IN LITHUANIAN
KALBOTYROS
QUESTION-
S, XXXIV
(1994)
LIETUVIY
LANGUAGES
TARMES
IR
JU
STUDIES
Albe as
ROSINAS
HIERARCHY
OF THE
TYPES OF
NOVEVALIUM
CONJUGATI-
ON IN THE
TEXT OF
SIMONAS
STANEVIČI-
US Al eady
mo e han
15 yea s ago
in he
linguis ic
li e a u e i
was aised
he idea
ha he
conjuga ion
o
Li huanian
nouns in
bo h
synch onic
and
diach onic
con ex s is
s udied in
he
adi ional
o de o
conjuga ion
o
Li huanian
language
and ha
his o de is
comple ely
unmo i a -
ed and
compa a i -
e, since i
does no
ake in o
accoun
nei he
{noun
kinship, no
hei o m
simila i y~.
8 The
exis ence in
he sys em
o language
no only o a
ela i e, bu
also o a
na u al
o de o
he ypes
o
conjuga ion
is shown by
diach onic
s udies,
om which
i is clea
ha only
ce ain
s ems o
wo ds
in luence
each o he :
he s em o
a on he
s em o u,
he s ems
o za and é
on he s em
o 7, he
s em o zi
on he s em
o 7a, e c.
Fo
example,
he e was
no e idence
o he
sligh es
e ec on
he s ems
o @ and é.
Those ypes
o
conjuga io-
n, be ween
which he e
is a
diach onic
and
synch onic
ela ionship,
mus be
nex o o
a leas
close o
each o he
in he
linguis ic
sys em
[Gi denis,
Rosinas 1977,
p. 338].
Accep ing
his
assump ion,
i becomes
ob ious
ha he
mos
eliable
c i e ion
o
de e mining
he na u al
ype o
classi ica i-
on, i.e., he
hie a chy
o
in e -linkag-
es, is he
coinciden
inal
equency.
The same
inals a e
conside ed
no only
iden ical
inals, bu
also hose
ha di e
by
au oma ic
phonological
change a: e,
@: é, as well
as inals
ha ha e
a isen
a e
sys ema ic
abb e ia i-
on and
con ain
”olde ” and
newe
phone ic
a ian s
(e.g., S.
S ane iéus
ex y (1)@
and € oo
nounzodZiy
plu al use
inals -uoms
( agoma
-om’s) and
-ums)?.
Ha ing his
in mind, I
chose o
s udy he
hie a chy
o noun
conjuga ion
ypes in S.
S ane ičius-
’s ex as
he mos
impo an
indica o o
conjuga ion
ypes
su ampan -
iy inal
coun (m) in
adjacen
pa adigms
(“ unks”).
Fo
example, he
common
language
nouns Ziy
spiééius and
paupys ha e
8 coinciding
owels in
he
pa adigms
—so he
indica o o
pa adigm
simila i y
(m) is equal
o 8.
Howe e ,
such a
simple index
is no qui e
accu a e,
because: 1)
such
endings, as
he plu al
o igin, a e
common o
all ypes o
conjuga io-
n; 2) he
singula
Sauksminin-
kas a ies
g ea ly,
depending
on he
speci ic
wo d o
e en he
si ua ion; 3)
no all he
linksy
equency
in he ex
( oge he !
Plagiau Z .
[Gi denis,
Rosinas,
1977, p. 338].
3 In his
wo k,
he
ul ima e-
ly
pe cei -
ed
adi io-
ns — hey
a e
indes uc ible and
(‘p ieSg-
aliny’) and
he
ending
‘ ik ajq-
’. The
possibili-
y o
such an
in e p e-
a ion
Z .
[Gi denis,
Rosinas,
1977, p. 340].
112
and
weigh in
he
sys em)
is he
same;
you
canno
compa e
he
equen-
cy (and
weigh )
o such a
cen al
e b, as
he
singula
nomina i-
e,
geni i e
and
adjec i -
e, and
such a
pe iphe -
al e b,
as he
plu al
p onoun.
The i s
and
second
inaccu a-
cies can
be
a oided
by
elimina i-
ng he i8
pa adigm
and he
anomalo-
us in his
espec
e bs
—Sauksmi-
ninka and
plu al
geni i e.
The hi d
inaccu a-
cy can be
mi iga -
ed by
in oduc-
ing a
ce ain
co ec i-
on (p;),
which
di ec ly
o
indi ec -
ly
e lec s
he
coincide-
nce o he humo ous daZnj in he ex [Gi denis, Rosinas, 1977, p. 339].
In s udying
he
hie a chy
o noun
conjuga ion
ypes in S.
S ane iéius’
ex , a e
a ious
expe imen-
s I ound
ha he
ole o such
a
co ec ion
can be
played by a
ac ion
app oxima -
ely equal o
wice he
ela i e
numbe o
he
co espon-
ding
conjuga io-
ns in he
ex o
singula
conjuga io-
ns, and hal
he
co espon-
ding
co ec ion
o he
plu al
conjuga io-
ns. In
addi ion, I
ounded he
na u al
equency
da a (see
able 1). 1
able S.
S ane iéus
ex s
conjuga ion
ype index
simila Sum-
ma
co ec ions
Singula
Plu al V .
0,50 0,20
K. 0.60 =
N. 0.10 0.05
G. 0.50;
0.25
In. 0,15
0,05
See 0.15
0.05
These
co ec i-
ons a e
added o
he index
showing
he
iden i ies
o he
links
belonging
o wo
di e en
s ems. In
abb e ia-
ed o m,
hese
ac ions
can be
desc ibed
by he
o mula
l= m™ +
Find
‘1
whe e m
— he
co esp-
onding
ac ion-
al inal
numbe ,
pj;
—co ec -
ing a
speci ic
e b.
{
Linksniy
daZnio
ansla ions
a e made o
he ollowing
ex s o S.
S ane icius:
”Szeszes
pasakas
Symona
S anewiczes”
(Vilnius, 1829,
wi h an
in oduc ion,
16 p.), ”Daynas
zemaycziu”
(Vilnius, 1829,
63 p.), ”Apey
da ima walge
ysz kia piu
islandu”
(Vilnius, 1823,
22 p.) and
”His o yia
Szwen a”
(Vilnius, 1823,
70 p.). Tex y
apim is —171
puslapis. The
ex s o
s ylis ic
posi i is s
a e
di e en .
They consis
o o iginal
ex s, olk
ales, mo e
p ecisely olk
song ex s,
some o he
ex s can be
a ibu ed o
popula
scien i ic
s yle. These
a e ex s
c ea ed by
he au ho
himsel
(poems
“Talk”, songs
“Consul a io-
n”). Two
ex s (”Apey
da ima walge
ysz kia piu
islandu” and
”His o yia
Szwen a”)
a e
ansla ions.
The i s one,
S jy galé y
bi i, is o
popula
science
ex s, and
he second
one is o
ic ion. A e
calcula ing
he
equency o
he e bs, i
u ned ou
ha he
mos
equen
e b in S.
S ane iéius’
ex s is he
p edika i e
(29% o he
o al e bs,
113
38% o he
o al
p onouns).
The second in
daZnj is he
singula
nomina i e
(27%) and he
plu al su ix
(25%). The high
equency o
he nobleman
in S.
S ane ičius’
ex s
p obably
elimina ed
he scien i ic
cha ac e o
some o hem
*. When
s udying he
dialec al
s uc u e o
S.
S ane iéius’
ex s, some
di icul ies
a ose: 1) S.
S ane iéius’
ex s we e
w i en on
he basis o
he sou he n
zemai¢iy
idukliskiy
Snek os; in
ha 8nec
(as in he
whole
Zemaiciy
dialec ) he
non-ci cula -
ed endings o
nouns a e
sho ened
and o en
ha e a
di e en
quali y o
ocalism han
he
ci cumcised
ones; 2) his
abb e ia ion
uni ied some
inals o
di e en
o igins and
caused
a ious
mo phological
p ocesses,
dé] which
in e wined
”ba i onic” 7
s em and
”ba i onic” é
and 7@ s em
nouns; 3)
he e o e,
whe e i was
possible, I
di ided he
ypes o
in lec ion
only
acco ding o
”oxy onic”
Wo ds,
making a
dis inc ion
be ween he
s em ha
does no ha e
he
”oxy onic”
o m, and
hose cases
whe e he
“oxy onic”
s em o m
was no
eco ded 5. in
S ane icius'
ex s; 4) some
linksniy
o ms I
p esen
econs uc -
ed acco ding
o S.
S ane icius
ex y linksniy
sys em. S.
S ane ičiaus
ex s
”oksi oninia a
kamienas i”
Nouns a e
conjuga ed
as ollows: a,
kamienas V.
szin’s jaway
sweczias
*swe ey Ix.
szina jaw
kiala *sweczill
N. Diewuy
jawams
swecziuy
*swe éms G.
Diewa jawus
kiala kialus In.
layku jaways
keliu klejeys
V . kalne
jawlse kialie
k aujuse jay
kamienas a
kamienas V.
Zal is iszey
asa dinas K.
*Zalcze
sopulu zimés
dinu N.
Zalceziuy
*pe éms
kalbay
daynims G.
bu i bu ius
Zima dinas Jn.
2010. "I'm no
going o be
he same as
you. I'm no
going o be
he same as
you. I'm no
going o be
he same as
you. I'm no
going o be
he same as
you. I'm no
going o be
he same as
you. kancze
ma czioms
ga be
gismiemys 3
S a is ical
calcula ions
show ha
he
equency o
humo
depends on
which
unc ional
s yle he
ex belongs
o. Fo
example, S.
Klia ina's
calcula ions
o he
La ian
language's
humo ous
equency
show ha in
ex s o
scien i ic
mo i a ion
he dominan
is used mos
o en (abou
40%), and in
li e a y
ex s — he
noun (abou
37%), ( he
dominan only
accoun s o
abou 21%),
z . [Knapmus,
1976, c. 51—52]. ;
114
See
waldzio
*kancziose
*dubie
*dubiese
im
unk
i
unk
V.
* ee h
animals
pa s
.
pa s
K.
gialzis
oo h
pa
pa
N.
*dancziuy
*den yms
* c azy
§
awyms
G.
Zwie y
* ee h
pa s
pa s
In.
wagymy
wagymys
ugnymy
—
szalymys
See
*dan ie
*in he
ee h
some in
u
he
iu
mou h
V.
s em
s em son
son
waysius waysey
KX.
sunaus
sunu
waysiaus
AmiZziu
N.
sunuy
*sunams
ka aluy
*waysems
1.
sunu
sunus
waysiu
waysius
In.
sunumy
*sunumys
ka alum’
*wayseys
See
slow
* u guse
pawoju
*pawojuse
Cm
s em s em
Cy
wand wand
V.
wandenys
sesu
*sis e s
K.
wandens
s one
sis e s
*sis e s
N.
*pimeniy
pimenyms
duk e ey
*duk e yms
1.
akmeni
wandenys
duk e y
*duk e ys
In.
*sese e
*daugh e
4
See
wandenie
“wandenuse*
‘*sese ie
*duk e yse
Bina igkai
palyginis
S.
S ane idiaus
ex y noun
conjuga ion
all pa adigms
pe o med
calcula ions, I
go he
i
ollowing
esul s
(Z .
2. he lens).
The
numbe s in
he
i
columns
and ows
o he
in e sec i-
on ags in
he able
ep esen
he
co esponding ee's Sum index.
18
he able
shows ha
acco ding
o he
simila i y
o he
ypes o
conjuga ion
can be
classi ied
In he
ollowing
u,
o de : iu,
a,
ia), ia2, im,
, Cn,
Cp, iai
ai
di ided
&
in o
h ee
classes,
j
whose
bounda i-
es go
be ween
dag im,
i
C
i
é
S ones. The
me hodology
o
hie a chical
g ouping helps
o elabo a e
pa adigmy
in e ela ion-
ships mo e
p ecisely. The
bes o he
is
h ee possible
bids is he
so-called
maximumy
me hod. I
pe o med all
he g ouping
p ocedu es
acco ding o
8]
he me hod, I
go his
bina y
S.
Classi ica ion
o noun
conjuga ion
ypes in
S ane iéus
ex s
(Z .
1
b ezinj).
As can be seen,
he nouns in
S.
S ane ičius’
ex a e di ided
in o h ee main
classes
acco ding o
hei
Py
conjuga ion
is
ype. The i s
belongs o he
j
oo nounzZiai,
he second
u,
Zu
i
a,
ja
—
7
i
p e owel oo
nouns, hi d
be ween oo
nouns. I is
—
@,
easy o see
a
ha all
i s -class
Zodiacs a e
masculine,
second-class
wo ds a e
masculine, and
hi d-class
wo ds a e
eminine (wi h
he a e
excep ion o
dédé, alka a,
e c.).
—
i
o
—
Thus, he e
S.
a e h ee
main ypes o
noun
conjuga ion
in S ane idis’
ex :
I
—
male, mis u, III
II
—
emale.
—
Each
:
Plg.
wandenuose
S R which is
331,
mos likely a
gold building.
115
SS
+
Su e,,
ou aedn
Pe
e
318
olmnyo esa y
Aid
ou ae usyu ]
ysya}
sneigiasue
IS
Ҥ
°224q
T
2
e Uy
s
We
y DY a >
op
is
S'Z1
SPSL
a
se oo
+
:
Gz'G
y
+
dh
8‘9
eL'e
SZ'z
|
1S
a ol
I
6
1

wi hin he
ype he e
a e
du
subclasses:
in he male
u,
iu
i
a,
ja
kamieny
opposi ion,
mis iajame
—
i
p ie alsiniy
kamieny
opposi ion,
o
eminine
—
4G, gai
s ones
é
opposi io-
n.
2
able
S.
S ane icius
ex s wi h
simila
lexion
ypesSumo
indexes
Type wa,
a
an
a
B
é
=
a
ub
Ue
Cm
C
a
=
12450940)
Soi dons
oo
lee
440).
65/
sii
ds
nO
Bay
=
11,6
1,5
1,5
2,65
2,65
1,15
4,45
6,7
4,45
1,15
102
=
0
0
15
3,75 2,65
445
68
5,95 2,65
a
=
12:1.
62.
0
i
aG,
0 0
2125
1a
=
6,2
0
In
=
<0
0 0
2,25
é
=
LIS
“2125
0 0
Ls:
3
an
=
Neo
SUL
IPA
Tea
3
ee
a
a
0
0
1,20
9925
u
=
_always
0
Be
=
1,1
0
Cn
a
10,4
CF
=
The
s udies
pe o m-
ed allow
us o
conclude
easonably ha
S.
Types o noun
conjuga ion
in S ane ičius'
ex
” ee” is
iS
almos
iden ical o
he
su
cu en
common
language
equi alen
” ee”,
only
he e is a
li le
Lowe
i
indica es
ha nounziy
conjuga ion
ypes
S.
In he dialec
o
S ane icius,
he e was
only a
simila i y a
he beginning.
I e iewed
i
j
”ba i one”
nouns, he kind
o amusemen
is mo e
complica ed.
LITERACY
Gi denis,
Rosinas,
1977
—
Gi denis
A. Rosin
A.
The
hie a chy o
noun
conjuga ion
ypes in
Li huanian
i
language and
i s main
ends
(da a om
he common
i
zemai iy
dialec ).
—
Bal is ika,
1977,
T.
13(2).
P.
338—348.
Kaaspuu
you,
1976
—
Knoapuna
C.
I.
Conoc apnenne
c a uc uuecK-
UX
XapakTepucTHK
MOphoso MmyueckuxX
KaTe opuHh
B
PYHKUMOHATBHBIX
CTUNAX
aaTbiucKo o
asp ka.
—
Language
sys em.
Riga, Lpp.
1976.
49—80.
HIERARCHY
OF
THE
DECLENSION
TYPES
OF
THE
NOUN
IN
SIMONAS
STANEVICIUS’
TEXTS
Summa y
S a is ics
indica e
ha he
nouns
in
S.
S ane iéius’
ex s all
in o h ee
main classes
acco ding
he
isomo phism
hei
o
declension.
o
The i s
class
ep ese-
is
n ed
masculine
by
nouns,
he
second
—
by
masculine
and
eminine
and he
hi d
—
by
eminine
nouns.
I
ollows
ha
he e a e
h ee
main
declension
ypes he
nouns
in
o
S.
S ane iéius’
ex s,
i.
e.
masculine,
mixed and
eminine,
espec i ely.
Each hese
o
h ee ypes
allows,
u he mo e,
bina y
subdi ision:
u,
zu
::
a,
ia
( he
masculine
ype),
i
::
consonan
hemes
( he
mixed
ype) and
4,
ja
::
@
( he
eminine
ype).
The
dend og am
o
he declension
ypes almos
co ela es
wi h he
co esponding
dend og am
he
con empo a y
li e a y
language,
o
howe e , he
o me being
bi lowe ; his
shows ha
he
in lec ional
ypes
a
in
8.
S ane icius’
dialec
en e ed he
p ocess
mu ual
o
assimila ion.
117