161 discussion pape s on wa e , place and amily name esea ch,
jü gen udoLPh
his o ical-cul u al
Compa a i e linguis ics aL eu oPa,
ILLER, ALSTER, ELSTER and ALTI
senosios eu opos hyd onimai a e
he only wo languages in he wo ld o be classi ied as linguis ically compa a i e.
Ille , Als e , Els e is he e b. I 's a lie. Al i, wha a e you doing?
In memo y o my
Wol gang P. Schmid (Gö ingen), eache , […] 22.10.2010, de o ed o he commen ha he heo y
de eloped by Hans K ahe and modi ied by Wol gang P. Schmid o an ancien
Eu opean-Indo-Ge manic wa e name laye in Eu ope (wi h an impo an cen e in he Bal ics) has
been epea edly, pa ly ie cely, c i icized. In ecen imes, i has also been ea ed by
Indo-Ge manic s udies, wi h he econs uc ions o he basic o ms o wa e names being
desc ibed as obsole e, especially om he poin o iew o la ynx heo y. The a icle akes up
his c i icism and discusses i .
The heo y o an old Eu opean laye o hyd onyms in Eu ope wi h a signi ican cen e in he
Bal ic coun ies was cons uc ed by Hans K ahe and modi ied by Wol gang P. Schmid. ime a e
ime, i has been c i icized, o some ex en e en in ensely. La ely, i has also been app oached by
schola s om he Indo-Eu opean ield. he econs uc ions o hyd onyms ha e been decla ed
a chaic, especially om he poin o iew o he la yngeal heo y. This a icle akes up he
c i icism and discusses i . La yngeal heo y, ancien Eu opean hyd onyms, and he Indo-Ge manic
language.
Keywo ds: i e names, indo-eu opean s udies, la yngeal heo y, old
eu opean hyd onymy.
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 161 2011.06.17 08:24:11 Wha is he meaning o he name Make as?
162 ac a Linguis ica
jü gen udoLPh
Li huanica LXIILXIII
On 20 Janua y 1970, Wol gang P. Schmid, p o esso o gene al and compa a i e
linguis ics a he Uni e si y o Gö ingen, ad ised a s uden o Sla ic and
Finno-Ug ic s udies o wo k on Sla ic wa e names. I was he beginning o my
p eoccupa ion wi h he name o Eu ope. I he e o e owe o he ecen ly deceased
scien is a pa h ha has led om Sla ic wa e names o Ge manic oponyms and
hyd onyms o he amily names o Cen al Eu ope (wi h unexpec ed consequences,
such as nume ous adio and ele ision b oadcas s) and inally o a epu a ion o
he p o esso ship o onomas ics in Leipzig. The e, h ough a wide p esence in he
media, i was possible o p o ide young name esea che s wi h employmen in he
ield o names. A he beginning o he aL eu oPäische geWässe naMen i is beyond
ques ion ha he wa e names in Eu ope a e his o ically s a i ied. This
a schlag on schmid, sich den gewässe namen zuzuwenden.
easy- o-unde s and ac is su p isingly no always aken in o accoun in he
discussion o di icul hyd onyms. So in he discussion o ancien Eu opean
hyd onymism, which I'm going o go in o in mo e de ail in a momen , one ge s he
imp ession ha scien is s who a e no so close o he complex end o neglec he
his o ical s a i ica ion o wa e names. O he wise, i is no o be unde s ood ha
opinions acco ding o which he ancien Eu opean hyd onym Hans K ahes is no o
Indo-Ge manic o igin, bu o Vasconic, Basque o igin, and indeed comple ely and
comple ely (Vennemann 2003), a e no immedia ely answe ed by abolishing he
Indo-Ge manic i sel . Because i he e we e no ancien Eu opean o Indo-Ge manic
hyd onyms, hen you can only coun on monolingual (Bal ic, Sla ic, Ge manic, e c.) and
Basque, i.e. p ima ily non-Indo-Ge manic elics. This is absu d, because he
Indo-Ge manic languages had o de elop om a p e-Indo-Ge manic dialec a ea. And
his p ocess has o be ound in he name. K ahes' heo y is based on he ealiza ion
ha benea h he laye o wa e names o Eu ope, which can be explained om an
Indo-Ge manic single language, a e olde names ha oppose i . These elics we e
o me ly called Cel ic, Vene ian o […] as K ahe o many yea s himsel […] Illy ian, so
K ahe himsel ini ia ed he decisi e u n, e ised his Illy ian hesis (K ahe 1964b) and
hence o h ep esen ed he opinion ha unde ALL_62_63_make as.indd 2011.06.17
08:24 162
al eu opa, Ille , Als e , Els e und al i
163 discussion pape s o he publishing house hides a laye o names om he
nume ous wa e names ha can be explained om he Indo-Ge manic single languages,
which oppose he explana ion om a Eu opean single language and he e o e equi e
an examina ion om a supe io poin o iew. Acco ding o K ahe, he wa e names
de e mined on he basis o his s udy o m he laye o ancien Eu opean hyd onymy
(las p esen ed by Udolph 2010a). E en be o e K ahe, he s udy o he wa e names o
Eu ope had become awa e (Fe guson 1862; Rozwadowski 1948) ha he e seem o be
pa allels in di e en egions o Eu ope ha a e ob iously o he same o simila
o igin. Simply pu , o wha ex en a e Zala in Hunga y o be linked o he F ankish o
Thu ingian Saale in Ge many? Can he Nidda a F ank u am Main be sepa a ed om
he Nida a K akow? Wha do D ewenz in Eas P ussia and Du ance in sou he n F ance
ha e in common and he e is eally no connec ion be ween i e names in Poland such
as Mienia, Minia and in Bela us (Minica, Minia [dazu]) Minsk and he Main (old Moenus), he
Möhne (sub- i e o he Ruh ), bu also wi h MaínMaok ahe co e ed nume ous simila
cases, ha he wa e names almos always on so-called […]wa e wo ds[…], i.e.
appella i es wi h he meaning […]wa e , low, low, mois , low[…] u. In his con ex , i is
impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion
in in i land, Minho in spanien und Mignano bei Vicenza in i alien?
o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he
p inciple o p opo ionali y. He e's he lis o a sippe a ound idg. This is able 1.
Mo phology o he ancien Eu opean wa e names: *el-*ol- (a e k ahe)
-a -ia -ua
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
-ma--na
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
- a -s a
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
Wha a e
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
you
(g)
doing?
The ci y o Müns e .
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 163 2011.06.17 08:24:11 In his con ex i is e y impo an , which
164 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII he appella i e basis p esumed c ow
jü gen udoLPh
especially in Bal ic, so in li . al[…] i […] o be looded by wa e […], le . The sou ce o he
i e , he i e , he i e , he i e , he i e .
is no always su icien ly aken in o accoun in he discussion, ha hese p e-English
wa e names a e no de i ed om a wo d, bu om oo elemen s. Wi h he help o
his me hod, i is no uncommon - and his is o en o e looked - o sepa a e
English-language wa e names (such as hose o Ge manic o Sla ic o igin) om
p e-English ones. The o igins o he de i a ion come om Indo-Ge manic oo
in en o y and mos ly designa ions e e ing o wa e : in e ms o semasiology and
e ymology, he ea lies and undoub edly oldes name laye o sog. […]Wa e wo ds[…]
om, ha is, om designa ions o […] ( lowing) wa e […], […] sp ing[…], […] s eam[…]
(o […] low[…]), […] (wa e ) un[…] (o […] un[…]) and so on, wi h coun less ine and
ine shades o meaning, as hey a e o ea ly man in his exac na el, hese appella i e
bases a e called […]wa e wo ds[…]. He summa ized he esul s o his esea ch in i e
poin s (k ahe 1964a: 32[…]33), which I ou line he e again: he wa e names o he oldes
u beobach ung in eichem Maße zu gebo e s anden ...“ (k ahe 1964a: 34). k ahe
laye in la ge pa s o Eu ope a e o Indo-Ge manic o igin; In sou he n F ance and he
Medi e anean coun ies, howe e , hey ha e o e lapped olde , p obably
p e-Indo-Ge manic s a a; I is mainly composed o Wes -Indo-Ge manic languages
including Bal ic (less Sla ic); This hyd onym p obably o igina ed in he i s hal o he
second p e-Ch is ian millennium.
These p inciples ha e been se e ely c i icized by K ahe's s uden Schmid (2004:
118 […] 133). The mos impo an poin s a e: 1. nume ous Eu opean wa e names
can only be e ymologized wi h he help o Eas Indo-Ge manic appella i es,
which means ha he wa e names mus come om an Indo-Ge manic base
language;
2. he Bal ic o e s a s iking cen e o ancien Eu opean hyd onymism;
3. he indings o wa e name esea ch ha e consequences o he ea ly
classi ica ion o he Indo-Ge manic languages. Fu he esea ch has shown ha
Sla ic is also pa o he ci cle o […]Old Eu opean[…] languages (udolph 1990, 1996,
1997). This also includes p e-Sla ic elics in he well- esea ched Sla ic-Ge man
con ac a ea be ween he Elbe and o (eichle 1981), especially in he
in es iga ions o he ALL_62_63_make as.indd06.2011.17 08:24:11 164
al eu opa, Ille , Als e , Els e und al i
165 discussion pape s o he Leipzige A bei sg uppe (Ge man-Sla ic esea ch on he
s udy o names and he his o y o se lemen s) and he Be line Namen o sche
(Be line con ibu ions o he s udy o names; B andenbu g gisches Namenbuch). The
concep o […]Al eu opean hyd onymia[…] has been c i icized since i s de elopmen . This
has so a a ec ed, o example: he equen ly occu ing -as a o he expec ed -o-
([…]aquales a[…]); he ques ion o whe he he e a e only de i a i es in his laye o
names, o also composi es; he ques ion o he dema ca ion o non-o
p e-Indo-Ge manic s a a in he Medi e anean a ea; he ques ion o cen e and
pe iphe y, and inally he accusa ion ha i is no an Indo-Ge manic hyd onym. I ha e
al eady ouched on hese poin s elsewhe e (udolph 2003, 2010), bu oday I would like o
concen a e on a new a ack which e ol es a ound he complex "Indo-Ge manic
app oaches o wa e names", "la ynx heo y" and "appella i e ma e ial o he
Indo-Ge manic languages om a mode n poin o iew". Speci ically, i conce ns he
con ibu ion o Bichlmeie (2009). The […]Wasse Wu zeL[…] *el-*olin de K i ik bichlmeie
(2009) c i icizes he cu en s a e o he concep ion o he ancien Eu opean
concep ions o Indoge manis ics, in which he iew has p e ailed in wide ci cles ha in
econs uc ions o he wo d, oo and mo phological app oaches o he
[…]g undsp ache[…] o he […]u indoge manisch[…] wi h […]La yngalen[…], in gene al
ischen hyd onymie als e al e . im Wesen lichen s ü z e diese k i ik au mode -
unde s ood as sounds ha a e a ibu ed o he consonan s. O cou se, his
assump ion is and emains only a heo y, which mus simply be said he e. Bichlmeie 's
asse ion (2009: 15), ha La yngalen's app oach "has been beyond he s age o a heo y
o decades", is unjus i ied o wo easons: i s , i will always emain a heo y, like
any app oach o an unp o en " econs uc ed o m" (allegedly) o Indo-Ge manic o igin
( his also applies o . sonans and no na u al scien is when alking abou ela i i y
heo y). Howe e , he dange is - and his is also made clea in Bichlmeie 's a icle - ha
he (supposed) econs uc ions a e used as a ba e coin and as a sa e basis o he
assessmen , e.g. I would also like o ask he Commissione whe he he is p epa ed o
accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he En i onmen , Public Heal h and
ähnliche älle, auch wenn jede dami a bei e ) und zum ande n e wa s ö sich
Consume P o ec ion. This is exac ly wha we a e going o alk abou in he ollowing.
Since K ahe's esea ch, he e has been widesp ead ag eemen in Eu ope ha i has an
Indo-Ge manic oo .

166 ac a Linguis ica
jü gen udoLPh
Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII This is a lis o languages o Li huania by popula ion.
"Flowing" is o be expec ed. This assump ion was based, on he one hand, on he
la ge numbe o wa e names in wide a eas o Eu ope, which seem o
p esuppose his oo (I men ioned hem abo e, he e again a ew: Ola, Alia, Alle <
Alna, Elz < * Alan ia, Aland, Alsa, Ol ́sa e c.), and, on he o he hand, saw he
appella i e basis mainly in Bal ic wa e wo ds such as al[…] i e c. (also men ioned
abo e).
This iew is now decisi ely opposed by Bichlmeie (2009: 16 […] 17). on he basis o a
hypo hesis pu o wa d by emile ben enis e […] I emphasize ha his wo d alls wi h
bichlmeie , which makes i clea ha e en in his case i is expec ed wi h unce ain
assump ions […], which s a es ha one should adop an app oach o he
u indoge manic minimal s uc u e o he oo *KVK-consonan = owel + consonan , i
is hus demanded ha all oo app oaches mus begin wi h ano he consonan : […] his
means ha all oo app oaches ha begin wi h a owel mus be conside ed as
ou da ed and now co ec ly o be called no hing mo e han La y. F om his i ollows
ha o he hi he o widely ecognized Indo-Ge manic wa e oo *el-/*ol-: […] he oo
used again and again o he e ymology o wa e names *el-*ol- (Poko ny, ieW 306[…]307)
is, acco ding o wha has jus been said ... now o be used as *Hel-*Hol, o mo e
p ecisely as *h1elh2-[…]whe e o d i e[…] (always assuming ha i is no some imes
Cel ic wo ds. I deals wi h wo d s ems, which, due o he Cel ic decline in p, also leads o
he e u n o idg. I 's ha d o belie e ha his is happening. Bu he c i icism goes e en
u he : in a no e i says (Bichlmeie 2009: 17): "Bu le i be clea ly poin ed ou in his
inconspicuous place ha no e en Poko ny a.a.o. This oo , which is o en ead, has he
meaning o " lowing, lowing". Ob iously, his meaning is no ound in he appella i e
ocabula y a all and he oo was p obably only se led in he amewo k o esea ch
on ancien Eu opean hyd onymy. 1. he app oach o an Indo-Ge manic oo *h1elh2 is by
no means ce ain. In he oo no e, H. Bichlmeie hides mo e con incing a emp s: so
o he esea che s p oceed om *h1el- ‘go o also (Wa kins) om *elə2-. In addi ion, a
mo e con incing solu ion o wa e names wi h an app oach wi hou sounding la ynx is
p e e able because i i s all Eu opean i e names. One is aced he e - and his is
das sind Vo wü e, die eine an wo he aus o de n. ich e suche, sie zu geben.
epea ed - wi h he ques ion o whe he one should build an Indo-Ge manic oo
app oach on ques ionable and li le-a es ed appella i es o on he wo o h ee dozen
Eu opean wa e names.
You shouldn' complica e some hing ha 's easie o handle.
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 166 2011.06.17 08:24:11 Wha is he meaning o he name Make as?
al eu opa, Ille , Als e , Els e und al i
The e e ences o a possible Cel ic app oach wi h o iginally sounding *p can be
o e looked o he as majo i y o he abo e-men ioned wa e names. Bichlmeie is
appa en ly ying o educe he numbe o ques ionable wa e names […] I s ick o
his o mula ion […]. The a emp is unsui able because he names men ioned a e only
in a small pa in he o iginally Cel ic a ea. 3. a oo *h1elh2- ‘whe e o d i may be
expec ed in wa e names; Tha 's no no mal. Mo eo e , as Bichlmeie himsel
emphasizes, his Indo-Ge manic app oach is based exclusi ely on G eek ma e ial.
Al hough he e a e "wa e wo ds" ha a e only sa ely a es ed in his language and
ye a e ound in Cen al Eu opean names, ano he sippe, which has always been
men ioned, is much close ; I 's abou ou . Li huanian al i ‘ o low, o be looded by
wa e , le . The sou ce o he aloe, appa en ly wi h - ex ended in li . alm […] i […]
unin e up ed low […], a[…]mės, e[…]mės […] ou o he body lowing ma e , blood
se um […], alma[…]s […] hu ied, iolen […], which has been used since he beginning o
he scien i ic s udy o Bal ic names. I men ion only he names o Kazimie as Buga,
Jannis Endzelins, and Pe as Jonikas (in: con ibu ions o he s udy o names 2, 1951:
14); aleksand as Vanagas, Vilius Pė e ai is, Vy au as Mažiulis, i an du idano , P anas
ska džius, wi hou men ioning he li e a u e in de ail, and concludes he lis wi h a
e e ence o mo e ecen wo ks by Ma ia biolik and g asilda blažienė. A weal h o
Li huanian names o be included he e is p o ided by he new wo k Lie u os
Vie o a džių Žodynas (2008: 62), compa e only Alỹs, Alan à, Ãlan as, Alejà, Aluonà,
Aluõ ė, Al-upė. o he a o emen ioned Bal ic appella i es. 5. Asked whe he one would
hen, aking a li le u he , e.g. Aland, a ibu a y o he Elbe, wi h he Bal ic wa e
wo ds and he names ha exis he e o wi h a hypo he ical Indo-Ge manic base
*h1elh2- ‘whe e o d i e, one will, also due o he ac ha he Bal ic and Ge manic
Mi an siche e g enzende Wah scheinlichkei gehö en diese bal ischen namen
a e closely connec ed and he e a e also s iking coincidences be ween he Bal ic
wa e names and he hyd onyms on old Ge manic soil, ha e o speak clea ly o a
connec ion wi h he Bal ic. 6. Indoge manis ics ails o ake in o accoun […] also he
con ibu ion o Bichlmeie shows his […] he p e ious indings o wa e name
esea ch, he indings on ea ly con ac s and ela ionships as well as he
consequences o he ea ly classi ica ion o Indoge man languages. I is no possible
o do his wi h la yngi is ic app oaches alone. In addi ion, he e is much o hink
abou when i comes o an Indo-Ge manis , he […] na ü ALL_62_63_make as.indd 167
2011.06.17 08:24:11 he name o he Ille in connec ion wi h *el-*ol has so a also been
he name o he Ille . Snyde (1965: 183) ollows in his explana ion K ahe and assumes a
basic o m o *Eli a wi h a -i a su ix. This is he c i icism o Bichlmeie (2009: 26 […] 28)
[…]Ille : many ques ions, ew clea answe s[…]. He e a e he basics o his ema ks:
168 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII lich […] […]la yngalis isch[…] wo ks, o he
jü gen udoLPh
p oblema ic in e p e a ion o he ibal name o he e e e is: […] he sound
p oblems can be e.g. by he app oach o a la yngalose seconda y o m […]a oid,
which can be sol ed om old composi es in which la yngal swelling is common[…] ( ga
31: 174). You can' esis he imp ession ha he la ynx is used when i i s. The
eason o his unce ain y is ob ious: he heo y is ul ima ely un e i iable and
con ains g ea unce ain ies.
[…] he occasionally occu ing H-, e.g. The 10 h cen u y. Hila a, Hyle can be
neglec ed; […] in he in oduc ion is om sho -ou going; You' e going o
die. (a) mus be ini ia ed by (a) o (b) o (c) o (d); Bu since hen he sounding
izu eh would ha e o be lowe ed, a lo speaks o a p e-Ge manic app oach
*El-i -a; Acco ding o Bichlmeie , his app oach con ains wo p oblems: a
su ix -i a is explana o y and inds no explana ion om *El-i -a […] he
gemina e -llde ea ly e idence[…].
die le z en beiden P obleme we den genaue e ö e ; hie eine Passage zum
su ix: […] i you go h ough he known su ixes, hey con ain ei he a *-i o a *- , bu
ne e bo h oge he : he *-is mos likely de i ed om he compa a i e o m, while
an -con aining su ix is mos likely o be expec ed o be a o me heme owel[…]
(bichlmeie 2009: 29). he gemina a is explained as ollows: […]in Ge manic caused a
la yngeal a e a esonan o which gemina ion (*VRHV > VRRV), a leas i he
p eceding owel bo e he accen (also *V[…]RHV > VRRV) […]. The e o e, since he
p e ious app oach is no con incing, he p oposes a new solu ion, a Ge manic
explana ion: "F om he oo *h1elh2-whe e o d i e" in Indo-Ge manic, which is only
con inued in G eek and A menian (as well as in Cel ic), a compa a i ely o med in
ypical Ge manic manne would be he o m idg. *h1élh2-ios-/h1elh2-ismi o he
seconda y eminine ex ension -āand gene alized accen on he oo (*h1élh2-is- + -ā-)
jus ge m. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I 's no like I don' know wha I'm
doing. ALL_62_63_make as.indd 168 This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
al eu opa, Ille , Als e , Els e und al i
Bichlmeie admi s ha he e a e s ill p oblems wi h hese conside a ions, bu his
should no be he decisi e poin o my c i icism o his p oposal. He ails a se e al
c ucial hings: 1. an allegedly ea ly gemina a lis in he name o he Ille does no exis
a all! he adi ion o he wa e shed. I o e hem ch onologically: 769 in pago
hila gouiae, 773 in pago Ile gowe, pago Hile gowe, 804 Hille gaugensem, 832 in pago
hila gowe, 833 in pago hili gaoe, 851 in pago qui dici u Ila gouue, 853 in pago qui dici u
Ila go e, 972 hila gowensi, 983 in hila am, 1049 Ila a, Ila is, Hila a and so on. I 's called
us . ; The gemina a appea s hesi an ly om 1155 Hilla a, bu mainly only a e o ms
such as 1291 Il , Il e, 1351 Il mul iplied om 1390 Ille . 2. a ca e ul conside a ion o
his o ical adi ion sugges s ha he mos likely cons uc ion o he basic o m is
Eli a. This esul ed in he eganz egula mhd, which was in luenced by he -iau . Ille ,
he occupied o ms Il e, Il we e o med by he weakening o he second syllable. I
was only a e ha ha he gemina a was c ea ed. The la ynx didn' play a ole. 3. he
su ix -i a, no accep ed by Bichlmeie , is undoub edly p esen in he names. This is
al eady ound in Adol Bach (1953: 189) in he ea men o he - su ix in he name o
he hin : […] he su ix occu s in ou on bes. in weibl. I appea s he e in ancien imes as
[…] a, -a a, -u a, -i a, -e a[…]. I is also ound in he wa e names Elbe (cooke 's a ea)
[…] *Albi a (snyde 1965: 183), in he well-known Ege (including he las Plein inge 2008:
34[…] 36), in he Ai e (deep Meuse, F ance), 782 Agi a, wi h a ibu a y Ag on, 785 su ix,
pe haps e en compa able o he Ille […] in he wa e name Age a Wels, al : Ag e, Ag a
(including he old Ge man name book 1999: […] ehlen des P imä umlau es). This is Ag ia
Od. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . *Agi a, which could s ill cause seconda y
noise, in ad ance. A su ix -i a is he e o e a es ed in Eu opean wa e names. The
p oblem ha Bichlmeie belie es he ecognizes lies in he ac ha he Indo-Ge manic
Agi a (buchmülle – haub ichs – spang 1986/87: 77) und auch – als sekundä es
wa e names o Eu ope do no always co espond o wha Indo-Ge manis s can de i e
om he appella i e ma e ial o Eas e n and Sou he n Eu opean languages. This leads
o he ques ion: why do he app oaches o wa e names no always ma ch he
( e)cons uc ions? This is he c ucial poin ha should be discussed in he u u e. 3.
ano he unaccep able poin o Bichlmeie 's conside a ions is o ace he alleged
basic o m o he name Ille back o a Ge manic app oach wi h u he de elopmen o
*-z- > - z. Some hing like his is only possible in he ancien Ge manic a ea, i.e. on
ancien Ge man se lemen soil.
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 169 This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
176 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIILXIII on he basis o a hyd onymic ac og aphic and
jü gen udoLPh
linguis ic analysis, p ieinama p ie šių iš adų:
1) he idea o nela ingalinės p oly ės. *el-*ol-, ekė i (apie andenį) econs uc ion is he mo y uo a;
2) hyd onimai Ille , Als e , Els e es ini om he idea. I'm no going o lie o you.
3) he Bal ic coun yside e i o y gausi senosios eu opos hid onimų, so ha he analysis
o he i e alleys is e y impo an ;
4) he heo y o he la ynx should be igno ed by he elde ly Eu opeans he lexicon o he
subs a e o he possibili y o exis ence;
5) Wol gango P. schmido bal ų i ki ų indoeu opean hyd onimo y imai iki šiol u i
lemiamą eikšmę ide. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a man has been awa ded he Nobel P ize o Li e a u e. I'm going o analyze i .
I was published in Decembe 2010.
jü gen udoLPh
S one wid h 9
This is D124 Rosdo -37
E. Paš as […] Udolph@ -online.d This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine.
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 176 This is he i s ime I' e seen his.