S aipsniai / A icles 55
LAIMUTĖ BALODE
Uni e si y o La ia
Helsinkio uni e si e as
The scien i ic esea ch a eas a e: onomas ics o whi es,
oponymy, an h oponymics, lexical schools.
The New Kingdom
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he case o onomas ics
The Rudimen s o New Tendencies
in La ian Onomas ics
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle is aimed a he la es esea ch ela ed o socioonomis ics a he Uni e si y o
La ia. These a e an h oponymic and oponymic s udies based on s uden philological
su eys: a e iew o a e, only once egis e ed pe sonal names in La ia, ends in he
o ma ion o new La ian pe sonal names, pa en s' mo i a ion and alues in choosing a name
o newbo ns, sou ces o pe sonal name selec ion and pe sons pa icipa ing in he name
selec ion p ocess. In he ield o oponymy, he e was a pa icula inc ease in in e es in
uno icial u banonymy: su eys o young people in la ge La ian ci ies, abou 700 slang u ban
names we e collec ed, an a emp was made o cla i y he mo i a ion o hei c ea ion,
he a i ude o young people o he use o such uno icial place names. The ield o
onomas ics […] e gonomics has no ye been s udied a all. The c ea ion o La ian e gonim
(designa ions o ins i u ions, companies, i ms) is in ended o he wo k o s uden K. Tiliko,
whe e he employees o i ms we e in e iewed and he o igin o speci ic e gonim was
cla i ied. The e gonyms o Riga and o he ci ies and a eas (non- adi ional names o ca es,
es au an s, shops) a e desc ibed by Ojā as Bušas. The inc easingly widesp ead s udy o
he names o comme cial p oduc s […] economonimų […] in he wo ld onomas ics, o example,
he unc ions o he name o La ia and Riga in e gonyms is e iewed by Laimu ė Balode, he economonyms a e combined wi h he men ali y o he people by O. Bušas.
The e is no doub ha he e mus be oom in con empo a y onomas ics no only o he
s udy o adi ional diach onic onomas ics, bu also o he s udy o socionomas ics,
which is s ill li le known.
The ollowing wo ds a e included: onomas ics, socioonomis ics, u banonomics, e gonomics.
LAIMUTĖ BALODE
56 The Li huanian Linguis ic Ac LXXII
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle is de o ed o ecen socio-onomas ic s udies a he Uni e si y o La ia. The
They mos ly co e esea ch wo ks in oponymics and an h oponymics ca ied ou on he
ques ionnai e is based on a ques ionnai e comple ed by s uden s o philology: he o e iew o
a e, only once egis e ed pe sonal names in La ia, as well as new ends and endencies in
he o ma ion o La ian pe sonal names. Pa en s' mo i a ion and alue e e ence poin s in
choosing he newbo n's name, sou ces and pe sons in ol ed in he p ocess o choosing he
he ield o oponymy an in e es has especially inc eased in in o mal u banonymy: abou
name. O e 700 slang u ban names om he la ges ci ies o La ia we e collec ed and
analyzed, ying o ind ou he mo i a ion o hei o ma ion, he ways o de i a ion and he
a i ude o young people owa ds such uno icial place names. E gonymics is ye ano he
a ea o onomas ics, which has no been analyzed be o e. The wo k o K is iana Tīlika s a ed
he s udy o La ian e gonyms (names o ins i u ions, companies, i ms, en e p ises and
o he businesses): employees o a ious companies we e in e iewed abou he o igin and
mo i a ion o he company's name. Unusual, c ea i e names o ca es, es au an s and shops
o Riga we e s udied by Ojā s Bušs. The in e es in he names o comme cial p oduc s (o
economonyms) has been inc easing in he wo ld o e he las decades. The unc ions o such
names as La ija and Rīga in e gonyms and economonyms o La ia we e examined by Laimu e
Balode. O. Bush ied o compa e economonyms wi h he na ion's men ali y. Wi hou a doub ,
he e is a place in mode n con empo a y onomas ics no only o adi ional diach onic
s udies o onomas ics, bu also o he esea ch in a lesse -known
cio-onomas ic ield.
KEYWORDS: onomas ics, socioonomas ics, u banonymics, e gonymics. This is he i s ime ha he
e m has been used in his way. Onomas ics as a b anch o linguis ic science, which eme ged in Eu ope
a he beginning o he 19 h cen u y, eached he Bal ic coun ies a he end o he 19 h cen u y and in
sikinė, a ba adicinė, onomas ika pap as ai labiausiai domisi onimų e imologija,
he i s hal o he 20 h cen u y. The i s schola ly a icle on La ian an h oponymics can be
conside ed he h ee-page a icle by Kā lis Mülenbachs […]Pa la iešu pa ā diem[…] ([…]Apie la ių
pa a des[…]) (Mülenbachs 1891: 3[…]5), and he i s wo k analyzing he La ian language […] he book Die
G enzen des le ischen Volkss ammes und im Gegenwa on Augus Johann Go ied Bielens ein 13.
(Bielens ein 1892) This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so. A ew yea s ea lie ,
Ju gio Sp uogio's wo k on he ancien his o ical geog aphical names o Žemai ija (Sp uogis 1888) had
been published. The he i age and con inua ion o his pe iod is he a chi es o local wo ds and pe sonal
names o Kazimie z Buga, he i s collec ions o local wo ds published by Ju i Plauk (Plāķis 1936, 1939)
and Jānis Endzelīns (Endzelīns 1922, 1926), as well as he i s a icles on he subjec (Endzelin 1931, 1934).
A icles o he 57 h
Naujų k ypčių užuomazgos La ijos onomas ikoje
he meaning and seman ics o nouns2. Classical seman ics can also be a ibu ed
o and compa ed wi h he ea ly heo e ical onomas ics, and he s udy o he
his o y o nouns, hei de elopmen and change. Pe haps p ac ical onomas ics,
which could also be called applied onomas ics, is al eady closely ela ed o
adi ional ields. In mode n imes, i is mos ly ela ed o he s anda diza ion o
place names, he o ms o place names on maps, oad signs, e c. The younge
b anch o onomas ics is li e a y onomas ics (al hough he i s commen a ies
and s udies on biblical pe sonal names and place names a e known as ea ly as he
16 h cen u y […] usually minimums in An we p 1569[…] 1572 published in eigh
olumes o he Biblia Sac a), usually in es iga ing he peculia i ies o a single au ho o e en a single wo k.
Un il now, bo h he Va dyn b anch o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e and he Vilnius
si e o, iek i La ių kalbos ins i u o onomas ai daugiausia dėmesio sky ė ie-
Uni e si y ha e been s udying he e ymology o wo ds and pe sonal names, combining esea ch
on o igins wi h he p oduc ion o names and p ima y seman ic analysis. In ecen yea s, he e
has been a d ama ic shi in he wo ld's onomas ics. The las h ee cong esses o onomas ics
(ICOS […] In e na ional Council o Onomas ic Sciences), held in To on o in 2008, Ba celona in 2011
and Glasgow in 2014, ha e clea ly shown ha he a en ion o classical onomas ics is somewha
weakening, ha he younge gene a ion o speake s is becoming mo e and mo e in e es ed in
socioonomics esea ch. As an example, se e al an h oponymic opics discussed a he las
cong esses can be men ioned: "Names as a e lec ion o iden i y in mul ilingual amilies" (E.
Ald in, Sweden), "Names o child en in mixed amilies" (K. Eskola, Finland), "Names o child en" (A.
Hussa , Es onia), "Names e lec ing social and eligious changes" (A. Demsky, Is ael), "Names in
he legal sys em" (G. Bo i, I aly). In addi ion, in ecen yea s, he use o wo ds such as
"poli icians", "a hle es", " eache s" - "Romanian poli icians' wo ds" (D. Felecan, O. Felecan,
Romania), "psycholinguis ic analysis o eache s' wo ds" (O. Felecan, Romania) and "slande ous
wo ds" ha e been inc easingly s udied, especially in he i ual space. E en opics such as
"Names and place names in non-language languages" (P. Rainò, Finland) a e discussed. The o igin
and o iginal meaning o Vie namese wo ds ha e always a ac ed esea che s, bu in mode n
imes he aspec o esea ch is inc easingly changing. Fo example, he e a e new opics such
as "Emo ional exp ession in oponymy" (P. Š ěpán, Hunga y), "Poli ical emphasis on Abo iginal
oponymy in Aus alia" (M. Walsh, Aus alia), 2 and i should be added ha his a ea o
onomas ics, he seman ics o nouns, is widely discussed and he e is s ill no consensus among
he wo ld's onomas ics: some s ic ly ejec he concep o seman ics, while o he s end o
alk abou he lexical meaning o nouns.
LAIMUTĖ BALODE
58 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXII
"Vie o a ds as signs o iden i y" (B. Helleland, No way) and "Na a i e in
ag icul u al collec ions" (A. Bu ns). In ecen yea s, he ocus o esea che s has
shi ed pa icula ly o he place names o ci ies […] u banonimus. The opics o
he epo s ead a he ICOS cong esses a e: […]U ban names and hei changes[…]
(A. Kagami, Japan), […]Sleng oponymy/u banonymy[…] (J. Vuol eenaho, T. Ainiala,
Finland), […]His o y o many-sided s ee s[…] (P. Päll, Es onia), […]Ga eways and
iden i ies[…] (I. Sæ heim, No way), […]Pas name changes in Singapo e[…] (P. Tan,
Singapo e), […]Vie o a d in Kelo signs[…] (P. Jo dan, Aus ia, L. Dehlin, Sweden). E en
p ominen onomas ics do no a oid new opics ela ed o zoonomics - especially
such esea ch objec s popula in he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, such as "Zi gu
names in A abic ch onicles" (J. Suble , F ance), "Gy ūnų names in La ia), "T ends
skoliniai Š edijoje“ (K. Leib ing, Š edija), „Šunų a dai La ijoje“ (O. Bušs,
in new domes ic animal names" (A. Be gien, Ge many) and so on.
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, he e a e also a numbe o o he names,
such as he "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich
Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man,"
"Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich
Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man," "Sandwich Man" and "Sandwich Man."
An e en a e bu inc easingly popula b anch is he s udy o economies, such
as b ead, cheese, yogu , wine, e c. The names o ood p oduc s ha a e
ela ed o ma ke ing, he psychology o buye s, e c. Inc easing a en ion is
being paid o he names o he i ual wo ld: "Vi ual Onomas ic En i onmen "
(V. Nekleso a, Uk aine), "Onomas ics o he Digi al Wo ld" "Loca ion wo ds in
ideo games" (J. Bu le , G ea B i ain). E en such biza e opics as "Taxi names
in he Ca ibbean" (W. Ah ens, Canada), "Au omobile egis a ion numbe s and
li es yles" (B. Nee hling, Sou h A ica), "Names o educa ional ins i u ions" (V.
Tuzluko a, Oman) ind a place in he mode n onomas ics o he wo ld (see mo e
a he XXIII ICOS Cong ess).
The Eu opean Union is also pa icipa ing in he 24 h ICOS Cong ess in To on o,
Canada, he 24 h ICOS Cong ess in Ba celona, Spain, and he 25 h ICOS Cong ess in
Glasgow, Sco land. The opics o he epo s lis ed he e clea ly demons a e a
changing, i.e. expanding, onoma opoeic objec . S uden s o he Uni e si y o
Helsinki and philologis s do no wan o be le behind by he new ends, choosing
he ollowing opics in hei i s scien i ic wo ks, which a e usually o a
sociolinguis ic na u e: "Kale alos epoch pe sonal names", "Oikodomonimai s uden
A icles by A icles 59
Naujų k ypčių užuomazgos La ijos onomas ikoje
Slang place names in immig an languages, choice o use name and nickname in
social ne wo ks, names o child en's oys and dolls, names o li e a y he oes in
child en's li e a u e, e c. Lec u e s o he Facul y o Humani ies o he
Uni e si y o Helsinki […] T. Ainiala, R. L. Pi känen, K. Malla , L. Balode a e in cha ge
o he onomas ics o he unde g adua e and mas e 's le el. The a icle is based
on expe ience gained o e many yea s o eaching Bal ic onomas ics a he
Facul y o Humani ies o he Uni e si y o La ia, Helsinki Uni e si y (Finland)
and wo king in he Onomas ics g oup o he La ian Language Ins i u e o
La ian Vocabula y. In ecen yea s, in addi ion o classical and adi ional
onomas ic esea ch, socioonomic opics ha e been inc easingly chosen.
2.1. Viena iš s uden us dominančių, be da mažai y inė ų emų – ė ų
speech", "U banonimai s uden con e sa ion", mo i a ion and alues in choosing a
name o newbo ns, and sou ces o pe sonal name selec ion. E. Ho s e […]Younge
pe sonal name choices ends in La ia and Li huania[…] (Ho s e 2008) E. Rudzī e
Pe son ā du iz ēles mo ī i (D audzīgā aicinājuma Cēsu Vals s ģimnāzijas
ap aujas da i) (T ends in he gi ing o names acco ding o he su ey o he Cėsių
als ybinė gimnazija) (Rudzī e 2012) M. Madžule Bē nu ā du iz ēles mo ī i
(bals o ies uz ap aujas da iem pi msskolas š ie imo ies ādēs) (The easons o
choosing child ens names, based on he da a o he kinde ga en su ey) (Madžule
2014). 2.1.1. Some o he conclusions d awn om Elina Rudzy ė's (Rudzī e 2012)
s udy on he mo i es o choosing su names o s uden s a one school (Cėsių
als ybinės gimnazijos) a e no ewo hy. The main c i e ion indica ed by he
esponden s in hei ques ionnai es […] is he euphony o he name, in second place
[…] he o iginali y o he name, in hi d place […] he combina ion o he name wi h
he su name (by ini ials, by sound and by seman ics). The mos popula names o 7 h
and 9 h g ade s uden s a e: gi ls […] Linda, Elina, Ge da, Laine, Louise, San a, Sin ija
and boys […] Jānis, Dā is, Reinis, A ū s, Emīls, K is aps, Lau is, Oska s, Toms.
These a e names ha essen ially coincide wi h he mos common newbo n names
in he coun y du ing he co esponding pe iod. Mos o he s uden s su eyed (90
ou o 104) we e sa is ied wi h hei name and would no change i . Only ele en
esponden s - i e boys and six gi ls - we e dissa is ied wi h hei pa en s' choice
and would like o be called by ano he name ( h ee esponden s did no disclose
hei opinion). In he opinion o he s uden s, he mos beau i ul La ian names a e
Jānis and Līga, among he mos beau i ul a e men ioned and he mos common
ones a e, o example, Ke ija, Saman a, Daniels. The su ey da a shows ha he
ashion o womens names changes much as e han ha o mens names. The
pa en s' answe s p o e ha

LAIMUTĖ BALODE
60 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII
Mos o he ime, he name was chosen by bo h pa en s a he same ime
klaus ųjų) a ba ik mo ina. Maždaug ečdalis ė ų p isipažino, kad aiko a -
(mo e han hal o he ime, he choice was no easy: he name chosen was
di e en se e al imes o had o be chosen om se e al a ian s.
2.1.2. A s udy by Mada a Madžulė (Madžule 2014) on child en's names in h ee
kinde ga ens showed simila ends. The mos equen ly ci ed mo i a ion o
choosing a name is he sound o he name (58% o all esponden s), he o iginali y o
he name (27%), he ma ch o he name wi h he su name (25%), he p e e ed
spelling o he name (25%). O en, he in e na ionali y o he name (19%), he
b e i y (11%), he meaning o he name (15%) and he da e o he day (14%) help o
make he decision. The mos in luen ial a e ashionable, popula names, a ely
chosen and inhe i ed names in he amily, as well as he names o li e a y igu es,
mo ie ac o s, a hle es. In Seimas, he names o sis e s and b o he s a e o en
combined acco ding o he i s le e […] acco ding o he ini ials, o example:
K is aps and K is īne, K is o e s and Ka līna, Ma a and Mada a. A compa ison o
he names o he child en, pa en s and g andpa en s su eyed sugges s ha
La ian amilies a ely inhe i he names o amily membe s o he olde gene a ion. Appa en ly, his adi ion is no longe p ac iced in La ia.
Two names a e also men ioned qui e o en in he esponses o he esponden s: he
gi l Ma a Ma ija, Anna Ka e, Alise Maija, Zane Ka ina, Agne e Saman a, Elīza
Saman a, Romija Es e e, he boys Kā lis Robe s, Ed a ds Raiens, Emīls K is e s, Hel is
This is K is ians, his is K is aps Ad ians.
2.1.3. Ie a Plesuma, a s uden o Bal ic s udies a he Uni e si y o La ia, s udied
he ends in he p oduc ion o new La ian su names, pe sonal names egis e ed
in La ia only once (Plēsuma 2012, 2014). The au ho 's ile o a e su names was
compiled om he ca alogue o su names o he La ian popula ion o he
Depa men o Ci izenship and Mig a ion o he Minis y o In e nal A ai s o he
Republic o La ia, selec ing only one- ime egis e ed su names: ~700 su names
(among hem 500 […] i s names, 200 […] second o hi d names). Al hough acco ding
o he laws o he Republic o La ia, pe sons may ha e no mo e han wo
su names, in p ac ice he e a e many excep ions […] egis e ed pe sons wi h h ee
Pas ebė a, kad ienašakniai e ieji a dai dažnai pada y i iš lo os seman i-
and ou su names. e ymology, usually om names o lowe s (bo h in he o m o
a null a ixa ion and in he o m o a ious oa hs), e.g. Ama illisa (1 ime as he i s
name and 1 ime as he second […] Edī e Ama illisa) < la. Ama yllis and i s de i a i es
Magnolija < magnolija; O hideja < o hideja; Vā pulis < ā pa + -ulis; Ziediņa < zie-
La ende and la ende dē , zieds and Ziediņš Ma eks < ziedē , zieds. Ra ely do
an h oponymic inno a ions occu , based on […] he seman ic e ymology o he
auna, o example: Čaks e […] čaks e […]medša kė[…], al hough in his case a connec ion o he name wi h La ia is mo e likely
A icles by A icles 61
Naujų k ypčių užuomazgos La ijos onomas ikoje
The i s p esiden o he Republic unde he name o […] Jānis Čaks e. Se e al new
wo ds a e ela ed o he names o na u al objec s and phenomena, o example:
Saulena < saule […]saulė[…] + su ix -ena; Z aigzne Ri ma < z aigzne ‘ž aigždė (Siliņš
1990: 340) ( ue, he diminu i e o m Z aigznī e is mo e widesp ead […] egis e ed 5
imes as a i s name and 2 imes as a las name). a ely om p ecious s one names
made newcome s: Rubina (2 imes) < ubīns ubinas, o om e nonimos appea ed
names: La is (1 ime) and as a second and hi d name: Maikls La is, Augus s Labai
Ģinsedim La is. Acco ding o he I. Plu alism s udy, he mos common abs ac
seman ic a e names made om La ian appella ions, such as Dzi ks e < dzi ks e
‘kibi kš is (Siliņš 1990: 104); Feelings a e eelings. The Commission shall be empowe ed
o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by
laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Peace < mie s < peace,
anquili y < + he p e ix -ī e; peace < peace + su ix -iņš; In he u u e […] in he
yzdžiui: B ī nese < b ī s ‘lais as’ + nes ‘neš i’; Mīļce ī e < mīļš ‘meilus, mielas’
u u e […] a heism. Especially o y he a ious seman ic bina y inno a ions, pa- +
ce ē ‘ o expec , hope + p eposi ion -ī e; o ule […] o be sa e […] o be b a e […] o
ule […] o ule o eel […] o eel […] o con ol; Mež aldis < mežs ‘miškas < + aldī
< gods ‘ga bė’ + a ē ‘galė i’ (Siliņš 1990: 139); Mie da s < mie s ‘ aika, amy-
(Siliņš 1990: 238) which is he name o he municipali y in which he municipali y is
loca ed; Si ds alda < s < si dis < + go e nmen (Siliņš 1990: 292); and God a s bė[…] + do
[…] o do; Tau mīlis and Raimonds Tau mīlis < na ion < na ion < and mīlē < belo ed <
(Siliņš 1990: 303) Mo e di e se wo-pa pe sonal names, which a e known only as second
o hi d pe sonal names: Iman s Ilg ā ds < ilgs ‘ilgas + ā ds ‘žodis, las name; This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Al ēds K is s Spēk a s < s eng hs < jėga < +
a a < uling, powe < o a ē < o be able o <; Ādol s Robe s Die mīls < die s
‘de as+ mīlē ‘mylė i (The emale name Die mīla (Siliņš 1990: 98) was egis e ed in he
pe sonal p onouns dic iona y o K. Silinis only in 1882. The abundance o such wo-wo d
da omi iš jau žinomo p iešingos ly ies asmen a džio: pa yzdžiui: Malds Ē iks
names could indica e a connec ion wi h he names o he old nobili y o a leas he
desi e o he pa en s o imi a e hem. In addi ion, he a o emen ioned s udy o a e
names showed ha pe sonal names a e o en spelled < mo . a do Malda, plg. la. Do you
hink i 's a good idea o p ay o a mis ake? (Siliņš 1990: 226) This Decision is add essed
o he Membe S a es. Skaid ī is < mo . a do Skaid ī e (Siliņš 1990: 293); also known
as Skaid ī is Zane (Siliņš 1990: 335) o om wo al eady known su names, such as Laineanna (Laine + Anna); Lijamā a < Lija + Mā a; also known as Lijamā a Roze and Vi aze . As a new end in […]c ea ing[…] new names […] is he combina ion o bo h pa en s […] mo he and a he […] names, o example: Aigu a […] pa en s' pe sonal names Aija and
The Go ids; Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Lidija and Valdis. Especially among he
a e popula diminu i e o ms o su names: Ag ī is < Ag is; O he , o a a
con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e : And ī e < And a o And is; A nī e < A nis;
and Baibī e < Baiba; also known as Baibī e B ī ī e < B ī a; B ī ī e < B ī ī e <
B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e < B ī ī e Dai y < Dai a; Dai ī e < Dai a; also known as Dai ī e Elzī e < pe sonal name Elza; Gaidī e < Gaida; and Gai iņš < Gai is; and Ie ī e < Ie a and many o he s. I 's s ange ha in his case you demined
LAIMUTĖ BALODE
62 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII a e made i egula ly (no Ie iņa, bu Ie ī e,
no Baibiņa, bu Baibī e) […] appa en ly o di e om he usual o ms o mino
su names.
A e y la ge p opo ion o a e names a e bo owed om a ious languages
(mos ly om English), such as Ma līne […] a F ench pe sonal name bo owed
om G eek; Mauda […] English su name, sho o Ma ilda; Naiks is a sho ened
e sion o he English pe sonal name Nick; Na ingula is an Indian su name.
Sal a o s […] pe sonal name o La in o igin […] sal us (Siliņš 1990: 282), mos likely
a newbo n name chosen in hono o he Spanish pain e Sal ado Dali. Since he
lis s o pe sonal names o he Depa men o Ci izenship and Mig a ion o he
Republic o La ia do no indica e he na ionali y o he pe son, i can be
doub ed whe he i is a La ian name. Bu in mos cases, when wo o h ee
pe sonal names a e w i en and one o hem is […] La ian, i is possible o guess
ha i is a pe son o La ian na ionali y (o a leas om a mixed amily), o
example: Seāns Jānis […] I ish pe sonal name; Ad ians Jānis Lusjēns […] F ench
o m o he name Lucianus; Amanda Peidža K is īne […] English gi l (and boy)
i s name Page // Paige […] young se an […]; Andis Žose ands […] F ench
pe sonal name; Ani a Kimblija […] appa en ly a mixed a ian o he English
pe sonal name Kimbe ly; Ani a Zane Dalcija […] English i s name […] La in swee
[…] saldus; Singe K ēgs sko ish, English pe sonal name C aig, whose p ima y
seman ics a e ul; Jan Luka E ols Jānis […] may be a Chinese spelling o Zhang;
Edga s Mak in […] Sco ish su name Mcqueen; E ik Ozijs English pe sonal name, o m o he name Oswald, Osbo n diminu i e, e c.
Such esea ch on a e names helps no only o iden i y new ways o o ming
names, bo owing a ian s, bu also o y o p e en unwan ed ends. This,
among o he hings, is a p ac ical […] applied […] ansla ion o such
an h oponymic esea ch ha is o in e es o he gene al public. This is no a
2.2. Be jau paminė ų an oponimkos da bų, pas a aisiais me ais y a pa a-
su ey o oponyms. Fo example, an onomas ic sys em in he illage o Uk u in
he sou he n pa o La ia was examined in he case o he adi ional
onomas ic sys em o Ilze Š ausos (Š ausa 2005)
(pe sonal name and su name).
2.2.1. Socio oponimikai o he o he Bal ic Uni e si y o La ia
The p ojec is a collabo a i e e o be ween he Depa men o U ban
Planning and he Depa men o You h and You h A ai s (DONUS). The s uden
collec ed 700 u ban names iles om i e La ian ci ies […] om a ious
e hnog aphic egions: Riga (306), Valmie a (121), Kuldyga (114), Rėzeknė (93),
Bauskė (82) by means o an inqui y. The aim o he wo k is o examine he models
o he p oduc ion o uno icial u ban names, he mo i a ions o hei eme gence and he unc ions o he spoken language.
A icles o he T ea y
Naujų k ypčių užuomazgos La ijos onomas ikoje
The conclusion concludes ha he mos common non-o icial u ban name is he
Hesbu ge slang name o a as - ood es au an Hesî is: in Riga i is men ioned
85 imes, in Kuldygo […] 44; in Valmie a he mos common non-o icial name o he
il o Dzelzs il s is he diminu i e o m Dzelzî s. The uno icial name o he S a oil
gas s a ion in Bauskė is S aíiks, and he slang a ian o he name o he ci y
dis ic Ziemeïu ajons Šiau ės ajonas in Rėzeknė is Se e ka. Acco ding o he
su ey esul s, one opobjec usually has one o wo slang names, bu he e a e
excep ions. Fo example, mos ly uno icial names and a ian s a e used o name
he as - ood es au an McDonald's: Maíis (2 imes) // Maíî s (38 imes) //
Maíî is (74 imes) // Maèî is (1 ime) // Mahî is (1 ime) // Makijs (1 ime) // Maíiks (1
ime)
(1 ime) by Makdaks (3 imes).
F om a de oga o y poin o iew, uno icial place names a e made by sho ening
hem, o example, by disca ding he second componen o he du ian (o
compound wo d) and adding he de i a i e ending: Āģis (< Āgenskalns), Bas ejs (<
Bas ejkalns), Čie is (< Čiekalns), Ezhiz (< Ezhiza mežs), Ķenga eng (<
Ezhenga ags), Ķīpis (< Zasla), Zass (< Ķuks), Čuguns (< Čuguna), Ezis (< Ezis); I is
much less common o disca d he i s componen o a du ian (o a combina ion o
wo ds) when o ming a slang u banonym: Ciems (< Iļģuciems), Saule (< Jauna saule),
Ne o (< Supe ne o).
Memo able abb e ia ions and ac onyms […] especially liked and widely used by young
people: ČBK // Čēbēkā ([…] ka inė Če i bal i k ekli […]ke u i bal i ma škiniai[…] in Riga);
GēCē // GāCē (< shopping cen e Gale ia Cen s in he ci y o Riga); […] K eisais
k as s […] Le bank o he Daugu os i e in he Rygos; ZZ (< he pa k o
Ziedoņdā zs in Riga); A-houses (s uden communi y on Auseklio s ee in Valmie a)
B-houses (s uden communi y on Bea ė s ee in Valmie a) Z-kojas (s uden
communi y in he s ee o Z ejniek (Z ejnieku s ee ) in Valmie a), C-iela (in he
s ee o Cēsu in Valmie a); T-Iela (Tē ba as s ee in Valmie a) is loca ed in he
dis ic o T-Iela. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible
I šioje u banonimų apklausoje pasi i ino anks esni pas ebėjimai, kad daž-
wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. ZB
(building o he No he n Blassma […] Sheau a's Hospi al[…] in Rzeczek). The su ix
-ene da inių ( his su ix is also e y cha ac e is ic o he appella i e lexicon o
La ian slang) is mos commonly ound in E ns sone, Tid iķe 2006: 36. In pa icula ,
many o he s ee s a e made in his way (see examples om Riga): A o ene,
B ī ene, Čakene, Dzi na ene, Gogolene, Jū malene, Kan o ene, Kuģene, Ma īsene,
Ma īsa, S abene, S abu, Tē ba ene, Valdemā as, Valdemā as, and K ižēna.
Onomas ine slang is pa icula ly popula in he making o deminu y inės p eposi ions -ī is
-, -iņš, which is mos o en associa ed wi h sho ened o al e ed u ban o ms:
Ķīpī s […] Ķīpī is […] *Ķīpis […] Ķīpsala (name o he island in Rygoje). O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion
LAIMUTĖ BALODE
70 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII
In 2014, Mada a said, "Bi ds choose wo ds based on he da a o he i s -g ade
educa ional ins i u ions. The Uni e si y o La ia, HZF. Ka l Mülle -Bach (1891 -
1945) was a La ian poli ician. Some ques ions abou he La ian language.
[Foo no e 1] This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Riga: Jelga a, h ee i e.
Nolikums o he use o na ional languages in names and in o ma ion. Decision o he Council
o Minis e s o he Republic o La ia No 462, § 2.4, 04.11.1992. I is a ailable on he In e ne a
h p: h p: likumi.l doc.php?id=63051
Plāķis Ju is 1936: La ian place name and La ian name, I d. Ku zemes name. […] A icles o he
Uni e si y o La ia, Se ies o philology and philosophy acul ies, IV edi ion, No. 1, Riga. Plāķis
Ju is 1939: La ian seals and La ian seals, 2nd edi ion o he Zemgales seals. - A icles o he
Uni e si y o La ia, Se ies o Philology and Philosophy o he Facul y, V sēj, No. 5, Riga.
Plessuma-Ie a 2012: Re o pe sonal p onouns o he iden i y o mode n La ia. I 's a bachelo 's deg ee.
The Uni e si y o La ia, HZF.
Plesh Ie a, 2014: T ends in he c ea ion o La ian su names. Mas e 's wo k.
The Uni e si y o La ia, HZF.
Rapa Sanda 2014: Geog aphical nomencla u e o he La ian oponyms in he language.
P omo ional wo k. This is Riga.
Rudzī e Elīna 2012: Pe son name selec ion mo i es (D audzīgā aicinājuma Cēsu
Vals s ģimnāzijas ap aujas da i) This is he i s ime ha he name o he pe son
has been used. Mas e 's wo k. The Uni e si y o La ia, HZF. Sillico 's P.R.E.
(P e ious name in Riga in he 15 h cen u y a e he chemis 's egis y o ma e ials) P omo ional wo k. This is Riga.
Siliņš Klā s 1990: A dic iona y o La ian pe sonal names. I 's called Riga. Sp uogis Ju gis 1888:
Geog aphical dic iona y o he ancien land o Zhomoi XVI, composed o o y-ac books by
he Russian Cen al A chi es o he Land Cou o Vilnius, Vilnius Cen al A chi es o he
Ancien A chi es o he Land Cou o Vilnius, Vilnius, G odno and Minsk, I ano , Yako le ,
Š a a, 2005: Mas e 's wo k. Riga: Facul y o Philology o he Uni e si y o La ia. The 23 d
Спрогисомъ, Вильна.
In e na ional Cong ess o Onomas ic Sciences (ICOS) was held in To on o, Canada. Access o
he In e ne : h p: yo kspace.lib a y.yo ku.ca/xmlui.handle/10315:2900/
b owse? pp=20&o de =ASC&so _by=-1&e al=-1& ype=au ho &s a s_wi h=0

S aipsniai / A icles 71
Naujų k ypčių užuomazgos La ijos onomas ikoje
The 24 h In e na ional Cong ess o Onomasedings-o -icos-xxi -online.h ml was held in
ic Sciences, ICOS. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://e-onomas ics.blogspo . i/2014/08/p oce-
Ba celona, Spain.
The 25 h In e na ional Cong ess o Onomas ic Sciences was held in Glasgow, Sco land. I
is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: www.icos2014.com/wp-con en /uploads://ICOS-2014-/
Lis o abs ac s
The Rudimen s o New Tendencies in La ian
Onomas ics and cosme ics
Summa y
The las cong esses o ICOS (In e na ional Council o Onomas ic Sciences) held in To on o (2008),
Ba celona (2011) and Glasgow (2014) e i ied ha new b anches o he esea ch o onymes a e
becoming mo e and mo e popula . The aim o his a icle is o in oduce he la es
socio-onomas ic s udies ca ied ou a he Uni e si y o La ia. Se e al MA and PhD esea ch
wo ks in La ian mode n an h oponymics and oponymics ca ied ou by he s uden s o he
Facul y o Humani ies on he basis o ques ionnai es a e b ie ly p esen ed in his a icle. Fo
example, he o e iew o he s udy on he choice o he newbo n's name, pa en s' mo i a ion
and he main c i e ia in choosing a name: euphony o he name, o iginali y o he name, ha mony
be ween he name and he su name, e c. (Rudzī e 2012, Madžule 2014). The as majo i y o
esponden s said hey we e sa is ied wi h hei name. Jānis and Līga a e men ioned as he
nices La ian names. I is qui e common o amilies o ha monize he names o sis e s and
b o he s by ini ials, o example K is aps and K is ina, Dina and Di a, o by seman ics, o
example Gundega and Mada a (bo h names o he lowe s). A compa ison o he names o
child en, pa en s and g andpa en s leads o he conclusion ha nowadays he names inhe i ed
om ances o s a e a he a e. I is inc easingly popula o choose e y a e names o
newbo ns. I. Plēsuma (2012, 2014) s udied a e (only once egis e ed) pe sonal names in La ia as
well as he newes ends and endencies in La ian i s name o ma ion. In he ield o
oponymy, an in e es ing s udy on in o mal u banonymy was ca ied ou (Donina 2013): abou 700
slang u banonyms om i e ci ies o La ia loca ed in di e en e hnog aphic egions we e
collec ed and analyzed. The ques ionnai e helped o ac onyms, also su ix -ene, -ī is, -iņš
de i a i es as well as me apho s). The mos popula slang e gonym among esponden s is
ind ou he mo i a ion o hei o ma ion, he ways o de i a ion (mos ly abb e ia ions o
Hesī is (= as ood es au an Hesbu ge ); he la ges numbe o a ian s was eco ded in
naming he as ood es au an McDonald's […] Maķis
LAIMUTĖ BALODE
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion. This s udy also
showed he young peoples a i ude owa ds uno icial place names. E gonymics is ye
ano he a he new and un ouched a ea o onomas ics in Bal ic languages ca ied ou in
guages. Some in e es ing esea ch wo ks (Laugale 2009, Bušs 2012, Balode, Bušs 2014)
La ia. Fo example, he employees o a ious companies o La ia we e in e iewed abou
he o igin and mo i a ion o hei companys name (Tīlika 2012). The s udy o he names o
comme cial p oduc s (o economonyms) has also been ini ia ed. Fo example, O. Bušs (2013)
compa ed economonyms o he coun y wi h he na ions men ali y.
The use o eponyms (appella i es ha o igina ed om onyms […] an h oponyms o oponyms)
is a new, almos uns udied ield in he Bal ic coun ies. The Dic iona y o Eponyms (2007),
compiled by B. Banka a, has ecen ly been published. She has also de ended he PhD
disse a ion (2011) en i led Eponyms in La ian: Linguis ic Aspec . Al hough he e ymology,
seman ics, and de i a ion o names emain he p ima y issues ha cons i u e he basis o
onomas ic esea ch, new b anches o onomas ics a e al eady on he way.
Deli e ed on 31 Ma ch 2015
LAIMUTĖ BALODE
The Uni e si y o La ia, La ian Language
Ins i u e, Academic Squa e 1, Riga LV-1050, La ia
is loca ed a : laimu [email protected]
Helsinkio uni e si e as
Facul y o Humani ies and Social Sciences, Depa men o
Mode n Languages, Union S ee 40, Helsinki Fi-00140, Finland
you a e welcome.balode@helsinki. i