ACTA
LINGUISTICA
LITHUANICA
L
(2004),
25
-
33
Ex e nal
Possession
in
Li huanian
JURGITA
KEREVICIENE
Vilnius
Uni e si y
Kaunas
Facul y
o
Humani ies
In
his
a icle,
a
i s
a emp
is
made
o
cha ac e ise
he
Li huanian
cons uc ions
wi h
ex e nal
possesso s
(al e na ing
wi h
adnominal
geni i es)
aking
in o
accoun
he
esul s
o
ecen
ypologi-
cal
esea ch
in o
ex e nal
possession.
Only
p elimina y
obse a ions
a e
made,
bu
i
is
al eady
possible
o
s a e
ha ,
in
a
Eu opean
con ex ,
he
Li huanian
cons uc ions
wi h
ex e nal
possesso s
belong
o
he
p o o ypical
a ea,
in
which
hese
cons uc ions
a e
subjec
o
a
numbe
o
cons ain s
mainly
wi h
ega d
o
animacy
and
deg ee
o
a ec edness.
In
his espec ,
Li huanian
di e s
ma k-
edly
om
i s
sis e
language
La ian.
The e
is
hus
no
common
Bal ic
ype
o
ex e nal
possession.
1.
INTRODUCTION
In
he
G aeco-La in
g amma ical
adi ion,
he
e m
da i e
(DAT)
e e s
o
a
pa -
icula
(su ace)
case
o
he
noun,
i s
de e mine s
o
subs i u es.
In
Li huanian
g am-
ma ,
he
da i e
is
de ined
as
a
case
exp essing
an
objec
(anima e
o
inanima e)
ha
may
be
a ec ed
posi i ely
o
nega i ely
by
a
ce ain
ac ion
o
e en ,
i.
e.,
he
ac ion
is
pe o med
o
he
bene i
o
o
he
p ejudice
o
he
objec
(Amb azas,
ed.,
1997:
513).
Recen
linguis ic
wo k
shows
ha
he
da i e
case
may
appea
in
a he
a ied
cons uc ions
whe e
i
akes
on
appa en ly
qui e
di e en
alues.
T adi ionally
se e al
seman ically
dis inc
ypes
o
da i es
a e
singled
ou .
They
a e
e e ed
o
in
he
li e a u e
as
da i us
commodi
o
incommodi,
da i us
inalis,
da i us
possessi us,
da i us
sympa he icus,
da i us
e hicus,
e c.
(Van
Hoecke
1996:
3-
6).
They
ha e
hei
dis inc i e
seman ic
p ope ies,
bu
may
di e
also
wi h
ega d
o
syn ac ic
beha iou .
When
he
da i e
akes
on
a
possessi e
aspec ,
i
is
e e ed
o
as
da i us
possessi us.
I s
basic
meaning
is
hen
‘ o
be
a
he
disposal
o ’
o
‘ o
ha e
some hing
a
one’s
disposal’,
‘ o
possess’
(Van
Hoecke
1996:
13).
Syn ac ically,
he
possessi e
da i e
is
o en
iden i ied
as
he
case
associa ed
wi h
ex e nal
possession
(EP),
i.e.
he
mechanism
by
which
a
possesso
ypically
encoded
as
an
adnominal
possessi e
modi ie
akes
on
he
appea ance
o
a
clause-le el
cons i uen .
Unlike
he
e hical
da i e,
o
ins ance,
he
possessi e
da i e
cha ac e izes
noun
ph ases
ha
mani es
all
he
p ope ies
o
genuine
clause-le el
cons i uen s,
and
unlike
he
da i us
(in)commodi,
i
does
no
combine
wi h
noun
ph ases
con aining
adnominal
possess-
o s,
unless
hese
a e
co- e e en
wi h
he
da i e
ph ase
(Podlesskaya
&
Rakhilina
1999:
506;
K6nig
2001:
971).
The
possessi e
da i e
has
been
iden i ied
and
discussed
in
Li huanian
schola ship
as
well.
Bo h
Sukys
(1998)
and
Paulauskiené
(1989)
dis-
cuss ins ances
o
da i es
al e na ing
wi h
he
geni i e
and
cha ac e ized
by
he
mean-
ing
o
possession.
In
his
a icle,
an
a emp
is
made
o
cha ac e ize
he
Li huanian
26
|
JURGITA
KEREVICIENE
possessi e
da i e
in
e ms
o
he
basic
no ions
and
ypological
classi ica ions
ha
ha e
been
in oduced
in
he
li e a u e
o
he
las
decade.
2.
THE
POSSESSIVE
DATIVE
2.1.
Concep
In
ecen
linguis ic
li e a u e,
cons uc ions
wi h
an
ex e nal
possessi e
da i e
a e
de ined
as
“[...]
cons uc ions
in
which
a
seman ic
possesso -possessum
ela ion
is
exp essed
by
coding
he
possesso
as
a
co e
g amma ical
ela ion
o
he
e b
and
in
a
cons i uen
sepa a e
om
ha
which
con ains
he
possessum.
Despi e
being
coded
as
a
co e
a gumen ,
he
possesso
ph ase
is
no
licensed
by
he
a gumen
ame
o
he
e b
oo
i sel .”
(Payne
&
Ba shi
1999:
3)
The
ex e nal
possessi e
da i e
in
he
sense
mean
he e
was
i s
iden i ied
and
de-
sc ibed
by
Ha e s
(1911).
The
e m
he
p oposed
was
da i us
sympa he icus,
which
e lec s
he
iew
o
his
da i e
as
a
case
by
means
o
which
i
is
possible
o
exp ess
a
sympa he ic
a i ude
owa ds
he
pe son
unde going
he
ac ion
desc ibed
by
he
e b.
Acco ding
o
Ha e s,
he
da i us
sympa he icus
al e na es
wi h
he
mo e
“objec i e”
geni i e,
which
me ely
s a es
he
exis ence
o
a
possessi e
ela ionship.
In
mo e
ecen
linguis ic
li e a u e,
his
use
o
he
da i e
is
usually
e e ed
o
as
ex e nal
possession
(EP).
In
ecen
yea s,
i
has
been
he
objec
o
ex ensi e
ypologi-
cal
esea ch.
In
hei
in oduc ion
o
a
collec ion
o
s udies
on
his
subjec ,
Payne
and
Ba shi
s a e
ha
ex e nal
possession
is
a
cha ac e is ic
ea u e
o
many
languages
no
only
in
he
Indo-Eu opean
amily,
bu
also
in
many
so-called
exo ic
languages
including
Sou heas
Asian,
Sou h
Ame ican,
No h
and
Meso-Ame ica,
Aus alian,
A ican,
he
Paci ic,
Semi ic
and
Caucasian
languages
(Payne
&
Ba shi
1999:
3).
The
Bal ic
languages,
no ably
Li huanian,
should
no
be
an
excep ion.
Li huanian
is,
o
cou se,
among
he
Indo-Eu opean
languages
men ioned
by
Ha e s,
bu
he
ma-
e ial
he
had
a
his
disposal
was
es ic ed.
F aenkel,
he
au ho
o
he
i s
mono-
g aph
on
he
syn ax
o
he
Li huanian
cases,
men ions
he
da i us
sympa he icus
as
a
sepa a e
ype
( ollowing
Ha e s
in
his
epec ).
He
no es,
howe e ,
ha
he
Bal ic
languages
o en
gi e
p e e ence
o
he
adnominal
geni i e
whe e
o he
Indo-Eu o-
pean
languages
(no ably
Sla ic
and
Ge manic)
would
ha e
a
da i e
(F aenkel
1928:
57-60).
Howe e ,
as
Hol oe
(2001:
202)
poin s
ou ,
F aenkel
based
his
conclusions
mainly
on
Old
Li huanian
w i ings
and
did
no
ake
he
La ian
ac s
in o
accoun .
2.2.
Basic
ypes
Despi e
a
ce ain
undamen al
uni y,
di e en
languages
ha e
a ious
pa e ns
o
possessi e
da i e
ma king.
The e
mus
be
wo
main
cons i uen s,
iz.
a
possesso
and
a
possessum.
Haspelma h
(1999:
110)
names
ou
p o o ypical
pa e ns
o
ex e nal
possession
in
Eu opean
languages:
EXTERNAL
POSSESSION
IN
LITHUANIAN
|
27
Possesso
Possessum
a.
SUBJ
V
Da
Oss
b.
SuBJ
V
Da
Oss
PP
c.
SUBJ
V
Da
PP
d. V
DaT
SUBJ
Haspelma h
(1999:
110)
cha ac e izes he
da i e
o
ex e nal
possesso
as
a
clause-
le el
da i e-ma ked
NP
a gumen ,
while
he
possessum
is
a
di ec
objec ,
a
loca i e
a gumen
ma ked
by
a
p eposi ional
ph ase,
o
an
unaccusa i e
subjec .
These
ac s
sugges
ha
Eu opean
languages
equi e
a
da i e
o
a
da i e-like
p eposi ional
ph ase
o
he
possesso ,
whe eas
he
possessum
may
a y
depending
on
he
indi idual
lan-
guage.
A
b oade
ypological
pe spec i e
is
aken
by
Payne
and
Ba shi,
whose
a -
emp s
a
o mula ing
a
language-independen
gene aliza ion
a e
necessa ily
less
spe-
ci ic
as o
he
o mal
p ope ies
o
he
cons uc ion:
They
s a e
ha
in
he
possessi e
cons uc ion he
possesso
(PR)
may
be
exp essed
as
“subjec , di ec
objec ,
indi ec
objec
o
da i e,
o
as
e ga i e
o
absolu e
depending
on
he
language
ype.
Tha
is
he
PR
may
be
exp essed
like
a
di ec ,
go e ned,
a gumen
o
one
o
he
h ee
uni e sally
a es ed
basic
p edica e
ypes
(in ansi i e,
ansi i e,
o
di ansi i e).
In
some
languages
he
PR
can
also
be
exp essed
by
a
p onoun
o
p onominal
a ix
in e nal
o
he
NP
con aining
he
possessum;
bu
he
Geni i e-NP-in e nal
coding
canno
be
he
only
exp ession
o
he
PR.
Fu he mo e,
he
possesso -possessum
ela ionship
canno
eside
in
a
possessi e
lexical
p edica e
such
as
ha e,
own
o
be
loca ed
a
and
he
lexical
e b
oo
does
no
in
any
o he
way
ha e
a
PR
wi hin
i s
co e
a gumen
ame.”
(Payne
&
Ba shi
1999:
3)
Fo
he
pu pose
o
his
a icle,
Haspelma h’s
de ini ion
is
o a
su icien
deg ee
o
gene ali y.
We
will
now
a emp
o
o mula e
he
p o o ypical
p ope ies
o
he
da-
i e
o
possession.
2.3
P o o ypical
ea u es
Two
main
ypes
o
possesso s
a e
dis inguished
in
he
Eu opean
languages:
he
ADNOMINAL
O
INTERNAL
POSSESSOR
and
he
EXTERNAL
POSSESSOR.
Gene ally
speaking,
he
main
dis inc ion
be ween
hem
is
ha
in e nal
possesso s
usually
exp ess
bo h
alienable
possession
(as
in
Onos
masina
‘Ann’s
ca ’)
and
inalienable
possession
(as
in
Onos
anka
‘Ann’s
hand’),
whe eas
an
ex e nal
possesso
is
p o o ypically
he
pos-
sesso
“o
he
ele an
body
pa
exp essed
by
a
sepa a e
clause-le el
cons i uen
in
he
da i e
case
ha
is
no
a
pa
o
he
same
ph ase
as
he
possessum”
(K6nig
2001:
970).
(1)
Ge man
Mi
zi e n
die
Hande.
Li h.
Man
d eba
ankos.
me:DAT
a e
shaking
he
hands:NoM.
‘My
hands
a e
shaking.’
28
|
JURGITA
KEREVICIENE
(2)
Ge man
Ich
habe
es
ihm
ins
Gesich
gesag .
Li h.
AS
ai
jam
i
akis
pasakiau.
I
i
him.paT
in o-
ace
—
said
‘T
said
i
in o
his
ace.’
F om
he
syn ac ic
poin
o
iew,
he
possessum
is
usually
a
di ec
objec
while
he
possesso
can
be
a
di ec /indi ec
objec .
Howe e ,
a
g ea
a ie y
o
cons uc ions
occu s
in
di e en
languages.
Fo
ins ance,
in
Swedish
he
possesso
(PR)
may
be
a
ype
o
loca i e,
in
o he
languages
i
can
be
an
inco po a ed
noun,
o
i
can
be
ex-
p essed
as
an
objec
(Payne
&
Ba shi
1999:
6-8).
The
p o o o ypical
ex e nal
possession
cons uc ion
mus
mee
he
STRICT
AFFECT-
EDNESS
CONDITION,
i.e.
ex e nal
possesso s
a e
only
possible
i
he
possesso
is
hough
o
as
being
men ally
a ec ed
by
he
si ua ion
desc ibed.
Since
he
a ec edness
condi-
ion
is
no
equally
s ong
in
di e en
languages,
Haspelma h
(1999:
113)
ad ances
ou
implica ional
hie a chies
e lec ing
he
di e en
ea u es
wi h
e e ence
o
wi h
he
“s eng h
o
he
a ec edness”
may
be
o mula ed:
a.
he
ANIMACY
HIERARCHY,
(whe e
EP
cons uc ions
a e
a ou ed
i
he
possesso
is
a)
1%/
2"!
p,
p onoun
=>
3"
p.
p onoun
=>
p ope
name
=
o he
anima e
=>
inanima e.
b.
he
SITUATION
HIERARCHY,
(whe e
EP
cons uc ions
a e
a ou ed
i
he
p edica e
is)
pa ien -a ec ing
>
dynamic
non-a ec ing
>
s a i e.
c.
he
INALIENABILITY
HIERARCHY,
(whe e
EP
cons uc ions
a e
a ou ed
i
he
possessum
is
a)
body
pa
=>
ga men
=
o he
con ex ually
unique
i em.
d.
he
SYNTACTIC
RELATIONS
HIERARCHY,
(whe e
EP
cons uc ions
a e
a o ed
i
he
syn ac-
ic
ela ion
o
he
possessum
is)
PP
=
di ec
objec
=
unaccusa i e
subjec
=>
une ga i e
subjec
=
ansi i e
subjec .
He e
he
s a emen
“EP
cons uc ions
a e
a ou ed”
means
ha
i
an
EP
cons uc-
ion
is
possible
o
a
posi ion
a
any
poin
o
he
hie a chy,
hen
ha
EP
cons uc ion
is
also
possible
wi h
all
highe
hie a chical
posi ions.
Wi h
ega d
o
all
hese
hie a chies,
Eu opean
languages
impose
ai ly
s ic
e-
qui emen s
on
hei
EP
cons uc ions.
Fo
example,
wi h
ega d
o
he
Animacy
Hi-
e a chy,
many
languages
seem
o
es ic
hei
EP
cons uc ions
o
anima e
possess-
o s.
Wi h
ega d
o
he
Si ua ional
Hie a chy,
usually
only
e bs
deno ing
an
e en
may
occu
in
his
cons uc ion.
Wi h
ega d
o
he
Inalienabili y
Hie a chy,
he
da-
i e
EP
cons uc ions
a e
some imes
es ic ed
o
si ua ions
in
which
he
possessum
is
a
body-pa
e m
and
hen
he
possesso
is
maximally
a ec ed.
Wi h
ega d
o
he
Syn ac ic
Rela ions
Hie a chy,
he
possessum
is
gene ally
a
p eposi ional
ph ase,
a
di ec
objec
o
an
unaccusa i e
subjec
(Haspelma h
1999:
112-115).
Taking
in o
conside a ion
he
p oposed
sys em
o
EP
hie a chies,
i
is
possible
o
compa e
he
syn ac ic
and
seman ic
peculia i ies
o
EP
cons uc ions
in
he
indi idual
Eu opean
languages.
In
his
way,
i
should
also
be
possible
o
make
a
ew
p elimina y
s a emen s
conce ning
he
posi ion
o
he
Li huanian
ex e nal
possessi e
da i e
on
all
ou
ele an
clines.
EXTERNAL
POSSESSION
IN
LITHUANIAN
|
29
3.
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
EXTERNAL
POSSESSORS
IN
LITHUANIAN
3.1.
Syn ac ic
p ope ies
The
abo e-men ioned
desc ip ions
o
he
p o o ypical
possesso
in
cons uc ions
wi h
ex e nal
possession
(Haspelma h,
Payne
and
Ba shi)
seem
o
i
he
Li huanian
cons uc ions
pe ec ly.
I
is
easy
o
no ice
ha
he
Li huanian
possesso
is
always
a
kind o
indi ec
objec
whe eas
he
possessum
is
a
subjec ,
a di ec
objec
o
an
ob-
lique
ph ase,
c .:
(3)
Vincukui
kiinas
iS
ka o
suSalo
j
agq.
Vincukas:DAT
body
a once
oze
o
he
bone
‘A
once
Vincukas’s
body
oze
o
he
bone.’
(4)
No éjau
pap asy i
S a kui
alkiine
uzlopy i.
I
wan ed
o
ask jacke :pAT
elbow:Acc_
mend
‘I
wan ed
o
ask
you
o
mend
he
elbow
o
my
jacke .’
(5)
Bi e
igélé
Zmogui
j
ankq.
bee
s ung
pe son:DAT
in o
hand
‘The
bee
s ung
a
pe son
in
his
hand.’
1
When
he
e b
is
ansi i e,
he
ollowing
possibili ies
exis :
he
possessum
is
ei-
he
indica ed
by
he
di ec
objec
(6,
7)
o
by
a
p eposi ional
ph ase
(8,
9):
(6)
Ji
sulauzé
jam
kai e
ankq.
she
b oke
he:DAT
le
a m.
‘She
b oke
his
le
hand.’
(7)
Okulis as
p i aike
mociu ei
akinius.
oculis
adjus
g andmo he :DAT
glasses.
‘An
oculis
adjus ed
g andmo he ’s
glasses.’
(8)
Jis
susnibidéjo
jai
kazkq
j
ausj.
he
whispe ed
he :DAT
some hing
in o
ea
“He
whispe ed
some hing
in o
he
ea .’
(9)
Jis
s iedé
pagal e
aikui
i
eidq.
he
h ew
pillow:acc
child:paT
in o
ace
‘He
h ow
a
pillow
in o
he
child’s
ace.’
A
small
numbe
o
e bs
show
a
cons uc ion
depa ing
om
he p o o ypical
pa -
e n
as
o mula ed
abo e.
I is
also
obse ed
in
Ge man.
These
a e
cases
whe e
he
possesso
may
appa en ly
be
exp essed
no
only
by
he
da i e,
bu
also
by
he
accusa-
i e.
The
al e na ion
can
be
illus a ed
wi h
he ollowing
examples:
(10)
a.
Ge man
E
kiiss e
sie
au
die
Wange.
b.
Ge man
E
kiiss e
ih
au
die
Wange.

30
|
JURGITA
KEREVICIENE
(11)
a.
Li h.
Jis
pabucia o—_jq
i
sk uos q.
he
kissed
he :Acc
oncheek
b.
Li h.
Jis
pabucia o
jai
i
sk uos q.
he
kissed
he :paT
—
on
cheek.
‘He
kissed
he
on
he
cheek.’
The
di e ence
seems
o
be
ha
he
accusa i e
wi h
‘ o
kiss’
implies
a
pa ien
who
is
awa e
o
and
a ec ed
by
he
p ocess.
Wi h
he
da i e
case,
he
p ocess
c ucially
a -
ec s
a
body
pa
( he
objec
NP),
and
he
s uc u e
is
essen ially
pa -cen e ed.
Wi h
he
accusa i e
case,
on
he
o he
hand,
he
s uc u e
is
whole-cen e ed,
i.
e.
he
pos-
sesso
( he
objec
NP)
is
p ima ily
a ec ed,
whe eas
he
pa
is
indica ed
in
an
ob-
lique
(loca i e)
case
(Lami oy
&
Delbecque
1998:
40).
In
his
case,
when
he
pos-
sesso
is
exp essed
by
he
accusa i e,
he
pa
o
body
o
he
possessum
may
be
omi ed,
by
con as ,
i
he
possesso
is
exp essed
by
he
da i e,
he
possessum
is
obliga o y
and
he
sen ence
would
be
ung amma ical
wi hou
i
in
Li huanian,
c :
(12)
Jis
pabucia o
—jq
i
sk uos q.
he
kissed
he :ACC
on
cheek
‘He
kissed
he
on
he
cheek.’
(13)
Jis
pabucia o—jq.
he
kissed
he :Acc
‘He
kissed
he .’
(14)
Jis
pabucia o
jai
i
sk uos q.
he
kissed
he :DAT
on
cheek
‘He
kissed
he
on
he
cheek.’
(15)
*Jis
pabucia o
jai.
he
kissed
he :DAT
‘He
kissed
he .’
Wha
is
peculia
abou
s uc u es
like
(10b,
11b)
is
ha ,
unlike
mos
cons uc ions
wi h
an
ex e nal
da i e
possesso ,
hey
ha e
no
exac
coun e pa s
wi h
an
in e nal
geni i e
possesso .
I
an
in e nal
possesso
is
used,
he
possessum
will
no mally
ap-
pea
as
a
di ec
objec
a he
han
as
an
oblique
ph ase:
(16)
E
kiiss e
ih e
Wange.
(17)
*E
kiiss e
au
ih e
Wange.
(18)
Jis
pabucia o
—
jos
anka.
he
kissed
he
hand:acc
(19)
*Jis
pabucia o
j
jos
anka.
he
kissed
on
he
hand
Cons uc ions
like
(14)
a e
a es ed
only
in
a
limi ed
numbe
o
languages.
Usually
oblique
(loca i e)
ma king
o
he
possessum
goes
oge he
wi h
DO
ma king
o
he
possesso
(bu
hen
he
cons uc ion
has
no
ex e nal
possesso
in
he
sense
o
a
da-
i e
al e na ing
wi h
an
adnominal
geni i e);
he
cons uc ion
wi h
an
ex e nal
da i e
possesso
equi es
he
possessum
o
be
in
DO
posi ion,
c .
he
ollowing
examples
om
Russian:
EXTERNAL
POSSESSION
IN
LITHUANIAN
|
31
(20)
On
pocelo al
ee
uku.
he
kissed
he :Acc
on
hand
(21)
On
pocelo al
eg
uku.
he
kissed
he :DAT
hand:Acc
‘He
kissed
he
hand.’
In
his
case,
he e
is
a
simila
seman ic
dis inc ion
as
o mula ed
o
(12), (14),
iz.
(20)
is
whole-cen e ed
whe eas
(21)
is
pa -cen e ed.
Inasmuch
as
he
kind
o
ocus-
sing
mean
he e
is
associa ed
wi h
DO
ma king,
we
could
e e
o
he
oblique
ma k-
ing
o
he
possessum
in
(20)
and
o
he
da i e
ma king
o
he
possesso
in
(21) as
de ocusing.
This
would
mean
ha
he
Ge man
and
Bal ic
cons uc ions
discussed
he e
combine
a
‘possesso -de ocusing’
wi h
a
‘possessum-de ocusing’
ype
o
ma k-
ing.
The
edundancy
o
his
ma king
would
accoun
o
i s
ela i e
a i y.
Thus,
on
he
whole,
despi e
he
de ian
cases
discussed
abo e,
Li huanian
has
p o-
o ypical
cons uc ions
wi h
ex e nal
possessi e
da i es.
As
o
he
pe iphe al
ypes,
KG6nig
igh ly
poin s
ou
ha
“addi ional
pa e ns
seem
o
be
a
consequence
o
he
speci ic
meaning
( he
a ec edness
o
he
possesso
by
some hing
happening
o
he
possessum)
ypically
associa ed
wi h
seman ic
ole”
(K6nig
2001:
975);
p agma ic
ac o s
may
also
be
in ol ed.
2.5
Seman ic
p ope ies
Seman ic
p ope ies
should
be
in es iga ed
wi h
ega d
o
all
h ee
componen s
o
cons uc ions
wi h
EP:
he
possesso ,
he
possessum
and
he
lexical
p edica e.
Wi h
espec
o
he
possesso ,
animacy
is
one
o
he
cons ain s
mos
equen ly
men ioned.
In
he
Li huanian
li e a u e
as
well,
i
has
been
poin ed
ou (Sukys
1998:
157)
ha
anima e
possesso s
a e
equi ed
in
o de
o
make
cons uc ions
wi h
ex e -
nal
possession
accep able.
This
can
be
unde s ood
in
wo
ways:
he
da i e
is
no
used
in
he
case
o
nouns
g amma ically
ma ked
as
inanima e
(20),
bu
e en
in
he
case
o
nouns
ma ked
as
anima e
he
da i e
will
no
be used
i
e e ence
is
made
o
a
dead
pe son
(23a,
b):
(22)
No éjau
su as i
puodelio
(*puodeliui)
léks u e.
Iwan ed
ind
cup:GEN
(*cup:DAT)
sauce :ACC
‘I
wan ed
o
ind
he
sauce
belonging
o
his
cup.’
(23)
a.
Pabuciuok
senelei
(*senelés)
ankq.
kiss:IMPER
g andmo he :pa
(*g andmo he :GEN)
hand:acc
‘Kiss
g andmo he ’s
hand.’
b.
Vaikai
bucia o
__mi usios
senelés
(*senelei)
Child en
kissed
dead
g andmo he
GEN.
(g andmo he :DAT)
ik
ankq.
only
hand:acc
‘The
child en
kissed
only
hei
dead
g andmo he ’s
hand.’
(a
a
une al)
32.
|
JURGITA
KEREVICIENE
P o o ypical
ex e nal
possesso s,
acco ding
o
Kénig
(2001),
a e
mos
ypically
anima e,
human
and
e en
speech-ac
pa icipan s.
Fo
Li huanian
as
well
as
o
he
o he
Eu opean
languages
in es iga ed,
he
animacy
cons ain
may
be
o mula ed
in
e ms
o
he
well-known
animacy
hie a chy:
THE
ANIMACY
HIERARCHY:
Is /2nd
pe son
p onoun
=>
3 d
pe son
p onoun
=>
p ope
name
=
o he
anima e
=>
inanima e
nouns.
I
an
ex e nal
possesso
cons uc ion
is
possible
o
a
ype
o
possesso
low
on
he
hie a chy,
i
is
also
possible
o
any
possesso
highe
on
he
scale
(Haspelma h
1999:
113).
In
Li huanian,
all
hese
ypes
a e
possible,
bu
he
las
one
is
a he
a e
and
usu-
ally
associa ed
wi h
me hapho ical
use,
c .
(24),
(25):
(22)
Vaikai
sulauze
Onai
akinius.
child en
b oke
Ann:bDaT.
glasses:ACC
‘The
child en
b oke
Ann’s
glasses.’
(23)
Jis
nuki o
medziui
Saka.
he
cu
ee:DAT
b anch:ACc
‘He
cu
he
b anch
o
he
ee.’
The
seman ic
cha ac e is ics
o
he
possessum
depend
on
ce ain
uni e sal
seman-
ic
hie a chies.
The
mos
common
hie a chy
is
inalienable
=
alienable;
Payne
and
Ba shi
p opose
he
ollowing
expanded
e sion
o
Haspelma h’s
hie a chy:
THE
INALIENABILITY
HIERARCHY:
body
pa
=>
pa -whole
=>
o he
inalienable
=
alienable
+
p oxima e
=
ga men
=
alienable
+
dis al
=>
non-possessable
=
o he
con ex ually
unique
i em
(Payne
&
Ba shi
1999:
14).
Wi h
ega d
o
he ypes
o
e bs
occu ing
wi h
ex e nal
possesso s,
we
can
single
ou a
ew
cha ac e is ic
ypes,
gene ally
ma ching
hose
singled
ou
by
Lami oy
and
Delbecque
(1998:
43-44):
+
dynamic
e bs,
i.e.
e bs
exp essing
physical
ac ions
such
as
suduo i
(hi ),
pe pleés i
( ea ),
sudauzy i
/
sulauzy i
(b eak),
s ies i
( h ow),
+
causa i e
e bs,
i.e.
exp essing
ac i i ies
which
cause
he
objec
o
unde go
a
ce ain
change,
e.g.
nupjau i
/
nuki s i
(cu
o ),
nuskin i,
nugnyb i
(pick
o ,
nip
o ),
ampu uo i
(ampu a e);
+
mo ion
e bs,
i.e.
hose exp essing
a
change
in
posi ion,
e.g.
pakel i
( aise),
nuleis i
(lowe ),
pasuk i
( u n);
+
inchoa i e
e bs,
i.e.
hose
exp essing
an
ac i i y
ha
has
a
ce ain
poin
which
coincides
wi h
he
beginning
o
a
new
s a e,
e.g.
sus o é i
(ge
a ),
(ix) aus i
( edden);
+
s a i e
e bs
exp essing
s a i es
o
su e ing,
e.g.
skaudeé i
(ache,
hu ).
3.
CONCLUSION
Two
aspec s
o
he
da i e
o
ex e nal
possession
a e
examined
in
his
a icle.
Fi s ,
a
gene al
concep
is
o mula ed,
and
he
main
di e ence
wi h
ega d
o
o he
uses o
EXTERNAL
POSSESSION
IN
LITHUANIAN
|
33
he
da i e
a e
b ie ly
discussed.
Nex ,
he
heo e ical
insigh s
gained
in
he
i s
pa
o
he
a icle
a e
applied
o
he
Li huanian
ma e ial.
E en
on
he
basis
o
he
p elimina y
obse a ions made
in
his
a icle,
i
becomes
clea
ha
i
is
necessa y
o
e ise
Haspelma h’s
(1999)
s a emen
acco ding
o
which
he
Bal ic
languages,
oge he
wi h Eas
Sla ic,
Bal o-Finnic
and
Hunga ian,
belong
o
he
pe iphe y
o
he
p o o ypical
a ea
o
he
da i e
ex e nal
possesso
in
Eu opean
languages.
Haspelma h’s
ma e ial
seems
o
comp ise
only
La ian,
which
di e s
c u-
cially
om
Li huanian
in
his
espec .
Ac ually,
he
Li huanian
da i e
o
ex e nal
possession
co esponds
a he
accu a ely
o
he
Eu opean
p o o ype.
This
a icle
is
bu
a
i s
a emp
o
analyze
he
Li huanian
cons uc ions
wi h
ex-
e nal
possession.
Fu he
esea ch
is
necessa y
in
o de
o
o mula e,
in
a
mo e
p e-
cise
way,
he
cons ain s
wi h
ega d
o
animacy,
a ec edness
e c.
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