Л И Е Т У В И У Т Е Р М И Н О Л О Г И Я

Л И Е Т У В О С Т С Р М О К С Л У А К А Д Е М И Ј А

E. GRINAVIATSKENE, YU. F. MATSEKOVICH, E. M. ROMANOVICH, E. I. CHEBERUK

EVERYDAY VOCABULARY OF LITHUANIAN ORIGIN IN WESTERN BELARUS

Dialect data collected in the territory of the BSSR in places where Baltic and Slavic languages have been in contact for a number of centuries are of considerable scholarly importance. Analysis of these data and comparison with corresponding facts from other Belarusian and Lithuanian dialects make it possible to present more fully the picture of mutual Lithuanian-Belarusian influence, to reveal new, still insufficiently investigated aspects of this influence, its forms of manifestation, and the degree of its activity. In many cases, the use of the latest materials sheds light on the broader study of the Balto-Slavic problem and expands the scope and range of historical-linguistic and ethnogenetic research.

The Grodno and Minsk regions of the BSSR are precisely one such area, where the Baltic substratum is most perceptible in the Slavic linguistic layer.

The present study uses linguistic data that we collected in 1972–1973 in the northwestern parts of the Grodno and Minsk regions (in the Iwye, Voronovo, Ashmyany, and Vileyka districts).

Analysis of the linguistic data provides grounds for asserting that the lexical and grammatical systems, and partly also the phonetic systems, of the Belarusian vernacular dialects spoken here clearly exhibit microstructures of Lithuanian origin, with a narrow or limited sphere of use, which determine the local character of these dialects. They are especially noticeable in the vocabulary.

In selecting and characterizing Belarusian everyday vocabulary of Lithuanian origin in this area, the criterion of linguistic geography played a key role; it is generally applied in conjunction with phonetic and word-formation criteria as well as semantic criteria.

The dialect vocabulary under study is presented in the article in alphabetical order, with the meaning of each lexeme indicated. In addition, each lexeme is illustrated by one or more sentences from field notes. The corresponding abbreviations are used for the settlements from which illustrative material is drawn (Гр=Graužiskės, Ashmyany district, Ж=Žili, Iwye district, С=Solonoye, Vileyka district, СС=Starye Smilgini, Voronovo district). Following the illustrative material

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Phonetically, grammatically, and semantically possible Lithuanian (in rare cases, Latvian and Prussian) equivalents are given (if the meaning of the Lithuanian equivalent coincides with the Belarusian one, it is not repeated).

In some cases, the article revises the existing etymology of a given lexeme and proposes a new one.

абрымзацца dialectal “to come unstitched”: абрымзалася спаніца С. Most likely, the word’s root is related to брынд-; see брынд(-а, -аць, -ацца and others). This variant of the root most likely arose as a result of its domain of use narrowing because its semantics gradually became obscure.

абрындацца “to get wet, to get smeared with mud”: абрындалася да фартуха, уся прамокла СС; cf. Lithuanian apsibrindoti (with the same meaning); see брынд(-а, -аць, -ацца).

абрызгацца “to become frayed, to wear away”: абрызгаўся падал, трэба падшыць Б; cf. Lithuanian apibrigzti; see брызга́ць.

абцу́рыць “to drench, to wet”: абцу́рыў мяне дощч СС; cf. Lithuanian apšiūrinti; cf. Latvian čurēt (МЕ I 422).

адвайца̄ць “to scold”: адвайца̄ць я́н¹ трэба Гр; адвайца̄ў яё добра Ж; see вайцаць.

аджа́рыць “to beat (usually with a switch)”: аджа́рыла ма́тка Янцкі, што хадзіў у кусты; аджа́рыў дзяцей скараём СС; cf. Lithuanian žārinti “to beat, to eat, to walk,” nu-žārinti “to thrash,” žarūnas “shrub”; cf. also žāras “switch, twig,” and LEW 1290. In our view, the semantic connection between аджа́рыць and žāras is entirely possible; however, the authors of the article do not rule out the possibility that it is also related to Slavic жа́рить.

адлі́на “thaw”: мáкci ве́цер падаўся, бу́дзе адлі́на ў; на адлі́ну маладзік праста́еца Ж; cf. Lithuanian atlydà, atlėgà, atlaigà (СЛЯ I 391, 395, 397, LEW 350). The forms адлі́га, адле́га of this word are classified as standard in literary Belarusian (БСЛ 59).

адсці́ра derogatory “a loner (of a person)”: ён такі́ адсці́ра — жыве адзін Ж; cf. Lithuanian ātstiras “one who does everything contrary to what is expected.”

адсці́рлівы derogatory “unsociable (of a person)”: наш Юзюк на дзе́ўкі не па́ча — такі́ адсці́рлівы Ж < адсці́ра (see) + -лівы.

аксны́ “feather stubs”: аксны́ растуць у курэй Гр; адны аксны́ ў курцы, пе́р’яў німа́ Ж; cf. variants of this root in other Belarusian dialects: асны, аксне́, асце́нцы (Араш 1971 90), аксне́ “quills” (Сцяшк 26). The word most likely derives from Lithuanian akstinai “feather stubs”; cf. also акцючкі.

акцючкі “quills,” for example: акцючкі ў ячменя СС; cf. Lithuanian akščiukai.

а́мал “a parasite growing on birch trees” (Viscum album): а́мал расце́ на бярозе СС. In form, the word is shared with Lithuanian āmālas and Latvian amuols, amuls, āmuls, āmals (МЕ I 70, LEW 9).

антара́плу́сцы “tow, from the second hackling”: антара́плу́сцы ля шэрэ́ка (of tow cloth) СС; cf. Lithuanian antarāpluostės (dialectal antarāplūstės, uo > ū, Radun) < āntaras “second” + plūostas “fiber.”

¹The Belarusian fricative sound is represented in the text by the Latin letter h.

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а́палы “round”: a fat, round fellow, so апалы Ж; cf. Lithuanian āpalas, āpalias, apalùs (< āpvalas, āpvalias, apvalùs), Latvian apals.

апі́кула derogatory “lazy, sluggish, stupid” (of a person or animal): oh, you апі́кула—you can’t even graze it: like a stump—whether you beat it or not Гр; апі́кула—it stands there with its sides bulging² Ж; cf. Lithuanian apíkula, arùkula: kulti “to beat.”

асцюкі “awns”: the awns prick Гр; the awns need to be caught Ж; cf. other variants of this root: асцю́к, аўсцю́к (Сцяшк 36, 37). These are undoubtedly variants of the word акцюкі (see).

арта́й “plowman”: a young plowman remained Гр; the plowman tended the oxen Ж; the plowman plows with a horse С; the plowman plows the field СС; cf. Lithuanian artójas and Lithuanian Polish ortai (Зд 345).

ару́д “granary bin”: there are bins in the barn Гр; a bin for rye Б; they poured the rye into the bins С; rye in the bins СС; cf. ару́д, used in other Belarusian as well as Russian dialects (С VIII 85, Урб 47, ВЯ 102, БЯ 42, Араш БЛ 27), Lithuanian arjodas. Б Сл 98 classifies the word ару́д as regional; its distribution in Belarusian dialects is shown on maps in Араш БЛ 33 and ДС 113.

асві́р, асве́р(х) “well sweep”: асві́р is only the heavy kind; асве́рх is what draws water; our well has an асве́р С. The name асве́р occurs in other Belarusian dialects (Сцяшк 33), as well as in Russian dialects of the Pskov region (Яз 78). The root is most likely formed from Lithuanian svir- (: svirtis “well sweep”) with an added initial а, which is often prefixed to borrowings in the dialect (e.g., акі́ндар “illegitimate child” < from German das Kind “child,” die Kinder “children”); see also сві́рня.

асе́кля “horsetail”: horsetail for the kidneys Ж; there are many horsetails growing here Б; cf. Lithuanian asiūkliai, also Lithuanian Polish osiekła, osiukła (Яз 98); see асю́клі.

асла́ 1. “floor” (earthen): a beaten-clay floor СС; 2. “hearth floor” (of a stove): the stove’s floor needs repairing СС; cf. Lithuanian aslà “floor” (earthen).

асю́клі “horsetail”: horsetails grow in the meadows СС; cf. Lithuanian asiūkliai.

ато́сій, ато́сы “wagon braces” (of a cart): the iron wagon braces rust СС; new braces were loaded onto the wagon Ж; the braces catch on the wheels С; cf. Lithuanian atājijos: siēti “to tie, bind.” Урб 48 and Сцяшк 36 also record the form ато́са in other Belarusian dialects; Яз 83 notes the variants ото́с, ато́с in Russian dialects of the Pskov region, while Зд 345 finds the variant otosa in Polish dialects near Sejny.

^²Here and elsewhere, in some localities the consonant х may optionally be pronounced as к (клен = bread, ката = hut).

^³In certain cases, the grammatical gender and also the number of nouns in the dialect of the village of Starye Smil’giny do not conform to the usual norms of the Belarusian language.

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atózhal, atózhalka, atózhallya “shoot, undergrowth”: atózhal: only the atózhal shoots of the bird cherry have grown SS; the atózhalki have spread; the atózhallya are growing S, cf. Lithuanian atãžalas: žélti “to become overgrown, to sprout.” atózhalnik “young growth” (of bushes): look, what a big atózhalnik has grown Gr, see atózhala.

ashaki “awn”: when the barley ripens, the awns stick out Gr. The word ashaki is also known in other Belarusian (as well as Russian) dialects (Urb 49, Yaz 79, Stsiashk 39), cf. Lithuanian ãšakos.

ashurts′ “to get goose bumps”: when the wind blows, a person gets goose bumps Gr; I’m shivering—it’s cold Zh, cf. Lithuanian pašiurpti, see shurp (-a, -aty).

balanda 1. “vegetable soup, watery stew”: they cooked up balanda, and that was good SS; 2. figuratively, “chatterbox”: what a balanda of a man: he keeps babbling and babbling—there’s no end to it B. Balanda is known more widely in the meanings given (Urb 49, Yaz 79). The word is most likely derived from Lithuanian balánda “lamb’s quarters” (Chenopodium), also used in the senses “watery stew, soup made from lamb’s quarters” (Radun), cf. also S VIII 85.

balandz′its′, colloq. “to chatter”: she’s saying something—just sitting there, chattering away; how do you have so much patience B; oh, he chatters about anything and everything S, cf. the second meaning of balanda and Lithuanian balandiúoti “to clatter, make a noise, chatter.” On the other hand, balandz′its′ may be classified among sound-imitative words such as balbatúoti, tabalúoti, etc.

baltúshnik “furrier”: a baltúshnik was someone who processed hides Gr; he took the hide to the furrier SS. The word with this meaning is also known in Polish dialects around Sejny (Zd 336), cf. Lithuanian baltùšnykas, baltùšniṅkas (< baltùšininkas), baltùšis “furrier,” “clean, fair-skinned.” Hence baltúshnik < bál tas + -ùšis + -ìnykas (-ininkas).

barykuli 1. “yellow-rattle” (Alectorolophus): I gathered a lot of barykuli SS; the barykuli have gone to seed; we need to mow the hay SS; 2. “little bells”: barykuli are little bells hung on a horse SS, cf. Lithuanian barškūliai: barškėti “to jingle, clatter.”

bastilaya “wanderer, roamer”: she had come there—a wanderer, a vagabond S, cf. Lithuanian bastýtis “to wander, roam, stray,” bastūnas “wanderer.”

begun “curtain” (in a doorway): the doors swing on a begun SS, cf. Lithuanian bėgūnas. On the other hand, the word may be shared by Baltic and Slavic languages, since the roots themselves are cognate.

beral “grain uncleaned of chaff”: the beral has been ground; we need to feed it to the pigs SS, cf. Lithuanian bėralas.

berlitsa “grain uncleaned of chaff”: they baked bread from berlitsa, grain with chaff S; they added chaff to the bread and called it berlitsa S, cf. beral.

bizdris “tailless”: a bizdris cat; a bizdris cow—without a tail SS, cf. Lithuanian bizdrỹs (Radun), bizas (Jurbarkas), bizdris, biznis “short-tailed,” bizdūkas (Jurbarkas), bizdžiukas “a person of short stature,” bizinti “to shorten.”

birbaty “tailless”: a birbataya cow Gr. The word is undoubtedly a variant of virbaty (see), since older people in this locality pronounce virbaty, while younger people say birbaty. The variant bir-

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ба́мбы arose through the gradual semantic narrowing of the word вiрбáты.

блі́кшчук “lightning”: адны блікшчукі С, cf. Lithuanian dialect (Radun) blyksčiū-kai: blýkścioti “to flash, glitter.”

блі́нда, блі́ндзя “crack willow, goat willow”: стаіць у лесе голая блі́нда, блі́ндзя — такая лаза — буйныя лісця Гр; дзе́рава блі́ндзя найлепшае: дзярэцца з вязны, пака́ не прылякаліся Ж; з блі́ндзі кашыкі пляцём; блі́ндзя бляшчыць СС, cf. Lithuanian blinda, blindė, blindis. We have also recorded блі́нда in Polish dialects of Lithuania, e.g.: blinda — miętko drzewo (Aukštadvaris, Trakai district); блі́ндзя is known in other Belarusian and Russian dialects (С VIII 85, Урб. 50, БСС 387).

бо́нда 1. “a round loaf of bread, a flour product, a round bun”: купі́ла баба бо́нду хлеба Б; дзяцём па бо́ндзе далі С; 2. “a potato pancake or fritter made from grated potatoes,” “a pancake made of potatoes or flour mixed with nettles”: бо́нды бульбяныя — як добра; пяклі бо́нды з крапівы пасля вайны, да не хватала крапівы Б; 3. “a round piece of dough in the kneading trough used as starter”: зрабіла бо́нду; бо́нду ў боршч апусцілі С; 4. “a small round slice of sausage”: бо́нда — маленькая кілбаса С; 5. “a parting gift given to a farmhand when settling accounts”: у бо́нду даюць кумпяк Гр; яму ў бо́нду даюць каўбасу, і ён ездзя дамой Б. The word бо́нда also occurs in similes: якны (= печень) то́ўстыя як бо́нды СС. In these and other meanings, the word бо́нда is more widely known (Араш 1969 133, Урб 50–1, С XII 9, БСС 385, Сцяшк 55, Араш БЛ 28, 33, and the map included there). We have also recorded it in Polish dialects of Lithuania, e.g.: napiekli wielką bondą; bondą upiekli tarkowaną; on bondą zjadł (Aukštadvaris). Its distribution in Belarusian dialects is indicated in ДС 105 and shown there on map no. 5. The word derives from Lithuanian bandà, used in six analogous meanings (СЛЯ I 638).

бо́ндачка “a round bun, pancake”: дзяці пасхваталі ўсё бо́ндачкі СС; бо́ндачкі бульбяныя — што за яда́ Б, see бо́нда.

брадзіць “to fish”: пашоў брадзіць рыбу, а п’яўкі паўпіваліся ў сце́нны — свярбела многа часу С, cf. Lithuanian bradyti, braidýti “to wade” (СЛЯ I 983); cf. also bradinėti, bradà, brádas “fishing” (СЛЯ I 981–2), бро́дзень.

бра́згаць 1. “to knock, bang”: яму не це́рніца: бра́згая і бра́згая; гра́бель вісіць над сцяно́й і бра́згая СС; не бра́згай дзвярамі Б; 2. “to move, stir”: ве́цяр па ха́це бра́згая Гр; 3. “to click”: воўк зуба́мі бра́згая СС; 4. “to clatter, jingle”: бра́згаю касо́й — дрэна́ сенажаць СС. We have also recorded the reflexive form of the verb in Polish dialects of Lithuania, e.g.: on paczał brazgać się, a do chaty nie poszedł (Aukštadvaris). The word derives from Lithuanian brązginti, brązgėti, brązdėti; cf. also Балт VI 198 and the word brazgać, found in Polish dictionaries and used with analogous meanings (Яз. 95).

бра́згулі́ “little bells”: бра́згулі́ кало́ на шыю; з бра́згулямі е́халі маладыя Гр, cf. Lithuanian brazgūliai: brazgėti “to clatter, jingle” (Jurbarkas).

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brázguľnik “a strap for attaching brázguľi”: the brázguľnik is still hanging in the entryway Gr, see brázguľi.

brazgúny “little bells”: I ride with bells jingling; he has had plenty of bells B, cf. Lithuanian brazgūnai: brazgėti “to ring, to rattle” (Jurbarkas).

brazgúnnik “strap for attaching bells”: the brazgúnnik is what the bells are tied onto B, see brazguny B, cf. brazgúli.

brazdy “mashed potato”: she has grated the potatoes; I’ll bake pancakes SS, cf. Lithuanian brazdai.

bródzen “type of fishing net”: two pike got caught in the bródzen Zh; they made a new bródzen S; they fish along the river with a bródzen; the bródzen is woven SS, cf. Lithuanian bradinýs (see also G I 369).

bróydats “to fish”: they fish along the river with bródzens SS, cf. Lithuanian braidžioti, braidýti; cf. also brazdits, bródzen.

brónkt, brúnta “swingle” (of a wagon, plow, or harrow): the traces are laid on the brónkt SS; the brúnta is large, made of wood B, cf. Lithuanian brañktas; regarding the root un (< from dialectal Lithuanian un < an), see Urb 51.

bruzdúkel, brúzukel 1. “wooden button”: how many bruzdúkels you’ve sewn on here Gr; they made bruzúkls out of wood; the bruzukel is cut through the middle SS; 2. “adjusting wedge” (in a millstone): the wooden bruzukel raises the millstones SS; 3. “handle to which the threads are fastened on a loom”: the heddles are hung on bruzukels SS, cf. Lithuanian brūžiklis, bruzdùklis; bruzdùklis (Raduń).

bryzgátsia “to become frayed”: the hem needs to be turned up so it doesn’t fray B, cf. Lithuanian brizgintis, brizgti.

bryzgáč “frayed edges of clothing, fringe”: the bryzgáč dangling from the hem B. The word is recorded with this meaning also in Stiashk 60. Like bryzgátsia, it derives from the Lithuanian root brizg-, cf. brizgótis “to become frayed,” brizgalas, brizgenos, brizginýs “rag,” brizgas, brizgis “frayed edges (of something).”

brýnda 1. “abdominal fat, omentum”: all the intestines got caught on the brýnda; the pig is nothing special, but the brýnda is huge—twisted up and all twisted up! SS; 2. “a flaring lace collar, sometimes covering the shoulders as well”: the brýnda is like a little cape around the neck SS; 3. plural only, “frayed edges of clothing”: the brýndas dangle from the apron B; the brýndas are hanging—the skirt is untidy SS; 4. figurative, “watery gruel”: they gave her some brýndas to slurp S; 5. figurative, derogatory, “unclean woman, promiscuous woman”: she is such a brýnda SS.

The Russian word brýndy “wide sleeves of peasant festive dress,” ESRIA I 222, like Polish brynda “joke, horseplay” and Czech brynda “slop, swill,” following Berneker’s view, is inclined to regard it as a borrowing that came through French from German bringe dir’s “I bring this to you.” brynda “joke” is considered by Brück 43 to be a Polish word forgotten in the 16th century, adopted “na Matej i Białej Rusi i na Litwie”; however, F Sl gives no etymology at all for Polish brynda. In our view, it is also phonetically and semantically implausible to consider Czech brynda “slop” a transformation of the root bryzg-ati “to splash” (V Mah 70). Thus

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Since none of the etymologies cited above seems convincing to us, we propose a new one. We find many words related to brynda in Lithuanian. For example, the Lithuanian brinda, brindos have nine meanings, including almost all those recorded for the Belarusian (as well as Russian) brynda (see СЛЯ I 1050-1). brynda, bryndy, with the meanings “grease trap,” “lace,” and “frayed edges of clothing,” are also widely used, according to the authors of this study, in the Polish dialects of Lithuania (Aukštadvaris, Širvintos, etc.). Moreover, formations from this root are productive in Lithuanian (see also СЛЯ I 992—5, 1050-1). It is doubtful that brynda is not Baltic, also because diphthongal combinations are not characteristic of Slavic roots, including -ын- (-ин-), which occurs in the root of the word under investigation (cf. Belarusian гніда < *гнѣда, Lithuanian glinda). In view of this, it may be assumed that brynda derives from Lithuanian brinda, “grease trap,” “lace,” “fragments,” “frayed edges of clothing,” etc., which is most likely related to bręsti (bręsta, brindo), brendėti, “to swell, expand, bulge,” and brindimas, brindumas, “swelling,” etc. This is entirely consistent not only with the primary but also with the figurative meanings of the Slavic brynda. If this supposition is accepted as a basis, then one may consider that Lithuanian brinda passed into neighboring Belarusian and Polish dialects, and through them may also have entered Czech, where it is classified as colloquial only (ЧРС 39).

брындаць, брындацца 1. ‘to run’: карова туды брындая ў нэны канец Гр; не брындай, скубі на месце, а то яна — нюх нюх С; 2. ‘to wander about, roam’: які ён мужычына: ён брындаіць па чужых С; ён нежанаты так і будзе брындацца Гр, see брында.

брэйдацца ‘to wander about’: дзеці брэйдаюцца каля кутоў СС, cf. (?) Lithuanian braidė ‘vagrant’.

бужук ‘beetle, centipede’: дзе вілгаць, там і бужукі СС, cf. Lithuanian bužys ‘beetle’.

букса ‘hornless’: добры цялё, але букса; баран букса СС; букса дае шмат малака Ж, see also букса (with the same meaning) Сцяшк 62, Lithuanian buksa.

булдава ‘masher for potato mash’: булдавай як качалка, а на канцы тоўстая С, cf. Lithuanian buldė ‘a round, bulky object or creature’, buldė ‘fool’ (Jurbarkas), buldakojis ‘thick-legged’, būlas, bulūndas ‘hornless, bald’.

бумчэць ‘to rumble, clatter’: бумчэць дупляватая брушка С, cf. Lithuanian bitčioti, bumpsėti, bumsėti.

бурбаліць, бурбуліць ‘to gurgle, bubble; grumble’: вада бурбаліць па камнях Б; вада бурбулюя — нэта на дошч; піва бурбулюя Гр; чано́ ты бурбулюеш Ж; бурбуляла, бурбуляла і сціхла С, cf. Lithuanian burbuliuoti.

бурбалка ‘water bubble’: бырбалкі на вадзе насталі — от бальшой дошч Ж; бырбалкі на вадзе мятушюцца Б; утануй — аж бырбалкі паказаліся СС; як станавіцца на вадзе бырбалкі — нэта на дошч С. The word is also known more widely (Урб 51, Сцяшк 563), cf. Lithuanian burbulas.

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бу́рбала́чка “bubble”: бу́рбала́чкі падыма́юцца Gr; see бу́рбалка.

бу́рбулка “plump, beautiful”: ба́ба — як бу́рбулка Zh. The word is also known in the Belarusian dialects of Lithuania (BSS 403); cf. бу́рбалка, бу́рбалі́цо, бу́рбулі́ць.

бу́рга́ “thin porridge”: ма́сла як бу́рга́ S; cf. Lithuanian bùrgė “mud, a poor brew, thin porridge, moonshine.”

бу́рзукель “wooden button”: бурзукель — кало́чык, а на сярабзі́не такая зару́пка, каб увяза́ць дра́твай; з лячыны бурзуклі́ рабі́лі Zh; cf. Lithuanian buržùklis (Jurbarkas), burždìklas.

бу́рлага́, бурлёга “thin porridge, mud”: ма́сла зробі́цца як бурлага́; капу́ста ў каду́шцы як бурлага́; зва́рыла ты сёння заці́рку — як бурлага́; ей і рына́ў бурлаго́й B; ма́сла як бурлёга SS; cf. Lithuanian bùrlegà “thick brew, mud”; compare also bùrlas, burlýne, burliùga “watery mud.”

бу́ча “berry basket”: у бу́чы яга́ды збіралі S; cf. буч.

буч “fish trap made of rods”: пе́рад калядзямі́ бальшу́й буч ста́віцца SS; cf. Lithuanian vìčius. On the etymology of the word, see ME I 344, Zd 337, Urb 51–2.

бучо́к, бу́чык “small fish net made of rods”: бучо́к з кары яловай ля ракаў S; бу́чык спле́цяны з жыву́цай СС; я зраблю табе́ бу́чык з кары S; see буч.

бырчэць “buzz, whirr”: зык (= овад) бырчыць, тады цялу́хі зыка́юць; пачаў зык бырчэць S; cf. Lithuanian bìrgzti, bìrbti.

бярнуць “small paddle for a spinning wheel”: бярнуць кру́ціць кол калаве́рота SS; cf. Lithuanian bernýtis “servant boy”: bérnas “servant.”

вайдава́ць “quarrel”: п’а́ныя іду́ць і вайду́юць Gr. The word is used more widely too (Arash 1969, 132; Urb 52). It derives from Lithuanian vaid-ytis⁴ and the Slavic suffix -аваць.

ва́йдзіцца “to curse, quarrel”: у друго́й хаце б’юцца, вайдзіцца Gr; cf. Lithuanian vaidytis.

вайцу́ць “to groan, moan”: ён вайцу́я — пад лыжачкай баліць Гр; не тру́ба вайцу́ць: не памо́жа Zh. The word is also known more widely (Stiashk 71, BYa 20, BUI 52); cf. Lithuanian vaitóti.

валкава́ты “damp” (of hay): се́на валкава́тае, но мо́жна класць у стог Gr; cf. Lithuanian valk-ùs “damp, pliable” + the Slavic suffix -аваты. The word is known more widely (Arash 1971, 92).

ва́рыць colloq. “to pour” (of rain): от ва́ра до́щи Гр; до́щи пача́ў ва́рыць як з ве́дра Zh; cf. Lithuanian varýti (vàro, vàrė).

вашава́ць “to pull, drag,” вывашава́ць “to pull out with difficulty”: вашавай се́на з бало́та; це́лую ноч вашау́ ві́ку СС; вывашава́лі дзе́рава з ре́чкі Б. In Belarusian dialects, вашава́ць is also known more widely and with other meanings (Urb 52, Arash 1969, 130; BUI 54; Arash BL 32; DS 106). The area where it is used is indicated in DS 106.

⁴The Lithuanian examples, beginning with the letters r–ž, are taken mainly from the card index of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” (held in the manuscript collections of the Dictionary Section of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR).

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The word derives from Lithuanian vaš-úoti ‘to pull with a hook, to work hard’ + the Slavic suffix -аваць.

вэ́нцар, венцар ‘a type of fishing net’: our вэ́нцар bream С; the вэ́нцар is set on the bottom of the river Б. Variants of вэнцара are also known in other Belarusian dialects, as well as in Russian and Polish dialects (Урб 52, С VIII 89, Сцяшк 79, БЯ 44, Л 124, БЯ 102, 104, Яз 79, Зд 351). The word derives from Lithuanian vénteris.

ве́рціна, ві́рціна ‘a bundle, a string’: a ве́рціна of brushwood Ж; a ві́рціна made of wire; a ві́рціна of bagels Гр, cf. Lithuanian virtinė.

ві́лгаць ‘dampness’: the briquette absorbed the ві́лгаць СС, cf. Lithuanian vilgatis. The form ві́лгаць is also used in literary Belarusian (Б СЛ 152).

ві́лготны ‘damp’: the hay is ві́лготнае; at the bottom the briquette is ві́лготны СС, cf. Lithuanian vilg-ūs + the Slavic suffix -отны; see also ві́лгаць.

вірба́ты ‘with a short, hairless tail’: we had a вірба́тая cow—it gave only a little milk Гр, cf. Lithuanian virbti ‘to become thin’, virbas ‘twig, rod, switch’.

віць ‘to drive’: I drive them with a switch Гр. This is a semantic loan, cf. Lithuanian výti.

ві́юн, в’юн, юн ‘lamprey’: we catch lampreys with a whip СС; lampreys in the water at the bottom of the river, in the pool Гр; the в’юн used to be numerous in the swamp Ж; the юн are slippery, you can’t hold them in your hands С, cf. Lithuanian vijūnas (Misgurnus fossilis). The word is more widely distributed (Сцяшк 85). Its form вюн is recognized as standard in literary Belarusian (Б Сл 977).

P. Skargdžius (Lw 237) and J. Otrębski (N Twer III 63), following A. Brückner (Fr 152), regard Lithuanian vijūnas as a Belarusian or Russian loanword. Their view is repeated in LEW 1248. However, neither A. Brückner nor M. Vasmer provides an etymology for the word вьюна (wijuna) in their etymological dictionaries. This can most likely be explained by doubts about its Slavic origin. In other Slavic languages the word under consideration is not very popular, and its use is limited. Although it has several meanings in Russian, it is most often used colloquially. In addition, it occurs mainly in ancient documents and in comparative expressions (see Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow–Leningrad, II 1343). It is not found in Russian dialects (see Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, issue IV, Leningrad, 1969). In Polish it is also listed as a very rare regional word (see Słownik języka polskiego, IX, Warszawa, 1967, 1094). In Lithuanian and its dialects the word is widely known, productive, and polysemous. Besides ‘lamprey’, it is also used to mean ‘eel’ and ‘climbing plant’ (in potatoes and flax); there is also the verb vijūnauti ‘to catch lampreys’. Therefore, there is reason to classify it as a Lithuanianism. Г I 322 does so.

ву́жарыць ‘to beat, to thrash’: if you beat a child with a strap, it’s still a child Гр; one must thrash him well Б, cf. Lithuanian žarinti; see аджарыць.

во́рля во́чкі ‘daisies’: what flowers are these? daisies СС, cf. (?) Lithuanian varlė ‘frog’.

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vyágal ‘burbot’: vyágal bardza slí́ski Gr, cf. Lithuanian vēgelė; see also BSS 390, Arash BL 29. The area where vyágal is used is indicated in DS 107.

vyarpyata ‘whirlwind, whirl’: sví́ni na spine vyarp yata — na sála dóbraya SS, cf. Lithuanian verpėtas, dialectal verpetà.

gaiduk ‘occipital bone, first vertebra’: gaiduk I do not bend SS, cf. Lithuanian dialectal gaidžiūkas ‘distaff spindle foot; toothed iron piece holding the wagon traces in place’.

gégni ‘rafters’: gégni tearing at the chip Gr. The word is used more widely (Arash BL 29). Its distribution area is indicated in DS 107. It derives from Lithuanian gėgnės.

gélic 1. ‘to ache’: my stomach aches; my leg ached all night Zh; 2. ‘to go numb’: my leg is going numb—it’s cold; my neck is going numb—it’s cold SS; 3. ‘to feel nauseous’: the cart makes one nauseous, and a person feels nauseous S, cf. Lithuanian gélti ‘to ache, to go numb’.

gigelévnik, gigél, gigélnik ‘horsetail shoot in early spring’: they drink gigél from burrows; where there is horsetail, the catches are bigger S; horsetail shoots grow in the meadow Gr, cf. Lithuanian gigėlis. The word is known in other Belarusian and also Russian dialects (Urb 53, Yaz 79, VYa 102, 105).

gílōń 1. ‘sting’: the bee let its sting out SS; 2. ‘live flesh beneath the nail’: she cut her finger to the quick SS, cf. Lithuanian dialectal gyluonìs, gyluonỹs, standard geluonìs.

gíl ‘horsefly’: what a big horsefly—that one is yellow; horseflies are the ones that bite cows Zh, cf. Lithuanian gylỹs: gélti ‘to sting’. The word is also known in other Belarusian dialects (Urb 53, Stiashk 119, BSS 388).

gílyavats ‘to go wild (in summer because of horseflies), to misbehave’: the cows are going wild Zh; the horses began to go wild; the children went off to run wild and broke everything SS, cf. Lithuanian gyl-juoti + Slavic suffix -yavats. The word is also known in other Belarusian and Polish dialects (Urb 53, Arash 1969 132, Zd 339).

gírsa ‘weed’ (a weed): gírsa grows in the rye SS; there is a lot of gírsa in the rye Gr; just one gírsa in the rye S, cf. Lithuanian dialectal girsė < dirsė. The word is known in other Belarusian and also Russian dialects (S VIII 86, Urb 53–4, Stiashk 120, Yaz 80).

glínda ‘louse egg’: there is one glínda in the catch SS, cf. Lithuanian glinda, Belarusian gnída.

gníbatsya ‘to pinch’: why are you pinching? SS, cf. Lithuanian gnybinėti, gnáibytis.

gníbítsa ‘to pinch’: he pinches me, and I grab him by the hair Gr, cf. Lithuanian gnybti. The word is known more widely (Urb 54).

gníbuts ‘to pinch’: a crayfish pinches and grabs at the same time SS, cf. Lithuanian gnybtelėti: gnybti ‘to pinch’.

gníbur ‘claw’: the kite, crow, hen, dog, and cat have claws; the kite plunged its claw into the hen and flew off; the hen broke its claw B, cf. Lithuanian gnyblės, gnybliȧi ‘pliers’ or kniblis ‘finger’, knibùs ‘curved’.

gních ‘crayfish claw’: a crayfish has claws on its legs; my crayfish has four claws SS, cf. Lithuanian gnibčiai ‘fingers that can pinch’.

го́кты 1. “the front part of a sled”: го́кты — the curved part of a sled Гр; the го́кты broke Ж; 2. “the part of a net that runs along the bottom of a river”: the го́кты in the fish trap run along the bottom Б, cf. Lithuanian gáktos “the front part of a sled”.

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грабу́зда “an edible herb with broad leaves”: грабу́зда is shaggy, grows in a damp place; cold soup is good with грабу́зда СС, cf. Lithuanian grabūz-das. The variant грабу́зды is more widely known (Араш 1969 125, БСС 387), cf. хро́буст.

грамбу́ль “May beetle”: in May there are грамбу́лі on the clover; a cockroach is like a грамбу́ль СС, cf. Lithuanian grambulõys.

гро́мдаць “to cross”: don’t cross it like that—is it made of gold, perhaps? СС, cf. Lithuanian grām-dyti.

гру́ндацца “to flounder”: look how the little fish is floundering СС, cf. Lithuanian grūm-dytis, dialectal grùndytis.

грэбя́ст “rafter”: battens are attached to the грэбя́ст; the грэбя́сты are new СС, cf. Lithuanian grebėstai. Variants of this root are more widely known (Араш 1969 133, БСС 379, Сцяшик 130, БУИ 56, ВЯ 102, 104).

гу́дакарклі “yellow willow, marsh willow” (Salix): there are only гу́дакарклі by the river СС, cf. Lithuanian gùdakar(k)lis.

гу́льды “crops trampled by livestock or flattened after rain”: there are only гу́льды in the oats—the horses have been through; when the flax is bent over, they say it is all гу́льды—or the hens have trampled it even more Ж, cf. Lithuanian guldýti “to knock down,” see гу́лта.

гу́лта “lair” (of a pig or dog): a pig makes itself a гу́лта, while the livestock lie on the manure; throw down straw, and they will make their own гу́лта Гр; the pig made a гу́лта Б, cf. Lithuanian gùltas. The word is more widely known (С VIII 86, Урб 54).

гу́шта “nest, lair”: the pig has made itself a гу́шта, the hen has made a гу́шта; the bird will make a little гу́шта СС, cf. Lithuanian gùždą.

гушчыня́цца “to nest”: the hen is nesting; they will begin laying СС, cf. Lithuanian gùžinėtis, gùžiuotis.

дарыняць “to gut”: the fish needs to be gutted; I am gutting the fish СС, cf. Lithuanian darinėti.

дзіндзяле́й “celandine” (Chelidonium): a lot of дзіндзяле́й grows by the fence Ж, cf. Lithuanian dzindziliùkas.

fallow “fallow land, virgin soil”: fallow land — a field that has not been ploughed Гр; sowing on fallow land СС; potatoes grow on fallow land; if there is fallow land there, I will not weed С, cf. Lithuanian dirvónas: dirvà “arable land, field.” The word is widespread in Belarusian, Russian, and Polish dialects. The area in which this word and its variants are used in Belarusian dialects is shown in ДАБМ, map 275; see also С VIII 85, Зд 339, Урб 55, Сцяшик 144, ВЯ 104, Яз 80, БЯ 94—97, ДС 104.

дзірване́ць “to lie fallow, lie fallow for a season”: there is so much land, and it all lies fallow С, cf. Lithuanian dirvonuoti, see дзірва́н.

дзяўгаць figurative, expressive “to scold, reprimand”: stop scolding me like a dog, because I’m not afraid of you; although she is your sister, she scolded me Б, cf. Lithuanian žiāugoti “to gape (with one’s mouth), belch,” žiāugčioti, žiāugseti “to feel nauseated,” “to bark, yap” (of a dog), see жа́ўгать.

дрыск ‘rag, tatters, rags’: усё паламалі ў дрыск S, cf. Lithuanian driskà, drìskalas: drìksti ‘to tear’.

дрё́жын ‘lizard’: дрё́жын блішчы́ць, да шчупа́кі падобны SS, cf. Lithuanian driežinas, driežas.

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дуле́ць 1. ‘to become dusty’: дуле́я жыта ў час красы B; 2. ‘to become moldy’: се́на ў то́рне пачало́ дуле́ць Gr, cf. Lithuanian dūlėti ‘to turn into dust’.

ду́лька 1. ‘dust’: вытрасла дыван, і пасыпалась ду́лька SS; 2. ‘dust from flax or hemp’ (when cleaning them): ду́лька льна, як ано́ тре́плеш B; ду́лька ад льна Gr, Zh; тре́плеш лён, астае́цца ду́лька; ду́лкі насыпа́лася S, cf. Lithuanian dulkės ‘dust’. The word is also known more widely (Arash 1969 133, Urbutis 57, Stiashk 154, BSS 388, Arash BL 29, 33, and the map included there). Its distribution in Belarusian dialects is indicated in DS 105–6 and in the accompanying map no. 5.

ду́рбаць ‘to hammer (into someone’s head)’: яна́ ду́рбая і ду́рбая яму ў го́лаву адно́ і то́е Zh, cf. Lithuanian dur̃binti ‘to hollow out a cavity’.

жаба́нкі ‘trap’: паву́к жаба́нкі зацягну́ў і лапая мух SS, cf. Lithuanian dialect žabankai, žabankai, standard Lithuanian žabàngai.

жага́ры ‘brushwood’: з жага́рні дрўна паліцца печ SS, cf. Lithuanian žagarai; see also Arash 1972 81.

жага́рчыкі ‘brushwood’: жага́рчыкі на падпал SS, cf. Lithuanian žagariùkas ‘piece of brushwood’: žagaras ‘brushwood’.

жар ‘hot coals’: пасту́хі ў жара́ любяць бу́льбу пячы Gr, cf. Lithuanian dialect žaira, standard Lithuanian žarija; cf. also žarà ‘glow’, žioruoti ‘to sparkle, burn’.

жа́рніць expressive ‘to strike’: пайла цялу́шку, а яна́ як жа́рніць міне́ ў грудзь; як жа́рнала, так вот і пя́тна S, cf. (?) Lithuanian žerti.

жаўгаць ‘to chew’: стары без зубоў жаўгая SS, cf. Lithuanian žiaugoti, žiaumoti.

жуві́кшч ‘cord for tying heddles’: на достачкі прывязваюць жуві́кшчы SS, cf. Lithuanian žiùvkštė.

жудзі́ць ‘to ruin, torment’: а свёкар тожа жудзі́ць: крычыць, цябе на антабы бярэць, ты такая, ўсякая — я ні знаю, каму маліцца — ці мужыку, ці свёкру; ён мяне жудзі́ў, жудзі́ць і будзе жудзі́ць S, cf. Lithuanian žudyti.

жур ‘oat kissel’: аўсяную муку абіралі на жур Ж; жур ва́руць з аўса; вугалля клалі ў жур С; жур — добрая яда на куццю Гр; жур з аўса рэдкі Б. Regarding the distribution of the word жур in Slavic languages, see Trub 16. O. N. Trubachev (Trub 16) and M. Vasmer (ESRJ II 67) consider жур likely to be a Germanic borrowing (from German sauer ‘sour’). The word is also widely known in the Baltic languages. In Lithuanian, žiūrė, žiūra are used with such meanings as ‘oat kissel’, ‘unsuccessful watery porridge’, ‘thin dish made from fermented rye dough’, ‘food made of bread and water’, ‘unthickened Lenten soup’, ‘bread dough’. In Latvian, žūra, žūre have the following meanings: ‘slops’, ‘cloudy liquid’, ‘watery porridge’, ‘dirty water’, ‘unfermented beer’, ‘oat kissel’, ‘potato soup with rye flour’, ‘flour-based animal feed’, ‘prolonged rainy weather’, ‘heavy rain’, ‘downpour’, ‘liquid manure’, ‘liquid mud’, and others (ME IV 836–7). E. Fraenkel (LEV 1316) classifies Baltic ž(i)ur- as a Slavic borrowing. However, given the polysemy of Baltic žur- noted above, and the fact that жур is known in Slavic territories with a comparatively limited range of meanings, chiefly in Belarus and the adjacent—

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In borderland Ukraine (Trub 16), there is fairly substantial reason to regard the existing etymologies of жур, both Slavic and Baltic, as doubtful. Many Lithuanian words are semantically closely related to the root ž(i)ūr-, for example: žiūrai “sparse, translucent bushes,” “easily kindling small brushwood”; žiūrėlis “skimmed milk” (usually transparent, bluish); žiurturiuotas medis “a tree full of cracks”; žiūras “eagle owl,” and others. In addition, in Lithuanian žiūrė is also used in the sense “fire” (e.g., žiūrėlė žiūtura miškė “a little light glimmers in the forest”; lempelītė dēga, čiut žiūrėlė “the lamp is burning, barely visible”). One may also take into account the fact that large pieces of hot charcoal (Lithuanian žarijos) are usually thrown into the oat milk from which жур jelly is cooked to draw out its bitterness; as they die down, they glimmer with fire.

The semantics of the words cited above, like those of ž(i)ūr- and жур, are closely associated with the meanings “transparent, translucent, glimmering” (cf. also the semantically related žiburys “lean meat in a stew,” literally “fire,” “light”; žiburinė jukà “a non-fat, translucent shepherd’s soup, made by boiling half a goose’s stomach, its neck, one leg and one wing wrapped in intestines”; žibulys “a shining snake,” “a prickly grass whose awns glisten”). On the basis of the foregoing, there is reason to think that the root under investigation is most likely of Baltic origin; compare also its semantically related words žioruoti, žėrėti “to glimmer,” žiūrėti “to gaze,” pra-žiūrti “to regain one’s sight,” žara, žaras, Latvian zars “ray.”

журала “spring, source”: vadā nāmma dōbraya – з журалы бяжыць, з кры-ніц C, cf. Lithuanian žiūrėlė “little light, bright ray,” žioruoti “to glimmer.”

spiny buttercup “a prickly grass whose awns glisten” (Ranunculus sceleratus): the spiny buttercup is very troublesome — it is difficult to bind the barley into sheaves; I went to the tub (=a tub) for flour, but the spiny buttercup caught me by the hands (=you did not help me reap the barley, so I cannot give you flour), cf. Lithuanian žibulys “a prickly grass whose awns glisten”; “a shining snake”: žibėti “to shine” (of the spines, the awns of the spiny buttercup).

жыбуры “frogspawn”: жыбуры жаб як лупіна ў кудры СС, cf. dialectal Lithuanian žiburiai; compare also žiburys “a shepherd’s ration—a soup made from half a goose’s stomach, its neck, one leg and one wing wrapped in intestines” (these are clearly visible in this transparent broth), literally “fire,” “light”; žiburinė jukà “translucent shepherd’s soup”; mergà – kaip žiburys “a girl is like a ray”; žolės žiburiuoja ir be lietaus “the grasses shine (sprout) even without rain,” and others. Semantically, the word žiburiai (жыбуры) is undoubtedly associated with the emission of rays, glimmering and shining, which, in our view, also determines the phenomenon it denotes; compare also журала, жыбулька.

жыгуль, жылбуць, жылгвуць, жылгуль, жылгуць, жыльць, жэльтуць “willow, osier”: ой колькі жыгулей нарасло тут Б; знімай рыбу на жылбуць і нясе да хаты СС; з жылбіцей колькі кашоў ён наплёўшы Ж; кашы плятуць з жылгвяцей СС; бычы сплецены з жылбілей Гр; збіралі жылгуці і плялі палукашкі Ж; плот з жылгачу Гр; жыльві не лопаюць

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СС; паўду́ нарэжу жэлтуцу́ Ж, cf. Lithuanian žilbūtis, žilgutis, žilgvūtis, žilvūtis, žilgulis, žilgas, žilvis.

Phonetically irregular variants жэлтуць, жыг-ейль, and others most likely arose as a result of their increasingly restricted use through the gradual obscuring of their semantics. The form жыглгуць, Lithuanian žilgyūtis, most likely represents a contamination of the forms žilgūtis and žilvūtis. Variants of the root under study are known more widely (БСС 388, Яз 100).

The word formation of all the variants of the root жыг- cited above, which are undoubtedly related to Lithuanian žilvitis, warrants a reassessment of the existing etymology of žilvitis.

Френкель considers the word žilvitis (LEV 1309) to have two roots: žilas “gray” and vytis “vine, rod” (see also С VIII 24); however, he does not explain how the root-initial unstressed long vowel of the second component (vytis) shortened to short i and then became stressed. Therefore, the proposed etymology remains doubtful. Moreover, in our view, variants of this word žilvis, žilvė, žilvūtis, also žilgas, žilgūtis, žilbūtis … contradict this interpretation and indicate that their formatives -v-(is), -v-(ė), -v-ut-(is), -g-(as), -g-ut-(is), -b-ut-(is), and most likely also -v-it-(is), are suffixes of the root žil-. Thus žilvitis, like the variants cited above, is evidently not a two-root word but a one-root suffixed word. Its presumed complex suffix -v-it-(is) is admittedly somewhat unusual; nevertheless, alongside žilvitis, other variants have been recorded in Lithuanian dialects: žilvītys (Salantai, Trimysėdis; cf. mikūtys “bunny,” mažītys “small,” Sebītys “surname”; see R. Skardžius, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius, 1943, p. 355), žilvītis (Mažeikiai, Varduva), žilvȳtys (Viekšniai, Tirkšliai, Mosėdis), žilvȳtis (Jurbarkas, Šakiai, Papilė, Skaistgirys), žilvȳtė (Židikai and elsewhere). In our view, they suggest that žilvitis may have been formed with the complex suffixes -v-it(is), -v-yt-(is), -v-it-(ys).

жэрга́ць “to step over, to step”: не жэргай праз плот Гр, cf. Lithuanian žergti; compare also жарагаць (Урб 59), (об)жеренгнуть (Яз 82).

забарбе́ць “to start drumming”: пуста́я бручка забарбі́ць Гр, cf. Lithuanian barbėti.

забрынданіца pejorative “slovenly woman”: забрынданіца такая і ходзіць: з фарту-хам можна сабаку закалоць Б, see брында.

заві́няць “to wrap, to bandage”: завіні мне пальцы: кроў цячэ СС; трэба рану добра заві́няць Ж, cf. Lithuanian (už-)-vynioti.

задзіраване́лы “fallow”: задзіраване́лая зямля, там пало́ць ні будзі́ш С, cf. Lithuanian dirvonuoti “to lie fallow”; see дзірван.

заплякаць “to cover with earth” (of rainwater): дошч заплякаў бульбу Гр, cf. (?) Lithuanian užplakti.

zátveraly “partition, diaphragm”: zátveraly — that is a membrane that separates the intestines from the heart SS, cf. Lithuanian užtveralai, dialectal žutveralai.

zashýpulić, zashypuliáć “to litter with wood chips”: he littered the whole house with chips for me SS; litter the whole woodshed with chips Zh, cf. Lithuanian (pri)šipuliuoti, see shypul.

zvajciáć “to curse out”: I cursed him out thoroughly SS, cf. vajciáć.

zvashaváć “to dig up”: they dug up all the potatoes with great effort B, cf. Lithuanian (iš)vašioti, see vashavać.

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zhelić 1. “to feel nauseous”: oh, I feel sick; the cat felt sick: it ate a fledgling; 2. figurative “to be struck” (by an illness): he was seized by a stomach ailment and lay in bed all day S, see helić.

zduleć “to become moldy”: the hay gets moldy if you stack it while wet Gr; the hay got moldy and turned gray SS, cf. Lithuanian (su) dulėti, see duléć.

zdzyŭgać, zžiaŭgać expressive “to gobble up”: she bought two kilos of tomatoes and gobbled them all up Zh; and did you gobble up the whole pork crackling? SS, cf. Lithuanian (su) žiaugoti, see zhžiaŭgać, dziaŭgać.

z krastom “with a limit, little, not enough”: I ate the bread heel sparingly Gr, cf. Lithuanian kràštas “limit,” su kraštù “with a limit.”

zmainać “to lie”: how shamelessly he lied to you Gr; what a nasty fellow—he lied to her SS, cf. (?) Lithuanian main-ýti “to change” and Slavic suffix -ać, see mainać.

zurza “grumbler”: what a child—such a big grumbler Zh; it would eat anything—it’s such a glutton Gr, cf. Lithuanian zùrza.

zurzeć “to grumble”: he keeps grumbling and grumbling—there’s no end to it Gr; Father grumbles at Yuzik SS, cf. Lithuanian zùržti, zùržėti, see zurza.

zurzlivy “grumbling”: my old man is a grumbler Gr; oh, what a grumbling old woman—she keeps muttering and muttering SS, cf. zurzl-ýš “grumbler” + Slavic suffix -ivy, see zurza.

inkstuki “kidneys”: they bought kidneys for the cat—what ladies SS, cf. Lithuanian inkstai, inkstùkai.

isak “short-tailed horse”: my isak gallops like thunder; he plows as an isak Gr, cf. Lithuanian ís-as, Latvian iss “short” + Slavic suffix -ak.

isachok “short-tailed horse”: my young isachok is good, it flies like the wind Gr, see isak.

iilć 1. “tusk”: pigs’ tusks SS; 2. “tooth, tongue, sting”: a frog’s tongue SS, cf. Lithuanian iltis “tusk.”

kaklia ‘tile’: they flew to Daininava for tiles C; she ordered the tiles, and he brought them by horse SS, cf. Lithuanian kóklė (from German Kachel). The Lithuanianized form of the name is more widespread: kaklia (Stsiashik 225).

karnisty ‘discriminating about food’: he is a fussy eater—he doesn’t like pancakes SS, cf. Lithuanian karn-is and the Slavic suffix -isty.

karpa ‘wart’: warts appeared on her hand SS; a wart grows on the face Gr, cf. Lithuanian karpa. The word is also used in Polish dialects near Sejny (Zd 341).

karpaty ‘covered with warts’: wart-covered hands Gr; wart-covered fingers SS, cf. Lithuanian kárp-a ‘wart’ and the Slavic suffix -aty; cf. also BSS 385.

karpats ‘to wave, move’: the pig waved its snout S, cf. Lithuanian karpúti ‘to move’.

kasnik ‘ribbon, bow’ (in the hair or braids): she has new ribbons in her hair Gr; they weave ribbons into braids SS, cf. Lithuanian kasnýkas.

kaukats ‘to meow piercingly’: look how the cat is meowing S, cf. Lithuanian kaùkti ‘to cry out in a wild voice’. The word is known more widely (Balt VI 199).

kauknać ‘to cry out’: so that the little girl wouldn’t make a sound—she lies there and keeps quiet S, cf. Lithuanian kaùktelėti: kaùkti ‘to cry out, cry’, cf. Polish kauknać (Zd 341).

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каўш “ladle”: carry the flour in a ladle СС, cf. Lithuanian kaũšas, see коу́ш.

каўшнуць “to hit”: to give a couple of blows with one’s handа Гр; give them a whack on the forehead so they won’t keep getting in the way СС, cf. Lithuanian (dial.) kaũšti; also cf. kaũštelėti “to hit lightly.”

квіркнуць “to cry out”: the hen cries out, as hens do when they cluck СС, cf. Lithuanian kvérkčioti: kvérkšti, kvìrkšti “to cry out.”

келойша “trouser leg”: two trouser legs in the trousers; he walks like a trouser leg СС, cf. Lithuanian kelaišė.

керноз, кірноз “boar, uncastrated hog”: he came to castrate the boar Ж; whether a boar or an uncastrated hog СС. The word is more widely known (Сцяшк 229). Vasmer regards Russian кирно́с, кирно́з as a Western word and classifies it as a Polonism (ЭСРЯ II 238), while F Сл II 155–6 considers the etymology of Polish kiernoza doubtful. Phonetically, and semantically as well, all the etymologies of kiernoza presented in F Сл II 155–6 by other researchers remain doubtful. The phonetics, word formation, and semantics of kiernoza (керно́за, кирно́за) most likely point to its Baltic origin; cf. Lithuanian kernėzas, kernãzas “a short, broad-shouldered person; someone strong who likes to fight” < kern-à “a short person” + suffix -ėžas, -ãžas; see Г I 334: kernėti “to grow poorly,” kėras “stump, bush,” keróti “to put down deep roots.”

кершаваты “pied”: a pied ox, bger СС, cf. Lithuanian kéršas and the Slavic suffix -аваты.

кершыс “pied ox, horse”: Whoa, you pied one! СС, cf. Lithuanian keršis.

керэйша “shorty”: he is small—a real shorty Гр, cf. Lithuanian kereĩša “one who stands with legs splayed,” keraišóti “to stand with legs wide apart,” kerėzis, kerėkšla “short of stature” (person, tree):kėras “stump.”

кету́рка “fly of trousers”: they ripped open the fly Гр, cf. Lithuanian ketùrka. The word also occurs in Russian (ВЯ 104, Яз 82).

клёк “brine”: the salted pork lies in brine; they ate the brine with potatoes Ж, cf. Lithuanian kliõkė, klėkas “a mass of mud,” kliõgė “soup that is too thick”; also cf. kliõkinti “to pour.” The word is more widely distributed in Belarusian dialects (Сцяшк 231).

кліпа́нікі “poor-quality, misshapen shoes”: he went wearing клипа́нікі: bast shoes sewn together from different strips С, cf. Lithuanian klýpkė “worn-out wooden shoe,” klipūtai “bad, creaky cart,” klipūtà “bow-legged”; also cf. klupà (Зд 342).

клепо́ны “chatterboxes”: they were all such chatterboxes С; cf. Lithuanian plepónas, plepỹs “chatterbox.” It is possible that the root p changed to k as a result of the word’s semantic becoming obscure; cf. Polish tłumaczyć and Lithuanian dialectal klimóčyti “to explain,” Belarusian тлусты, dialectal klūsty “thick.”

клу́мпы “wooden shoes”: they danced in wooden shoes СС; wooden shoes with leather soles; people wore wooden shoes under the Germans Ж; wooden shoes are simply lovely Б, cf. Lithuanian klùmpės. The word is more widely distributed (Урб 61, БСС 385); cf. also Russian клу́мба (with the same meaning, ВЯ 102), Polish klump (Зд 342).

клу́нкі “wooden shoes”: they used to walk in wooden shoes Б, cf. Lithuanian klùmpės. The irregular change in the word’s root is most likely the result of its meaning having been forgotten; cf. Polish plumpie, Lithuanian klùmpės Яз 98.

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клы́нда 1. “a thick hemp brew”: ране́й клы́нды нае́ўся, і сыт С. In this meaning the word is more widely known (Араш 1972 83); 2. “hunched over”: чалавеку балі́ць спі́на, ідзе́ як клы́нда Б; 3. “fat, lard”: сваі́х клы́ндаў не падыма́й Б, cf. (?) Lithuanian sklindis “a large round pancake.” Regarding ск: к, cf. Lithuanian skerdžius: ker džius “head shepherd,” Lithuanian dialect klinyčia, Polish dialect sklenica “glass.”

клышава́ты “bow-legged”: клышава́тая каро́ва на малако́ до́брая; клышава́тая дзе́ўчына СС, cf. Lithuanian kliš-as and the Slavic suffix -аваты.

клышано́гі “bow-legged”: клыша́ногі чалаве́к Гр; клыша́нога каро́ва Ж, cf. Lithuanian klišas and Belarusian nahá. For the distribution of клыша́ногі, see С VIII 86.

клы́шы “bow-legged”: клы́шая каро́ва СС, cf. Lithuanian klišas.

кны́паць “to fiddle with, darn, knit”: вязьму́ кны́паць панчо́ху Б, cf. Lithuanian knūroti “to work painstakingly, fiddle about,” knibinėti; knibčius “one who fiddles about.”

кны́ціць “to be interested, want”: кны́ціць мне, каб што зрабі́ць; кны́ціць зачыня́цца, каб выпіць; кны́ціць, каб дзе́ўчыне угані́ўну ў бок СС, cf. Lithuanian knitinti.

кны́цець “to itch”: як пальцы папа́рацца, то ка́жныце кны́цаць Ж, cf. Lithuanian knieti.

кнэ́пцы “nails, fingers”: куды́ ты ле́зіш сваі́мі кнэ́пцямі СС, cf. Lithuanian knibčiai, also knābė, knābis “hook,” knabėklis “manure hook,” knablys “hook for digging up potatoes,” kneba “a person with a crooked nose,” knebe “crooked nose.”

коўш “ladle”: коўш — як лы́шка вялі́кая С, cf. Lithuanian kaušas. The word is more widely distributed (Урб 62); see also Яз 81–82, Балт VI 185–192, cf. also кауш.

крамзля́ 1. “cartilage”: як зубы ма́еш, так і крамзлю́ ску́шаеш; мой дзе́вяра злама́ў крамзлю́ ў носе СС; 2. “a thin person”: ён крамзля́ такі́ Гр, cf. Lithuanian kremzlė.

крамзлява́ты “thin, unsuccessful”: бры́ткі хлопе́ц — такі́ крамзлява́ты Гр, cf. Lithuanian kremzl-ė “cartilage” and the Slavic suffix -аваты.

кра́таць “to shake”: як мяне́ кра́таюць, мне ле́нча станові́цца С, cf. Lithuanian kratyti.

кра́тацца “to shake, do something eagerly and energetically”: яна́ кра́таецца ў поез-дзе; праз бульбу іхню ляжу́ — вы кра́таетесь у по́ле С, cf. Lithuanian kratýtis.

краўня́ “eroded bank”: краўні рэ́чкі; пашлі́ у краўню́ рэ́чкі, вон ракаў наламалі; дзе краўня́, там вады́ німа СС, cf. Lithuanian kriauna, kriaunos “knife handle, edge, heel of bread.”

кро́йка “roof ridge”: бу́сел ся́дзець на кро́йцы Б, cf. Lithuanian kraikas.

кро́пштаць “to prick oneself, fiddle about, take a long time getting ready, pick at”: цэ́лы дзень кро́пштаю і кро́пштаю і неві́дна што; што ты там кро́пштаеш? — в’ю вяро́ўку СС, cf. Lithuanian krapštyti; cf. also кро́пштаць “to pick one’s nose” (Урб 62).

“to croak”: the frogs croak С, cf. (?) Lithuanian dialectal krunkėti < krankti. The irregular change of root n to m is the result of forgetting the word’s semantics—

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of the word; cf. also крункаць. The word is also used in literary Belarusian (Б Сл 402).

“raven”: the ravens have flown in Гр, cf. (?) Lithuanian dialectal krunklÿs, krunköčius < kranklÿs, kranköčius. On the alternation n: m see крумкаць; cf. also крумкач. The word has become standard in literary Belarusian (Б Сл 402).

“finger joints”: the joints of the hand; he knocked with his knuckles; cut off at the other joints СС, cf. Lithuanian krumpliai.

“to croak”: the frogs croak in the pond Б, cf. (?) Lithuanian dialectal krünkti < krañkti.

“raven”: the ravens are sitting in the oak Б, cf. (?) Lithuanian dialectal krunklÿs, krunköčius < kranklÿs, kranköčius.

“a pile of stones in a field”: the birch grouse is found in the stone pile and in the trees; the little bird spends its days there when it lies in the stone pile СС; a hoopoe is found in the stone pile Гр; sparrows are found in the stone pile С, cf. Lithuanian kräsnis. The word is also known more widely (Араш 1969 133, Урб 62, Сцяшк 244, Зд 342, ВЯ 104, 105, Араш БП 30, 33, ДС 106).

“to move, stir”: put it in the frying pan, and it (the eel) stirs; the fish is stirring in the fish trap; someone behind my shoulder is stirring me СС, cf. Lithuanian krutėti.

“crooked-mouthed”, derogatory: he’s such a crooked-mouthed one СС; so crooked-mouthed, but frightening Ж; he’s ugly—such a crooked-mouth С, cf. Lithuanian lūra “lip.”

“bow-legged”: and she chose herself a husband—a bow-legged fellow like that С, cf. Lithuanian kruīkas “gosling,” kruīке “duck,” kruīuoti “to sway, wobble.”

“roof ridge”: he walks along the roof ridge Гр; there is a hole right in the ridge; it needs to be patched Б; our roof ridge is full of holes СС, cf. Lithuanian kreikas. The word is known more widely (Урб 62, Сцяшк. 246); cf. Polish kreiga (Зд 342).

1. “to smack one’s lips”: the magpie chatters on the fence С, cf. (?) Lithuanian kreksėti, krakčioti “to smack one’s lips”; 2. “to croak”: the frogs croak before the rain С, cf. (?) Lithuanian kraksėti, kreksėti “to croak”; 3. “to thicken, curdle” (of porridge as it cooks); the porridge thickens Ж, cf. Lithuanian krėkti, krekėti.

“a bunch, cluster, heap”: the whole bunch went; the flocks flew off in bunches Б; cf. Lithuanian kūburė, gūburas.

“puffball mushroom” (Lycoperdon, Bovista): puffballs have grown up СС, cf. Lithuanian dialectal kubizdelis.

кудра 1. “pond, artificial body of water”: they went to the pond; there were lots of leeches СС; 2. “a good tract of woodland by a body of water”: the forest tract is a good place: wild strawberries grow there, and there are mushrooms aplenty; I had a fine wooded tract Б, cf. Lithuanian kūdra “artificial body of water.” The word is known more widely with these meanings (Урб 62, Араш 1971 91, Сцяшк 248).

to bulge out figuratively, expressive, “to pop out, protrude onto the forehead” (of eyes): his eyes bulged out С, cf. Lithuanian (пu-)kulniūoti “to go.”

кульша 1. “thigh” (of birds): у курэй і пятуха кульшы харошыя B; 2. “canopy” (in a threshing barn): прыстаўлены лабок у гумне называлі кульша; кульша поўная жыта СС; снапы складалі ў кульшу S, cf. Lithuanian kūlšis, kūlšė.

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The word is more widely distributed (Urb 62–3, BSS 384, Stiašk 250); see also S VIII 86–7, VJa 105, Jaz 82, Zd 343.

кульшак “one of the outer haylofts in a threshing barn”: чатыры кульшакі ёсць у гумне; кульшак сена наладжыу Ж, cf. Lithuanian kūlš-ė, kūlš-is “canopy” (in a threshing barn), and the Slavic suffix -ак.

кумпісты “broad-hipped”: кумпістая была такая дзеўчына SS, cf. Lithuanian kim̃tr-is “thigh” and the Slavic suffix -исть.

кумпяк “thigh” (of a person or animal), “ham”: у кумпякі давалі ўко́лы; у сві́рне кумпякі вісяць СС; жырны кумпяк С; кумпяк у парасё́нка Б; кумпяк у бо́нду даюць Гр, cf. Lithuanian kim̃tr-is and the Slavic suffix -як. The word is known more widely (S VIII 87, Urb 63, Stiašk 250, Zd 343), and also in literary Belarusian (B Sl 407).

кумстаць “to touch, push”: яно кумстаў кумстаў – і не можна разбуздзіць B, cf. Lithuanian kūmstīti, kūmštyti, кумшчок.

кумшчо́к “small piece, tuft”: ён бярэць кумшчо́к шэрсці SS, cf. Lithuanian kumš-čйkas “tuft”: kūmštis “fist.”

кункаць “to croak, cry out”: жабы кункаюць на дошч SS, cf. Lithuanian kūnkti “to croak.”

купраты “hunchbacked”: стары стаў купраты Гр; купратая дзеўка SS, cf. Lithuanian kuprótas.

купро “hump, back”: расце́ купро СС; мне купро баліць Gr, cf. Lithuanian kuprà. The word is known more widely (Araš 1969 129).

курняў “onomatopoeic interjection, equivalent to ‘meow’”: котка курняў пяець; котка курняў курняў – прысьціца ў хату S, cf. (?) Lithuanian kurniau, Belarusian курняўкаць “to meow” (Stiašk 252).

курстацца “to smoke”: дрэныя дрова ў печкі: не араць, толькі курстаюцца S, cf. Lithuanian kìrstyti “to kindle” (a fire); see also Urb 64, Zd 343.

курэль “smoldering brand used to scare off wild pigs”: дзікі спужаюць курэля Гр; дзіке, дзе курэль араць, не пайдуць Ж, cf. (?) Lithuanian kuorėlis “landmark pole” or kūrelis, kūrelis “club.”

ку́шлы “blind”: кушлы не відзіць SS, cf. Lithuanian kìšlas.

лабу́ніць “to ingratiate oneself, to curry favor, to flatter”: яна лабу́чіла лабу́ніла, но не прылабу́ніла S, cf. Lithuanian làbinti (in the same sense), làbinimas “ingratiation.”

ла́мбы, ла́мбачкі “stalks”: ла́мбачкі буракой мяненькія Гр; ла́мбы буракой парсонку даў С; ла́мбы цыбулі СС, cf. Lithuanian làmbas, làmbas “beet tops.” The variant ле́мбы is recorded with a different meaning (BSS 387).

ліжа “bread peel”: хлеб на ліжу паламалі SS, cf. Lithuanian lìžė.

ліць “to rain”: трошкі ліе, але ніщ SS. Regarding the semantics, cf. Lithuanian lýti.

ло́нка “meadow”: асю́клі растуць на ло́нках SS, cf. Lithuanian lanka, Polish łąka.

лу́па “lip”: ён узяў лу́пу падвешаўшы будзя Гр; яно лу́пы надутыя С; лу́пы яе харошыя – дзеўка як зорка; верхняя лу́па цялая СС; лу́пы ў каня Гр; конь лу́пы задраў С, cf. Lithuanian lū́pa, also Urbutis 64, Zdancewicz 344.

лупа́ты 1. “thick-lipped”: лупа́тая баба Гр; які лупа́ты мужык, і як брытка S; 2. “thick” (of a lip): вот ву́сны до́рыя, нелупа́тыя S; cf. Lithuanian.

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ліп-а and the Slavic suffix -аты. The word is more widely distributed (Stsiashkov 268); see also Yaz 82.

лупіна “husk, peelings, shell”: лупіна ад бульбы і нароху тоўстая B; варыці бульбу з лупінай Zh; лупіна яйкі S, cf. Lithuanian lupyna, lūpena, lūpūne. The word is more widely distributed (Stsiashkov 268). In our view, the word’s formation and geographical distribution indicate that Polish lupina, too, derives from Lithuanian.

лындаць 1. “to stick out, sit or lie in hiding”: што ты тут лындаеш на печке; каровы як пашлі ў кусты, толькі і лындаюць Gr; 2. “to laze about in hiding”: што ты тут лындаеш — ідзі на работу Gr; лындайць і лындайць цэлымі днямі без работы S; не работая такі мужык, а толькі лындая Gr; 3. “to wander, roam”: такі пі́яка: ён лын-дайць і лындайць па ўсім свеце S, cf. Lithuanian lindoti, lindėti (with the same meanings); cf. also lindikas, lindišius “sneak, intruder,” lindojimas “sticking out”: lįsti “to climb in.”

лынды “knees”: спрач свае лынды (of a girl wearing a short skirt) SS; cf. Lithuanian linda “one who sits or lies, or sticks out while hiding”: (iš)lįsti “to come out, peep out.” In our view, the phonetics of лынды, like those of лындаць, indicate that M. Vasmer’s view (ESRJ II 541), which considers Russian лында related to лынать, is debatable.

лынды біць “to laze about”: такі хлапец і без работы — толькі лынды бе SS, cf. лындаць meaning 2.

лэмзгаць “to lick”: кот пачаў малака лэмзгаць Gr, cf. (?) Lithuanian lėmžti.

лэмзнуць “to lick once”: кот лэмзнуў малака, і вылізаў свінням Gr, cf. (?) Lithuanian lėmžti.

to plop “to fall suddenly”: she fell down like a little (daughter) plopped Zh, cf. Lithuanian lėptelėti.

люрбы “chubby cheeks”: трэсці лейцы, а люрбы — нет S; якія грубыя люрбы Zh, cf. Lithuanian liùrba “thick splinter”: liùrbis, liùrba “stupid person, gawker.” The phonetics and semantics of Polish lurba “large splinter” also warrant classifying it as a Lithuanianism; cf. Polish lypbas (Zd 343).

майначыць 1. “to change”: што ты майначыш работу SS; 2. “not to keep one’s word”: неслаўны — майначыць слова СС; ён майначыць слова — не веро Gr, cf. Lithuanian mainyti. The word is also used with other, semantically more distant meanings (Arash 1969, 131).

мална “chatterbox”: от мална́: навараць абы што SS; ён мална́ такі — канца краю няма з ім Gr, cf. Lithuanian malna: malli “to chatter.”

márgic “spotted” (of an ox or dog): стои мárгic SS; cf. Lithuanian margis.

мармуза “a taciturn, uncommunicative person”: ён такі мармуза — маўклівы Ж; от чалавек мармуза: зурзіць і зурзіць — таксама не люблю SS; cf. Lithuanian marmūza “a taciturn person, scoundrel, mug,” cf. also marmūzė “mug,” marmalas “one who speaks quickly and indistinctly,” marmažúoti “to speak indistinctly,” marmaliuoti, marmėti “to grumble.”

маўна “a chatterbox”: ой, ён такі маўна вялікі — варзуліць і варзуліць B; cf. мална.

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маўнуць expressive, pejorative “to fall, tumble down”: так слізка — адзін лёд: дашла да хаты і маўнула на бок Б; cf. Lithuanian тāiti “to tumble down.”

мёнта “a whetstone, a stone for sharpening a scythe”: мёнта — што касу менціць Б; cf. Lithuanian menētē. The word and its variants are more widely distributed (DABM, map 264, Urb 65–6, DS 103).

менціць “to sharpen, hone”: касу́ менціць бруском Гр; ён не ўмее касу мен-ціць Б; cf. Lithuanian menčioti “to sharpen.”

мілта “a dish made from oat flour”: мілты наробяць: авёс параць, высушаць, аптаўкуць, у жорны змелюць Б; смачная мілта была Б; трэба закал-батаць мілту Ж; мілту зрабілі з аўсянай мукі, і як добра было С; cf. Lithuanian milta “a dish made from soured milk and buckwheat,” miltai “flour.” The word is more widely distributed (Urb 65, BSS 386, Arash BL 30–1, 33, DS 107).

мітата “a stake, post”: сядзіць як мітата СС; cf. Lithuanian dialectal (Radun) tūtata, which is most likely a reduplicative formation from Lithuanian mietas (with the same meaning; the alternation ie: y is phonetically possible in this dialect; cf. literary piemtō, dialectal pūtī “herdsman”).

му́нкі “debauched people”: яны ўсе му́нкі такія — нафта хабалі былі, да баб хадзілі С; cf. Lithuanian dialectal tūnka < tānka “a debauched woman”: mānkyti “to knead, crumple, squeeze.”

мэма “a gawker, a loser, an uncommunicative person”: ах ты мэма: ты сам чапаў ваду з свірна і не ведаеш Б; cf. Lithuanian tētē.

мяндры “reeds”: мяндры растуць у балоце, цвішкі такія СС; cf. Lithuanian dialectal mēndrē, literary pēndrē.

мянцюшка “a scythe whetstone”: мянцюшка — што намёнеціць касу СС; cf. Lithuanian menētē, menčià and the Slavic suffix -юшка.

мянця “a paddle for stirring dough”: рашыцельню хлеб і мешаю мян-цей СС; cf. Lithuanian menētē, menčià.

навашаваць “to gather by hand with difficulty, haul, carry,” навашавацца “to haul oneself about, to steal a lot”: навашаваў саломы добра Гр; ну і наваша-вайся сена СС; cf. Lithuanian (pri-) vąšuoti, (prisi-) vąšuoti.

наге́ліць “to vomit (the contents of the stomach)”: наге́ліў ту́така ён С; see ге́ліць.

наке́рзаць “to botch something through incompetence”: яко́е твае аране — вот не-удаўлічы: наке́рзаў, наме́рзаў СС; cf. Lithuanian keržinti, keržēnti “to move slowly,” kevē rža “someone who does something clumsily.”

наку́рстацца “to become sooty”: нарэ́лку як коніш, наку́рстаішся, што и во́бы не глядзяць С, see ку́рстацца.

наменціць “to sharpen”: наменціў касу добра і пашоў касіць сена СС, cf. Lithuanian (iš)menčioti, see менціць.

начоўка, нечоўка “trough”: у начоўце месяц цеста Ж; нечоўку перавяр-нулі, і ў мяняй (= в вечею) сыпіцца жыта Б. On the basis of the semantics of this word, one may suppose that начоўка is cognate with Lithuanian pakosčia, piekočia “trough,” formed by metathesis: pakosčia > начоўка; cf. also piekóti “to winnow grain in a tray,” as well as Russian но́чва “small trough.”

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нашакаліняць “to chop up”: нашакаліняла шыпулькоў добра СС, cf. Lithuanian šakal-ys (see шакаль) + the Slavic suffix -іняць and prefix на-.

нашыпуліць “to slice, chop up”: ты мяса нашыпуліў добра Ж; ну і на- шыпуліў рыбы Гр, cf. Lithuanian šipul-ys (see шыпунь) + the Slavic suffix -іць and prefix на-.

нёгалда derogatory “loser, weakling, sickly person”: нёгалда такі нэта пасля С; і другая нёгалда ледзь жывы, а нрэцця ідзецъ С. It is possible that the root -галд- is of Baltic origin; cf. (?) Lithuanian gvald-us “easily shelled.”

недарайда derogatory “slovenly person, dishonest person”: недарайда пашла не адзёўшыся, ў забрыдаўшей спаніте — сама сябе не англедзіць Б. It is possible that недарайда (root -райда-) was formed by metathesis from Lithuanian *nedadaira; cf. nepadairà “an inconsiderate person,” dairà “cleaning,” dairýtis “to tidy up.”

нёмарасць “anxiety”: чалавек з нёмарасці зрабіў сам сабе́ смерць; як нёмарасць, другі чалавек і п'е; з нёмарасці чалавек з ума сходзіць, як запудзіцца Б. Нёмарасць was formed by metathesis from Lithuanian nētimastis (see не́рымасць).

не́рымасць “anxiety”: не́рымасць мяне бярэ СС, cf. Lithuanian nētimastis.

пабра́згаць “to clink glasses”: пабра́згаем келішкамі Гр, cf. Lithuanian pabrāzginti; cf. also бра́згаць.

павайдаваць, павайдзіцца “to quarrel”: мы павайдавалі з ім Гр; бывайцін, павайдзіцца, але жывуць С; яна́ павайдзіцца, бывала, з залёўкамі С; мы павайдзіліся з бабай Б; я павайдзіўся з суседзямі Ж, cf. Lithuanian vaidy-tis, see вайдзіцца, вайдаваць.

паварыць figurative “to speak ill of”: сгадзь, паварыў я на яна С, cf. Lithuanian pavaryti.

пагрэдзінь “a stove-top sleeping platform, a place for drying firewood”: на печке пагрэдзінь СС, cf. Lithuanian pagrėdinys (Valkininkai), whose root grėd- is of Slavic origin.

па́кальница, па́кільніца “cloth made of tow”: з па́кальницы шылі падшитнікі; па́кільніца тоўстая была, дзяруні шылі С, cf. Lithuanian pākulinis and the Slavic suffix -іца. The irregular alteration of the root resulted from forgetting the word’s meaning, since the item is hardly used in the home; see па́кульница.

паке́рзаць “to do something awkwardly”: як ты косіш — глядзі: паке́рзаў паке́рзаў і пашоў СС, cf. Lithuanian keržénti, keržinti “to move slowly,” cf. наке́рзаць.

пакно́йсаць, пакні́саць, пакне́йсаць “to root around, turn over, mix up”: дзікі пакно́йсалі дзяруні Гр; пакні́салі свіні дзядзінец СС; ён пакні́саў лышкай пу́тру; свіні бўльбу пакне́йсалі; пакне́йсала ў місыцэ і пашла Ж, cf. Lithuanian knáišioti, knyščioti, knisioti “to tear up, dig up,” knyšoti “to lie burrowed in,” knyšis “digging.” The grammar and semantics of Polish dialect knysać, contrary to Sławski (Ф Сл II 292), indicate that it too is a Lithuanian loan; cf. also Яз 97.

пако́мшкаць “to have a bite, to eat”: я пако́мшкаю хлеба, і добра SS; cf. Lithuanian kamšiúoti: kimšti “to stuff, to cram.”

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пакраціцца figuratively, “to shake oneself up, to work”: пóйдзiцi ў поле, пакраціцца, і апа́ць рана дамо́ў С; cf. Lithuanian (pasi-) kratyti.

па́кула “tow”: як чэшы лен, ляціць па́кула; па́кулу прядуць S; cf. Lithuanian pákulos, see па́кулы. Regarding the number of па́кула, cf. Russian па́кля.

пакуляцца “to separate the fiber”: бярозавыя падрэзы пакуляюцца болінай SS; cf. Lithuanian pakulótis.

па́кулы, па́куля “tow”: ха́ту забіваюць па́кулямі; бярозавыя санкі — аж па́кулі нанна́лі болінай; аж па́кулі задіраюць на бярозавых санках СС; па́кулі прядуць на дзярўні Гр; па́куля добрыя для путаў С; cf. Lithuanian pákulos. The word is more widely distributed (Urb 66, Stiashik 339, Zd 345).

па́кульніца, па́кульня “cloth made of tow”: добра (= a lot of) па́кульніцы наткала SS; шмат сваёй па́кульні ў kúфру накладалі С; cf. Lithuanian pākilinis.

пакúрстаць “to smoke a little”: у ла́зню занеслі, пакúрсталі троха кумпякі, і добра S; see кúрстацца.

па́лубніца “chaff-filled mattress”: па́лубніца ў торпе ля мякіны Zh. In all probability, this is Lithuanian paliudė plus the Slavic suffix -ница; cf. also Lithuanian dialectal (Dieveņiškės) pelūdпica, pelūdпyca. The irregular alternation d: b can be explained by the word’s semantics having been forgotten, since the referent is comparatively rare.

па́льць “a large piece of salted pork fat”: адна па́льць — палавіна тушы сві́ніны SS; cf. Lithuanian páltis (a borrowing from Slavic; cf. Russian полоть, полоть, Belarusian поуць).

паменціць “to whet”: тре́ба паменціць касу SS; cf. Lithuanian menčioti, see менціць.

пана́дзіцца “to take a fancy to, to crave”: каро́ва пана́дзілася ў канюшыну B; cf. (?) Lithuanian panūsti (panūsta, panūdo) “to desire,” cf. also pūstmas “ardent desire,” paidūti “to want,” paudinėti “to seek out,” see унадзіцца.

папу́жа, папу́жка “bunch of leaves” (tobacco, maple, cabbage): папу́жа ту́тына Zh, Gr; лісця ў папу́жку злажыў SS; cf. Lithuanian rapužā, rapūžā, cf. also rapūžė “crested hen,” rapūžōnas “a swaddled child,” rūžas, rūžlys, paužlys “fat person, potbelly,” rūžoti “to wrap up.” Vasmer proposes a different etymology for Russian пампушка, папуха, папуша “bunch of leaves” (ESRY III 195). The word is more widely distributed (Stiashik 349).

папу́шка “pimple”: папу́шкі папу́шкі такіе́ былі на тва́ры як балваны SS; cf. Lithuanian rapūškā, rāpūška, rūškas, pauškulė (with the same meaning), rūškuotas “pimply,” puškėti, pauškėti “to be pimply.”

па́разг “twig for a hedge”: пры́нёс паразго́ў; дай адна́го па́разга SS; cf. Lithuanian pāraizgas.

парсо́к, паршу́к “piglet”: жырны ёшкі парсо́к Ж; сасано́к парсо́к С; замеша́ў парсо́ку Ж; наплядзілі парсо́каў С; закало́ў паршука́ СС; наш паршу́к быў харо́шы Б; ме́лі паршука́, бу́дзем кало́ць Гр; cf. Lithuanian paršiūkas. Парсо́к is known more widely (DABM, map 292, S VIII 87, Urb 66–67); cf. also BYa 45, Yaz 83; the variants poršuk, paršuk are known in Polish dialects around Sejny (Zd 346).

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парупіцца “to take care of”: ён парупіўся рана ўставаць S, cf. Lithuanian pasirūpinti; see рӯniцца.

пасвіронак “space beneath the granary”: лёг на пасвіронak і ляжыць SS, cf. Lithuanian pasvirnỹs; see свіран.

перажаргнуць, перажэргаць “to step over, to stride across”: яна́ перажаргнула праз рэчку S; увідзела сабака і перажэргала праз плот Zh; said of a person: перажэргаў праз убітана і пайшоў Gr, cf. Lithuanian (pėr-)žergti; see жэргаць.

печанік “hearth ledge, sleeping bench”: ляжыць на печаніку SS, cf. Lithuanian dialectal peči-nykas (a root of Slavic origin), “place by the stove.”

піплівы “laborious, tedious” (of work): війша такая піплівая работа: піша і піша Gr, cf. Lithuanian piplioti “to work laboriously,” pūpnioti “to fiddle about,” puplys “a weak, frail person.”

пішкаць “to crackle”: вядро пішкая SS, cf. Lithuanian pūškėti, piškėti.

пляўшы “dandruff”: у галаве дужа пляўшаў, і чэшацца SS, cf. Lithuanian plaušai.

пожаг “handle”: пóжгa — hėta палка для выметания печки; пожаг выпаў з мятлы SS, cf. Lithuanian pažagas. The word is also found in Polish dialects of the Lithuanian borderland (K 325): pożoch. The phonetics, morphology, and geographical distribution of the word пóжгa (pożoch) indicate its Lithuanian origin; cf. also žāgas “woodpile,” žaginỹs “a felled, slender spruce with its branches trimmed, a clothesline.”

по́йсаць “to remove the awns (from barley)”: цало́м ячме́нь трэба по́йсаць Gr; по́йсаюць ячме́нь Zh; по́йсаем, быва́ла, ячме́нь SS, cf. Lithuanian paišyti. The word is more widely distributed (S VIII 50, Urb 67, Stiashik 337); the variants pejsować, pejsakować are known in Polish dialects (Zd 346).

по́шар “fodder”: по́шара то німа́, а жэць трэба Zh; мякіна — добры по́шар SS; падзагзіў по́шара Gr, cf. Lithuanian pašaras. The word is also known more widely (Urb 67–8, BSS 387, VYa 104, and Zd 346).

прадзяннік “senior shepherd, whom the livestock owners feed by turns”: прадзянніка вёска нанімала Gr, cf. Lithuanian pradienininkas: pradienius “every other day”; cf. also BSS 383 and S XII 27 (the word dieninis).

пралы́ндаць “to hang about in hiding, to idle away one’s time”: так і пралындаеш усю жизнь за печкай Гр; пралындаў цэлы поўдзень дома С; як ты так пралындала ўсё лета без работы Ж, cf. Lithuanian pralindoti; see also лындаць.

праманіць “to get accustomed”: цялянок праманіў есць яйкі; ён праманіўся карову саць SS, cf. Lithuanian pra(si)manýti.

праманўць “to call, name”: праманўлі яго ляўшаком SS, cf. Lithuanian pramanýti; also Urb 68.

прамуга “space behind the stove”: прамугу пакідаюць каля сце́нкі, у печкі Gr, cf. Lithuanian pramigà: mūginti “to make a passageway, an open space, a gap,” mūgintis “to push one’s way forward through a crowd using one’s elbows.” The word праму́да (Arash 1969, 126) is undoubtedly a variant of праму́гі and is probably the result of semantic attrition.

пру́вянь “front room, entryway”: у пру́вяні вісяць S; у пру́вяні стаялі кульбы B; дзверы ачыніла — і пру́вянь SS, cf. Lithuanian prývenė (Mažeikiai, Tirkš-

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lay) < prymenė, priemenė, most likely by dissimilation. The word is more widely known in Belarusian dialects (Сцяшк 384), cf. прымян.

прылабу́ніцъ, прылабу́ніца “to ingratiate oneself”: прылабу́ніла да яна́ i жыве́ць; яна́ хаце́ла прылабу́ніца да сябе С, cf. Lithuanian (prisi)lābinti; see лабу́ніцъ.

пры́мян “front room, entryway”: наш прымян бальшы́й Гр, cf. Lithuanian priemenė. The word is more widely distributed (Урб 68, Сцяшк 397, ВЯ 105).

пужлі́с “fat, bloated,” figuratively “a conceited person”: ён як пужліс ходзіць; капу́ста-пужлі́с СС, cf. Lithuanian pūžlys.

пужло́к “something tousled”: налава не бярэцца-пужло́к капу́ста СС, cf. Lithuanian pūžl-ys and the Slavic suffix -ок.

пумпа́шачка “little potbelly, plump little person”: мура́шачка пумпа́шачка СС. The word's phonetics and semantics make it possible to classify it as a Lithuanianism; cf. Lithuanian pamp arùtė “round, small, and pot-bellied” (of a person or object), pamputỹs “pimple; doughnut,” pámpa, pámpė “swelling, growth,” pāмpti “to swell, become bloated.” The root -ум- is, in all likelihood, from Lithuanian dialectal -um-, literary -am-. However, Vasmer considers the Russian пампуха, пампушка “a type of dough product” to be Germanic (ЭСЯРЯ III 194), which, in our view, is doubtful for the reasons given above; cf. also the Lithuanian hybrids pampriškė “a plump girl,” pampriška “doughnut”; “a plump person”; “bud,” etc.

пу́ня 1. “threshing floor”: у пу́ні клалі жыта Гр; у пу́ню вазілі снапы С; 2. “hay barn”: для сена пу́ня; завязлі сена на пу́ню С; 3. “wagon shed”: у пу́не стаялі колы СС, cf. Lithuanian ri̇́pìa, ri̇́pė “shed, threshing floor, chaff barn.” The word is also found in other Belarusian and Russian dialects (ДЛАБМ, map 236, С XII 40–44, Урб 68, ВЯ 105, БЯ 45, ДС 103).

пу́тра “stew”: ба́цька хво́ры, і пі́тры не ей Ж, cf. Lithuanian putrà. The word is more widely known (Урб 149), cf. also Яз 83.

пу́ць figuratively “head, mind”: яна́ здае́цца о́семьдзесяць ма́йць, а пу́цю ма́йць Гр, cf. Lithuanian pùtė “hen,” figuratively “understanding.” For Lithuanian pùtė see LEW 680 (pùtė), 554 (paikštis “bird”), ЭСЯ III 398 (ptica).

пу́тачка “little hen”: пу́тачка пу́тачка, сёла прр прр (said when trying to catch a hen) Б, cf. Lithuanian putùtė; see пу́ця.

рага́лы “streaks, drips”: рага́лы пацяклі на та́вры, на шчы́біне С, cf. Lithuanian rãgės; probably also related to ragėti “to see,” rãgana “witch.”

ра́гі “streaks, drips”: на вокнах ра́гі цякуць, дошч бу́дзе; спаце́ла акно́ — ра́гі пацяклі на шкле; чалавек у ра́гі пашоў; вот іспёк мяне пот: увесь я ра́гамі сплыў Гр; чалавек у ра́гі пашоў Гр; вот іспёк мяне пот: увесь я ра́гамі сплыў Б, cf. рага́лы.

раго́йшы́ла abusive “beast, brute”: якая баба раго́йшы́ла Гр; ах ты раго́йшы́ла, куды пашла (of a cow) Гр, cf. Lithuanian ragúotas “horned,” ragùolis “ring-shaped bread; forked object”: rãgas “horn”; see also С VIII 87, Урб 149.

ра́йставы “marshland” (of a birch): райставыя бярозы неве́лькія СС, cf. Lithuanian raistas “bush in a marsh.”

раскра́тацца “to get shaken about”: у такую́ даро́гу я до́бра раскра́талася С; я не раскра́таюся, не бо́йся С, cf. Lithuanian kratýtis “to shake,” see кра́тацца.

расхле́йдацца “to stretch out”: прышоў дамо́й расхле́йдаўшыся і не зашпі́ліцца Ж, cf. Lithuanian (išsi)skleisti “to unfold, open up.”

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royst, rōysta, rōystva “shrub on a peat bog”: the cows are in the rōysta СС; a horse fell into the rōyst; rōystva is a wet bog—even a person can’t get in: shrubs, moss Гр; there’s such a large rōystva there—you could sink into it Б, cf. Lithuanian raistas. Royst and rōystva are known more widely (ДС 108, Сцяшк 425); cf. also С VIII 88.

rukuts “knotweed (Polygonum)”: rukuts is bitter; rukuts is a kind of grass that grows in the garden СС; cf. Lithuanian rūgtis.

rupits “to trouble, worry”: you’re still worried Гр; I have to go home—it’s weighing on me; I haven’t been in Minsk long, and I’m already longing to go home; it was good, if only it weren’t for the worry С; I’m worried about firing up the stove; he isn’t worried about anything yet СС; cf. Lithuanian rūpėti, rūpi, rūpėjo. The word is known more widely (Сцяшк 429); cf. also С VIII 88, Яз 84, and Зд 347.

rupitsa “to care, worry, take pains”: one must take care and keep taking care that the children turn out well Гр; cf. Lithuanian rūpintis. The word is known more widely (Сцяшк 429); see also Урб 149, Зд 347.

rupyastlivy “caring”: a caring father looks after his children СС; cf. Lithuanian rūpintis “to care,” rūpest-is “care,” and the Slavic suffix -ливый; see рупіца, рупіць.

rēzgini “net for hay, straw”: rēzgini are what they carry hay in Ж; rēzgini full of hay Гр; you’ve got rēzgini too Б; cf. Lithuanian rēzgines. The word is more widely distributed (ДАБМ, map 254, Сцяшк 432, ДС 103); see also С VIII 88, Урб 150, Яз 84, Зд 347.

sala “shoal in a river, lake, or bog”: the water ripples and ripples over the shoal Б; cf. Lithuanian salà “shoal, dry place amid bogs,” ātsala “shoal, backwater.” The word is known more widely (ДС 107).

salisty “shallow”: a shallow river Б; cf. Lithuanian sal-ā “shoal” and the Slavic suffix -истый; see сала.

samtuki “tadpoles”: the tadpoles turn into frogs СС; cf. (?) Lithuanian samtūkai, Belarusian палаўнікі. However, the word is a Slavic calque.

svēran, svīran “granary”: a svēran of grain Ж; a svēran covered with straw СС; he brought the grain into the granary Гр; in the granary we pour the grain loosely, and hang the fat С; a new svīran of grain СС; cf. Lithuanian svī̄nas. The area of distribution of svīran in Belarusian dialects is shown in ДАБМ, map 239; see also ДС 104, С VIII 88, Урб 152, Сцяшк 443, Яз 84.

svīrshnya “well sweep”: water is drawn with a svīrshnya Гр, Б; cf. Lithuanian svirtis: sverti “to lift using a lever.” The area of distribution of the word in Belarusian dialects is shown in ДАБМ, map 243, and also ДС 104 and map no. 4; see also Урб 151, Сцяшк 443. It is also found in Polish (Яз 100).

svor “well sweep”: a svor is what you draw water with СС; cf. Lithuanian svā̄ras, svirtis (in the same sense), cf. Belarusian sver (in the same sense) Урб 151; see сві̄ршня.

svīrnya “well sweep”: our well has a svīrnya Б; cf. Lithuanian svirtis. The irregular variant of the root is the result of the word’s meaning having been forgotten, since the object itself is also falling out of use.

sēmenya “flaxseed”: flaxseed in a sack (= in a bag) swelled Ж; cf. Lithuanian sēmenys. The word is known more widely (Сцяшк 445).

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ска́ба 1. “rib”: the calf is thin — its ribs stick out; the thin ones, you can count the ribs С; he broke a rib; a horse’s rib; they selected two ribs Б. 2. “basket hoop”: the hoops of a basket are made of living willow СС. The root, being common Indo-European (LEW 812 skabh-), has cognates in other Slavic languages (ЭСРЯ III 643 скобель, 630 ска́ба, Brück 494 skobel), as well as in Germanic languages (Kluge, 629 schaben); however, semantically скаба is closer to Lithuanian skobā “rib”; compare also skobinỹs “hollowed-out board, wooden clog,” skōbnìs, skobnìs, skobnìā “old-fashioned table,” skōbti “to hollow out,” skobtinis “hollowed out,” skāptas “chisel,” skaptuoti “to hollow out.”

скара́ч “a wide towel with fringes used to cover the kitchen table”: she wrapped the children in a скара́ч СС; pancakes are tossed from the oven onto скара́чей Гр; a скара́ч with long fringes Ж; they covered the table with a скара́ч Б; compare Lithuanian skarinỹs, the hybrid form skarōčius (with the same meaning), skarā “kerchief, fiber,” skārti “to become frayed, to be stripped.” The word is more widely known (Араш 1969 131, Урб 152, Сцяшк 451), and also occurs in the Belarusian literary language (Б Сл 857).

скарпа́ць “to cut off, to dig up”: they dug up all the pigs С; compare Lithuanian karpýti “to dig, to cut”; see карпа́ць.

склют “adze”: they hew wood with an adze Ж, Б; he’s thin as an adze С; a nose like an adze: where’s your sense? СС; compare Lithuanian skliūtas: skliūsti “to slide.” The word is more widely known (Сцяшк 454); compare also Урб 152–3, ВЯ 102, 104, Яз 85.

склюта́ваць “to hew”: they hew wood with an adze Б, СС; compare Lithuanian skliutúoti. The word is more widely known (БУИ 58); compare склют.

скупры́цца “to hunch over”: the old man hunched over Гр; why are you hunching over like that? СС; compare Lithuanian (susi)kū́printi; see also купра́ты, купро́.

скрэдзі “a piece of meat from an animal spoiled during slaughter”: I slaughtered a pig and gave you the scrédzi СС; compare Lithuanian skerdžiai (with the same meaning):skersti “to stab, strike, cut.”

сло́ксны, сло́кшына “bast from a vine”: he stripped off bast and quickly wove it; they strip bast for baskets from living willow СС; from hazel, she strips off hazel bast Ж; bast is stripped in spring Гр; compare Lithuanian šliūksnas, šliūksna, šliūksnis “bast for weaving.” Сло́кшына is more widely known (БСС 388).

смі́льгінкі “temples”: the temples hurt СС; compare Lithuanian dialectal smilginėliai, smilginiai, standard smilkiniai.

снаўдацца “to move one’s feet with difficulty, as if in a dream”: and the person shuffles back and forth СС; compare Lithuanian snaūdalíuoti; compare also snáusti “to doze,” “to move slowly.”

спойсаць “to beat up”: I’ll beat him up for the fences; she beat him up good: she gave him a good thrashing Б; compare Lithuanian paisýti “to beat off the awns” (from barley); see по́йсаць.

сесёмкаць “to eat up”: I ate all the potatoes, the whole lot СС; compare (?) Lithuanian sémti “to scoop, to slurp.”

става́рук “dry branch”: he cut off a dry branch СС; compare Lithuanian stavarùkas; compare also steverỹs, stavarỹs “branch stub.”

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стацок “a sheaf for a stack”: ён нясе стацокі — бабу стаіць будзя SS; cf. Lithuanian stačiukas, statūkas (with the same meaning), and also statà, statùs “stacks set upright,” statýti “to set up.”

стоўпніца “to fit, to be accommodated”: ліпа была: ў сярэдзіне чалавек стоўп-ніўся S; cf. Lithuanian talpinti “to accommodate,” tilpti “to fit,” talpà “capacity.” Although the Lithuanian talpinti, talpà are related to Slavic tolпа, semantically Belarusian стоўпніца (cf. its synonyms in literary Belarusian: змяшчацца, утоўплівацца) is more closely connected with Lithuanian talpinti than with Russian толпа or Belarusian натоўп, which makes it possible to classify it as a Lithuanianism.

страмбель “stalk”: страмблі лупіна тўстэя; страмбель пусты SS; cf. Lithuanian stramblys.

сукаўца “to court”: мужык да дзёўкі сукаўца Gr; cf. Lithuanian sūktis, sukiotis; cf. Russian сукалить “to scrape, clean” and Lithuanian sukalioti (БЯ 46).

сула “birch sap”: бярозавая сула SS; cf. Lithuanian sulà.

сцібкілі 1. “the hard part of a feather”: адны сцібкілі ў курэй SS; 2. “needles” (of a pine, if…): у кваі сцібкілі зялёныя SS; 3. “hemp hurds”: са льна сы-плюцца сцібкілі SS; cf. Lithuanian stibikliai, and also stiblai “bare branches.”

сцібкіляты “covered with feather stubs”: курыцы сцібкілятыя SS; cf. Lithuanian stibikliūotas; see сцібкілі.

сціпіны “the pegs in a sleigh”: на гохтах кладзецца⁵ сціпіны SS; cf. Lithuanian stipinai.

сцірта “a stack, a pile (of wood)”: сцірта — большы стог саломы Gr, B; сцірта сена Zh; сцірта дроў SS; cf. Lithuanian stirta. The word is known more widely (Urb 153, Stiašk 484); cf. also S VIII 88, ВЯ 105, БЯ 124).

торя “hay barn”: йзлую старану тарпой наклад B; cf. Lithuanian tárpas “an area in a farmyard between hay barns.” The word is known more widely (Urb 153–4, Stiašk 498, DS 104); see also S VIII 88.

трайла “chatterbox”: ён такі трайла: трайлобуць і трайлочыць SS; cf. Lithuanian tráila, tráilas, trailỹs, and also trailė “a cheerful little song.”

трайлоўцы “to chatter”: ён трайлобуць, а мне нима часу SS; cf. Lithuanian trailinti, trailiuoti, and also tráiloti “to sing a cheerful song”; see трайла.

труша “pus, rot”: мяса трушой павярнулася SS; cf. Lithuanian dialectal trūšà, literary trąšà.

туркліс “mole cricket”: у зямлі сядзіць туркліс такі жоўты SS; cf. Lithuanian turklỹs.

угнібнуць “to pinch”: подсуніш палец, так рак угнібне; ён моцна ўгнібнуў мянжа; рак мне ўгнібнуў; кніціць мне, каб дзёўчына ўгнібнуць SS; cf. Lithuanian (i)gnýbti; see гнібнуць, гнібацца, гнібіць.

удурбаць “to put into one’s head”: нёўку халеру ўдурбаў у галаву Zh; see дурбаць.

уназдзіцца “to get into the habit”: once he got into the habit, he just keeps going and going B; once a magpie gets into the habit, it snatches everything S; he got into the habit of going to the girl SS; cf. панадзіцца.

ускобліць figuratively, “to lash down” (of rain): when the rain lashes down, you stand knee-deep in water; the rain lashed me thoroughly S; cf. Russian скоблить “to scrape,”

⁵ In the dialect of the village of Starye Smilgin, in certain cases the third-person singular form is used instead of the third-person plural form of verbs.

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“to tear, scratch, plane finely, thinly,” Lithuanian skal̇bti “to lash.” The semantics and accentuation of Belarusian ско́бліць most likely support its relationship with Lithuanian skal̇bti. The metathesis lb: bl most probably occurred through metathesis.

успірнуць “to press on; to heat up”: once it pressed on like that, there was no breathing SS; cf. Lithuanian (iǧ)spìrginti.

ўштаць “to rock, to sway”: you have to rock it in your arms, and you’ll rock it SS; cf. (?) Lithuanian i̇žčioti.

ўштацца “to rock, to sway”: oh, I rocked myself quite a lot SS; cf. (?) Lithuanian i̇žčiotis.

хлу́сечь “to obey”: you don’t obey her—you deceive her B; cf. (?) Lithuanian klusýti, klū́sti “to become obedient.”

хлу́сціць “to question, to ask”: I’ll wait to see whether he asks me S; cf. (?) Lithuanian klusčioti, klūsinti, klū́saūti, klūstelėti.

хро́бу́ст “an edible marsh plant with broad leaves; hogweed”: хро́бу́ст grows in the forest B; cf. Lithuanian grabū́zdas; see грабу́зда.

чухо́нь “a soft canvas shoe: the чухо́нь tore; bast shoes were woven from bark and hemp, while chukhny were sewn from fabric S. In our view, the semantics and phonetics of the word do not preclude linking it with Lithuanian čiuknà, kiuknà “a slovenly person, a disheveled person, a slob,” and also kiùkė “a promiscuous woman, a frog, a lump, a party,” kiuglius “loose, slack,” kiùginti “to loosen,” kiukénti “to husk”; however, its possible connection with Russian чо́ха “a type of outer garment,” чу́га “a long kaftan,” чуха́ “a kaftan,” чехо́л should also be taken into account (ЭСРЯ IV 355, 373, 377, 388).

ша́каль “a chip”: he covered the house with chips; I made a lot of chips; she went as if on chips SS, cf. Lithuanian šakalỹs. The word is more widely known (Сцяшк 554, БСС 388, 403); cf. also С VIII 34, 88, Яз 85, Зд 349.

шака́лькі “chips”: we will light the fire with chips and boil it; she gathered chips for kindling SS; cf. Lithuanian šakaliūkai; see ша́каль.

шапштук “dried out, rotted while dry”: the onion was ruined by being dried out SS; cf. (?) Lithuanian šarštùkas (Radun) “somewhat dried out.”

шаўно́к “a fine fellow, a dashing fellow”: what a fine fellow, the peasant: he drove me to the church Gr; cf. Lithuanian šaunìs “dashing.”

шашо́к “ferret”: the ferret ate two chicks Gr; the ferret’s pelt is fine SS; the ferrets are big J; the ferret ate the chicks S; cf. Lithuanian šeškas. The word is known more widely (Урб 155–6, Сцяшк 558); cf. also С VIII 88, ВЯ 104, Яз 85, Зд 349.

shvírnia ‘crane’: we draw water with the shvírnia Gr, cf. Lithuanian svìrtis, see svírnia.

shkiliónda, shkilióndzia ‘abomasum, pork stomach stuffed with filling’: shkiliónda is tasty, feminine; one has to make shkiliónziu; they have put shkiliónziu away for the summer, for haymaking B, cf. Lithuanian skilandis. Both variants of the word are known more widely (Urb 156, Stiašk 559); see also VYa 104.

shklión’dzia ‘food made from blood and flour’: they baked shklión’dzi Zh, cf. Lithuanian skli̇ndžiai ‘round pancakes, fritters’.

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shkútse ‘cuttings, scraps’: the whole house is full of shkútsia Zh; he gathered up all the shkútsia; we hand in the shkútse at the shop; rugs are woven from shkútsia S, cf. Lithuanian skūtas ‘scrap’. The word is also known more widely (Stiašk 560).

shlin ‘heavy, light-blue clay’: shlin is gray earth SS, cf. Lithuanian šlūnas.

shlókshyni ‘bast made from willow twigs’: the sleigh has shlókshyni beside the baskets Gr, cf. Lithuanian slūoksna. The word is also known in Polish dialects near Sejny (Zd 349); see slóksny, slókshyna.

shnírshli ‘nostrils’: a horse’s shnírshli SS, cf. Lithuanian šnīršlės.

shórytsia ‘to roll’: apples roll along the ground S, cf. (?) Lithuanian šorinti ‘to travel fast’, šorúoti ‘to run, hurry’.

shuzhdzéts ‘to make a noise’: the cloud is shuzhdzéts; a storm is coming SS, cf. (?) Lithuanian šiugždėti.

shúla ‘post’: for a barn, one needs to have a shúla Zh, B; a shúla stands in the barn S, cf. Lithuanian šūlas. The word is known more widely (Urb 156, Stiašk 566); cf. also S VIII 34, 88, VYa 105, BYa 124, Yaz 85.

shúrpa 1. ‘bird with ruffled feathers’: the hen walks like a shúrpa B; shúrpa hens: their feathers stand on end Zh; the feathers of a shúrpa hen do not lie flat SS; 2. ‘shivering’: the whole body broke out in shúrpas B, cf. Lithuanian širra; cf. also Urb 156—157.

shurpáty 1. ‘with ruffled feathers, puffed up’: a puffed-up peahen; you are like a puffed-up hen Zh; ruffled skin Gr; 2. ‘pleated’: a pleated dress with flounces S; 3. ‘gooseflesh’ (of skin); the body became goosefleshed SS, cf. Lithuanian šūrpotas ‘ruffled’, cf. also šūrṗti ‘to become ruffled’, Yaz 86; see shúrpa.

shúrpachki ‘little pleats’: the shúrpachki around the neckline (of the dress) was trimmed S, see shúrpa.

shúrshaly ‘wasps’: shúrshaly are yellow and sting hard SS, cf. Lithuanian širšalės, širšės.

shuturlívy ‘whirling’: a swirling bay in Beryoza B, cf. (?) Lithuanian sūkur-ys ‘whirlpool’ and the Slavic suffix -livy. The irregular change in the word’s root is most likely the result of its semantic obscuration.

shypúl ‘wedge’: we need to drive in wedges so that the stake does not fall SS, cf. Lithuanian širpùlys ‘splinter’. The word is also known in Polish dialects near Sejny (Zd 350).

шыпу́лькі “wood chips”: нашака́ліняла шыпу́лькой SS; cf. Lithuanian širpuliùkas, šipulỹs; see шыпу́ль.

шыро́га “a thick pole used to stop a raft”: кідаюць шыро́гу бяро́завую, штоб астанаві́ць плот B; cf. Lithuanian širìkas, šir̃kas; cf. also širỹs, šerỹs “bristle.” The word is known more widely (Arash BL 34).

шыршу́ль “hornet”: шыршу́ля бая́цца каро́вы: мо́цна куса́ецца SS; cf. Lithuanian širšùlė.

юнк “yoke”: юнк наклада́лі валу́ на шыю SS; cf. Lithuanian jùngas.

я́кны “liver”: я́кны тоўстыя як бо́нды SS; cf. Lithuanian jė́knos.

In this article, we sought to include, insofar as possible, all the words recorded by us in the northwestern part of the Grodno and Minsk areas that can be classified as Lithuanianisms. This will make it possible to form

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a fuller picture of the distribution of Lithuanianisms in the dialects of the territory under study and to determine how these dialects coincide with other Belarusian dialects and how they differ from them. Some of the Lithuanianisms cited above (e.g., аксны, ашакі, блінда, бонда, вайдавайць, вайцяць, вашавайць, грэбесці, дулька, карпа, кудра, мілта, пойсаць, шыпуль, etc.) are also attested in a number of other districts of the area under study and, as noted in this article, have already been mentioned or examined in previously published works devoted to the Balto-Slavic problem. Other lexemes (e.g., асцюкі, атожал, атобъ, брягецъ, гірса, клумпы, мента, пакула, пуня, рэзгіні, свірэн, шула, etc.) are known far beyond the Grodno and Minsk regions, and some even beyond the BSSR, in other Slavic languages. This is evidenced both by some linguistic maps in the Belarusian atlas and by the individual articles and materials we have cited, drawn from areal Slavic dictionaries and other sources. In addition, a certain group of Lithuanianisms has been recorded in the area under study (e.g., адсұра, асёкла, апікула, вірбаты, гёліць, гулды, гушта, жабанкі, зурзейць, ісак, каўшніцъ, люрбы, ліжка, матнуць, недарайда, немарасцъ, піплівы, сукацца, скярдзі, шутурлівы, etc.) that are attested in Belarusian dialects for the first time. To some extent, they distinguish the northwestern part of the area under study from the rest of the Belarusian dialect continuum; this allows us to speak of more conspicuous traces of a Baltic substrate in this territory. The Lithuanianisms recorded in the westernmost part of the area under study (антраплуці, гілонь, крамзля, крамплы, сула, трицца, юнк, etc.), in our view, constitute the youngest layer of substrate vocabulary.

Almost all the Lithuanianisms cited above have retained their ancient lexical meaning, and many of them, in the form of their root, correspond to direct equivalents used in Lithuanian. Some have undergone various phonetic and combinatory changes (in most cases metathesis, assimilation, dissimilation, etc.) as their original semantics faded—changes characteristic of foreign (nonlocal-dialect) words used both in Lithuanian (e.g., grabikė < krabikė “box,” tvárka (Гервяты) < tvártas “stable,” paranamá < panoramà “panorama”) and in Belarusian dialects. However, the Lithuanianisms in the Belarusian vernacular dialects of the Grodno and Minsk regions are, for the most part, heavily Slavicized, which points to a very complex linguistic process taking place in the territory under study. It is also important to emphasize that the plosive consonant г, characteristic of Lithuanian, is very often retained in these borrowings. At the same time, in many cases Lithuanianisms also retain the stress placement characteristic of Lithuanian (e.g., вірціна, апікула, блінда, брында...). Sometimes even the intonations of vowel sounds differ in the stressed syllable (гулта: крэйка; cf. also BSS 128). The acute intonation is particularly noticeable in diphthongal combinations (кнойсаць, льндаць, клумпы). However, the overwhelming majority of Lithuanianisms have changed their earlier form relatively substantially (шутурлівы, вірбаты, жэлатухі, клындра...). There is no doubt that these words should be classified as elements of a comparatively young

13 Lietuvių terminologija

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of the substratal vocabulary layer. Their form, not yet established in Belarusian vernacular usage, is most susceptible to the strong influence of the Belarusian linguistic system.

The Lithuanianisms cited above, which occur in the modern Belarusian vernacular dialects of the area under study, demonstrate that, to gain a fuller understanding of Baltic and Slavic dialects, in-depth, comprehensive studies must be conducted of the linguistic systems of territories where Baltic and Slavic languages came into contact in the past or continue to be in contact today.

List of Abbreviations and References

Arash 1969 — A. U. Arashonkava, E. I. Hrynaveckene, I. P. Kavalchuk, Yu. F. Matskevich, Ya. M. Ramanovich, L. F. Shatalava, From the vocabulary of Belarusian dialects of the western zone, — “Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR,” Social Sciences Series, No. 4, Minsk, 1969, pp. 123—134.

Arash 1971 — A. U. Arashonkava, E. I. Hrynaveckene, I. P. Kavalchuk, Yu. F. Matskevich, Ya. M. Ramanovich, A. I. Chabyaruk, L. F. Shatalava, Toward the lexical-semantic differentiation of Belarusian folk dialects, — “Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR,” Social Sciences Series, No. 1, Minsk, 1971, pp. 89—98.

Arash 1972 — G. U. Arashonkava, A. I. Hrynaveckene, Yu. F. Matskevich, Ya. M. Ramanovich, T. F. Syashkovich, A. I. Chabyaruk, L. F. Shatalava, Toward a characterization of the vocabulary of southwestern Belarusian dialects, — “Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR,” Social Sciences Series, No. 1, Minsk, 1972, pp. 78—86.

Араш БЛ — Г. У. Арашонкава, А. І. Грынаве цкене, Ю. Ф. Мацкевіч, Я. М. Рамановіч, А. І. Чабярук, Л. Ф. Шаталава, Лексіка балтыйскага паходжання ў беларускіх гаворках, — Беларуская лінгвістыка, Мінск, 1973(3), стр. 27—37.

Б П — К. Būga, Rinktiniai Raštai, II, Vilnius, 1959.

Балт VI — Baltistica, VI(2), Vilnius, 1970.

Belarusian — Belarusian, the Belarusian language, of the Belarusian language…

Б Сл — Беларуско-русский словарь под редакцией К. К. Крапивы, Москва, 1962.

offensive — an offensive word.

Brück — A. Brückner, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Warszawa, 1970.

БСС — Балто-славянский сборник, Москва, 1972.

БУИ — Беларуска-ўкраінскія ізалексы, Мінск, 1971.

БЯ — Baltic Languages and Their Relationships with Slavic, Finno-Ugric, and Germanic Languages (Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Scientific Conference Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Academician J. Endzelīns), Riga, 1973.

ВЯ — Questions of Linguistics, Moscow, 1972, No. 3.

Г — Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, I—II, Vilnius, 1965, 1971 (the numbers indicate the volume and page).

Д — V. Dal, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, I—IV, Moscow, 1955 (the numbers indicate the volume and page).

ДАБМ — Dialectological Atlas of the Belarusian Language, Minsk, 1963.

ДС — Dialectological Collection. Proceedings of the IV Dialectological Conference on the Study of Dialects and Language Contacts in the Baltic Region, Vilnius, 1974.

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Зд — Z. Zdancewicz, Litewskie elementy słownikowe w gwarach polskich okolic Sejn, — Lingua Posnaniensis, VIII, Poznań, 1960, pp. 333—352.

знач. — meaning.

K — Słownik gwar polskich, ułożył J. Karłowicz, IV, Kraków, 1906.

Клуге — Fr. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 17 Auflage, Berlin 1957.

лат. — Latvian, the Latvian language, of the Latvian language…

лит. — Lithuanian, the Lithuanian language, of the Lithuanian language…

LEW — E. Fraenkel, Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg — Göttingen, 1962.

LW — Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen von P. Skardžius, Kaunas, 1931.

B Max — V. Machek, Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, Praha, 1968.

ME — K. Mülenbacha Latviesu valodas vārdnīca, edited, supplemented, and continued by J. Endzelīns, I—IV, Rīgā, 1923—1929 (the figures indicate the volume and page).

N Twer III — J. Otrębski, Wschodniolitewskie narzeczie twereckie, III, Kraków, 1932.

нем. — German, the German language, of the German language…

перен. — figurative meaning.

польск. — Polish, the Polish language, of the Polish language…

пренебр. — derogatory meaning.

р. — rare, a rare word, rare.

C VIII — A. Sabaliauskas, The Development of Lithuanian Vocabulary, — Lietuvių kalbos leksikos raida (Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, VIII), Vilnius, 1966, 5—141.

C XII — A. Sabaliauskas, From the History of Livestock-Breeding Terminology in the Baltic Languages, — Iš lietuvių leksikologijos ir leksikografijos (Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, XII), Vilnius, 1970, 7—81.

see — see.

Ф Сл. — Fr. Sławski, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, I—III, Kraków, 1956—1973 (the numbers indicate the volume and page).

Slav. — Slavic.

SLJ I — Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, I, Vilnius, 1968 (2nd ed.).

cf. — compare.

Сцяшк — Т. Ф. Сцяшковіч, Матэрыялы да слоўніка Гродзенскай вобласці, Мінск, 1972.

Trub — O. N. Trubachev, On the history of the names of porridges in the Slavic languages. Slavia, vol. XXIX, 1960, 1–30.

Урб — V. Urbutis, Dabartinės baltarusių kalbos lituanizmai, — Baltistica, V(1), Vilnius, 1969, 43—68, Baltistica, V(2), Vilnius, 1969, 149—162.

Fr — Die slavischen Fremdwörter im Litauischen von A. Brückner, Weimar, 1877.

ЧРС — Česko-ruský slovník pod vedením K. Horálka, B. Ilka, L. Kopeckého, Praha, 1958.

Э — J. Endzelīns, Senprūšu valoda, Rīgā, 1943.

expr. — expressive meaning.

ЭСРЯ — М. Фасмер, Этимологический словарь русского языка, I—IV, Москва, 1964—1973 (the numbers indicate the volume and page).

Яз — Kalbotyra, XXII(2), Vilnius, 1971.

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