LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXV (1995)

LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOLOGIJOS TYRINĖJIMAI

From living speech

From the Dialects

From the vernacular

Kazimieras PAKALKA

A Glossary of Verbs of Speaking (Verba Dicendi) in the Daugėliškis Dialect

The Daugėliškis¹ dialect belongs to the Eastern Aukštaitian Dzūkians (Vilniškiai). In every respect, the dialect is significant for the study of the Lithuanian language, since it developed with little influence from the standard language. In Z. Zinkevičius’s view, the eastern borderlands are best suited for studying the regularities of language interaction, because all kinds of phases of language mixing and extinction are found there (Zinkevičius 1966: 29).

The phonetics and morphology of the Daugėliškis dialect were briefly described by Mykolas Šuminas, a Daugėliškis native and graduate of Vilnius University, in his diploma thesis (1951).

The lexicon of this dialect has not hitherto been studied separately. From its very first volume, the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” has included a considerable number of words from Daugėliškis and neighboring parishes. Since 1948, the author of these lines has submitted about 14,000 slips to the dictionary, containing words from his native dialect and examples of their use.

Nowadays, the Daugėliškis dialect, like the other dialects of the Vilnius region, is rapidly disappearing, and people’s vocabulary is becoming impoverished. Only the older generation speaks the dialect.

We have chosen one important lexical stratum—verbs of speaking. We regard as such verbs that express thoughts, feelings, experiences, and opinions when uttered.

Until now, no one has studied in any detail the verbs of speaking in other Lithuanian dialects either. A. Juška was perhaps among the first, listing no fewer than 65 verbs of speaking (Juška 1922: 17—18). The lexicographer A. Lyberis was the first to systematically group Lithuanian synonyms for speaking (Lyberis 1980: 164—166). A. Lyberis did not indicate the geographical distribution of the synonyms and omitted borrowings altogether. J. Paulauskas set out a systematic framework of thematic groups in the Lithuanian language in the “Systematic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.”

¹ Daugėliškis is 9 km east of Ignalina, beside the Švenčionys–Vidžiai road. In the autumn of 1939, when the Soviet Union occupied the Vilnius region, Daugėliškis and a large part of the parish were assigned to Belarus. At that time, the Gedžiūnėliai parish was established from the northeastern corner of this parish. Some of our material was collected from people in Juodalaukis, the native village in this parish, including the author’s parents. Historically, Juodalaukis represents the dialect of the older Daugėliškis parish.

205

Here we present alphabetically a glossary of speech verbs (verba dicendi) in the Daugėliškis dialect. The dialect examples have been transposed into standard language while retaining their morphological features. The verbs are presented as in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, except that transitivity is not indicated. The headword verb is marked for stress, although these verbs are not stressed consistently in the illustrative sentences. For the more widely used verbs, we provide only a minimal selection of the more characteristic examples from the abundant material we collected. We give no abbreviation for the sentences we recorded ourselves; sentences taken from the printed volumes of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language are marked LKŽ, and sentences taken from the dictionary manuscripts and card index are marked LKŽ K.

x alàsyti, -ija, -ijo (1.² halasić, brus.галосіць) to shout, make a noise: The children are shouting.

balbatúoti, -úoja, -ãvo, figurative. 1. to articulate sounds or words unclearly: The child has already started babbling. 2. to chatter: The women gathered together and chatted for a long time.

bambėti, bámba, -ė (-ėjo), figurative. to speak discontentedly, grumble, mutter, grumble: He keeps grumbling and grumbling and won’t stop.

bám bterti, -na, -ė (-ėjo), figurative. to say unclearly, utter: He only uttered a word and left. And she didn’t utter a word.

bárti, bãra, bãro 1. to forbid sternly, with angry words: The parents kept scolding their son for his bad deeds. 2. refl. to reproach one another: Whoever wants to scold, let them scold; don’t interfere. They left while arguing.

išbárti, išbara, išbãro to reprimand by scolding: I scolded the neighbor for the damage when I met him. | refl.: I had a row with the foreman and went out to weed.

nubárti, nùbara, nubãro to scold: A scolded, beaten child.

pabárti, pãbara, pabãro to scold a little, admonish: I scold and scold my old man for drinking—but nothing helps.

subárti, sùbara, subãro 1. to reprimand by scolding: My grandfather scolded me then. 2. refl. to start quarrelling: I had a row with them and left the house.

x bãžytis, -ijasi, -ijosi (brus. бажыцца) to call upon God, swear: Motiejyčia often loved to swear.

x bedùiti, -ùja, -ùjo (brus. бядаваць, l. biedować) to complain, lament: Whenever I happen to meet him, he is always complaining.

x pabedùiti to lament a little, complain: Oh, what a plight—to think one can’t even complain to someone else.

x bliùžnyti, -ija, -ijo (l. bluźnić) to speak obscenely: Don’t use foul language here in front of the children.

x pabliùžnyti to speak obscenely for a while: He sometimes says something obscene.

x pribliùžnyti to say a lot of obscene things: He said all sorts of filthy things.

blóginti, -ina, -ino to call someone bad, regard as bad, criticize: Nobody in the world criticized me.

nublógintito call someone bad, criticize: Everyone stopped and criticized Adel for going.

² Abbreviations—as in the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”; vaizd. — figurative.

³ Sakoma dvejopai: -ė ir -ėjo. Vyrauja -ė (Zinkevičius 1966: 354)

206

braizólyti, -ija, -ijo vaizd. to talk nonsense, chatter: The children gathered for braižoli-ja.

ˣ brėdyti, -ija, -ijo (brus.бредзицъ) to speak badly: Oh, he talks nonsense.

ˣ pribrėdyti to say foolish things: He came in and talked nonsense without any shame.

breizgóti, -ója, -ó (--ójo)⁴ vaizd. to talk nonsense: He talks nonsense about who knows what.

breizóti, -ója, -ó (-ójo) see breizgoti: What kind of person are you, saying whatever comes to your tongue and talking nonsense?

burbėti, bùrba, -ė (-ėjo) vaizd. to speak indistinctly, mutter: He mutters something to himself.

bùrblyti, -ija, -ijo vaizd. to speak angrily, grumble: The daughter is always grumbling at her mother.

pabùrblyti vaizd. to speak angrily for a while, grumble a little: The old man likes to grumble a little.

bùrbtelti, -na, -ė (-ėjo) vaizd. to mutter, grumble briefly: She didn't utter a word to me.

burbuliúoti, -iúoja, -iāvo vaizd. 1. to speak indistinctly, mutter: He is muttering something; I don't understand. 2. to speak angrily, grumble: He started grumbling at him about everything.

ˣ burčyti, -ija, -ijo (l.burczéć) to grumble, grumble under one's breath, mutter: I started grumbling at Pranas. You can't keep them quiet: one is grumbling, and so is the other.

burnóti, -ója, -ó (-ójo) vaizd. to speak angrily, curse: He starts cursing people.

ˣ razsiburnóti (hybrid) vaizd. to speak angrily for a while, curse a little: When he starts cursing, he doesn't think about anything.

ˣ bušùitis, -ùjasi, -ùjosi (brus. бушавать) to speak loudly and angrily, to scold: He [went] into the sleigh and bušùjas.

čiulbúoti, -úoja, -āvo figurative to speak sweetly: As long as you need [someone], they twitter and chatter. They twitter like a nightingale.

daūžti, -ia, -ė figurative to say angrily, to snap, to bark: I don't snap back at you, but you are the first to snap at me.

dróžti, -ia, -ė figurative to speak publicly, to talk, to blurt out: He delivers a speech at the market.

išdróžti figurative to speak out, to blurt out: I won't be ashamed; when we meet, I'll say whatever I want. I blurted out everything.

dúoti, -da, dāvē figurative to speak forcefully, to talk sternly: We spoke in Polish.

išdúoti, -da, išdavė figurative to tell off, to revile: I told off my wife for her sharp tongue.

ˣ džėkavoti, -oja, -o (-ojo) (brus. дзякаваць) to thank: There's absolutely nothing to thank [them] for here.

ˣ padžėkavoti to thank: The beggar thanked [them] for the overnight lodging and left.

ˣ džėkavotis, -ojasi, -ojosi (sl.) to mock: Don't mock another person's misfortune.

ˣ garbúiti, -ùja, -ùjo (hybrid) to curse, to berate: I don't want to run into him: he berated me just now.

ˣ garòdyti, -ija, -ijo (brus. гарадзіць, rus. городить) to lie, to talk nonsense: He talks nonsense, but doesn't tell the truth.

ˣ prigaròdyti to tell a pack of lies: Taranda tells a lot of lies when he comes.

⁴ Used in two forms: -ó and -ójo.

207

x gaurōnyti, -ija, -ijo (l.gawronić) to lie: Utura speaks beautifully, but lies a lot.

gerksėti, gérksi, -ė (-ėjo) colloq. to speak quickly and unintelligibly (e.g. Yiddish, German) to speak: The Jews just gabble at the market. What the Jew is gabbling—I don't understand.

gyvačiūoti, -iūoja, -iāvo colloq. to call someone a snake: Why is he calling me a snake? | refl.: They cursed and called each other snakes all the way.

x gōnyti, -ija, -ijo (Bel. гоницъ) to criticize, condemn, abuse: Don't criticize him so much here.

x nugōnyti to disparage: A lad disparaged by all the girls.

gozgōti, -ōja, -ō (-ōjo) colloq. to chatter: What are you chattering about, when you know nothing?

gráusti, -džia, -dė colloq. to speak angrily: People in our area speak angrily about him.

grįžyti, -ija, -ijo colloq. to speak insistently, repeating oneself: He's looking for a pretext, going on and on.

prigryžyti to nag insistently: You kept reproaching me about this money. LKŽ.

gvōti, -ja, -ō (-jo) colloq. to chatter, prattle: You chatter and chatter.

imti, ima, ėme colloq. to scold.

périmti colloq. to reprimand: When I meet him, I'll reprimand him once again.

kalbėti, kalba, -ė (-ėjo) to recite (prayers) from memory: In the old days they recited the prayers slowly. Mother would come from the bathhouse and recite prayers for the souls. Kalbý poterius LKŽ.

atkalbėti see ažkalbėti: She heals snakebites by incantation.

ažkalbėti to cure by incantation: If a worm bites someone, they use an incantation.

sukalbėti to recite (prayers) from memory: Having knelt, he recited the prayers.

kalénti, -ēna, -ēno dialectal form to say emphatically; to repeat constantly, to hammer home: Kalenau kalenau, kad šite nedaryt.

įkalénti dialectal form to command emphatically, to hammer into someone’s head: Inkalénau, kad žinot.

prikalénti dialectal form to tell someone emphatically: Prikaléno, kad dabot vaiko. Prikalénsiu, i padaris.

kalti, kala, kãlo dialectal form to keep saying, to persuade: Aš jam kalau kalau, ale neima galvon.

įkalti, įkala, įkālo dialectal form to command emphatically: Iš mažų dienų jam šite inkálta. | reflexive: Inskālo tą žodį galvon.

x kamándavoti, -oja, -o (-ojo) (hybrid) to give orders, to manage: Diedas nieko nedaro, tik kamándavoja.

kiaūlinti, -ina, -ino dialectal form to call someone a pig, to shame: Nereikė kiaūlint žmogus.

iškiaūlinti dialectal form to call someone a pig, to shame: Nor iškiaūlin tu jį ažu tokį blogą darbą.

kláusti, -ia, -ė to address someone with a question: Diedukas sustiko man i kláusia kelio.

sukláusti to inquire: Moma sukláus sūnų i duos žinia.

208

to rave, raves (kliesti), -ė (-ėjo) to speak incoherent, unrelated words after losing consciousness; klėjoti: Kliesti means a person is very ill. Anas serga, kliesti LKŽ.

nuklęsti to talk nonsense: Jau Jurgis nuklędžia uturdamas.

kurti, -ia, kūrė to scold.

pakurti, pākūria, pakūrė colloq. to start scolding, to reprimand while scolding: Pakūrė kunigas bobą ažu liežiuvius.

^x kūsyti, -ija, -ijo (l. kusic) to encourage, persuade: Insistojęs kūsijo, kad eįčia barties.

^x prikūsyti to talk into, incite: Prikūsijo visep i daboją, ką darysiu.

^x kvolýti, -įja, įjo (Slavic) to praise.

^x iškvolýti to praise: Duktė manos paslovyta, tėvo iškvolyta.

lakštúoti, -úoja, -ávo colloq. to speak affectionately: As long as you're needed—she chirps and speaks sweetly.

liepti, -ia, -ė to order, urge: Order them or don't, they still won't listen.

lieti, -ja (lėja), -jo colloq. to lie: You won't understand him; sometimes he tells the truth, sometimes he lies.

sulieti colloq. to tell a lie: He keeps saying it, and then somewhere he lies.

liežuviauti, -iáuna, -iávo colloq. to gossip about, speak ill of: Wherever she goes, she gossips.

^x lōjoti, -oja, -o (-ojo) (Lith. lajač) to abuse, revile: He reviled him with indecent words. | refl.: He went along the whole way reviling people.

^x išlōjoti to abuse, revile: First he spoke nicely, then he reviled him.

lōti, -ja, -jo colloq. to talk pointlessly, chatter, talk a lot: He talks and talks, but nobody listens to him.

^x razlōti (hybrid) to tell a lot, to blab: Whoever knows something, razlōja it.

marmėti, mārma, -ė (-ėjo), colloq. 1. to speak indistinctly, to mumble: He mārma’s to himself under his breath. The beggar left, marmėdamas. 2. colloq. to speak badly, to grumble: Grandmother mārma’s prayers by the stove.

pamarmėti colloq. to say a few words (prayers): The beggar said a few prayers by the door.

mēlstis, prays, prayed to address God or the saints in prayer; to say prayers: Our grandfather used to pray aloud.

pasiemelsti, -džia, prayed to say a prayer: One must pray for the deceased.

melūoti, -úoja, -ávo to knowingly tell an untruth: He lies and hasn’t even packed his bags. I don’t know the truth, and I don’t want to lie.

išsimelūoti to wriggle out by lying: A thief knows how to lie his way out.

primelūoti to tell a pack of lies: She told me a pack of lies, and I believed every word.

sumelūoti to tell an untruth: She lied to him right to his face.

mýkelėti, -ėja, -ė (-ėjo), colloq. to whimper, to whine: Why are you whimpering here? Say it straight out.

pamýkelėti colloq. to whimper a little: He mýkelė[jo] a little, and I didn’t understand.

209

mykti, -ia, -ė v. to speak indistinctly, utter a few words: She doesn’t want to say it, so she mutters.

murmeti, murma, -ė (-ėjo) v. to speak discontentedly, grumble: Don’t say anything and don’t grumble at her. He’s always grumbling.

× narakóti, -ója, -ó (-ójo) (Belarusian наракаць) to reproach, accuse, scold: He reproached me for no reason. Don’t reproach me. LKŽ.

× nasipkróti, -ója, -ó (-ójo) (Polish sprzykrzyć) to find fault with: At home, nobody finds fault with you.

× nasrugóti, -ója, -ó (-ójo) (Belarusian наругацца) to speak in a hostile, oppositional manner: He likes to speak antagonistically. Whatever you say, he always contradicts you.

niūkti, -ia, -ė 1. to speak, converse: The old men have stopped and are talking. People here speak very strangely. LKŽ. Labutienė keeps talking and talking, and you just listen. 2. to be able to communicate: The Jews used to communicate with the Germans.

išniūkti, -ia, išniūkė 1. to speak, converse for a while. | ref.: We won’t finish talking with Monika; it’ll be the end for both of us. He’ll sit with a stranger and sit—he just can’t get a conversation going. LKŽ. 2. to tell everything: He told him everything.

paniūkti, -ia, paniūkė 1. to talk, chat a little: She chatted with me. | ref.: She gave me a chance to talk to her. 2. to tell: Vincutė tells me a lot.

× razniūkti, -ia, ràzniūkė (hybrid) 1. to tell everything: She told what had happened to me. 2. ref. to get talking: Once he gets talking, he doesn’t stop.

susiniūkti, -ia, susiniūkė to communicate, come to an agreement: It is difficult to come to an understanding with my daughter-in-law.

pasakoti, -oja, -o (-ojo) to speak, converse: I didn’t get around to talking with the women.

× pitavoti, -oja, -o (-ojo) (Polish pytawac) to question insistently, interrogate: The teacher questioned all the children.

× išpitavoti to question thoroughly: The police questioned me thoroughly and let me go.

plepėti, plėpa, -ė (-ėjo) v. to talk idly: The women gather and chatter and chatter.

priplepėti, priplepa, -ė (-ėjo) v. to talk nonsense, say too much, babble on: There’s been so much talk and so much said about me everywhere.

plepetóti, -ója, -ó (-ójo) v. to chatter, prattle: Pranas chattered and chattered all day long.

pleŕpti,-ia, -ė dialectal form of to chatter, babble, prattle: He chatters like a woman.

× razpleŕpti,-ia, ràzplerpė (hybrid) dialectal form of to blurt everything out, to talk nonsense: When I asked, the woman blurted everything out.

plėškinti,-ina, -ino dialectal form of to speak bluntly, to say straight to someone’s face.

išplėškinti dialectal form of to speak bluntly, to say straight to someone’s face: The woman said everything she knew straight out to everyone at the meeting.

pliòpti,-ia, -ė dialectal form of to chatter: She walks around and chatters to everyone. LKŽ.

išpliòpti,-ia, išpliopė dialectal form of to chatter away: She blurts everything out and then adds more. She’ll soon tell everyone. LKŽ.

× razsipliòpti,-ia, razsipliopė (hybrid) dialectal form of to let everything slip: The womenfolk let a lot slip.

plioróti,-ója, -ó (-ójo) dialectal form of to chatter: She chatters like a chatterbox.

210

pliūrpti, -ia, -ė expressive. to chatter, babble: He babbled away, full of hot air.

plūšti, -ta, plūdo expressive. to talk nonsense, prattle: The woman prattles.

išplūsti expressive. to curse out, revile: She cursed me out at the top of her voice, LKŽ.

suplūšti expressive. to tell lies: Well, the whole world tells lies.

prasinėti, -ėja, -ė (-ėjo) to ask repeatedly: I kept asking and asking, but you didn’t buy the chain, LKŽ.

prašyti, prašo, prašė to appeal to someone in order to obtain something, or request that someone do something: What, you won’t be a pig—you’ll have to ask yourself, LKŽ. | ref.: Galena is already asking for death (doesn’t want to live anymore), LKŽ.

atprašyti to persuade someone by pleading earnestly not to do something: I begged my son-in-law not to use that urinal again.

ažsiprašyti to invite in advance: Many boys invited themselves in advance; they cut up two little cheeses (d.), LKŽ.

pravardiniuoti, -iuoja, -iavo to give nicknames: In their village street, everyone gives nicknames, LKŽ.

puškoryti, -ija, -ijo expressive. to chatter, babble: He chatters on about things he shouldn’t.

pripuškoryti expressive. to chatter on: He chattered on and on—everyone just listened.

rairūoti, -úoja, -āvo expressive. to chatter, talk nonsense: He chatters and chatters like a hundred-year-old man, LKŽ.

išrairūoti expressive. to say slowly, have a little talk: You’ll wait and wait until he slowly gets a word out, LKŽ.

raizgōti, -ója, -ó (-ójo) expressive. 1. to talk nonsense: He talks nonsense. 2. to speak a foreign language poorly: The Maskaukas speaks Lithuanian in a mangled way.

^xrakūitis, -ùjasi, -ùjosi (cf. Belarusian paxabaça, Polish rokować się) to talk together, argue: I heard that they were arguing, LKŽ.

rėkauti, -auna, -avo to speak loudly, shout, yell: The old man got all worked up and is shouting.

to shout, -ia, -ė 1. to call out (at someone), scold: He shouted at me a lot LKŽ. 2. to groan, lament, complain about something: His chest is groaning from the beginning.

to burst out shouting, -ia, to begin speaking loudly, calling out, shouting: The old man burst out shouting and keeps hollering.

to shout away, -ia, nùrėkė 1. to talk back, drive away: She talked her way out of sports LKŽ. 2. to disparage: Pūkštulis was disparaged.

to speak slowly, -úoja, -āvo, adverbial. to speak slowly, at a leisurely pace: The neighbor speaks slowly like an advocate.

to say slowly adverbial. to say slowly: As long as Petrusia takes to say it slowly, you'll never get an answer.

to speak angrily, -auna, -avo, adverbial. 1. to speak angrily: Jonas may have spoken harshly to me. 2. ref. to quarrel, bicker, argue: The two daughters-in-law came together and started arguing.

to say bluntly, -ia, -ė, adverbial. to speak boldly and directly, blurt out: What I knew, I said straight out.

to say bluntly, adverbial. to say boldly and directly, blurt out: Tell her straight out.

211

quarrel, -jasi (rėjasi), -josi, aspectual. to quarrel, abuse one another: The two of them (husband and wife) quarrel like dogs.

riñkti, reñka, riñko to gossip about: Those people gossiped and talked behind others’ backs.

^xrõdyti, -ija, -ijo (Belarusian радзіць, Polish radzić) to advise: I advised him well, but he didn’t listen.

^xatrõdytito advise someone to come, to send someone: A cattle dealer advised them to come to us.

^xažrõdytito advise what to do: Graudenaus, why did you advise me to go there?

^xirõdyti cf. to appear: Who showed you the way to our place?

^xparõdyti 1.to advise, recommend: Recommend a good tailor to me.

2. reflexive: to consult, talk things over: I always talk things over with my wife.

^xprirõdyti cf. parõdyti 1: Who recommended this cattle dealer to you?

^xsurõdyti 1.to advise: He advised buying a radio (LKŽ). 2. reflexive: to agree, arrange: We agreed to go to Vilnius.

sakinėti, -ėja, -ė (-ėjo) to say repeatedly: I told him several times, but he didn’t listen.

apsakinėtito tell, recount: He told everyone—no one bought it.

išsisakinėtito make excuses: Everyone kept making excuses (LKŽ).

^xrazsakinėti (hybrid form) apsakinėti: He keeps recounting all sorts of things to him.

sakýti, sako, sakė to speak, talk: One thing he says, another he does. He is not a liar; he always tells the truth. They say these things too. He says them too. 2.to pronounce: Latvians pronounce half the word. 3.to order: Tell him a thousand times—he still doesn’t listen.

atsakýti 1.to provide information in response to a question: Neither this one nor that one answered anything. 2.to give a negative answer, refuse, disagree: He didn’t give what was asked for. He flatly refused, though he had promised.

to command to instruct beforehand, to order: He ordered them to come on some day.

^xto tell (hybrid). to say, to indicate: I don’t know who told you that they’re making moonshine.

to order to say, to tell: Who told you that I live here? LKŽ.

to tell 1. to recount, to tell: He’ll go out and tell them that he talks through his backside. | refl.: He told everything about himself. 2. refl. to confess, to let slip: He won’t admit what he had stolen. LKŽ. 3. refl. to quit: One has to quit the job. LKŽ. 4. refl. to deny: He can’t get out of Stasys’s clutches at all; he’s asking to borrow money.

to say 1. to express an opinion, a thought: There, he said: neither crushed nor ground. LKŽ. I didn’t say a single word, and she’s angry with me. 2. to recount: Listen to what I’ll say. If you say anything bad about me, he won’t say a thing. 3. to speak a little, to utter: At our place, if you speak like that now, they’ll laugh you out of it. LKŽ. In the old days, you wouldn’t say a word in front of your parents, but now… LKŽ. My tongue is at the back of my mouth; I can’t even speak. 4. to report: She went and told them. LKŽ. 5. to instruct: Tell him to come right away. LKŽ. 6. to speak unfavorably, criticize, reproach: If you say something displeasing, you’ll raise hell. LKŽ.

to recount to narrate, to tell: It’s hard to tell how badly we lived in the old days. indescribably adv. very: An indescribably beautiful girl.

212

to say many things 1. to talk a lot: How much I said to him! 2. to instruct, to order, to assign something to do: I told my son to come to the gathering.

^xto announce (hybrid) 1. to report, to make public: He has another job; he announced it to us and the people. LKŽ. 2. to recount: His mother told me everything about him.

to say quickly to speak quickly, to say: He said it so strangely—I didn’t understand.

to shame, -s, -ed to embarrass: I kept embarrassing my brother, as if I knew everything.

to gossip, -s, -ed, expressive to gossip about: She goes around the world gossiping.

to gossip about expressive to talk about: They gossiped about the innocent girl.

to gossip maliciously expressive to say (something bad) about someone, to gossip about extensively: They gossiped and talked badly about me.

to speak sharply, -ed, -ed expressive to speak sternly, to blurt out (the truth): He speaks sharply to him.

to snap back expressive to answer sharply, curtly: The daughter snaps back at her mother very sharply. LKŽ.

^xto praise, -s, -ed (Belarusian славіць, Polish sławić) to make famous, to praise: Everyone praises our priest.

^x išlovýti to praise, to make famous: The girl is praised by everyone.

^x paslovýti to make famous, to praise: The person is praised throughout the whole area.

spāndyti, -o, -ė (colloq.) to speak roughly, answer back, let fly: Whatever they think, that’s what they blurt out.

^x spaviedótis, -ójasi, -ó josi (Polish spowiadać) to confess sins: My little sister likes to go to confession often.

^x išsispaviedóti to confess one’s sins in confession: When I had confessed, I felt much better.

speliōti, -iója, -ió (-iójo) to try to guess correctly without knowing: The Jew does not guess the weather; he hung a strap in the gate and watches it: if it drips from the strap, it rains; if the strap cannot be seen, there is fog; if the strap is frosted over, it is very cold; if the strap sways, there is wind.

^x spōrytis, -ijasi, -ijosi (Russian спориться) to argue: He likes to argue with everyone. LKŽ.

^x susispōryti to quarrel: I quarrelled with my neighbor, and he got angry.

^x sprēčytis, -ijasi, -ijosi (Polish sprzeczać się) to argue, to contradict: I don’t want to argue with him anymore.

svēikinti, -ina, -ino to express good wishes or respect in words: Why should he greet him? He’s such a rascal.

šāukti, -ia, -ė 1. to call out so that someone returns, comes, or answers. | refl.: Call yourselves, come and eat! LKŽ. 2. to call (by first name, title, or surname): Now mother doesn’t call me [by name].

apšāukti, -ia, apšaukė to slander, malign, accuse: He slandered me badly in public. LKŽ.

atšāukti, -ia, atāšaukė 1. to call back someone who is leaving or has left: Shout and cry all you like—you cannot call back someone [who has died]. LKŽ. 2. to call someone by a particular name for a period of time: For half my life you called me by a different name.

213

^x to call out to one another, -ia, called out to one another (hybrid) to call repeatedly: You won’t get anything out of him even in trouble.

to call oneself in, -ia, called oneself in to identify oneself by calling, invite oneself: He called himself into the store and paid his respects.

to call down, -ia, called down to speak ill of, gossip about, disparage: However people disparage someone, LKŽ.

to call for, -ia, called for to invite: When the time comes, you won’t be able to call him over.

to call out, -ia, called out to say, announce: They called this place something unusual, where the priest died.

to shoot, shoots, shot, dialectal form to say: He says it straight to your face—he doesn’t care.

to shoot back dialectal form to reply harshly, sharply; retort: He answers you sharply, and you answer him in turn.

to shoot at dialectal form to speak harshly, insultingly; reproach: He insulted him in front of everyone and made him ashamed.

to speak oddly, speaks oddly, -ed (-ed) dialectal form to speak unusually: I don’t like the way he speaks Polish.

to whisper, whispers, -ed (-ed) dialectal form to whisper: He whispered something, and I felt better, LKŽ.

to whisper, -ena, -ed dialectal form to whisper, murmur: He whispers so nobody can hear. It whispers in my ears.

to whisper dialectal form to whisper, murmur: The two whispered in his ear and left the house, LKŽ.

to mutter, -na, -ed (-ed) dialectal form to say something quietly, whisper: She barely muttered half a word as she left.

to whisper, whispers, -ed (-ed) dialectal form to speak quietly and secretly, whisper, murmur: He mutters to himself.

to babble, -ója, -ed (-ed) dialectal form to speak indistinctly, chatter: The drunk babbles incoherently.

to chatter, -ja, -ed (-ed) dialectal form to prattle, talk nonsense; lie: Don’t chatter on and on when you’re chatting! LKŽ. He prattles like a chatterbox.

nušvóti dialectal: to tell a lie: Ana lies about almost anything. LKŽ.

prišvóti dialectal: to tell a string of lies: He came back from the market, so he told a string of lies.

susvóti dialectal: to make up a lie: Women often make things up.

taleskúoti, -úoja, -āvo dialectal to chatter, prattle: He likes to chatter a lot.

ištaleskúoti dialectal to let slip, to blurt out: He could not hold back and blurted out what he knew.

^x talkúiti, -ūja, -ūjo (Russian толковать) to talk, speak, discuss: They sit talking with their daughter. LKŽ.

^x pasitalkúitito have a chat, confer: I am going to the church to have a chat.

susitalkúiti to talk things over, reach an agreement: I can't come to an agreement with him.

tārauti, -auna, -avo to speak slowly, talk, tell: Don't mind him; he speaks so nicely. LKŽ.

ištārauti to tell fully, recount: He recounted everything as it happened. LKŽ.

tarýti, tāro, tāre to express thoughts in words, say, speak.

ištarýti to express in words, say, utter: He struggled to utter a word.

patarýti to say, utter: Only one person says such a word. LKŽ.

214

to agree to agree: The words sutarýta, žiedai sumainyta (d.).

to chat, tãrma, -ė (-ėjo), dialectal to talk, chatter, mutter: The boy keeps chattering and chattering. We’re going to the market and chatting.

to say, tária, tãrė to say, speak: Saying this.

to speak up for, ažūtaria, ažūtare to defend with words, stand up for: The son always speaks up for his mother. Dear brother-in-law, little brother, speak a word for me (d.) LKŽ.

to pronounce, ištaria, ištare 1. to say aloud: He said the word—then it was no good. 2. refl. to say inadvertently, unwillingly: Don’t let a word slip out in front of a stranger.

to utter, prãtaria, prãtarė to say, utter: He didn’t say a word to me for a whole year [she had been so angry].

x to console, -ija, -ijo (sl.) to comfort: There’s no need to console me.

x to placate to soothe with a promise: If you placate them, they won’t be angry.

x to explain, -ija, -ijo (Polish tłumaczyć) to explain.

x to explain to clarify: I explained how to do it.

to speak affectionately, -ėna, -ėno, dialectal to speak sweetly: She chats affectionately with the neighbors, but doesn’t pay any attention to us.

to talk into dialectal to persuade, convince: He talked him into it, whispering in his ear.

to chatter, tvėria, tvėrė, dialectal to prattle, talk nonsense: Whatever he’s babbling, don’t listen.

to babble, -ója, -ó (-ójo), dialectal to talk nonsense, chatter, prattle: He was babbling away, but I didn’t pay attention.

x to gossip, -ėja, -ėjo

x to gossip about to speak ill of: He was gossiping about him.

x ùturti, -a, -o (Belarusian гутарыць) to speak: There is someone who talks, but no one listens LKŽ. I speak my mother's words. The women talk a lot. The voices are talking. They talk loudly. She talks as if dreaming. | refl.: Utur kole ùturas.

apùturti 1. to gossip about: The women gathered and gossiped about the neighbor. 2. to outtalk: No one will outtalk him.

x atùturti to tell: Just don't tell anyone what I said.

x ažùturti to engage in conversation: I’ll engage her in conversation (and interest her by talking).

x daùturti 1. to say everything to the end: Jonas talks but doesn't finish what he has to say. 2. to talk someone into something, persuade: Do daùturo, that he would give something.

x iùturti 1. to persuade: You won't persuade her to do anything. | refl.: She is more afraid to persuade herself. 2. refl. to ingratiate oneself through speech: Whoever knows how to ingratiate himself by talking can also deceive LKŽ.

x išùturti 1. to say out: I told the priest everything. | refl.: The two of them sat down and talked it all out LKŽ. 2. to be able to speak: He got tongue-tied and couldn't say anything LKŽ.

x nuùturti 1. to have a talk: They talked, and that was that. Yesterday we also had a talk about this. 2. to say something foolish, talk nonsense: Levosia doesn't talk nonsense anywhere. 3. refl. to excuse oneself: He keeps making excuses for himself after doing something wrong.

x paùturti 1. to have a talk: After all, women need someone to talk to LKŽ. | refl.: She sat down, talked a little, and went away. They came while talking. 2. to tell, recount: I didn't need to tell it LKŽ.

x péruturti to repeat, retell: You won't be able to repeat it to him; you'll be ashamed. He repeated this little saying LKŽ.

215

x prauturti 1. to speak, to utter: He went by and didn’t say a word. He didn’t say a good word. 2. refl. to blurt out: The old man himself blurted it out. I’m afraid I might let something slip.

x priūt urti to talk a lot, to tell many stories: The women talk endlessly: they deliver the unborn and bury the undying. Mom used to talk endlessly to me LKŽ.

x raziūt urti (<razsiut urti) (hybrid) to recount, tell all about: Whenever she learns something new, she always tells it all. | refl.: We go over it word by word.

x suūt urti 1. to speak briefly: He’ll say three words and you’ll understand what kind of person he is. There’s no one to talk to. 2. to come to an agreement: They agree to go to Vilnius. I’ll pay as much as was agreed LKŽ. | refl.: It had already been agreed. 3. refl. to be able to communicate: The Jews used to be able to communicate with the Germans. 4. to speak up, to begin talking: What if I don’t speak properly?

to scold, -ója, -ó (-ójo) dialectal to berate, reproach: I scolded her for such deeds. 2. to call, nickname: Whoever calls someone else a fool is a fool himself LKŽ K.

to babble, -úoja, -ávo dialectal to speak without quite knowing how: Even my little daughter is beginning to babble LKŽ K.

to call someone a devil, -iúoja, -iávo to call someone a devil: He starts off speaking nicely, then answers while calling names LKŽ K. | refl.: Don’t curse, don’t swear!

to whine, -ia, -ė dialectal to ask persistently and tearfully: The child keeps whining and whining.

to grumble, žurza, -ė (-ėjo) dialectal to whimper, moan, grumble, be dissatisfied: Stop grumbling; your tears don’t reach heaven LKŽ K.

to whine something out of someone dialectal to obtain by whining: By whining, I got myself a dress LKŽ K.

to charm, žada, -ė (-ėjo) to cure by incantation, to cast a spell: Only she knows how to cast spells.

to cast a spell on, ažužada, -ė (-ėjo) to bewitch, to cast a spell: This bread has been bewitched; don’t eat it.

to speak up, -úoja, -ávo dialectal to speak, begin to talk: You don’t need to speak up now LKŽ K. I’m afraid to speak up when among Jews.

to speak harshly, žeria, žėre dialectal to speak roughly, snap: Jozupas says whatever comes to mind.

to speak out, išžeria, išžėrė dialectal to express oneself roughly: I went there, said what was in my heart, and came back.

to blurt out, -ia, -ė (-ėjo) dialectal to begin speaking, to let slip: Don’t you dare speak up; if I do, I’ll get beaten. She used to speak up to her. Mom is afraid to speak up. He died without saying a word.

to blurt, -ed, blurted out to say unintentionally, involuntarily.

to let slip to say unintentionally: Mykolas let it slip just now.

to let something slip to say something unintentionally: He let it slip and fell silent.

LITERATURE AND SOURCES

J u š k a A. 1922: Литовский словарь А. Юшкевича с толкованием слов на русском и польском языках, выпуск третий, Петроград.

L y b e r i s A. 1980: Dictionary of Synonyms, Vilnius.

LKŽ — Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 3—16, Vilnius, 1956—1995; 2nd ed. 1—2, 1968—1969.

216

LKŽ K – Card index of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.

O t r ę b s k i J. 1932: Wschodniolitewskie narzecze twereckie 3, Zapożyczenia słowiańskie, Kraków.

P a u l a u s k a s J. 1987: Systematic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius.

Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. 1966: Lithuanian Dialectology, Vilnius.

217