 27) codi ied in p inciples and me hods
o TC 37, which claimed jus i ica ion o e minology s anda disa ion.
This esea ch s a egy s essed he concep in he adi ional sense as a
key elemen o hough and a s a ing poin o e minological analysis.
The logico-philosophical app oach in e minology came o he o eg ound
a bi la e h ough in o ma ion s udies o ex analysis and compu e en-
ginee ing app oach, whe e a ious models linked wi h social knowledge
became ele an o many applica ions in special ocabula y, pa icula ly
in “quali a i e easoning” and “knowledge-le el” o AI in e p e a ions as
a “sequence o beha io s” o expe s in socio- echnical sys ems (See
Clancey 1993: 39).
The nex is he s uc u al o sys ema ic s age o e minology de elopmen .
I b ough new heo e ical p inciples as well as no el me hods o esea ch.
These s udies we e aimed o explain he ela ionships be ween he o m
and meaning, equalizing a e minological uni o wo d cha ac e is ics. The
5 0 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
unde s anding o a e m as “a wo d in i s speci ic unc ion” (Vinoku 1939)
deepened he unde s anding o a e m. besides ha i was in e p e ed as a
sign ealised in language. The cha ac e is ics o e minological ocabula y
we e analysed on he basis o a compa a i e, ypological, semasiological
and onomasiological me hods. Each o hem seemed o be use ul o e m
and i s concep unde s anding, bu hese me hods ad oca ed he simpli i-
ca ion o he da a analysis, because hey we e pe o med as o mal p oce-
du es ep esen ing e minology in s a ics (Mane ko 2016).
Iden i ying e minological concep s and ela ions be ween hem became
he objec o e minological wo k in he middle o he 20 h cen u y, which
had “ o add ess communica ion hinde s among he domain expe s and
o mee hei e minology needs” (nuopponen 2018: 10). Ano he la ge
e minology use g oup a e ansla o s, whose claim is he “’non-li e a y’
ansla ion on he basis o e minology” (Roge s 2015: 4).
The 70s o he 20 h cen u y en iched e minology s udies wi h he new
a i udes owa ds ocabula y o special communica ion, whe e he in en-
o y o ce ain no ions was applied o he undamen al basis employed in
linguis ic esea ch. These changes a e no nume ous, bu hey a e gaining
ela i e s eng h in connec ion o e ms and hei con ex in special com-
munica ion.
1) one o hese essen ial changes da es back o 1972, when he dis-
cipline s a ed o be called Te minology science (“ e mino edeniye”) (Lei -
chik 1983) in Russian e minological school. I was shaped by a mo e
ca e ul obse a ion o heo e ical ounda ions o he discipline, me hod-
ological appa a us, and esea ch p ocedu es in pa icula sphe es o human
ac i i y called e minologies. In Eu opean e minology his dis inc ion is
e lec ed in di e en spelling be ween Te minology (“ he uppe case”)
indica ing he discipline and e minology (“ he lowe case”) esul ing om
he ocabula y o special language (see Temme mann 2000: xiii). besides
his dis inc ion “al e na i e designa ions” conce ning he heo e ical basis
o he e minological ield a e added, including e minology wo k, e -
minology managemen and e minology enginee ing (nuopponen 2018).
2) The second achie emen o Te minology science was he widening
o he esea ch objec , which was associa ed wi h languages o special
pu poses de ined as “ he linguis ic means in communica i e se ings wi h-
in a speciali y” (Ho mann 1976: 170; ci ed om Schube 2011: 28). The
de elopmen o LSP as “a uni o a me alanguage” o Te minology s eng h-
ened he a en ion no only o he wo ld o echnical and scien i ic concep s,
5 1Te minologija | 2019 | 26
o which specialised e ms e e , bu also o ways e minological sys ems
a e exp essed in w i en ex s. Special e ms comp ising lexical and mo -
phological means a e he “key o success ul LSP communica ion” (Roge s
2015: 3). They a e used in o al and w i en in e ac ion. E.g., LSP ex s o
na u al disciplines p esen “ he independence om he con ex , neu al
use o language means, less deg ee o i em mo i a ion” (G ishiani 1986
(2008): 22), while in ex s on his o y, philosophy and linguis ics e m
seman ics is in luenced by he “sign o semio ic si ua ion” o p agma ic
ac o s. Special concep s a e in cons an e olu ion, in ex s hey “can’ be
o n ou o he con ex ” and should be explained on he basis o “ he
semio ics o in e linguis ically based ex s” (naza o a 1994: 160–161). The
unc ional pe spec i e desc ibes “pe manen ly dynamic” special concep s
e e ing o e ms (Cab é 1995: 3), pe o ming he communica i e and
semiological unc ions acco ding o he pu po o he ex w i e .
3) The hi d impo an s ep u he in e minology science is ha a
e m is de ined as “a language uni ul illing he nomina i e unc ion and
possessing he gene al no ion in he sys em o co esponding no ions”
(Lei chik 1987: 141). Gee ae s conside s he p ocess o naming o be
e y impo an in unde s anding dynamic p ocesses o human hinking,
while he onomasiological analysis is use ul in ep esen ing he way “ he
i em in ques ion en e ains wi h o he i ems in he same lexical ield”
(2006: 413). C ucial o he unde s anding o his analysis is how he
phenomena in eali y a e acqui ed by human mind and he mo i a ion o
he c ea ed uni is associa ed wi h pe sons’ abili y o p oduce new i ems ac-
co ding o he needs o communica i e se ings in he u e ance. nomina-
i e uni s exp essed by di e en o ms o de i a i e wo ds can be in es-
iga ed on he basis o a “wo d- o ma ion meaning”, which co esponds
o “ he linking pa e n be ween wo ca ego ical meanings, i is a kind o
ela ions be ween hings, p ocesses and ea u es in eali y and he no ions
co esponding o hem” (Koub iako a 1978: 57). This kind o analysis
may be also applied o subs an i e cons uc ions. The impo ance o he
onomasiological app oach is undeniable, because i e ealed “ he gnoseo-
logical basis o he nomina i e ac i i y, i s link wi h he cogni i e p o-
cesses, cha ac e izing semio ic aspec s o nomina ion and e c.” (Koub ia-
ko a 2004: 323). As we can see onomasiological s udies bo h in linguis ic
and pa icula ly e minological sphe e o human ac i i y became he
ea ly and ex emely ui ul expe ience o human cogni ion unde s and-
ing, an icipa ing ideas o he u u e cogni i e science.

5 2 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
4) The las ou come o linguis ic and e minological esea ch is “ he
de ining o he way a human being in luences language” (The ole o hu-
man ac o in language 1988: 9). I appea ed no as a decla a i e s a emen
as i was in p e ious pe iods, when schola s spoke abou he concep e en
no eaching i by he o mal kinds o analysis, hough hey ied o do i
in a p ope way acco ding o he exis ing esea ch p inciples and me hods.
bu i is becoming one o he mos undamen al p inciples o cogni i e
explo a ion o language coming o he o eg ound a he end o he 20 h
cen u y. This p inciple is called an an h opocen ic p inciple. The encou ag-
ing hing is ha his p inciple is he basis o unde s anding human hink-
ing and discu si e ac i i y, associa ed wi h he in luence o cogni i e e-
sea ch ha “holds ha language is a pa o a cogni i e sys em” o an
indi idual, whose men al abili ies “in e ac wi h language and a e in luenced
by language” (Di en, Vespoo 1998: xi). Cogni i e linguis ics akes in o
accoun agen s’ men al and communica i e ac i i ies inco po a ing social,
psychological, p agma ic and o he sides o human in e ac ion (Mane ko
2016: 129). This pe spec i e shows a u n om s uc u ally o ien ed e-
sea ch in language as an au onomous sys em o he pa adigma ic shi
mi o ed in cogni i e and unc ional pe spec i e o linguis ic knowledge
desc ip ion and a new shape o he Te minology science also conce ned
wi h cogni ion, cogni i e p ocessing and communica ion p ocesses.
Cogni i e (Cogni i e-communica i e) Te minology has become one o he
main b anches o cogni i e linguis ic s udy. I ep esen s he esea ch, which
is cogni i ely g ounded, speake o ien ed, in e wo en wi h in e locu o s’
unde s anding o he wo ld and unc ionally ul illing concep ual and dis-
cu si e mechanisms in language use. Te minological s udies a e becoming
close o human ealiza ion o cogni ion and goals o communica ion.
The objec i e o esea ch in Cogni i e Te minology s udies is o e eal
he seman ic peculia i ies o e minological uni s on he basis o amilia ,
new and ans e ed concep ual elemen s ep esen ing he gene al (usual)
and special cha ac e o human expe ience in knowledge s uc u es shown
h ough a spec um o a ious simple and complex men al cons uc s
depending on sense poly unc ionali y ans e ed in specialised commu-
nica ion. In his pape I ollow his objec i e in e ealing he esul s o
e minological esea ch.
In he nex pa o he pape Cogni i e Te minology is discussed al o-
ge he wi h he me hodologically impo an e ms o he discipline analysis.
5 3Te minologija | 2019 | 26
2. THE ATTEnTIon To CoGnITIon
AnD CoMMUnICATIon In CoGnITIVE
TERMInoLoGY STUDIES
Cogni i e o Cogni i e-communica i e Te minology is a new s age in
Te minology de elopmen , which s a ed o de elop a he end o he 90s
o he 20 h cen u y. I depa ed om he p e ious s ages o he de elop-
men o e minological discipline, hough is cha ac e ized by new objec-
i es, ounda ions, me hodology, and esea ch p ocedu es. I is mi o ed
in p esen ing he cogni i e and communica i e unc ions. The cen al
conce n o e minological in es iga ions is o desc ibe he cogni i e unc-
ion o language ul ima ely leading o he e m o ma ion. The le el and
dep h o i s desc ip ion is di e en om hose ideas, which co e only
“ easoning abili ies” o a human being and concep ions o “speci ici y
domains” as “dis ibu ed de ices” (Hi sch eld, Gelman 1994: 4, 22). The
hing is ha he cogni i e unc ion is unde s ood as a wide phenomenon
han i was conside ed be o e he cogni i e linguis ic heo y. The in es-
iga ion doesn’ ega d he linguis ic sys em and i s s uc u es as an au-
onomous whole, bu a he akes in o accoun he language means ex-
plo ed on he basis o senso y, physical, social, his o ical, cul u al pecu-
lia i ies e ealed on he basis o linguis ic ea u es. I seeks o unde s and
how knowledge is cons uc ed by a human being wi h he help o language
means used o pu poses o communica ion. As Temme mann poin s ou ,
he concep obse a ion is undamen ally suppo ed by expe ien ial epis-
emology “…embedded in ich cogni i e models” (2000: 29).
The cogni i e unc ion is linked wi h human pe cep ion o objec s in
he ou e wo ld and a eal si ua ion in some sphe e o human ac i i y.
The e ms exp essed by single wo ds a e a he a e in p o essional com-
munica ion. E en in a dic iona y a icle, we can ind lexemes linked wi h
he o he ones in ep esen ing di e en , bu in e ela ed phenomena, e.g.:
an ai plane – a powe ed hea ie - han-ai ai c a wi h ixed wings om
which i de i es mos o i s li (h ps://www.me iam-webs e .com/dic-
iona y/ai plane); a de ec o is a de ice used o inding pa icula sub-
s ances o hings, o measu ing hei le el: a lie de ec o , a smoke de ec o ,
a me al de ec o ˮ (Camb idge 1995: 375). Thus, he i s le el ha should
be aken in o accoun is he hie a chical s uc u e o concep ual domains
wi hin he body o knowledge.
The e m-c ea ion always depends on he s age o discipline de elopmen
a some ce ain pe iod. S a ing he analysis wi h he e m de ini ion and
5 4 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
in some cases i s e ymology is a common hing, bu e en his in o ma ion
ells us abou he LSP as “a sys em o linguis ic means o he na ional lan-
guage” and an impo an me alanguage uni o mode n e minological
s udies (Zyablo a 2005: 17). Le us look a one o he examples belonging
o he sphe e o clinical psychia y on he basis o he e m schizoph enia.
The dic iona y p o ides he in o ma ion abou he wo d schizoph enia and
i s o igin. I appea ed om wo G eek oo s skhizein “ o spli ˮ and ph ēn
(geni i e ph enos) “mind, hea ” (h ps://www.e ymonline.com/wo d/
schizoph enia). This e minological uni was coined in 1910 by Swiss psy-
chia is Eugen bleule (1857–1939), who wan ed o explica e he s a e o
people’s mind cha ac e ized by he dys unc ion o associa ions, childish sil-
liness, hys e ics and hallucina ions as he non-adequa e a ec o eali y,
and o he symp oms o his disease. This was he pe iod o he de elopmen
in he medical domain specializa ion wi h he ca e ul obse a ion o diag-
nosis, p e en ion and ea men o men al diso de s. The nomina i e uni
o schizoph enia is de ined as “a men al diso de cha ac e ised by abno mal
beha io and misin e p e a ion o eali y” (h ps://www.e ymonline.com/
wo d/schizoph enia), whe e he hype onym “a men al diso de ” co e-
sponds o a ce ain class o diseases in he medical sphe e. bu p e iously,
a he ea ly s age o his scien i ic ield in he 80s o he 19 h cen u y, he e
exis ed he o he e m – demen ia p aecox “p ema u e demen ia”. Exp essed
in La in i poin ed a he age disc epancy o he pe son wi h his synd ome,
besides ha he La in exp ession was a he ague in i s deno a ion s ill
poin ing a one o he mos ypical ea u es o he disease. So he e m and
i s immedia e con ex poin a many o he laye s o human expe ience,
including he pe cep ual, physical, social and o he sphe es.
Some schola s hink ha cogni i e p ocesses may be e ealed by on o-
logical knowledge based on en i ies, ac i i ies, cha ac e is ics, and ela ions
(Sage 1990: 27) esembling he pa o speech meaning. o he schola s
widen his lis o “concep ual en i ies” including Thing, E en , S a e,
Place, Pa h, Ac ion, P ope y, and Amoun , hough qui e ob iously hey
a e “all qui e di e en in he kind o e e ence” (jackendo 1996: 9, 34).
These en i ies a e hough o ep esen men al ope a ions o ca ego iza ion
and concep ualiza ion, ep esen ing he wo ld unde s anding in a concep
as “an ope a i e uni o consciousness” co esponding o a pa icula sign
in he on-going p ocess o in e ac ion in human ac i i y.
Langacke desc ibes he meaning as “concep ualiza ion”, which “ esides
in cogni i e p ocessing” and is able o “cha ac e ize he ypes o cogni i e
5 5Te minologija | 2019 | 26
e en s whose occu ence cons i u es a gi en men al expe ience” (Lan-
gacke 1991: 2). Showing how he cogni i e p ocessing wo ks, he au ho
discusses he no ion o hypo enuse, which posi s a hie a chy e e ing o
“ he p io concep ion o a igh iangle” and his iangle “ unc ions as
he cogni i e domain o hypo enuse” (Langacke 1991: 3). He also men-
ions a kind o implica ion appea ing in human consciousness, when a
pe son compa es hese wo no ions – a hypo enuse and a igh iangle.
In eal meaning ul desc ip ions, including usual and o cou se special
no ions, hese implica ions may be o a ious kinds co esponding o
senso y, kines he ic, spa ial, emo ional, and a ional. Langacke s a es ha
people usually emembe “basic domains”, which a e “i educible ep e-
sen a ional spaces o ields o concep ual po en ial” (Langacke 1991: 4).
The de ini ion helps o ind ou he highe le el iden i ie o a wo d o
he same le el in concep ual o ganiza ion o ce ain classes o wo ds in
he explana o y dic iona y, e.g. in he example wi h an ai plane ou mind
swi ches o he cogni i e domain o a powe ed hea ie - han-ai ai c a
(h ps://www.me iam-webs e .com/dic iona y/ai plane) and in a de ec o
he p ominen cha ac e is ic is a de ice. The e m becomes an in eg al
pa o ce ain domains o human knowledge, as in ou examples co e-
sponding o means o anspo o de ices.
Linguis ic uni s included in o he anspo domain a e qui e di e en
in hei mo phological s uc u e, bu hey a e o ganized in o one subjec
a ea acco ding o a esul o human cogni ion and ca ego isa ion. As any
o he concep ual ca ego y i is cha ac e ized by he hie a chical s uc u e
o i s membe s e ealing he ela ionship be ween he language i ems.
The hema ic concep o TRAnSPoRT o ganises human knowledge abou
he en i e ca ego y o objec s in eg a ing a numbe o di e en means o
anspo a ion. I is included in o he wide concep ARTIFACT ep e-
sen ed by he highes le el o ca ego iza ion, which is he mos abs ac
phenomenon in his axonymic sys em. A he same ime i ’s easy o ace
he hie a chical pa h h ough his sphe e o knowledge, because TRAnS-
PoRT bea s a ela ionship o schema ici y o such no ions as AIRCRAFT,
VESSEL and VEHICLE ep esen ing hei use acco ding o a ious ways
o mo emen in he ai , in wa e and on he land su ace. Simple, de-
i a i e, compound wo ds and nomina i e ph ases belong o he supe o-
dina e, basic and subca ego ial le els (Mane ko 2000). All hese uni s
desc ibe di e en kinds o anspo a ion (see Figu e 1).
6 2 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
The analysis in he language o mode n e minology and elecommunica-
ion sphe e con i med ha he main aim o e minological esea ch in Cog-
ni i e-communica i e Te minology is o ocus on he a iabili y o e m
concep ual s uc u es in discou se speci ied u he in LSP and e mino-
logical sys ems’ cons ual. This analysis is based on he an h opocen ic
coo dina e in unde s anding p o essional discou se and he co esponding
e minological sys em. besides he linguis ic analysis i includes he desc ip-
ion o knowledge s uc u es. I s a s wi h he ep esen a ion o he ca ego-
izing po en ial o all he e minological uni s belonging o ce ain le els in
knowledge domains, p oposi ion as a pa o he cogni i e-onomasiological
modeling, which is he su icien e e ence o concep ual en i ies in nominal
complexes, some imes whe e i is necessa y image schemas, he analysis on
he basis o concep ual me apho and me onymy is used. The cons uc ion
o he ela ionship be ween ce ain domains in he in es iga ed subjec ields
ends wi h he c ea ion o he amewo k, which elabo a es he schema ic
subs uc u es o LSP o ganiza ion o human p o essional ac i i y.
The me hodological p inciples and p ocedu es became he objec o
cogni i e and communica i e esea ch in o he pape s in e minological
sphe es o English.
4. CoGnITIVE RESEARCH
In LEGAL DISCoURSE AnD PSYCHIATRY
one o he mos in e es ing kinds o special discou se is legal discou se.
He e we add ess some peculia i ies o e m o ma ion in legal discou se
based on special cou oom communica ion in he Sup eme Cou o he
USA (2011–2018) (Mane ko 2018; 2019; Vo objo a 2018). ou unde -
s anding o legal cou oom discou se is also associa ed wi h he p omi-
nence o special and common knowledge occu ing in media ion be ween
he in e locu o s, whose p o essional and linguis ic ac i i y is in luenced
by pe sonal, socio-cul u al, and p agma ic ac o s as well as con lic in-
e es s and cou oles in communica ion. Legal discou se includes lan-
guage s uc u es o special law and e e yday ypes o knowledge in p o-
essionally o ien ed pic u e o he wo ld. The p o essional speech ep esen s
he al eady exis ing s ic e ms and hei seman ics in e minological
sys em o law.
ou analysis s a ed wi h he language in o ma ion ep esen ed in o al
and ebu al a gumen s o cou p oceedings o he Sup eme Cou o

6 3Te minologija | 2019 | 26
he USA. We ge he da a abou he con lic be ween wo g oups o
people (w ongdoe s, on he one hand, and ic ims, on he o he ) and he
eason o he con lic si ua ion. Analysing he exis ing con lic in eal
EVEnT we paid a en ion o he in e es s o hese people and he ma -
e speci ied by he ex a-linguis ic si ua ion and he ci cums ances o
he EVEnT (see Figu e 3).
Then, om he ex s o he o al a gumen s we ge o know abou he
legal con lic , explain pa icipan s’ social oles and alues some imes un-
in en ionally causing ha m o o he subjec s o law. I is concep ually e-
ealed as a PRoCESS. In he cou he enhanced salience is gi en o he
law b eake s and ic ims, who become legal pe sons o en i ies – ei he
pe i ione s o esponden s, while de endan s, solici o s, wi nesses, expe s and
di e en anks o judges con ibu e he ci il ac ion s eadily leading o he
RESULT e lec ed in he cou decision on each case.
Figu e 3. Con lic EVENT in eal li e and in Legal ac ion as a PROCESS
⇧
⇧
⇧
SoCIETY and LAW
(Sys em o no ms and alues in Ame ican cul u e and law)
EVENT
(PLACE and TIME + CIRCUMSTAnCES)
one g oup o people MATTER The o he g oup o people
(Agen ) (Pa ien )
In e es Con lic o in e es s In e es
Legal pe son / en i y Legal ac ion Legal pe son / en i y
(PRoCESS)
Ci il ac ion and decision
6 4 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
names o he pa icipan s a e o ganized in o concep ual ca ego ies ex-
p essed by de i a i e uni s o na i e o bo owed (F ench) o igin. They
become he concep ual sca old o knowledge s uc u es included in mo e
complica ed cogni i e mechanisms in legal discou se. The concep ual
model o he con lic e en is de e mined by he ela ions be ween he
EVEnT and PRoCESS pa icipan s, hei unc ions e ealed in commu-
nica i e blocks o he con lic s udy. The unc ion desc ip ion co espond-
ing o he pa icipan s in cou discou se is based on he links wi h con-
cep ual ca ego ies o SPACE, TIME, MATTER e e ing o he common
wo ld iew, and hose speci ied by LAW, kinds o CRIME, HARM and
EVIDEnCE. The knowledge cons ual o e ms and ela ions be ween
hem becomes ob ious in concep ual modelling o he scien i ic a ea based
on human expe ience and dynamic amewo k o each o al a gumen in
he Sup eme Cou o he USA.
In he special discou se o medicine, pa icula ly in clinical psychia y
(Vo on-Ko alskaya 2016) language uni s ep esen he ca ego y o “a hu-
man b ain”, which also e e s o he subo dina e le el o ca ego isa ion.
The g ea e pa o hese uni s a e exp essed by wo d-combina ions (b ain
ci cui , co ical g ay ma e , B oca’s a ea), o he s a e wo ds o La in o igin
(amyglada, halamus, e c.). In addi ion o his ca ego y o he sphe es o
knowledge also acqui e he ela i e p ominence including domains o
human expe ience s a ing om neu ophysiology and gene ics, p o iling
unc ions o he neu al sys em and i s s uc u al uni s – neu ons, and o
cou se concep s o he social sphe e. In he disse a ion i is shown (Vo-
on-Ko alskaya 2016) ha e e y discipline de elops wi h he e olu ion o
human knowledge. The mos impo an cons i uen s o he concep ual
modelling ep esen s ages o he disease de elopmen , diagnos ics, a i-
abili y o symp oms, peculia ea u es o a emission and elapse, and o
cou se he ea men o pa ien s. Te ms ep esen ing new domains o
knowledge become mo e complica ed and de ailed. Clinical psychia y
discou se is a e y an h opocen ic kind o communica ion ep esen ed
by e ms cha ac e ised by image y seman ics, cons ued on he basis o
concep ual me apho and me onymy.
In legal discou se and discou se o clinical psychia y as kinds o special
communica ion pe o med by language pe sonali ies ce ain e mino-
logical uni s a e o ganized in o cen al concep ual ca ego ies ocusing
immedia e a en ion o hem. Rep esen ed by ce ain knowledge s uc u es
6 5Te minologija | 2019 | 26
hey in luence o he ca ego ies in ex s. In legal discou se, which e eals
he ela ions be ween he people in socie y, he sys em is cons ued on
he basis o names o pa icipan s and he s a e o a ai s a a conc e e
momen , closely ela ed o ma e s, in e es s and social oles o indi idu-
als in he communi y, designa ing se s o in e connec ed special en i ies
co esponding o law and ules o beha iou . In discou se o clinical
psychia y he domina ing concep ual ca ego y poin s a a human b ain,
he concep ual unde s anding o which is cons ued acco ding o i s cha -
ac e is ics and unc ions speci ied by e minological uni s. In gene al, he
domina ing ca ego y p o ides he s uc u ing be ween he ca ego ies,
b ings o h he symboliza ion o concep ual con en exp essed by nom-
ina i e uni s inside ce ain e minological sys ems.
ConCLUSIon
Cogni i e-communica i e Te minology science as i has been demon-
s a ed in his a icle ollows he de elopmen o p e ious s ages o e -
minological s udies. bu his s age cons i u es no a depa u e om o mal
ypes o analysis, bu a new iewpoin on he objec i es, ounda ions,
me hodology, and esea ch p ocedu es in luenced by he in e disciplina y
app oach. This app oach is d awn om human knowledge dynamics in
i s ep esen a ion o he cogni i e con ex o e minological meaning
c ea ion, in which men al p ocesses o communica o s a e pa and pa cel
o specialized discou se.
The in es iga ion o special discou se, LSP and e minological sys ems
om his new pe spec i e is based on cogni i e and communica i e unc-
ions e lec ed in he an h opocen ic p inciple o language use desc ip ion.
This pe spec i e akes in o accoun human knowledge cons uc ion on
he basis o language and cogni i e p ocesses in in e locu o s’ unde s and-
ing o he eali y and unc ional mechanisms in language use condi ioned
by socio-cul u al and o he ac o s in special media ion.
Special discou ses o mode n echnology and elecommunica ion e eal
he dominan ole o a i ac ca ego ies co esponding o he concep ual
en i y o THInG and p o iding ce ain links o SPACE, PRoCESS,
FEATURE, STATE and o he s ca ego ies. In legal cou a gumen a ion
and clinical psychia y he e minology depends on social and p agma ic
ac o s in luencing communica ion o a pa icula language pe sonali y in
w i en o o al in e ac ion. In legal discou se names o pa icipan s in ol ed
6 6 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
in conc e e episodes o e en s domina e, while in psychia y academic
ex s he main concep ual sphe e co esponds o human b ain cha ac e -
is ics, s ages o he disease, diagnos ics and ea men . So, knowledge
s uc u es in conc e e special discou se a e able o illumina e he pecu-
lia i ies o human a en ion o in some pa icula domains o knowledge.
The cons ual o knowledge s uc u es is o ganised a ound he cen al
concep ual ca ego ies usually exp essed by nomina i e uni s. Linguis i-
cally hey belong o simple, de i ed, complex uni s and nominal combi-
na ions, which poin a he deepening o human expe ience in cognizing
he ou e wo ld. nomina i e uni s associa ed wi h common, special and
p o essional ac i i y mos ly belong o he subca ego ial le el o he ana-
lysed ca ego ies.
The cons uc i e po en ial o a ious ypes o special discou se and
e minological sys ems is ealised by he di e si y o cogni i e me hods.
Va ious o ma s o knowledge ui ully employed in Cogni i e Te minol-
ogy esea ch e eal he concep o ganisa ion based on ca ego iza ion and
concep ualiza ion in he human mind in ol ed in p o essionally o ien ed
media ion. These o ma s include cogni i e-onomasiological modelling
based on p oposi ions, image schemas, concep ual me onymy and me a-
pho . They illumina e he on-going cha ac e o human hinking, men al
expe ience and ways o e m c ea ion. besides ha , hese kinds o analy-
sis help o desc ibe dynamic p ocesses in e minological naming h ough
hei seman ics and ela ions wi h o he i ems in p o essional discou se
inhibi ing he in ica e ques ions o he pe cep ual and concep ual sou c-
es o e m o ma ion and hei o ganiza ion in e minological sys ems.
Simple men al cons uc s a e included in o cogni i e amewo ks o
e minological sys em domains in special discou se, which ep esen he
link be ween common and special kinds o knowledge s uc u es in luenced
by linguis ic and men al p ocessing.
The cogni i e-communica i e Te minology ies no only o desc ibe
e minological means and hei peculia i ies in special discou se, bu i
also ocuses on ex a-linguis ic con ex s ha achie e subs an ial cogni i e
salience in in e locu o s’ mu ual “dialogue o consciousnesses” (bakh in
1996: 159) in he concei ed si ua ion. The in es iga ion o he nomina i e
sphe e in special communica ion g ea ly depends on he cons ual o
e minological seman ics inside e minological sys ems ha b ings o h
men al mechanisms e ealed h ough knowledge s uc u es based on ca -
6 7Te minologija | 2019 | 26
ego iza ion and concep ualiza ion. The analysis o he ma e ial demon-
s a es some deg ee o p edic abili y in unde s anding o cogni i e p o-
cesses in he global con ex o specialised discou se and e minological
sys ems in a ce ain domain o knowledge.
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СТРУКТУРЫ ЗНАНИЯ И СПОСОБЫ ИХ ОПИСАНИЯ
В ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ ПО КОГНИТИВНОМУ ТЕРМИНОВЕДЕНИЮ
Резюме
Когнитивное или когнитивно-коммуникативное терминоведение появилось
как продолжение предыдущих этапов развития терминоведческой науки, вобрав
много ценного из прошлого опыта из смежных дисциплин, таких как филосо-
фия, логика, теоретическая и прикладная лингвистика, информатика и т.д. На
основе логико-философского и структурного подходов стали использоваться
различные виды анализа в терминологических исследованиях. В 70-ые годы
ХХ века изучение терминологических единиц начинает связываться с изучением
6 9Te minologija | 2019 | 26
свойств знака в рамках специальных текстов. Антропоцентрический принцип и
внимание к ономасиологическому анализу привели к формированию новых тен-
денций в исследовании термина, позволившему обратить внимание на когницию
и коммуникацию.
Когнитивное терминоведение ввело новые цели, основания, методологию и
процедуры анализа. Становится очевидным, что термин является важной состав-
ляющей когнитивной и функциональной перспективы профессионального дис-
курса и представления языков для специальных целей и терминологических си-
стем как динамических моделей человеческого сознания. Для цели этого меж-
дисциплинарного комплексного подхода внимание отдается терминологическому
значению и экстралингвистической информации, оказывающей влияние на про-
цесс коммуникации. Формирование значения в терминологических единицах
описывается на основе наиболее важных концептов и когнитивных механизмов,
категоризации и концептуализации в протекающем взаимодействии, выражая
личностные смыслы в специальном дискурсе.
Автор представляет своеобразный отчет об изучении разнообразных видов
специального дискурса, в рамках которых изучены терминологические единицы
и терминологические системы. В дискурсах современной техники и телекомму-
никации, представляющих точные сферы человеческого знания, основную семан-
тическую нагрузку несут номинативные и синтаксические единицы. В дискурсе
современной техники мы наблюдаем превалирование терминологических единиц,
обозначающих артефакты. Из этих единиц строятся категории: наименования
транспортных средств, видов оружия, машинам, инструментам, устройствам, и
т.д. Каждый класс единиц организован иерархически в соотвествии с пятью уров-
нями категоризации. В статье представлена категория наименований транспорт-
ных средств, в которой большинство номинативных единиц имеют отношение к
субкатегориальному уровню. В дискурсе современной техники от 70 до 95 про-
центов текстового пространства выражено номинативными фразами.
Считается, что концепты представляют ментальные операции категоризации и
концептуализации, представляя действительность. Концепт ВЕЩЬ, доминирую-
щий в технической сфере, способен описать наименования артефактов. Эта кон-
цептуальная сущность характеризуется связями с другими, такими как ПРО-
СТРАНСТВО, ПРОЦЕСС, СВОЙСТВО, СОСТОЯНИЕ и т.д. Эти сущности ис-
пользуются в пропозициях – основного этапа в когнитивно-ономасиологическом
моделировании номинативных словосочетаний. Модель состоит из ономасиоло-
гического признака и ономасиологического базиса, последний представлен про-
стым, сложным и составным видами. Ономасиологический базис и ономасиоло-
гический признак связаны друг с другом предикативными отношениями. Наибо-
лее частотными и прототипическими в терминологических конструкциях, обо-
значающих артефакты, являются [THING1 (whole) – composed o – THInG2
(pa )], [THInG – ha e – QUALITY], [THInG – is used o (pe o ming) –
FUNCTION (ac i i y)]. Описание концептуальной категории ВЕЩЬ указывает на
восприятие объекта человеком на основе абсолютных и относительных свойств,
отраженных в словосочетаниях.
7 0 La issa Mane ko Knowledge S uc u es and Ways o Thei Desc ip ion
in Cogni i e Te minology Resea ch
В дискурсе телекоммуникации представлены категории ВЕЩЬ, ПРОСТРАН-
СТВО, ПРОЦЕСС, СВОЙСТВО, СОСТОЯНИЕ, ПРОБЛЕМА в телекоммуникаци-
онных системах, ПАРАМЕТР, ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЕДИНИЦА и т.д. Пропозиции
и образные схемы как простые когнитивные конструкты используются для объясне-
ния особенностей семантики терминологических единиц. В сфере телекоммуника-
ции концептуальные категории, отношения между ними и образные схемы далее
организуются в разновидности фреймов, представляющих систему телекоммуника-
ции в сознании создателя компьютерных технологий или ВЕЩЬ ее потребителя.
В судебных прениях и дискурсе клинической психиатрии терминология зави-
сит от социальных и прагматических факторов, влияющих на коммуникацию от-
дельной языковой личности. Данные виды языка для специальных целей стано-
вятся более сложным с развитием научного знания и человеческого опыта. В
юридической коммуникации в Верховном суде США доминируют наименования
участников, которые вовлечены в различные эпизоды событий. В устных прениях
в суде конфликт между людьми в реальной жизни описан посредством языковых
единиц, указывающих на специальные юридические и каждодневные виды знания
при отражении обстоятельств СОБЫТИЯ, индивидуальных интересов и причин
конфликтной ситуации. Профессионально-ориентированная картина мира пред-
ставляет юридический конфликт, социальные роли участников, иногда нанося-
щих непредумышленно вред другим субъектам права, в конфликта как СОБЫ-
ТИИ. Структуры знания раскрывают то, как рассмотрение дела приводит к РЕ-
ЗУЛЬТАТУ, что находит отражение в решении суда по каждому делу.
В научных текстах в области психиатрии основной концептуальной сущностью
является человеческий мозг и его свойства, стадии болезни, диагностика и лече-
ние. Анализ семантики термина включает обыденные слова с переосмысленным
значением в специальном дискурсе.
В статье была сделана попытка представить различные типы терминов, функ-
ционирующих в дискурсе и соотносимых с разновидностями концептов. Свиде-
тельство о концептуальной сфере человеческого опыта получено на основе раз-
личных форматов знания: пропозиций как части когнитивно-ономасиологическо-
го моделирования, образных схем, концептуальной метафоры и метонимии,
фреймов, представляющих структуру терминологических систем. Они помогают
описать концептуализацию терминологических единиц в профессиональном дис-
курсе и ответить на запутанные вопросы по поводу истоков восприятия и кон-
цептуализации при формировании термина в процессе общения и при построе-
нии терминологических систем.
ŽINIŲ STRUKTŪROS IR JŲ APRAŠYMO BŪDAI KOGNITYVINĖS TERMINOLOGIJOS TYRIMUOSE
San auka
Kogni y inė, a ba kogni y inė-komunikacinė, e minologija a si ado kaip anks esnių
e minologijos y imų ąsa i pe ėmė e ingiausią a pusa yje susijusių s ičių – iloso-
ijos, logikos, eo inės i aikomosios kalbo y os, in o ma ikos i k . – pa i į. Remian-
is šiais loginiu- iloso iniu i s uk ū iniu pag indais, e minologijos moksle bu o ai-
7 1Te minologija | 2019 | 26
koma į ai ių ūšių analizė. XX a. aš un ajame dešim me yje e minologijos iene ų y-
imai im i sie i su ženklo ypa umais specialiuosiuose eks uose. An opocen inis p in-
cipas i dėmesys onomasiologiniams y imams lėmė naujus e minijos y imų pok y-
pius, aip a k eip as dėmesys į pažinimą i komunikaciją.
Kogni y inė e minologija iškėlė naujus ikslus, numa ė naujus pag indus, me odo-
logiją i p ocedū as. Tampa aki aizdu, kad e minas y a s a bi p o esiniam disku sui
būdingo kogni y inio i unkcinio požiū io dalis, eikšminga specialios paski ies kalbų
i e minijos sis emų kaip dinaminių žmogiško pažinimo modelių dedamoji. Taikan
okį daugiapusį a pdalykinį požiū į, dėmesys su elkiamas į e minologinę eikšmę i
komunikacijai į akos u inčią eks aling is inę in o maciją. Te minologijos iene ų
eikšmės ap ašomos emian is s a biausiais koncep ais i pažinimo mechanizmais, ben-
d aujan aikomu ka ego iza imu i koncep ualiza imu, aip pe eikian specialiajame
disku se asmens eikiamą p asmę.
Au o ė pa eikia am ik ą specialiųjų disku sų, ku ių pag indu nag inė i e minolo-
giniai iene ai i e minologinės sis emos, y imų a askai ą. Šiuolaikinių echnologijų
i elekomunikacijų disku suose, a s o aujančiuose iksliosioms žmogaus pažinimo s i-
ims, pag indinis seman inis k ū is enka nomina y iniams i sin aksiniams iene ams.
Šiuolaikinių echnologijų disku se y auja e minologijos iene ai, žymin ys a e ak us.
Viene ai suda o ka ego ijas: anspo o p iemonės, ginklų ūšys, mechanizmai, maši-
nos, į ankiai, p ie aisai i . . Kiek iena e minų klasė y a hie a chinė, apiman i pen-
kis ka ego iza imo lygmenis. S aipsnyje ap a iama anspo o p iemonių pa adinimų
ka ego ija i a skleidžiama, kad dauguma nomina y inių iene ų suda o subka ego ijas.
Šiuolaikinių echnologijų disku se nomina y iniais žodžių junginiais pe eikiama nuo
70 iki 95 p ocen ų eks o.
Manoma, kad koncep ai pe eikia men alinius ka ego iza imo i koncep ualiza imo
eiksmus, aip jie a spindi ik o ę. Technikos s i yje y aujančia DAIKTO są oka gali-
ma ap ašy i a e ak ų pa adinimus. Šis koncep as apibūdinamas pagal yšius su ki ais
koncep ais, okiais kaip ERDVĖ, PROCESAS, SAVYBĖ, BŪKLĖ i k . Tokie iene ai
į aukiami į eiginius, ku ie y a kogni y inio-onomasiologinio nomina y inių žodžių
junginių modelia imo dalis. Modelius suda o onomasiologinis požymis i onomasiolo-
ginis pag indas, pas a ajam a s o auja pap as i, sudu iniai i sudė iniai ipai. Onoma-
siologinis pag indas i onomasiologinis požymis susiję p edika iniais yšiais. A e ak us
žyminčiose e minologinėse kons ukcijose dažniausi y a p o o ipiniai [DAIKTAS1 ( i-
suma), suda y as iš DAIKTAS2 (dalis)], [DAIKTAS u i SAVYBĖ], [DAIKTAS nau-
dojamas (a liekan ) FUNKCIJĄ ( ykdan eiklą)]. Koncep ualiosios DAIKTO ka ego-
ijos ap ašymas odo objek o su okimą pe absoliučiąsias a san ykines ypa ybes, eiš-
kiamas žodžių junginiais.
Telekomunikacijų disku se yškėja DAIKTO, ERDVĖS, PROCESO, SAVYBĖS,
VALSTYBĖS, elekomunikacijų sis emos PROBLEMŲ, PARAMETRO, MATAVIMO
VIENETO i k . ka ego ijos. Te minologijos iene ų seman ikos ypa umams paaiškin i
naudojami eiginiai i aizdinių schemos – pap as i pažin iniai kons uk ai. Telekomu-
nikacijų s i yje koncep ualiosios ka ego ijos, jų san ykiai i aizdinių schemos i s a
s uk ū ų į ai o e, ku i pe eikia elekomunikacijų sis emą kompiu e inių echnologijų
kū ėjo a ba klien o su okimu.