LAIMUTĖ BALODĖ

University of Latvia

University of Helsinki

Research areas: Baltic onomastics, toponymy, anthroponymy, lexical borrowings.

EMERGING NEW DIRECTIONS IN LATVIAN ONOMASTICS

The Rudiments of New Tendencies in Latvian Onomastics

ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to the latest research related to socio-onomastics at the University of Latvia. These studies of anthroponymy and toponymy were conducted on the basis of questionnaires completed by philology students: an overview of rare personal names registered only once in Latvia, trends in the formation of new Latvian personal names, parents’ motivations and value orientations when choosing a name for a newborn, sources used to choose personal names, and the people involved in the naming process. In toponymy, interest in unofficial urbanonymy has grown especially markedly: a survey of young people in Latvia’s largest cities collected about 700 slang urbanonyms and sought to determine their formation motivations and young people’s attitudes toward the use of such unofficial place names. Ergonymy is an onomastic field that has remained entirely unstudied. Research on Latvian ergonyms (the names of institutions, companies, and firms) includes a study by student K. Tylika, in which company employees were surveyed and the origins of specific ergonyms were identified. Ojāras Bušas has described the ergonyms of Riga and other cities and localities (unconventional names of cafés, restaurants, and shops). Research into the names of commercial products—economonyms—is becoming increasingly widespread in world onomastics; for example, Laimutė Balodė has surveyed the functions of the names Latvia and Riga in ergonyms, while O. Bušas attempted to compare economonyms with the national mentality.

Without a doubt, contemporary onomastics must make room not only for traditional diachronic onomastics studies, but also for socio-onomastic research, which remains little known.

KEYWORDS: onomastics, socio-onomastics, urbanonymy, ergonymy.

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ANNOTATION

The article is devoted to recent socio-onomastic studies at the University of Latvia. They mostly cover research works in toponymics and anthroponymics carried out on the basis of questionnaires completed by philology students: the overview of rare, only once registered personal names in Latvia, as well as new trends and tendencies in the formation of Latvian personal names; parents’ motivation and value reference-points in choosing the newborn’s name, sources and persons involved in the process of choosing the name. In the field of toponymy an interest has especially increased in informal urbanonymy: about 700 slang urbanonyms from the largest cities of Latvia were collected and analysed trying to find out the motivation of their formation, the ways of derivation and young people’s attitude towards such unofficial place names. Ergonymics is yet another area of onomastics, which has not been analysed before. The work of Kristiāna Tīlika started the study of Latvian ergonyms (names of institutions, companies, firms, enterprises and other businesses): employees of various companies were interviewed about the origin and motivation of the company’s name. Unusual, creative names of cafés, restaurants and shops of Riga were studied by Ojārs Bušs. The interest in the names of commercial products (or economonyms) has been increasing in the world over the last decades. The functions of such names as Latvija and Rīga in ergonyms and economonyms of Latvia were examined by Laimute Balode. O. Bušs tried to compare economonyms with the nation’s mentality.

Without a doubt, there is a place in modern contemporary onomastics not only for traditional diachronic studies of onomastics but also for the research in a less known socio-onomastic field.

KEYWORDS: onomastics, socioonomastics, urbanonymics, ergonymics.

0. Onomastics, a branch of linguistics that emerged in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century, reached the Baltic countries in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century¹. Classical, or traditional, onomastics is generally primarily concerned with the etymology of proper names,

¹ Arguably the first scholarly article on Latvian anthroponymy is Karlis Mühlenbachs’s three-page “Par latviešu pavārdiem” (“On Latvian Surnames”) (Mülenbachs 1891: 3–5), while the first work analyzing Latvian place names is August Bielenstein’s (August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein) book Die Grenzen des lettischen Volksstammes und lettischen Sprache in der Gegenwart und im 13. Jahrhundert (Bielenstein 1892). A few years earlier, Jurgis Spruogis’s work on the ancient historical-geographical names of Žemaitija had been published (Spruogis 1888). The legacy and continuation of this period comprise Kazimieras Būga’s files of place names and personal names, the first collections of place names published by Juris Plaķis (Plaķis 1936, 1939) and Jānis Endzelīns (Endzelīns 1922, 1926), as well as the first articles on this subject (Endzelīns 1931, Endzelin 1934, etc.).

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the formation of proper names and their semantics². Theoretical onomastics, which emerged relatively early, as well as studies of the history, development, and change of proper names, can also be considered part of classical semantics. Practical onomastics may perhaps already be associated with traditional fields; it could also be called applied onomastics and today is most often concerned with the standardization of toponyms, the forms of place names on maps, road signs, and the like. A somewhat younger branch of onomastics is literary onomastics (although the first commentaries and studies of biblical personal and place names are known from as early as the 16th century—eight volumes of Biblia Sacra, published in Antwerp in 1569–1572, are usually cited), which most often examines the features of proper names in the works of a single author or even in an individual work.

To date, onomasticians at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language’s Department of Onomastics, Vilnius University, and the Latvian Language Institute have devoted most of their attention to questions of the etymology of place names and personal names, combining studies of origins with analyses of the formation and primary semantics of proper names.

1. In recent years, major shifts have been evident in world onomastics. The last three congresses of onomastics (ICOS – International Council of Onomastic Sciences), held in Toronto in 2008, Barcelona in 2011, and Glasgow in 2014, clearly showed that interest in classical onomastics is waning somewhat and that research in socio-onomastics is becoming increasingly attractive to the younger generation of linguists. A few topics in anthroponymy presented at the most recent congresses may serve as examples: “Personal Names as Reflections of Identity in Multilingual Families” (E. Aldrin, Sweden), “Children’s Names in Mixed Families” (K. Eskola, Finland), “Personal Name Trends” (A. Hussar, Estonia), “Personal Names Reflecting Social and Religious Change” (A. Demsky, Israel), “Personal Names in the Legal System” (G. Botti, Italy). In addition, nicknames have recently been studied more widely—for example, those of politicians, athletes, and teachers: “Nicknames of Romanian Politicians” (D. Felecan, O. Felecan, Romania), “A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Teachers’ Nicknames” (O. Felecan, Romania)—as have pseudonyms, especially those used in virtual spaces. Topics such as “Personal and Place Names in Sign Language” (P. Rainò, Finland) are even being discussed. The origins and primary meanings of place names have always attracted researchers, but the perspective of research is changing increasingly often today. New topics are emerging, for example, “Emotional Expression in Toponymy” (P. Štěpán, Hungary), “Political Emphasis in Australian Aboriginal Toponymy” (M. Walsh, Australia),

² It should be added that the semantics of proper names, as a branch of onomastics, is the subject of much debate, and there is still no consensus among onomasticians worldwide: some categorically reject the concept of the semantics of proper names, while others are inclined to discuss their lexical meaning and analyze at least their etymological or primary semantics.

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“Place Names as Markers of Identity” (B. Helleland, Norway), “Narratives in Collections of Agronyms” (A. Burns). In recent years, researchers have turned their attention particularly to urban place names—urbanonyms. A few topics of papers presented at ICOS congresses include: “Urbanonyms and Their Change” (A. Kagami, Japan), “Slang Toponymy/Urbanonymy” (J. Vuolteenaho, T. Ainiala, Finland), “Historical Multilingualism in Street Names” (P. Päll, Estonia), “Street Names and Identity” (I. Særheim, Norway), “Building Names in Singapore” (P. Tan, Singapore), “Place Names on Road Signs” (P. Jordan, Austria, L. Dehlin, Sweden).

Even prominent onomasticians are not averse to new topics related to zoonymy—such research subjects are particularly popular in the United States. Examples include “Horse Names in Arabic Chronicles” (J. Sublet, France), “Animal Names as Loanwords in Sweden” (K. Leibring, Sweden), “Dog Names in Latvia” (O. Bušs, Latvia), “New Trends in Pet Names” (A. Bergien, Germany), and so on.

Chrematonymy, a relatively recent branch of onomastics, should also be mentioned, for example: “Names of Ships, Yachts, and Trains” (E. Cafarelli, Italy), “A Typology of Ship Names” (A. Schybergson, Finland), “Names in Furniture Design” (i.e., the commercial names of wall units, chairs, kitchen or bedroom sets, lamps, and vases) (M. Blomquist, Finland); and ergonymy, for example: “Shop Names” (B. Christensen, Denmark), “Stadium Names in Italy” (M. Wolny, Germany), “Names of Institutions, Companies, and Firms—Slang Forms” (T. Ainiala, Finland), “Names of ‘Green’ Brands” (M. Casagrande, Great Britain), “Metro Station Names” (J. Lehtonen, K. Mallat, S. Suviranta, Finland). An even rarer, but rapidly growing, field is the study of economonyms, such as names of bread, cheese, yogurt, wine, and other food products, which are related to marketing, consumer psychology, and the like. Increasing attention is being paid to proper names in the virtual world: “The Virtual Onomastic Environment” (V. Neklesova, Ukraine), “Onomastics of the Digital World—Place Names in Video Games” (J. Butler, Great Britain). Even unusual topics such as “Taxi Names in the Caribbean Islands” (W. Ahrens, Canada), “Car Registration Numbers and Lifestyle” (B. Neethling, South Africa), and “Names of Educational Institutions” (V. Tuzlukova, Oman) find a place in contemporary world onomastics (see in greater detail the XXIII ICOS Congress in Toronto, Canada, the XXIV ICOS Congress in Barcelona, Spain, and the XXV ICOS Congress in Glasgow, Scotland). The topics of papers listed here clearly testify to the changing, that is, expanding, scope of onomastics.

Students—philologists—at the University of Helsinki are also keeping up with new trends, choosing topics for their first research projects that are usually sociolinguistic in nature: “Favorite Personal Names from the Kalevala Epic,” “Oikodomonyms in Student Speech,” “Urbanonyms in Students’ Spoken Language,”

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“Slang place names in immigrants’ speech,” “Choosing a username and nickname on social networks,” “Names of toys and dolls in children’s speech,” “Names of literary heroes in children’s literature,” etc. Bachelor’s- and master’s-level onomastic research is supervised by lecturers in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Helsinki – T. Ainiala, R. L. Pitkänen, K. Mallat, L. Balode.

2. This article draws on experience gained over many years of teaching Baltic onomastics at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Latvia and at the University of Helsinki (Finland), as well as of working on the Dictionary of Latvian Place Names in the Onomastics Group of the Latvian Language Institute. In recent years, alongside classical and traditional onomastic research, topics in socio-onomastics have increasingly often been chosen.

2.1. One topic that interests students but has so far been little researched is parents’ motivation and value orientations when choosing a name for a newborn, the sources consulted when selecting personal names, and the people involved in the naming process. Recent University of Latvia student research on this topic includes: E. Horste, „Jaunākās personvārdu izvēles tendences Latvijā un Lietuvā“ (“The latest trends in personal name choices in Latvia and Lithuania”) (Horste 2008); E. Rudzīte, „Personvārdu izvēles motīvi (Draudzīgā aicinājuma Cēsu Valsts ģimnāzijas aptaujas dati)“ (“Motives for choosing names, based on survey data from Cēsis State Gymnasium”) (Rudzīte 2012); M. Mažule, „Bērnu vārdu izvēles motīvi (balstoties uz aptaujas datiem pirmsskolas izglītības iestādēs)“ (“Motives for choosing children’s names, based on survey data from preschools”) (Mažule 2014).

2.1.1. Several findings from Elyna Rudzīte’s study (Rudzīte 2012), which sought to identify the motives behind students’ choice of personal names at one school (Cēsis State Gymnasium), are worth mentioning. The main criterion respondents named in their questionnaires was the euphony of the name; in second place was the name’s originality, and in third, how well the name matched the surname (in terms of initials, sound, and semantics). The most popular names among students in grades 7–9 were, for girls – Linda, Elīna, Gerda, Laine, Luīze, Santa, Sintija, and for boys – Jānis, Dāvis, Reinis, Artūrs, Emīls, Kristaps, Lauris, Oskars, Toms. These names largely coincide with the most widespread names given to newborns throughout the country during the same period. Most of the students surveyed (90 out of 104) were satisfied with their names and would not want to change them. Only eleven respondents – five boys and six girls – were dissatisfied with their parents’ choice and would have preferred to be called by another name (three respondents did not disclose their opinion). In the students’ view, the most beautiful Latvian names are Jānis and Līga; fashionable borrowed names, such as Ketija, Samanta, Daniels, were also mentioned among the most beautiful. Survey data show that fashions in girls’ names change much faster than those in boys’ names. Parents’ answers indicate that

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most often, both parents chose the child’s name together (more than half of all respondents), or the mother chose it alone. Approximately one-third of the parents admitted that choosing a name for their child had not been easy: the chosen name had been changed several times, or they had had to choose from several options.

2.1.2. A study conducted by Madara Mažule (Mažule 2014) on children’s names in three kindergartens revealed similar trends. The most frequently cited motive for choosing a name was its sound (58% of all respondents), followed by originality (27%), compatibility with the surname (25%), and the desired letters in the name (25%). The decision is also often influenced by a name’s international character (19%), shortness (11%), meaning (15%), and name-day date (14%). Fashionable, popular names have the least influence; names rarely chosen and those inherited within the family, as well as the names of literary characters, film actors, and athletes, are also seldom selected. Families often match sisters’ and brothers’ names by their initial letters – by initials, for example: Kristaps ir Kristīne, Kristo fers ir Karlīna, Marta ir Madara. A comparison of the names of the children, parents, and grandparents surveyed suggests that Latvian families rarely pass down names from older generations of family members. It seems that this tradition is no longer continued in Latvia.

Respondents’ answers also quite often included two-part names: girls Marta Marija, Anna Kate, Alise Maija, Zane Karīna, Agnete Samanta, Elīza Samanta, Romija Estere; boys Kārlis Roberts, Edvards Raiens, Emīls Kristers, Helvijs Kristians, Kristaps Adrians.

2.1.3. Ieva Plesuma, a student of Baltic studies at the University of Latvia, researched rare personal names registered only once in Latvia and trends in the formation of new Latvian names (Plēsuma 2012, 2014). The author’s database of rare personal names was compiled from the Catalogue of Personal Names of Latvia’s Residents held by the Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Latvia, selecting names registered only once: approximately 700 names (including 500 first names and 200 second or third names). Although under the laws of the Republic of Latvia individuals may have no more than two names, in practice there are many exceptions – individuals with three and four names have been registered.

It was observed that rare monosyllabic names are often derived from flora-related etymons, most commonly flower names (formed both by zero affixation and by adding various suffixes), for example: Amarillisa (once as a first name and once as a second name – Edīte Amarillisa) < 1a. amarillis; Lavanda < lavanda; Magnolija < magnolija; Orhideja < orhideja; Vārpulis < vārpa + -ulis; Ziediņa < ziedet, zieds ir Ziediņš Mareks < ziedet, zieds. Čakste < čakste ‘shrike’, although in this case the name’s connection with Latvia is more likely

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The surname of the Republic’s first president was Jānis Čakste. Several neologisms are related to names of natural objects and phenomena, for example: Saulena < from saule ‘sun’ + the suffix -ena; Zvaigzne Ritma < from zvaigzne ‘star’ (Siliņš 1990: 340) (although the diminutive form Zvaigznīte is more widespread—recorded five times as a first name and twice as a second name). Neologisms formed from names of precious stones are very rare: Rubīna (twice) < rubīns ‘ruby’, or names derived from ethnonyms: Latvis (once) and, as second and third names: Maikls Latvijas, Augusts Ģedimins Latvijas. According to I. Plesuma’s research data, rare names with abstract meanings, formed from Latvian common nouns, are the most frequent, for example: Dzirkište < from dzirkste ‘spark’ (Siliņš 1990: 104); Jūta < from jūtas ‘feelings’; Kvēle Daiņa < from kvēle ‘passion’ (Siliņš 1990: 204); Mierīte < from miers ‘peace, tranquility’ + suffix –īte; Mieriņš < from miers + suffix –iņš; Nākotne < from nākotne ‘future’. Two-stem neologisms with varied meanings are especially popular, for example: Brīv̌nese < from brīvs ‘free’ + nest ‘to carry’; Mīļcerīte < from mīļš ‘dear, lovely’ + cerēt ‘to hope, expect’ + suffix –īte; Drošvaldis < from drošs ‘brave, courageous’ + valdīt ‘to rule’; Jūtvaldis < from jūtas ‘feelings’ + valdīt; Mežvaldis < from mežs ‘forest’ + valdīt (Siliņš 1990: 238); Sirdsvalda < from sirds ‘heart’ + valdīt (Siliņš 1990: 292); Godvars < from gods ‘honor’ + varēt ‘to be able’ (Siliņš 1990: 139); Mierdars < from miers ‘peace, tranquility’ + darīt ‘to do’; Tautmīlis and Raimonds Tautmīlis < from tauta ‘nation’ + mīlēt ‘to love’ (Siliņš 1990: 303). Even more varied are two-stem personal names known only as second or third names: Imants Ilgvārds < from ilgs ‘long’ + vārds ‘word, name’; Jānis Jurvaldis < from jūra + valdīt ‘to rule’ (Siliņš 1990: 187); Alfreds Krist[s] Spēkvars < from spēks ‘strength’ + vara ‘power, might’ or varēt ‘to be able’; Ādolfs Roberts Dievmīls < from dievs ‘god’ + mīlēt ‘to love’ (K. Siliņš’s personal-name dictionary records only the female name Dievmīla from 1882 (Siliņš 1990: 98). The abundance of such two-stem names could indicate a connection with the old names of the nobility, or at least parents’ desire to imitate them.

Be to, minėtasis retųjų vardų tyrimas parodė, kad asmenvardžiai dažnai padaromi iš jau žinomo priešingos lyties asmenvardžio: pavyzdžiui: Malds Ēriks < mot. vardo Malda, plg. 1a. veiksmažodį maldīties ‘klysti’? (Siliņš 1990: 226); Skaidrītis < mot. vardo Skaidrīte (Siliņš 1990: 293); Zanis < mot. vardo Zane (Siliņš 1990: 335), arba iš dviejų jau žinomų vardų sudaryti dūriniai-naujadarai, pavyzdžiui: Laineanna < Laine + Anna; Lijamāra < Lija + Māra; Rozevita < Roze + Vita. Kaip nauja tendencija „kuriant“ naujadarus – tai abiejų tėvų – mamos ir tėvo – vardų sujungimas, pavyzdžiui: Aiguta – tėvų asmenvardžiai Aija ir Gotfrīds (= Gutis); Lidvaldis <? Lidija ir Valdis. Ypač tarp retųjų vardų populiarios deminutyvinės asmenvardžio formos: Agrītis < Agris; Alvīte < Alva arba Alvīs; Andrite < Andra arba Andris; Arnīte < Arnis; Baibīte < Baiba; Brivīte < Brīva; Dairīte < Daira; Daivīte < Daiva; Elzīte < asmenvardis Elza; Gaidīte < Gaida; Gai-tiņš < Gaitis; Ievīte < Ieva ir daug kitų. Keistoka, kad šiuo atveju diminutyvai

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are formed irregularly (not Ievīna, but Ievīte; not Baibina, but Baibīte)—apparently to distinguish them from the usual diminutive forms of names.

A very large proportion of rare names consists of borrowings from various languages (most often from English), for example: Marline—a French personal name borrowed from Greek; Mauda—an English personal name, a shortening of the name Matilda; Naikes—a Latvianized version of the English personal name Nick; Naringula—an Indian personal name; Salvators—a personal name of Latin origin, < salvus (Siliņš 1990: 282); the newborn’s name was probably chosen in honor of the Spanish painter Salvador Dalí. Since the personal-name registers of the Citizenship and Migration Department of the Republic of Latvia do not specify a person’s ethnicity, it is possible to question whether this is the name of a Latvian. However, in many cases where two or three personal names are recorded and one of them is Latvian, one can assume that the person is Latvian (or at least from a mixed family), for example: Seāns Jānis Lusjēns—an Irish personal name; Adrians Jānis Lusjēns—the French form of the name Lucianus; Amanda Peidža Kristīne—the English personal name for girls (and boys) Page // Paige, ‘young servant’; Andis Žoserands—a French personal name; Anita Kimblija—apparently a Latvianized version of the English personal name Kimberly; Anita Zane Dalcija—an English personal name, from the Latin < dulcis, ‘sweet’; Dainis Krēgs—a Scottish, English personal name Craig, whose original meaning is ‘rock’; Džan Luka Erols Jānis—perhaps a Latvianized Chinese name Zhang; Edgars Makvūns—a Scottish surname Mcqueen; Ēriks Ozijs—an English personal name, a diminutive form of the names Oswald, Osborn, etc.

Studies of rare names such as these help not only to identify ways of creating new names and variants of borrowings, but also to try to prevent undesirable trends. This, among other things, is the practical, applied value of such anthroponymic research, which is also of interest to the general public.

2.2. In addition to the anthroponymic studies already mentioned, a number of studies devoted to toponymy have been written in recent years. For example, closely aligned with traditional onomastics is Ilze Štrausa’s carefully conducted study of the onyms of a parish in the southern part of Latvia (Štrausa 2005), Ukru pagasta onomastiskā sistēma (personvārdi un vietvārdi).

2.2.1. Another University of Latvia Balticist, Sintija Duonina, has produced a study in sociotoponymy devoted to research on unofficial urbanonyms in youth speech, Neoficiālie vietvārdi jauniešu valodā (Doniņa 2013). Using a questionnaire, the student compiled a card index of 700 urbanonyms from five Latvian cities representing different ethnographic regions: Riga (306), Valmiera (121), Kuldīga (114), Rēzekne (93), and Bauska (82). The aim of the study is to investigate the word-formation patterns, motivations for emergence, and functions of unofficial urbanonyms in spoken language.

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The conclusions state that the most widespread unofficial urbanonym is the slang name Hesburger Hešītis for the fast-food restaurant: it was mentioned 85 times in Riga and 44 times in Kuldīga; in Valmiera, the most frequently recorded unofficial name for the bridge Dzelzs tilts was the diminutive form Dzelzītis; in Bauska, the unofficial name Statoil for the gas station was Staīks, while in Rēzekne the slang variant of the name Ziemeļu rajons ‘Northern District’ for a city district was Severka.

According to the survey results, a topo-object usually has one or two slang names, although there are exceptions. For example, the most unofficial names and variants are used for the fast-food restaurant McDonald’s: Maīs (2 times) // Maǖts (38 times) // Maǖtis (74 times) // Maeǖtis (1 time) // Mahītis (1 time) // Makijs (1 time) // Maīks (1 time) // Makeīks (1 time) // Makdaks (3 times).

Morphologically, unofficial place names are formed by shortening an onym, for example, by dropping the second component of a compound (or word combination) and adding a derivational suffix: Āģis (< Āgenskalns), Bastejs (< Basteikalns), Čieris (< Čiekurkalns), Ķeizis (< Ķeizarmežs), Ķendzis // Ķenga (< Ķengarags), Ķīpis (< Ķīpsala), Zass (< Zasulauks), Čuguns (< Čuguna roze), Ezis // Ezīts // Ezītis (< Ezītis miglā); cases in which the first component of a compound (or word combination) is dropped when forming a slang urbanonym are much rarer: Ciems (< Ilģuciems), Saule (< Jauna saule), Netto (< Supernetto).

Abbreviations and acronyms are also worth mentioning—they are particularly popular and widely used among young people: ČBK // Čebēka (< the café Četri balti krekli ‘four white shirts’ in Riga); GēCē // GāCē (< the shopping centre Galerija Centrs in Riga); KK (< Kreisais krasts ‘the left bank of the Daugava’ in Riga); ZZ (< the park Ziedondārzs in Riga); A-kojas (< the student dormitory on Ausekļa Street (Ausekļa iela) in Valmiera), B-kojas (< the student dormitory on Beātes Street (Beātes iela) in Valmiera); Z-kojas (< the student dormitory on Zvejnieku Street (Zvejnieku iela) in Valmiera), C-iela (< Cēsu iela in Valmiera); T-iela (< Tērbatas iela in Valmiera); MK (< Multiklubs in Valmiera); ZB (< the building Ziemeļblāzma ‘northern lights’ in Rēzekne).

This survey of urbanonyms also confirmed earlier observations that formations with the suffix -ene are the most common (this suffix is also highly characteristic of the appellative vocabulary of Latvian slang—Ernstsone, Tidriķe 2006: 36). Many such forms are derived from street names (the examples given here are from Riga): Avotene (= Avotu iela), Brīvūbene (= Brīvības iela), Čakene (= Čaka iela), Dzirnavene (= Dzirnavu iela), Gogolene (= Gogoļa iela), Jūrmalene (= Jūrmalas šoseja), Kantorene (= Kantora iela), Kuģene (= Kuģu iela), Matīsene (= Matīsa iela), Stabene (= Stabu iela), Tērbatene (= Tērbatas iela), Valdemārene // Valdzēne (= Krišjāņa Valdemāra iela). Diminutive suffixes are especially favored in onomastic slang—itis / -īts, -iņš—and are usually added to shortened or modified forms of urbanonyms: Ķīpīts < Ķīpītis < *Ķīpis < Ķīpsala (the name of an island in Riga). Examples of this kind

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can be found in the naming of various topo-objects in all Latvian cities: Bruņiniecņš (= the street name Bruņinieku iela); Centrītis (= the name of the market Rīgas Centrāltirgus); Čīlītis // Čīlīts (= the restaurant Čīli pica); Fēnītis (= the casino Fēnikss); Ķīstitis // Ķīstis (= the lake within Riga’s municipal area Ķīšezers); Mežītis (= the park name Mežaparks); Vansītis (= the bridge name Vanšu tilts); Vēermanītis // Vēermanīts (= the park name Vērmanes dārzs); Ziedonītis // Ziedonīts (= the park name Ziedoņdārzs), Esītis (= the name of a park in Kuldīga Estrādes parks); Memītis (< Memītis < *Memis < Memorials – the name of a monument in Valmiera). The Latvian diminutive suffixes -iņš, -ītis are also usually added to indeclinable ergonyms of foreign origin, enabling them to be declined and thereby facilitating communication, for example: Depiņš (= Depo – the name of a shop), Getiņš (= Ghetto Games – the name of a youth club), Lidiņš (= Lido – the name of a restaurant), Dunītis // Dunīts (= Duni – the name of a shop), Elvītis // Elvīts (= the shop Elvi), Esītis (= the club named Essential), Narvītis // Narvīts (= the name of the newsstand Narvesen), Rimītis // Rimīts (= the shop named Rimi). This study identified a large group of onomastic derivatives formed with the Slavic-origin suffixes -iks, -čiks, -ka, for example: Agenčiks (= Āgenskalns – a district of Riga), Barončiks (= Barona centrs – a shopping centre in Riga), Centriks (= Centra rajons – the central part of Riga), Čīliks // Čī-liks (= the restaurant Čīli pica), Domčiks (= Doma laukums – the name of a square in Riga), Grizņiks (= Grīziņkalns – a district and park in Riga), Lubançiks (= Lubānas iela – a street name in Riga).

Sintija Duoninios’s work extensively examines onomastic metaphors used by Latvian young people in their everyday speech, for example: Augstā mei-ča ‘the tall girl’ (= Brīvības piemineklis – the Freedom Monument in Riga), Ce-pešpanna ‘frying pan’ (= the restaurant Vairāk saules ‘more sun’; the shape of the restaurant’s logo evokes a yellow frying pan), Naudas maiss ‘money bag’ (= the betting company Optibet), Burkāns ‘carrot’ (= an orange-colored building complex at the intersection of Ilūkstes and Augusta Deglava Streets in Riga), Mauzolejs ‘mausoleum’ (= a building on Stirnu Street in Riga that visually resembles Lenin’s mausoleum in Moscow). Wordplay is also quite common among slang urbanonyms: Cooldīga (= the city name Kuldīga), Supergetto // Ghetto shops (= the shop Supernetto in Kuldīga), Negatīvs ‘negative’ (= the club/bar Pozitīvs ‘positive’ in Kuldīga), Stendere ‘door frame’ (= the bar/club Stender’s ‘Stender’s bar’ in Kuldīga), Rococo (= the club Coco in Rēzekne), South Park // Southparks (= Dienvidu rajons ‘southern district’ – a part of the city in Rēzekne; an allusion to the US animated series), Horseburger (= the fast-food outlet Hesburger in Bauska; mocking the horsemeat scandal, cf. English horse). A few slang urbanonyms also reveal dialectal features, for example, those of western Latvia

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The material from the district (Kuldīga) reveals features of the Tāmnieki dialect (tāmnieki), for example, not only place names but also short word-final vowels are shortened: Kuldž (= the name of the town Kuldīga), Stendž (= the bar/club Stender’s in Kuldīga), Priedž (= the district Priedaine in Kuldīga), etc.

A comparison of slang urbanonyms from five Latvian cities in terms of origin led to the following conclusions: in the speech of young people, the unofficial place names of Valmiera and Bauska are almost without exception of Latvian origin, while those in Riga are of both Latvian and Slavic (Russian) origin, for example: Ku-kuška (= Dzegužkalns ‘cuckoo hill’—a district and park; cf. Russian кукушка ‘cuckoo’); Kraska (= Sarkandaugava ‘red Daugava’—a district; cf. Russian красный ‘red’); Łotene (=Riga airportRīga; cf. Russian лёт ‘flight’). As might be expected, the greatest number of onomastic Russianisms was recorded in the speech of young people in Rēzekne. A few Anglicisms were recorded in all the cities under discussion, for example: Indoors (= Iekštelpu skeitparks, an indoor skating park in Kuldīga; cf. English indoor ‘located indoors’), the previously mentioned South Park // Southparks (= a southern district in Rēzekne); Pentagons (= the Latvian State Police headquarters building in Riga; apparently a transferred ergonym, cf. English Pentagon ‘the headquarters of the US Department of Defense’), etc.

In addition to the research by student S. Duoninija discussed here, Laimutė Balodė’s article (Balode 2014) is also devoted to this topic; it compares trends in the formation of unofficial urbanonyms in Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania.

2.3. Another contemporary topic in socio-onomastics that interests students is ergonymy. Research on Latvian ergonyms (names of institutions, enterprises, and firms) includes a doctoral dissertation defended at the University of Liepāja by Velga Laugale (2009) on the names of educational institutions in Latvia (Izglītības iestāžu nosaukumi latviešu valodā: lingvistiskais aspekts).

2.3.1. The subject of ergonyms was also addressed in a study by Kristiana Tylika, a Balticist at the University of Latvia, Ergonīmu (Š-) veidošana Latvijā (Tīlika 2012). In the course of the study, firm employees were interviewed, and the motivations and origins of specific ergonyms were identified. For her analysis, the student selected 645 names from the Latvian Register of Enterprises: 385 were analyzed, while 260 were of unclear origin (it was not possible to contact the firms’ employees). K. Tylika’s material showed that most ergonyms were formed from place names and personal names, for example: Šveices auto, Škaunes bekons; ergonyms derived from farmstead names: Šalkas, Šalmi, Šļūkas, Šultes, Šaurītes Z, Šķietnieki IS (the appended letters are the initials of the owner’s first and last names); ergonyms derived from personal names—most often from the owner’s surname: Šenbergs, Šneiders, Šūpiņš, Švēde, Šmits un partneri. Acronym formation is highly productive, for example: ŠADA = šahs un dambrete ‘chess and draughts’, Š.O.P. =

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the firm’s founders Štīls, Ozoliņš, Posums. There were considerably fewer ergonyms of appellative origin (perhaps because the names selected for analysis began with the letter Š); the etymon of each was semantically related to the company’s field of activity. For example, firm names formed from common nouns include Šalle ‘scarf’, Šarms ‘charm’, Šautra ‘arrow’, Šerifs ‘sheriff’, Šķūnis ‘barn’. Slangisms also occur among them: the Germanism Šūplāde ‘drawer’. Derivatives with diminutive suffixes are popular: Šuvejiņa ‘little seamstress’, Šupulītis ‘little cradle’. There are even names formed from adverbs: Šeit ‘here’, Šodien ‘today’. The formation of Latvian ergonyms shows a strong influence from foreign languages.

2.3.2. Ojaras Bušs has described the ergonyms of Riga and other cities (unconventional names of cafés, restaurants, and shops) (Bušs 2012, Balode, Bušs 2014, 20–25). A few examples from these articles: unconventional café names in Riga include Dēli ‘sons’, 80 vēstules ‘80 letters’, Degviela ‘fuel’; unconventional shop names include Ods ‘mosquito’, Pauze ‘pause’, Ganības ‘pastures’, Pietura ‘stop’, Kuģis ‘ship’, Vidus ‘middle’. Shop names are often formed with diminutive suffixes as well: the butcher’s shop Tītariņš (< titars ‘turkey’), Cukuriņš (< cukurs ‘sugar’), Trepītes (< trepes ‘stairs’), Debestiņa (< debess ‘sky’); the grocery store name Dzīvīte (< dzīve ‘life’). Diminutives of place names are also sometimes used: shop names Daugaviņa (< the river Daugava), Iecaviņa (< the river and town Iecava), Aizkrauklīte (< the town Aizkraukle). Other word-formation features of ergonyms have also been observed, for example: the café Kūkotava (< from the nonexistent verb *kūkot ‘to eat pastries’ [< kūka ‘pastry’]; a humorous effect is successfully created through a homonym—the example of another verb, kūkot ‘1. to coo; 2. to doze, nod off’). Ergonyms also include expressive word combinations: shops Pēdējā cerība ‘last hope’, Vienīgā iespēja ‘the only chance’; barbarisms are also frequent (mostly Germanisms): Bode ‘shop’, Labā bode ‘the good shop’, Ķēķis ‘kitchen’, Omīte ‘grandmother’, Grāpis ‘cauldron’. To make unconventional ergonyms appealing—as a commercial “hook”—cases other than the usual nominative are used, for example: the café name Sirsniņai (dative singular, ‘for a little heart’); the café Mierā (locative singular, ‘in peace’); the fish restaurant Murdā (locative singular, ‘in a fish trap’); the flower shop Lakstos (locative plural, ‘among herbaceous plants, in grasses, among potato haulms’). Word combinations with unusual semantics also seem appealing to customers and shoppers, for example: the restaurant Lidojošā varde ‘flying frog’ and Jautrais ods ‘merry mosquito’.

2.3.3. Laimutė Balodė (Balode, Bušs 2014: 13–20), for her part, has surveyed Latvia’s official ergonyms—the names of institutions and enterprises that include the name of Latvia or Riga. Of the total of 204,777 in the Republic of Latvia

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registered institutions and companies (http://www.lursoft.lv/lursoft-statistika/LR-Uznemumu-registra-registros-subjektu-skaits&id=2) (2013.05.) a name incorporating Latvija /incidentally, the surname of the director of one such company is Latvietis (Diena18.11.2011.)/. Most often, the country’s name is included in the G. sg. form, i.e., genitive constructions are formed: Latvijas piens (‘Latvian milk’), Latvijas maiznieks (‘Latvian baker’), Latvijas bekons (‘Latvian bacon’); much less often, the N. sg. form is used, for example: the hotel Latvija, the companies Atvērtā Latvija (‘Open Latvia’), Vizuālā Latvija (‘Visual Latvia’), Agro Latvija (‘Agricultural Latvia’). However, the formation of economonyms or pragmatonyms (names of various goods—the term is not yet established) incorporating the name of Latvia or Riga is restricted by law. In Soviet times, the names of Latvia and Riga (Rīga) were widely used in the names of various products: “Latvija” minibuses, “Latvija” radios, “Latvija” soap, “Latvija” coffee; “Rīga” cake, “Rīga-7” moped, “Rīga” washing machine, “Rīga” piano, “Rīga” and “Latvija” furniture sets, etc. For a time, “Latvija” was also the name of a train running between Riga and Moscow. After 1990, the use of the names Latvia and Riga in the names of commercial products and institutions was restricted (Nolikums par valsts valodas lietošanu nosaukumos un informācijā. Latvijas Republikas Ministru Padomes lēmums No. 462, § 2.4, 04.11.1992). The purpose of such restrictions is to prevent the denigration or devaluation of patriotic sentiment. Nevertheless, there are luxury product names and souvenirs in which these names are used even today: “Latvija” and “Rīga” candy boxes, “Rīga” chocolate, “Latvija” cheese, etc. The name “Vecrīga” is especially popular: the well-known “Vecrīga” pastries, “Vecrīga” liqueur, etc. All these products enjoy a positive reputation.

In world onomastics, an increasing number of publications are devoted to research on the names of commercial products—economonyms/pragmatonyms. In Latvia, O. Bušs attempted to compare economonyms with the national mentality (Bušs 2013).

2.4. A new field that has not yet been studied in the Baltic countries is eponyms. In 2006, Linda Pietė, a student at the University of Latvia, defended her master’s thesis on them. Baiba Bankava successfully continued research on eponyms, compiling a dictionary of Latvian eponyms (Eponīmu vārdnīca, compiled by Baiba Bankava, Rīga, 2007) and, on the basis of this dictionary, defending her doctoral dissertation (2011), “Eponyms in Latvian: The Linguistic Aspect” (Eponīmi latviešu valodā: lingvistiskais aspekts). This richly illustrated dictionary became very popular, and was therefore supplemented and republished: Jaunā eponīmu vārdnīca, Rīga, 2012. The dictionary presents common words widely used in Latvian that arose through appellativization from proper names—personal names or place names—for example: atlants ‘atlas’ < the giant in Greek mythology Atlass (gen. Atlantos), who holds

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the globe on his shoulders (EV 17), begonija < Michel Bégon (1638–1710)—a Frenchman, collector, and patron of science (EV 21), fuksija < Leonhard Fuchs (1501–1566)—a German botanist (EV 46), matiola < Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1500–1578)—an Italian botanist (EV 90), dobermanis < Friedrick Ludwig Dobermann (19th c.)—a German dog breeder who developed this breed (EV 35), kolts < Samuel Colt—who patented this type of revolver in 1835 (EV 74), daltonisms < John Dalton (1766–1844)—an English chemist and physicist who described his visual defect in 1798 (EV 32–33), dolomits < Déodat Grattet de Dolomieu (1750–1801)—a French geologist (EV 35–36), žilete – King C. Gilette (1855–1932), an American inventor and industrialist who invented and manufactured razor blades (EV 141); angora < the Turkish city of Ankara, from where this goat and rabbit wool was transported (EV 13), antonovka < the village of Antonovo in the Kursk region of Russia, where this variety of apples was cultivated (EV 14), gineja < Guineja (Lith. Gvinėja)—the West African coast, from where gold was brought for minting coins (1663) (EV 51), dalmācietis < Dalmatia (Lith. Dalmatija)—a region in Croatia where dogs of this breed were raised (EV 32), etc. The dictionary contains over 900 eponyms, most of which are international words. Compiler B. Bankava explains the meaning of each eponym, the word’s origin, and the history of its emergence. 3. Undoubtedly, alongside the new trends in Latvia already mentioned in this article, traditional areas of onomastics also continue to thrive, attracting young researchers. For example, in 2006 a doctoral dissertation on Latvian historical anthroponymy was successfully defended: Renāte Siliņa-Piņķe Priekšvārdi Rīgā 15. gadsimtā pēc ķemerejas reģistra materiāliem (“Names in Riga According to 15th-Century Chancellery Register Materials”). One of the most recent dissertations in onomastics defended at the University of Latvia is Sanda Rapa’s work (2014), devoted to the analysis of nomenclature terms: “Geographical Nomenclature Terms in Latvian Place Names” (Ģeogrāfiskās nomenklatūras vārdi latviešu toponīmijā). Inese Zugicka, a doctoral student at Daugavpils University, studies nicknames in the Latgale region (Zugicka). Related in part to onomastics is research by Anta Kliavinska (Kļavinska), a doctoral lecturer at the Rezekne Academy of Technologies, on ethnonyms in Latgalian folklore texts.

Although questions of name etymology, primary semantics, and formation remain, as before, at the center of onomastic research, new branches of onomastics are also forging ahead. Contemporary Baltic onomastics should make room not only for traditional diachronic studies of onomastics but also for still little-known research, most often associated with socio-onomastics, that would broaden the field beyond its customary object of study.

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LITERATŪRA

Balode Laimutė 2014: On Slang Urbanonyms in Latvia, Lithuania and Finland. – Baltistikos centrai ir Lietuva (Baltistika pasaulio kontekste), sud. Ona Petrėnienė, Jurga Trimonytė-Bikelienė. Vilnius: LEU, 59–68.

Balode Laimutė, Bušs Ojārs 2014: Two Sketches on Latvian Names in the Economy. – Studii şi cercetări de onomastică şi lexicologie (SCOL) 7, 13–25.

Bielenstein August 1892: Die Grenzen des lettischen Volksstammes und lettischen Sprache in der Gegenwart und im 13. Jahrhundert. St. Petersbourg.

Bušs Ojārs 2012: Non-trivial Names for Latvian Shops, Restaurants and Other Businesses. – International Scientific Conference “Onomastic Investigations” to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Vallija Dambe (1912–1995). Abstracts. Riga, 15–16.

Bušs Ojārs 2013: Īpašvārdi ekonomikā: dažas izpētes iespējas pasaulē un Latvijā. – Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti 17(1), 50–55.

Bušs Ojārs 2014: Īpašvārdi ekonomikā: dažas izpētes iespējas pasaulē un Latvijā. – Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti 17(1), 50–55.

Donīņa Sintija 2013: Neoficiālie vietvārdi jauniešu valodā. Bakalaura darbs. Rīga: LU HZF.

Endzelin Janis 1934: Die lettländischen Gewässernamen. – Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie, Bd. 2, H. 1/2. Wiesbaden, 112–150.

Endzelīns Jānis 1922–1926: Latvijas vietu vārdi. 1: Vidzemes vārdi; 2: Kurzemes un Latgales vārdi. Rīga: A. Gulbis.

Endzelīns Jānis 1931: Par Cēsu un Cesveines vārdu. – Filologu Biedrības Raksti 11, 198–200.

EV – Eponīmu vārdnīca, sastādījusi Baiba Bankava. Rīga: Latviešu valodas aģentūra, 2007.

Ernstone Vineta, Tidriķe Laura 2006: Jauniešu valoda. Rīga: LU Akadēmiskais apgāds.

Horste Evita 2008: Jaunākās personvārdu izvēles tendences Latvijā un Lietuvā. Maģistra darbs. Rīga: LU Filoloģijas fakultāte.

Jaunā eponīmu vārdnīca, sastādījusi Baiba Bankava. Rīga: Latviešu valodas aģentūra, 2012.

Laugale Velga 2009: Izglītības iestāžu nosaukumi latviešu valodā: lingvistiskais aspekts. Promocijas darbs. Liepāja: Liepājas universitāte.

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Madžule Madara 2014: Bērnu vārdu izvēles motīvi (balstoties uz aptaujas datiem pirmsskolas izglītības iestādēs). Rīga: Latvijas Universitāte, HZF.

Mülenbachs Kārlis 1891: Par latviešu pavārdiem. – Daži jautājumi par latviešu valodu. [1.burtn.]. Rīga: Jelgava, 3–5.

Nolikums par valsts valodas lietošanu nosaukumos un informācijā. Latvijas Republikas Ministru Padomes lēmums No. 462, § 2.4, 04.11.1992. Pieeja internetē: http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=63051

Plāķis Juris 1936: Latvijas vietu vārdi un latviešu pavārdi, I d. Kurzemes vārdi. – Latvijas Universitātes Raksti, Filoloģijas un filozofijas fakultātes serija, IV sēj, Nr.1, Rīga.

Plāķis Juris 1939: Latvijas vietu vārdi un latviešu pavārdi, II d. Zemgales vārdi. – Latvijas Universitātes Raksti, Filoloģijas un filozofijas fakultātes serija, V sēj, Nr. 5, Rīga.

Plēsuma Ieva 2012: Reto personvārdu īpatnības mūsdienu Latvijā. Bakalaura darbs. Rīga: Latvijas Universitāte, HZF.

Plēsuma Ieva 2014: Reto latviešu personvārdu darināšanas tendences. Maģistra darbs. Rīga: Latvijas Universitāte, HZF.

Rapa Sanda 2014: Ģeogrāfiskās nomenklatūras vārdi latviešu toponīmijā. Promocijas darbs. Rīga.

Rudzīte Elīna 2012: Personvārdu izvēles motīvi (Draudzīgā aicinājuma Cēsu Valsts ģimnāzijas aptaujas dati). Maģistra darbs. Rīga: Latvijas Universitāte, HZF.

Siliņa-Piņķe Renāte 2006: Priekšvārdi Rīgā 15. gadsimtā pēc ķemerejas reģistra materiāliem. Promocijas darbs. Rīga.

Siliņš Klāvs 1990: Latviešu personvārdu vārdnīca. Rīga: Zinātne.

Spruogis Jurgis 1888: Географическій словарь древней Жомойтской земли XVI столѣтія составленный по 40 актовымъ книгамъ Россіенскаго земскаго суда Архивариусомъ Виленскаго Ценральнаго Архива древнихъ актовыхъ книгъ – губерній Виленской, Ковенской, Гродненской и Минской Иваномъ Яковлевичемъ Спрогисомъ, Вильня.

Štrausa Ilze 2005: Ukru pagasta onomastiskā sistēma (personvārdi un vietvārdi). Maģistra darbs. Rīga: Latvijas Universitāte, Filoloģijas fakultāte.

XXIII ICOS kongresas Toronte, Kanadoje – 23 International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, ICOS. Prieiga internetē: http://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/2900/browse?rpp=20&order=ASC&sort_by=-1&etal=-1&type=author&starts_with=0

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XXIV ICOS kongresas Barselonoje, Ispanijoje – 24^th International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, ICOS. Prieiga internete: http://e-onomastics.blogspot.fi/2014/08/proceedings-of-icos-xxiv-online.html

XXV ICOS kongresas Glazge, Škotijoje – 25th International Congress of Onomastic Sciences. Prieiga internete: http://www.icos2014.com/wp-content/uploads/ICOS-2014-List-of-Abstracts-v3.pdf

The Rudiments of New Tendencies in Latvian Onomastics

S U M M A R Y

The last congresses of ICOS (International Council of Onomastic Sciences) held in Toronto (2008), Barcelona (2011) and Glasgow (2014) verified that new branches of the research of onyms are becoming more and more popular. The aim of this article is to introduce the latest socio-onomastic studies carried out at the University of Latvia. Several MA and PhD research works in Latvian modern anthroponymics and toponymics carried out by the students of the Faculty of Humanities on the basis of questionnaires are briefly presented in this article. For instance, the overview of the study on the choice of the newborn’s name, parents’ motivation and the main criteria in choosing a name: euphony of the name, originality of the name, harmony between the name and the surname, etc. (Rudzīte 2012, Madžule 2014). Absolute majority of the respondents replied that they are satisfied with their name; Jānis and Līga are mentioned as the nicest Latvian names. It is rather common for families to harmonise the names of sisters and brothers by initials, for example Kristaps and Kristīne, Dina and Dita, or by semantics, for instance Gundega and Madara (both names of the flowers). A comparison of the names of children, parents and grandparents leads to the conclusion that nowadays the names inherited from ancestors are rather rare. It is increasingly popular to choose very rare names for newborns. I. Plēsuma (2012, 2014) studied rare (only once registered) personal names in Latvia as well as the newest trends and tendencies in Latvian first name formation.

In the field of toponymy an interesting study on informal urbanonymy was carried out (Donina 2013): about 700 slang urbanonyms from five cities of Latvia located in different ethnographical regions were collected and analysed. The questionnaire helped to find out the motivation of their formation, the ways of derivation (mostly abbreviations or acronyms, also suffix -ene, -ītis, -iņš derivatives as well as metaphors). The most popular slang ergonym among respondents is Hesītis (= fast food restaurant Hesburger); the largest number of variants was recorded in naming the fast food restaurant McDonald’s – Maķis

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// Maķīts // Maķītis // Mačītis // Mahītis // Makijs // Maķiks // Makčiks // Makdaks. This study also showed the young people’s attitude regarding unofficial place names.

Ergonomics is yet another rather new and untouched area of onomastics in Baltic languages. Some interesting research works (Laugale 2009, Bušs 2012, Balode, Bušs 2014) were carried out in Latvia. For example, the employees of various companies of Latvia were interviewed about the origin and motivation of their company’s name (Tīlika 2012). The study of the names of commercial products (or economonyms) has also been initiated. For instance, O. Bušs (2013) compared economonyms of the country with the nation’s mentality.

The usage of eponyms (appellatives that originated from onyms – anthroponyms or toponyms) is a new, almost unstudied field in the Baltic countries. The Dictionary of Eponyms (2007), compiled by B. Bankava, has been recently published. She has also defended her PhD dissertation (2011) entitled Eponyms in Latvian: Linguistic Aspect.

Although the etymology, semantics and derivation of onyms remain the primary issues that constitute the basis of onomastic research, new branches of onomastics are already on the way.

Įteikta 2015 m. kovo 31 d.

LAIMUTĖ BALODE

Latvijos Universitetas, Latvių kalbos institutas Akademijas laukums 1, Rīga LV-1050, Latvija [email protected]

Helsinkio universitetas Humanitarinių mokslų fakultetas, Šiuolaikinių kalbų katedra, Unioninkatu 40, Helsinki Fi-00140, Suomija [email protected]

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