LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXIX (1998)

Nijolė ČĖPIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius

GERMANISMS IN THE WRITINGS OF MIKALOJUS DAUKŠA

In M. Daukša’s writings translated from Polish, as in other works of religious content from the 16th century, there are few Germanisms. They are most numerous in Jonas Bretkūnas’s “Bible.” Germanisms are especially rare in Daukša’s short “Catechism” (1595). It contains six Germanisms and seven derivatives formed from them: kunigas, vertas, kuoras “choir,” mirra “fragrant resin,” šarvas, skyda¹; kunigystė, kunigiškas, hevertas, vertai, nevertai, nevertybė, išliuosuoti.

M. Daukša’s “Postil” (1599) contains 21 Germanisms and 19 formations—18 derivatives and one compound: penigmainys. In addition to those already listed, the following should be mentioned: penigas (peringas, pinningas, pinigas), budelis, ola, stalda “barn,” šilingas, etc.; see Table 1.

The spelling and forms of some loanwords in Daukša’s writings vary, as do those of native words; for example: kunigáikszts, kunigáigszts, kunigáistis; kunigákzts; pęnigas, pęni-gas, penigas, pęnigas, peningas.

In determining the origin of Germanisms, the question arises whether a word was borrowed directly from German or came through the Slavic languages, chiefly Polish or Belarusian. Opinions on the origins of some loanwords differ; for example, falšus is derived from German by K. Alminauskis, but from Polish by E. Fraenkel; Pr. Skardžius does not include this word in his book “Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen”; lampa, mirra are considered German loanwords by Alminauskis, but Polish ones by Skardžius (in the original mira). The source of a loanword often does not help clarify its origin, since the phonetic and morphological structures of German and Slavic forms coincide wholly or partly, for example: gruntac, cf. German Grunt, Polish grunt; handlius “trade,” cf. German Handel, Polish Handel; jarmarkas “fair, market,” cf. German Jahrmarkt, Polish jarmark; laterna “lantern,” cf. German Laterne, Polish laterna; pancierius “armor,” cf. German Panzer, Polish pancerz; šturmas “storm, gale,” cf. German Sturm, Polish szturm; šniūras “rope,” cf. German Schnur, Polish sznur; tancius “dance,” cf. German Tanz, Polish taniez. These Germanisms in the “Postil” are considered by many researchers to have entered through the Slavic languages. Poland and Germany, of course, had longstanding economic and cultural contacts. German knights traveled to Polish courts from the 11th century onward, and the greatest migration took place during the 13th–17th centuries. Court knights married German women, and Polish noblemen visited German courts. Fashions and customs spread from there,

¹ S. Karaliūnas considers this word Baltic. – Baltistica 30(1), 1995, 29–39.

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...ties. There were also contacts in the field of science. The university founded in Krakow in 1364 exchanged students. During its first thirty years, 12 of its 19 professors were Germans.

However, some Germanisms are not relatively old borrowings in Slavic languages; for example, Polish jarmark, lampa, laterna were used in the 15th century, and handel, szturm, taniec, grunt ‘foundation, basis’ in the 16th century (as in Lithuanian). Some of these borrowings, such as pinigas, kunigas, which entered Lithuanian around the 12th–13th century, according to K. Būga, and were thus known before Daukša, may have come into Lithuanian directly from German. The routes by which they arrived may have varied: Lithuania Minor, the northern part of Lithuania (the Samogitian dialect of the Livonian Germans), and, finally, the German language used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Germans were already present in Lithuania in the 14th century, and they built St. Nicholas Church in Vilnius. Some borrowings may also have entered through books, in translations of texts from German (izopas, mirra).

Some of the borrowings used in M. Daukša’s writings have no Lithuanian equivalents or substitutes. They came along with new realities to denote unfamiliar concepts and name things and persons. All the direct Germanisms in the “Catechism,” except for the derivative išliuossuoti (the standard language has skyda instead of skydas, and kuoras – choras instead) are used in the standard language. The “Postilė,” like other old writings, contains borrowings no longer used today, for example, cieks ‘sign, spot,’ liuosas, stalda.

Comparing the Germanisms in Daukša’s “Postilė” with the borrowings in Mažvydas’s writings and Bretkūnas’s “Postilė” shows that Daukša’s “Postilė” has the most Germanisms, including derivatives (40), followed by Bretkūnas’s “Postilė” (39), while M. Mažvydas’s writings have the fewest (25, five of them surnames). Only 10 of the same words occur in the three works mentioned: kunigas, penigas, mûras, hûkis, izapas (izopas), kaplanas (kaplonas), kunigaikštis, mirra (myrha, mirrhas), skyda, hûkinykas (hukenykas); DP and BP share 19, Mž and BP 13, and DP and Mž only 11. Of the 65 Germanisms found in all of Daukša’s and Mažvydas’s writings and Bretkūnas’s “Postilė” (excluding surnames), only 20 are used in the standard language; moreover, some borrowings take different forms, for example, hercekis is replaced by hercogas.

It has been observed that DP contains many derivatives formed from borrowings, mostly derived words, for example: išliuosuoti, išliuosavimas: liuosuoti; peniguojas ‘rich in money,’ penigėlis: penigas; kunigystė, kunigiškas, kunigaikštis: kunigas; šarvuotas, šarvinukas ‘armored man,’ pašarvinti ‘to arm’: šarvas; vertumas, never- tumas /DK nevertybė/; vertas. In total, Daukša’s “Postilė” contains 19 derivatives formed from Germanisms, Daukša’s “Catechism” 7, Bretkūnas’s “Postilė” 9, and Mažvydas’s writings 7.

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16 a. raštų (Mž, BP, DK, DP) germanizmai

Table 1

Borrowings Derivatives Base words Sources

brantai ‘syphilis’ v.v.ž.brant BP

executioner Pr.v. v.v. ž. budel DP

ciekas ‘sign’ pabugruoti ‘to lend’ v.borgen Mž

Daubmanas ‘such a surname’ Pr.v. žeken DP

farba ‘paint’ v. Daubmann Mž

gasas ‘street, road’ v. Farbe BP

grabė ‘ditch’ Pr.v. gas, gass BP

hereckis (herčiks) ‘duke’ Pr.v.grobė, v.Graben BP

heubtmonas (hotimanas) “superior, commander” hereckystė “duchy” cf. Hertzig Mž, BP

hūkis Low German houbetman Mž, BP

hūkinykas, -ė (hūkenykas) Prussian Huck, Hucke Mž, BP, DP

ūkinykas DP

hūkenystė BP

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Borrowings

Derivatives

Main words

Šaltiniai

Hulrichas „tokia pavardė“

hūkinykavimas

v. Hulrich

DP

ižapas (izopas) „vaistinio juozapo (Hyssopus officinalis) sultys“

kunigė „kunigo žmona; kunigaikštienė“

v. Isop

Mž

juozapo (Hyssopus officinalis) sultys“

kunigystė (kunigysta) „kunigo pareigos, kunigavimas; viešpatystė“

v. Kaplan

Mž, BP, DP

kaplanas (kaplonas) „kunigas“

kunigiškas „dvasininkiškas“

s.s. kelik, v.ž. kelik, s.v.a. kelich

Mž, BP, DP

kylikas „taurė“

kunigauti, būti kunigu; viešpatauti“

s.v.a., v.a.a., v.v.ž. kuning

Mž, BP, DK, DP

kunigas

kunigaikštis „karo vadas ir srities valdovas“

Mž

DK, DP, BP

kuoras (choras)

kunigaikštė „kunigaikštytė“

Pr.v. kor, v.v.a. kor,v.Chor

Mž

kvieys

gout hwaities, s.gem. xweitiz,

DK, DP, Mž

BP, DP

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Skoliniai | Dariniai | Pamatiniai žodžiai | Šaltiniai lampa (liampa) | | isl. hweite | DP, BP liuossa „laisvas“ | | v. Lampe | DP | išsiuosti | v. los | DK, DP | išluosiavimas | | DP Lutheras „tokia pavardė“ | | v. Luther | Mž malkas „gurkšnis; gėrimas“ | | Pr.v. malche „viena karta“ | DP midus | | gotų *midus | BP, DP Mikielės menuo „Mikėles (Mykolo) mėnuo“ | | Pr.v. Michėl | BP mirra (myrrha, mirrhas) „kvapus sakai“ | | v. Myrrhe | BP, Mž, DK, DP mūras | | v.v.ž. mūre, v.v.a. mûre Pr.v. mûr | Mž, BP, DP ola | | v.v.ž. hol | BP,DP Osterbegeras „tokia pavardė“ | | v.Osterberger | BP pantas „dovana“ | | Pr.v.pant | Mž pेंिगas | | v.ž. pennig, penning, s.ž. grem. penning, Pr.v. fenning, pfennig | Mž,BP, DP (peningas, pinigas, pinigas) | | | BP,DP | | pengėlis | DP | | penguojas „piningas“ | DP

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Skoliniai

Dariniai

Pamatiniai žodžiai

Šaltiniai

Perbant „tokia pavardė“

penigmainys

v. Perbant

DP

ratūžė „rotušė“

Pr.v. rūthús

Mž

skıda „skydas“

s.frizu skid, s.v.a. scit

BP

spykerė „javų sandėlis, klėtis“

v.v. ž. spiker, Pr.v. špiker

Mž, DK, DP, BP

stalda „vartas“

danu stald, v.v. ž. stal(l-)

BP

(staldas)

DP

stukis „gaballas, liūtas“

Pr.v. stuk, v.v. ž. stukke

BP

šarvas (Šarvai)

šarvinykas „šarvuotas žmogus“

gotu sarva

DP

šarvuotas

BP, DK, DP

BP, DP

šarvuotas

DP

pasārvinti „apginkluoti“

DP

šilingas

v. Schilling

DP

Šiparus „irkluotojas, laivininkas“

Pr.v. Schipper

BP

šūrčės „prijuostė“

v. Schürze

BP

vertas

v. wert

BP, DK, DP

nevertas

BP, DK, DP

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Školiniai

Dariniai

Pamatiniai žodžiai

Šaltiniai

Weinreichas „tokia pavardė“

vertai

v. Weinreich

DK, DP

žėgplis „purė“

neverta(i)

v. Segel

DK, DP

vertumas

DP

nevertumas

DP

nevertėbė

DK

vertingas

BP

vertingai

BP

Mž

BP

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ABBREVIATIONS

isl. – Icelandic. Pr.v. – Prussian German. s. s. – Old Saxon. s. v. a. – Old High German. š. germ. – North Germanic. v. – German. v. v. a. – Middle High German. v. v. ž. – Middle Low German. v. ž. – Low German.

The other abbreviations are the same as those in the Great Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.

LITERATŪRA

Alminauskis K. Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen, Teil 1, Kaunas, /1934/.

Brückner A. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1974.

Būga K. Rinktiniai raštai, V: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1958–1959. T. 1–2.

Fraenkel E. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 1–2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 1955–1965.

Karaliūnas S. Dėl baltų kalbų šaukšto ir skydo pavadinimų kilmės – Baltistica 30(1), 1995, 29–39.

Karszniewicz-Masur A. Zapożyczenia leksykalne ze źródła niemieckiego w współczesnej polszczyźnie, Wrocław, 1986.

Skardžius Pr. Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen, Kaunas, 1931.

DIE GERMANISMEN IN SCHRIFTEN DES MIKALOJUS DAUKŠA

Zusammenfassung

Die Übersetzungen von M. Daukša, wie überhaupt die litauischen Religionsschriften des 16. Jhs., enthalten nicht viel Germanismen. Im „Katekizmas“ (1595) sind sechs Germanismen und sieben von ihnen gebildete Ableitungen, in „Postilė“ – einundzwanzig Germanismen, achtzehn Ableitungen und eine hybride Zusammensetzung. Bei der Bestimmung des Ursprungs der Germanismen entsteht eine Frage – das Wort ist gerade aus dem Deutschen oder durch die Vermittlung der slawischen Sprachen ins Litauische gelangt. Manche deutsche Lehnwörter konnten ohne Vermittlung der slawischen Sprachen ins Litauische gelangen, z. B.: šturmas (Sturm), gruntās (Grant), tancius (Tanz). Aus 65 in den Schriften von Daukša, Mažvydas und Bretkūnas „Postilė“ vorliegenden Germanismen werden nur 20 in der litauischen Gegenwartssprache gebraucht. Die Übersetzungen des M. Daukša unterscheiden sich von den Schriften der anderen oben genannten Autoren des 16. Jhs. durch die Mehrheit der aus den Lehnwörtern gebildeten Ableitungen.

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