9 h edi ion o he a icles keyWo ds: modali y, noun p edica i e,
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: modalumas, daik a a džio p edika y as, mo osin aksinis žymėjimas.
mo phosyn ac ic ma king.
Lo e a VaičiuLy ė-seMėnienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas: mo phosyn ax o Li huanian language,
ypological mo phosyn ax, alency.
In he anno a ion o he a icle, he possible ela ionship be ween he p edica e o he p eceding
noun and he modali y o he consonan is discussed. he ma e ial unde conside a ion consis s o
asc ip i ely collec ed sen ences in he ex o he cu en Li huanian language (dLk ) in which he
posi i e p edica e is p onounced in di e en consonan o ms. I is conside ed ha he
noun in he nomina i e and ins umen al case
in ini e and asc ip i e sen ences o bū i ( o be)
mo phosyn ac ic ma king in e ms o he modali y o e alua ion and i ele ance is g adual and i
is p elimina y o alk abou he ela i e polynomial mo e o en o use he p edica e o he
p eceding noun in e ms o he epis emic > deon ological (di ec > e bal esidue) and ealus >
i ele an (di ec > alleged esidue).
The a icle deals wi h he possible connec ion be ween he ma king o noun p edica i es and he
modali y exp essed by moods. The ma e ial analysed in he a icle consis s o asc ip i e ini e
sen ences o he copula be ( o be) collec ed om he co pus o he con empo a y Li huanian
language (ccLL) whe e a posi i e p edica e is exp essed in he o ms o di e en moods. The opinion
is ollowed ha in espec o he e alua i e and i ele an modali y, mo phosyn ac ic ma king is
g adual, and we can speak in p elimina y e ms o he ela i e endency o use he ins umen al o
he noun as he p edica e in espec o he scales epis emic, deon ic, and eal.
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In he classical Li huanian g amma wo ks o he Pas abas, i is s a ed ha he
indica ion o he p edica e o he passing noun is he de i a i e and he de i a i e o
he de i a i e o he link be ween being in sen ences (an. copula sen ence, o.
P ädika i sa z 0.2), o example, P isėsk, būsi s ečiai (plg. s ečiu), ela ed o seman ic
and o mal c i e ia. wi hou becoming ch es oma ic, he idea ha he wo d "lowe "
ac s as a p edica e is said o be "lowe " wi h he u u e ense o be much mo e
o pas o i a ba laikina būsena3, aip pa eigiama, kad p edika y o aiška susijusi i
su kai ybine jung ies bū i o ma. Vienu , pa yzdžiui, pas ebima, kad daik a a džio
equen , wi h he alleged consonan o be "no e y common", and wi h he
consonan o be "no e y common" (cou se o my […] L. V.-S.) (Shukys 1998: 245 […] 247).
O he s belie e ha he conjuga ion o a noun is mo e o en used wi h he u u e
ense o he alleged e b, mo e o en wi h he conjunc ion o o he o ms (cu si e
my […] L. V.-S.) (amb azas, ed., 2006: 505[…]506, plg. ul ydas, ed., 1976: 364).
The old opinion and hough ha he o m o he cai ybinė conjunc ion has a
g ea e in luence on he mo phosyn ac ic ma king o he p edica i ely used noun
han he p edica e i sel , he pas ense o he u u e ense o he noun, and he
ma e ial in he ex o he cu en Li huanian language (dLk ) has p omp ed us o
look a whe he he noun has a modal co ela ion wi h he inal p edica e. In he
ligh o he o egoing conside a ions, he a icle seeks o answe he ollowing
ques ions:
The use o he p eposi i e su ix, which is mo e common in he p esen ense han in he pas ense, is also
used in he pas ense, as is he use o he p eposi i e su ix, which is mo e common in he pas ense han
in he p esen ense. he syn ac ic dependence o such a wo d may be exp essed by modi ica ion o
con ol. 2 In he Li huanian language, such sen ences a e usually called adjec i es (amb azas, ed., 2006: 612). In
his a icle, we will examine he asc ip i e conjunc ions o be sen ences and lea e ou he so-called
equa i e sen ences, which a e assigned acco ding o he uniqueness o he e e en o he p edica e wo d,
e.g. Jonah is a eache s. Jonah is my bes iend; My name is Lo e a (b oade han As henge eld 1992:
73[…]105). P o o- ypical asc ip i e sen ences ha e a de ini e (de ined) e b and an inde ini e (inde ini e)
p edica e. Bo h he e b and he p edica e a e p o o ypically de ined.
3 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see Semėnienė 2004 and he li e a u e discussed he e. 4 Fo mo e
in o ma ion, see Semėnienė 2004 and he li e a u e discussed he e. See also he examples below.
5 Access o he In e ne : h p: donelai is. du.l .
The 11 a icles o hose o be combined wi h he ime ca ego y o he e b. I 's
daik a a džio a dininkas i įnagininkas
ini iniuose ask ip y iniuose bū i sakiniuose
also possible o use he pas pa iciple o a e b wi h a u u e ense (e.g., "I'm
going o do his" o "I'm going o do his" o "I'm going o do his" o "I'm going o
ne ( ik) su g ama iniu laiku, be (pag ečiui i ) su modalumu (panašiai
do his" o "I'm going o do his" o "I'm going o do his" o "I'm going o do his"
o "I'm going o do his" o "I'm going o do his" o "I'm going o do his" o "I'm
going o do his." (ii) Modali y is exp essed by e b conjuga ions. Maybe he e's
a ela i e polinkio o ma k i as edundan and chee ul. In o he wo ds, pe haps
modali y is exp essed no only in he g amma ical ca ego ies o an e b bu also
in he g amma ical ca ego ies o a noun. In o de o answe hese ques ions,
i s o all a b ie discussion o consonance and modali y (see 1), ollowed by […]
g amma ical ime and modali y (see 2). Finally, he ela ionship be ween he
modali y and he p edica e o he noun is examined (see 3.4) and conclusions a e d awn (see 5.).
1. sedimen and ModaLuMas
In Li huanian g amma wo ks, he ca ego y o sedimen is usually de ined as he modali y exp essed by he
g amma ical means o he e b, i.e. he ela ionship o he speake wi h he si ua ion in e ms o
ce ain y, possibili y, necessi y, condi ions, e c. (see Jablonskis 19221957: 258; Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 55[…]56;
Paulauskienė: 141; amb azas, ed., 2006: 304; Valeckienė 1998: 73; hol oe , juden is 2004: 77[…]78; juden is 2012:
165). om he poin o iew o meaning and exp ession, he subs ance is di ided une enly. I is some imes
e e ed o as he i e (ul ydas, ed., 1971: 65; Valeckienė, 1998: 73), he o he ou (jablonskis, 1922: 257;
amb azas, ed., 2006: 304 […] 305) o he h ee (Paulauskienė, 165: 252 […] 1983: 2516; Hol oe , judgemen 2004: 80 […]
1982; Hol oe , 2010: 172 […] 2012: 37). "Fi e syllables" was mainly assigned by P anas Gailiūnas in he academic
g amma o he Li huanian language and Adele Valeckienė in he Func ional g amma o he Li huanian
language. The i s o hem deals wi h di ec , indi ec , implied, implied and implied, while he second […] wi h
di ec , implied, implied, implied and implied. Jonas Jablonskis Li huanian 6 […]one o he indings ha he [ . y.
ul an (1978)] epo s is ha u u e ma ke s a e o en used in a empo al unc ions, especially unc ions
associa ed wi h mood and modali y. [...] se e al languages we e ound wi h ma ke s whose p ima y
unc ion appea ed o exp ess mood, bu wich could also be used o exp ess u u e ime[…] (bybee 1985: 156;
u he plg. . p.: 157[…]159). Wha is mo e, a leas in he majo a ea, ha o he i ealis modali y, he
epis emic and e alua i e modes o e lap o qui e an ex en and o en sha e hei g amma ical coding. 7 Fo
example, in he Tangic language amily o No h Aus alia, he modali y o he ma k and he noun a e he
same (see b oade de haan 2006: 40[…]41; see also p. 43 o his ques ion).
12 ac a
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In he g amma o he language, he deals wi h di ec , implied, implied and meaningless, and
Vy au as amb azas in he g amma o he cu en Li huanian language, in addi ion o
di ec , implied and implied, also indi ec consonan s. In he wo ks o Paula
aldonosuskienė, akselio hol oe and a u o judženčio, a ca ego y o ina ė sedimen is
dis inguished, which consis s o di ec , alleged and e bal sedimen (plg. hol oe 2010).
indi ec sedimen is classi ied he e as e idence (hol oe , judgemen 2004; di ec
judžen is 2012) a ba adinama „ o maliai iš eikš u iesioginės nuosakos a ian u“
(Paulauskienė 1979: 158; 165), o geidžiamoji nuosaka (plg. egul būna, ebūnie) –
sedimen (Paulauskienė 1979: 160, 165; hol oe 2010: 426). The e a e a ious classi ica ions
o modal meanings (see in e alia Palme 2001; awley (ed.) 2006; bybee 1985: 165 […]189;
bybe, Pe kins, Pagliuca 1994: 176 […]24 Paulauskienė 1979: 137 […]141; hol oe , judgemen 2004:
82 […]85; hol oe 2007: 16 […]22; Plungian 2011: 189 […]215; judgemen 2012: 166 […]169 and he
li e a u e discussed he e). Based on he opinions o o eign linguis s, he mos ecen
wo ks on Li huanian linguis ics (judgmen 2012: 166; hol oe 2007; 2010; hol oe , judgmen
2004: 82[…]85) dis inguish wo ypes o modali y acco ding o how he speake assesses
he si ua ion, wha is his ela ionship o i : epis emic and deon ological. The epis emic
modali y e e s o he e alua ion o a s a emen o si ua ion based on he speake 's
expe ience o wo ld iew in e ms o ce ain y (o belie ), and he deon ological modali y
e e s o a ious ac s o he subjec 's will (wishes, pe mission, equi emen ,
necessi y, e c.) in he si ua ion in ques ion (judgmen 166: 2012 […]167; hol oe 2007: 16 […]17;
hol oe , judgmen 2004: 82 […]83). sen ences wi h an epis emic o deon ological modali y
ep esen ed by a modal p onoun o modal e b can be pa aph ased by u ning i in o an
epis emic o deon ological modali y ep esen ed by a highe p edica e-con olled
seconda y noun sen ence, e.g. John was indeed a eache ; c . I is ue ha John was a
eache ; You ha e o be a eache , plg., Reikia, o be a eache (hol oe , judžen is
2004: 83; see also This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Epis emic modali y is usually exp essed in posi i e sen ences ha a e di ec ly ela ed o he
subjec (John is a eache ). he deon ological modali y o he nucleus o ms he o m o he
o de ed sedimen (Jonah, be a eache )9. I is also, o example, exp essed in he use o he e b in a
di ec syllable.8 The epis emic-deon ic dis inc ion seems o be ele an , in a ce ain way, o he
mood. I dynamic modali y has no coun e pa in he domain o mood, hen i is pe haps because i
belongs o he pe iphe y o modali y.
I we accep ha he impe a i e is a mood, hen ega dless o whe he we o mula e i s meaning
seman ically as based on alidi y, o p agma ically as exp essing di ec i es, i is ob iously con enien o
ha e deon ic modali y as a oli ional ype co esponding o i in he domain o modali y.
2007: 17; see also p. (See also oo no e 22.)
13 pages o a icles wi h ho a y ine dalely e e(gu(l)) o p okli iku e-10 (Tegul is Jonas
daik a a džio a dininkas i įnagininkas
ini iniuose ask ip y iniuose bū i sakiniuose
eache ). di ec sedimen is a membe o an unde e mined sedimen sys em; I is
ela ed no only o epis emic bu also o deon ological modal meanings (hol oe ,
judgen is 2004: 8687, 102103; hol oe 2007: 2324; plg. jablonskis 1922/1957: 258). Fo ms o
implied consonance, like di ec consonan s, a e also used in sen ences o exp ess bo h
epis emic and deon ological modali ies (e.g., Jonah, I would be a eache , ano he
language would be; be e al eady be a eache ). Howe e , i is opposed o bo h di ec
and indi ec 2004: 88; hol oe 2007: 25; judgemen 2012: 172 […] 175). eal and i a ional
liepiamajai – nuosakoms ki u – i ealumo (ne ak y umo) – a ž ilgiu (hol oe , jud-
modali ies a e dis inguished acco ding o he speake 's iew o he eali y o he
hings being spoken. he eal modali y is independen o he human exis ing and ac ual
si ua ion. hey a e ypically old in sen ences whe e he ac ion used canno be
checked. such si ua ions can be old in he o m o di ec p ecipi a ion o he u u e
žodžių iesioginės nuosakos esamojo i bū ojo laiko o mos. i ealaus modalumo si ua-
cijos y a ne ak y ios, įsi aizduojamos; jų ealumo mažų mažiausiai kalbėjimo mo-
ime11, in he o m o decla a i e and alleged p ecipi a ion (judgmen 2012: 168[…]169; plg.
hol oe , judgmen 2004: 96[…]97, 104; Paulauskienė 1979: 141; 153;
Plungian 2011: 124, 213 […] 214. This is no he case. In addi ion, un eal si ua ions can be old in he al eady
men ioned di ec p esen and u u e o ms o he sen ence wi h egu(l)12. Thus, he sedimen a ion sys em is
alloca ed on he basis o wo c i e ia which a e independen o each o he . Acco ding o he ac uali y o he
eal and un eal modali y, he opposi e o he p eceden (di ec s. alleged p ecipi a ion), whose ma ked
membe (i ealis), exp essed in he o ms o he alleged p ecipi a ion, is he alleged inac i i y (un eali y).
Acco ding o he ype o e alua ion modali y (epis emic s. deon ological), di ec sedimen o ms a e opposed
o esidual ones. I we acknowledge ha he basis o he sedimen sys em is he p e- ial o he eal and he
un eal modali ies (Paulauskienė 1979: 141; 1994: 310311; hol oe , judgmen 2004: 103; hol oe 2007: 5960; hol oe 2010:
441-442), hen we can dis inguish he sedimen om he eal modali ies (hol oe , judgmen 2004: 39; hol oe 10),
which holds a simila opinion as in hol oe 2007: 103 2012: 172. Plg. We will he e o e desc ibe ea eina as an
indica i e and ea einie as a esidual sepa a e mood (hol oe 2007: 39). I can be a gued ha u u e is a
p o o ypical i ealis ca ego y because i e e s o e en s ha ha e no ye happened and a e he e o e
un eal. […]al hough he u u e can be conside ed o be an i ealis ca ego y, as i e e s o e en s ha ha e
no (ye ) aken place, i is exp essed wi h he indica i e mood in La in[…] (de haan 2006: 44). 12 […]The undamen al
opposi ion o e bs he e is de e mined by whe he he speake s a es he ac ion as a eal e b, ma king he
un eali y o he ac ion, and he di ec e b has no special indica o , so i s o ms can exp ess bo h eal and
un eal ac ions[…].
( iesioginė nuosaka), a kaip ne ealų – liepiamą, pageidaujamą, a iamą (liepiamoji i a iamoji nuosa-
kos)“ (Paulauskienė 1979: 141). Plg.: ( . p.: 165): „ a iamoji i liepiamoji u i sa o mo ologinius o-

14 ac a
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Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
2007: 6013; judgmen 2012: 173; di e ing opinion plg. Paulauskienė 1979: 141, alleged
153–154). iksliau sakan , (i) ealumo a ž ilgiu liepiamoji nuosaka a sidu ų skalės
ealu ( iesioginė nuosaka) > ne ealu ( a iamoji nuosaka) idu yje, panašiai kaip
sedimen a y scale epis emic (di ec sedimen ) > deon ological (concen a ed
sedimen ) in e ms o modali y.
2. Time and ModaLuMas g amma ical ime as a dic iona y ca ego y om he pe spec i e
o he momen o speech loca es e en s in he ime axis. The singula enses o he e b
(p esen , u u e, u u e) mean he p eposi ions o he e b ense (p esen , pas ,
u u e). he speake canno gi e a di e en gua an ee (see hol oe , Pajėdienė 2004:
nei esamuoju i bū uoju laiku eiškiami eiginiai, būsimuoju laiku eiškiami eigi-
niai kalbėjimo momen u nė a e i ikuojami; jie mažiau ka ego iški, nes eisingumo
121124). Thus, as men ioned, he u u e ense o Li huanian language exp esses
s a emen s ela ed o an un eal modali y, and he u u e ense o he si ua ion in
e ms o he speake 's ela ionship o eali y is ela ed o an epis emic and
deon ological modali y. The ques ion a ises as o which modal ea u es (excluding
g amma ical ime) could be associa ed wi h he ela i ely mo e equen ly used
p edica e o he noun (plg. de haan 2006: 49 […] 50)? The mo phological ime ca ego ies o
he p edic i e and p edic i e sedimen o ms do no ha e p edic i e indica o s and do
no indica e mo e p ecisely de ined ime ela ions. The ac ion exp essed in hese
singula o ms does no ye exis in he speaking momen and has no exis ed be o e.
When using he o m o he p edica e p edica e, he ac ion mus be execu ed, when
using he o m o he p edica e p edica e […] (no ) possible, only imagined o assumed (i.e.
i ele an ); In his way, he ac ion can begin and be ealized a he e y momen o
speech (in he p esen ) o a e i (in he u u e) (ul ydas, ed., 1971: 59).
F om wha has jus been b ie ly said, i would seem ha in Li huanian he modali y is co ela ed no only
wi h he e b, bu also, pe haps, wi h he g amma ical ca ego ies o he noun14. Looking a modali y as a
compound o he ca ego y o e bs […] he so-called aM (an. he ime-aspec -modali y; he ollowing able
is added: Gi ón 2001: 285, 303 […] 305, 13 Plg. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. […] in i sel , he
impe a i e canno a p io i be quan i ied as ealis o i ealis. Wi h i s explici deon ic meaning, he
impe a i e is opposed o bo h he indica i e and he condi ional. I we ega d belongs belongs o mood: i s
he ealis : i ealis dis inc ion as he nucleus o he mood sys em, hen he impe a i e only pa ly
unc ions can be de ined p agma ically, and is ac ually supe imposed on modal meanings[…] (hol oe 2007: 26;
plg. . p.: 60). 14 o his Regula ion. […] he g amma ical ma ke s o modali y a e e y a ied. [...] basically
he e a e h ee ypes o ma ke : (i) indi idual su ixes, cli ics and pa iciples, (ii) in lec ion and (iii) modal
e b (Palme 2001: 19; plg. de haan 2006: 4041).
15 pa ag aphs a icles 337 . .) […] pa (and, o cou se, acknowledging ha he
daik a a džio a dininkas i įnagininkas
ini iniuose ask ip y iniuose bū i sakiniuose
modali y and he p edic ion o he sen ence can be exp essed no only by he e b),
he a icle seeks an answe as o whe he he modali y exp essed by he di e en
e bs o he e b may ac as a p edica e o he le o he ma king o he e b. o by
compa ing he endencies o he p edica e-going noun-exp ession in gene al, i is
possible o speak o a endency o di e en ially ma k sepa a e modal ypes. This
a icle will discuss he modali ies o being in sen ences wi h a p edica e p e ix. he
ini e sen ences whose posi i e p edica e is exp essed in he o m o a di ec , a
p edica e, and a p edica e a e examined. S a ing wi h he possible co ela ion
be ween he modali y o e alua ion and he p edic ion o he p edica e noun (see
pa ag aph 3), he ela ionship be ween he (i) eal modali y and he p edica e noun (see
pa ag aph 4) is discussed and inally conclusions a e d awn (see pa ag aph 5). The
ela ion o he p edica e o he p edica e is examined on he basis o he empi ical
ma e ial ound in dLk . O he o al collec ed and analysed in he a icle, 1462 a e ini e
asc ip i e sen ences, o which 639 a e in di ec sedimen a y o ms, 351 […] in spelling
o ms and 472 […] in alleged sedimen a y o ms. he a ailable ma e ial is s a is ically
summa ised.
3. Assessmen o he ModaLuMas
(ePis eMinis VS. deon inis) and he P edika yVu-enhancing hingVa džio aiŠka epis emic
modali y b anduolį o m he s a emen s s a ed in he o m o di ec consequences, and
he di ec consequences exp essed in he o m o di ec consequences. Fo he easons
men ioned abo e, le 's lea e he sen ences wi h he di ec pas ense posi i e u u e
ense o m o now and i s o all compa e he sen ences wi h he di ec pas ense
p esen ense and u u e ense o m and he sen ences wi h he di ec pas ense
posi i e u u e ense o m, e.g. (1) Ten yea s olde han me. Well, he Ge mans a e he e, he
Russians we e he e, he Ge mans we e he e, he Russians a e he e again. My a he was a
builde , i he buil a house. DLKT (2) We wen o he dance and his Roma came om ano he
illage. He was on his way o he une al home in Labuan. Came in a uck, sa down a lo . He
was a d i e . He came.
jisai en a ežė. Nu ai pasima ymas oks, nu i aip lyg d auga om. Paskui nak … aka e
g įžom pas pussese ę, pa yčiui. dLk
15 Plg. 2 o he no e.
16 ac a
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Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
(3) VU has played a special ole in he cul u al li e o ou coun y and beyond h ough i s long
his o y. Fo cen u ies i was a Eu opean-le el uni e si y, whe e ep esen a i es o a ious
coun ies s udied and augh . Acco ding o he a o emen ioned S asi Ylos, he pedagogue and
academic Juozas B azai is was a man o s uggle […] sub le, digni ied, s ead as , ac ul and
p o ound. I we we e looking o examples o he wo ld closes o him in his game, we'd ind
maybe h ee. (5) Rule o obey! his is he mo o o his posi ion; o be a G ea Man, a He o,
s uggling wi h a e and ea ning glo y ( he g ea e he all, he g ea e he glo y, says
He acli us). DLKT (6) A he end o he le e , h ee small lines w i en by Alexande
S ulginski's handw i ing: "B angi Aldu e, succeed in you s udies, be a good man, I am a away
li ing my hough s always wi h you. I'll be happy and p oud o you. I p aise you, I hank you o
being he highes . My a he . The TAC
(7) we hea he wo ds o V. K ė ė, close o Vydun: "I you a e a man o you sel , be you sel a
man and ind you way, no holding he hand o o he s". DLKT (8) Be o e a couple o days, he
Li huanian Eugenija o de ed hem. Pe e , be a man, hu y up, make an e o , we' e
expec ing a isi in a week. Hu y up, I won' lea e you in deb . Wha a e you, eache , wha
a e you. The TAC
(9) Ge ou o he way! He says. Up o he house, you know. So, wha do I say we go o bed? He
says, e en o he house, you know. No, I said I won' . No, he didn' . And ew, be a iend, help me,
I'm sca ed o you. You go, I'm su e o i ! Come on, he's go me, he's go me, he says he's go me.
I 's he na u e, he men, he spi i s in he house. You'll ha e o b ibe he p ies . I can' accep
you sac i ice! I will be enough i you pay o he animals. Then, a e a while o silence, she
said: I'd like o make a sugges ion, oo. Be my iend. In he name o e e nal iendship, he men
shook hands wi hou a wo d. DLKT om sen ences (1)[…](10) shows ha a noun ha is a
p edica e in hem can be said o be bo h a p onoun and a noun in p inciple. o how he modal
di e ences in he spoken sen ences a e ela ed o he p edica e o he p edica e o he
p edica e o he p edica e o he p edica e? I we admi ha in he sen ences o he s a ed
conjunc ion wi h he di ec seda i e o ms o he p esen ense, he noun o he noun is
common, and wi h he o ms o he p esen ense i is sligh ly a e , hen we ha e o conclude
ha in he sen ences wi h he emaining seda i e o ms o he noun, he noun ends o be
chosen mo e o en. Mo e speci ically, i can be seen ha (5) […] (10) o he a ailable cases (o 81
sen ences ou o 351) and (7) […] (4) o he a ailable cases (o 10 sen ences ou o 146) (see also
ipo sakiniuose p edika y u einančio daik a a džio įnagininkas pasi enkamas 23,1 %
semėnienė 2004).
Thus, i he p edica e o a noun is mo e common in sen ences wi h a p edica e
consonan o m, i could be used simila ly in sen ences wi h a e(gu(l)), ei di ec
consonan o m. Le us compa e:
17 A icles (11) […] Fo ha one, wi h he cock oach! - Fo Ralph! Ral ! Wha a e you doing? Le he
daik a a džio a dininkas i įnagininkas
ini iniuose ask ip y iniuose bū i sakiniuose
one wi h he umpe be he leade . Ralph aised his hand o shu e e yone up. Tha 's good. Who
wan s Jack o be he boss? The choi mas e , howe e , aised his hand. Who wan s me? One o
he bes ways o help you child en unde s and he concep o espec is o ea hem wi h
espec . Le hem be you pa ne s in you lea ning. Encou age you child en o make
sugges ions, inco po a e hei sugges ions in o you plans, e alua e hei ideas. Lis en o wha
hey' e saying. 13 In he same way, do no call you sel es eache s, o you ha e only one eache ,
he Ch is . The g ea es among you mus be you se an . Fo whoe e exal s himsel will be
humbled, and whoe e humbles himsel will be exal ed. dLk is
(14) The discog aphy o Spal inga p o ides many mo e magical disco e ies and momen s o ock
'n' oll ecs asy. The e o e, his double disc will be jus a key ha will allow anyone who wan s o
open up he mode n hea y me al wo ld. A wo ld whose unc owned king became Judas P ies . dLk
is
(15) Le he olun ee s se an example o us. We will pos pone pa y and pe sonal dispu es
un il he day we a e comple ely ee and na ionally ma u e. Sa ano i wen o die o he name
o Li huania. dLk (16) A conspi acy agains he na ion, i s solida i y and li e. The e o e, no
decen Li huanian can be a pa icipan in his con e ence. You mus no ansla e […]. Le us
ake he example o wo Li huanian men: D . K. G inius and P o . J. Aleksa. Gi l, eache , I'll make
you a bouque o lowe s so you can smell hem! Le me be esh and delicious ui o you o
as e! Le me be a pe pe ual glamou , and le you shine in me!.. dLk is
(18) I mysel do no wan (and canno ) o be a wi ness o my unconscious expe iences. I'll be a sou ce o
con usion o he nex one. He looked a his e lec ion in he mi o , which was hanging igh he e on he
wall. My God, an unknown bea ded man was looking a him in he mi o . I beg you, lis en o me. Au imas is
you wi ness. He won' le you lie. A. Roslan, he b ead-ea e o he So ie camps, eplied: "I I wen o
Moscow, I would no ha e condemned o bea en him. No me, bu God will be his judge. This show o ou s will
be a eminde o hem. Al hough he e a e ela i ely ew sen ences o he ype (11)[…](21) dLk , i is
possible o alk abou he p edica e o he passing noun. in sen ences whe e he p esen o u u e o m
o he di ec consonan is used, he ac ion e(gu(l)) (plg. sen ences (11)(12); (a) The use o he p e ix "a" in
he i s sen ence o a sen ence, and he use o he p e ix "a" in he second sen ence o a sen ence (e.g.
"a" in he second sen ence o a sen ence, and "a" in he hi d sen ence o a sen ence). The pe missi e
(his o ically con inuing he Indo-Eu opean op a i e) is now de unc , ha ing been eplaced wi h indica i e
a dininkas: pi muoju a eju jis a ojamas 93,75 % isų u imų a ejų (a ba 15
sakinių iš 16), an uoju – 87,5 % (7 sakiniuose iš 8). Va dininkas gana dažnas i
o ms: he con empo a y equi alen o e-būnie would be e-būna o egul būna (22 (15))
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
24 h Linguis ic
Lo e a seMėnienė
Li huanian LXX
Ul ydas k a zys, ed., 1976: G amma o he Li huanian language 3: syn ax. Vilnius: The
science. Ul ydas K. A. Zys, ed., 1971: G amma o he Li huanian language 2:
Mo phology. Vilnius: The Min . Valeckienė adelė 1998: Func ional g amma o he
Li huanian language. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Publishing o Cyclopedias.
noun in he nomina i e and ins umen al case
in ini e and asc ip i e sen ences o bū i ( o be)
The a icle deals wi h he possible connec ion be ween he ma king o noun p edica i es and he
modali y exp essed by moods. The ma e ial analysed in he a icle consis s o asc ip i e ini e
sen ences o he copula be ( o be) collec ed om he co pus o he con empo a y Li huanian
language (ccLL) whe e a posi i e p edica e is exp essed in he o ms o di e en moods. When he
sys em o mood is conside ed bipola and di ided unde wo independen c i e ia - e alua i e
(speake 's ela ionship o he si ua ion) and un eal (speake 's app oach o he eali y o he
subjec o speech), he scale o epis emic and deon ic o ms o modali y and he o ms o
highligh ed non- ac s, as well as he o ms no ma ked like ha (indica i e, impe a i e, and
subjunc i e) a e singled ou . In p inciple, he moods belonging o di e en modali y ypes can be
cha ac e ized by a ela i ely di e en ma king o he noun used as a p edica e. The opinion is
ollowed ha in e ms o e alua i e and i ele an modali y, mo phosyn ac ic ma king is g adual,
and we can speak o he ela i e endency o use he ins umen al o he noun as a p edica e in
espec o he scales epis emic, deon ic, and eal. On he o he hand, in cases whe e he exp ession
o modali y by moods is less ypical, a ela i e endency can be obse ed o use he ins umen al o
he noun as a p edica e in a edundan manne and o use i e en mo e o en. The mo e a ypical a
modali y is exp essed by he o ms o e bal moods, he mo e he ins umen ali y o he noun used
as a p edica e is likely.
Deli e ed on 3 Decembe 2013
Lo e a VaičiuLy ė-seMėnienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
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